,*APT] #c 
#a#i#d#e-#a#i#f 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

,TEXT 3 

#a#i#d#e-#a#i#f 

  

,) ! RISE ( ! NEW ,LEFT & ! COLLAPSE ( ,/AL9ISM FROM ITS NE>-MONOPOLY POSITION AMONG WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 !RE WAS A PROLIF]ATION ( ,M>XI/ GR\PS4 ,SOME ( !SE MANAG$ TO 5SURE ?AT !RE WAS C>RI$ OV] 9TO A NEW G5]ATION1 ?\< PURG$ ( ! ,/AL9I/ TA9T1 ! SAME MI/AKES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! SAME SUBORD9ATION TO POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 BUT EV5 MORE ?AN PREVI\SLY !Y SUB/ITUT$ ! CULT ( ,NATIONALISM = ?AT ( ANY =M ( SOCIALISM & ?US MANAG$ TO AVOID ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE1 CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS NATIONALI/ CULT1 EXPRESS$ 9 ,M>XI/ PHRASEOLOGY1 HAS *>ACT]IZ$ ! NEW LEFT EV] S9CE4 

,BUT DESPITE ! MANY /RUGGLES = NATIONAL LIB]ATION :I* HAVE OV]-CL\D$ ! ISSUE S9CE ! #a#i#eS1 ! REAL CONFLICT HAS NO LONG] BE5 BETWE5 /ATE COMMUNISM & FASCISM NOR BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & FASCISM NOR1 AS ! PROPAG&I/S N[ PUT IT1 BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & COMMUNISM 7OR ,NEW ,DEMOCRACY & CAPITALISM74 ,IT WAS BETWE5 ! RUL]S ( ! WORLD ) 9CREAS+LY COMMON 9T]E/S & ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS ,AN>*ISM HAS COME TO ! =E ONCE MORE1 EV5 ?\< 7IRONICALLY7 JU/ AS 9 ! ?IRTIES AN>*I/ ACTION WAS 9T]PRET$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! CLA% BETWE5 COMMUNISM & FASCISM1 N[ COMMUNI/ & NATIONALI/ 7IF NOT EXACTLY FASCI/7 ACTION BEGAN TO BE 9T]PRET$ BY ! M$IA 9 ! LI<T ( ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ /RUGGLE AGA9/ WORLD IMP]IALISM & C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 

,?IS RISE 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVISM SPREAD F> BEYOND ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SMALL CORPS ( AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S :O HAD TO /RUGGLE FROM ! GRIP ( PACIFI/ NONRESI/ANCE ON ! ONE H&1 & ! NONRESI/ANCE ( ! 'DOM9ANT FIGURES' ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS 9 EXILE ON ! O!R1 :O TRI$ TO DIV]T ! /RUGGLE BY APPEALS TO ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS & 9VOCATIONS ( OLD W>-TIME SLOGANS AS WELL AS COLD W> ONES1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO F9D A 'DIPLOMATIC SOLUTION' ?AT W\LD 5ABLE !M TO REGA9 !IR LO/ M9I/]IAL PORTFOLIOS4 ,= !SE PEOPLE & O!RS LIKE !M ! 'JU/ICE' ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO 5D$1 9 EFFECT1 :5 IT CEAS$ TO BE LEGAL1 & FROM #aide ONW>DS ! ,RESI/ANCE F\<T )\T !IR HELP1 & (T51 AGA9/ !IR WI%ES4 

,BUT AS ! ,SPANI% ACTIVI/S F\ND COMMON CAUSE ) ! NEW G5]ATION 9SIDE ,SPA91 SO DID ALL ! SMALL AN>*I/ GR\PS ?R\<\T ,EUROPE F9D ?AT !Y W]E NO LONG] ISOLAT$ & AG+ GR\PS ( MILITANTS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :ILE ! ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T1 BAS$ ON PACIFI/ TE*NIQUES1 BR\<T 9 TEMPOR>ILY HUNDR$S :O APPE>$ TO BE AN>*I/S 7BUT W]E BASICALLY LIB]ALS :O F\ND LIB]ALISM MEAN+LESS1 YET :O SAW AN>*ISM AS M]ELY A P]SONAL REVOLUTION1 :I* IS TO SAY LIB]ALISM7 YET ( ?OSE SOME CAME RI<T ?R\< TO A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION & ?OSE :O DID BECAME A MAJORITY 9 ! MOVEM5T1 :I* OV]NI<T BECAME COMPLETELY REJUV5AT$ & ! MORE EFFECTIVE4 

,BUT AS ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ GR\PS BECAME EFFECTIVE1 & CAME TO 9TEGRATE 9T]NATIONALLY1 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS BECAME EFFECTIVE BY DIS9TEGRATION4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T BROKE 9TO A DOZ5 CLE>LY DEF9$ SECTS2 ! PRETEXT ( ',MAOISM' MEANT A L>GE NUMB] ( OPPOS+ DOCTR9ES1 FROM ! TRUE ',MAOI/' ,/AL9I/ ANTI-REVISIONISM TO ! MO/ ULTR>EVOLUTION>Y /&S4 ,BLANQUISM1 ?\< UNACKN[L$G$ FL\RI%$ MORE ?AN IT HAD EV] DONE2 ,SP>TACISM1 & ! IDEAS ( C\NCIL COMMUNISM1 W]E ONCE MORE EFFECTIVE4 ,! *ALL5GE TO ,MOSC[ HEGEMONY MEANT ! PROLIF]ATION ( GR\PS & !ORIES1 ALL P>T & P>CEL ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 

,SOME ( ! NEW MILITANTS1 5C\NT]+ NOT ! EFFECTIVE AN>*I/ GR\PS & ?9K+ ( !M AS ! EXCEPTION TO ! RULE :5 !Y W]E 9 FACT ! RULE ITSELF1 SAW ) DI/A/E ! 'RETIR$ MILITANCY' ( ! BUREAUCRATIC RELICS OR ! NONRESI/ANCE ( ! 'NEW' MOVEM5T1 & W5T !IR [N WAY4 ,EI!R !Y =M$ NEW AN>*I/ GR\PS NOT 9 T\* ) ! O!R REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ GR\PS--& !RE=E 9T5D$ SOMETIMES TO BORR[ SLOGANS OR PACKAGE-DEAL ATTITUDES FROM ! RE/ ( ! NEW ,LEFT = WANT ( HAV+ CONCRETIZ$ !IR [N PHILOSOPHY--OR !Y DISCLAIM$ ! NAME ALTOGE!R & PREF]R$ ! MORE NEUTRAL 'LIB]T>IAN' 'LIB]T>IAN LEFT' OR EV51 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 ',MAOI/'1 ?\< ! ,MAOI/S EXPLICITLY DIS[N$ !M1 OR ',AN>*O-,M>XI/'4 ,MANY ( !SE GR\PS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY :]E ! TRADITION ( C\NCIL-COMMUNISM WAS /RONG1 MOV$ TO A /RONGLY LIB]T>IAN POSITION4 ,LABEL$ 'AN>*I/' BY ! ,PRESS1 !Y CONTA9$ BO? ,AN>*I/S1 SOMETIMES US+ ,M>XI/ LABELS 7LAT] DISC>D$7 & ,NEW ,LEFT ,M>XI/S4 ,?IS WAS ! ORIG9 ( SU* MOVEM5TS AS ! ',R$ ,>MY ,FRACTION' :OSE DEVELOPM5T 7LAT] LABEL$ ',BAAD]-,ME9H(F ,GANG'7 T]RIFI$ ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE BUT MADE APP>5T ! CLASS NATURE ( ,G]MAN SOCIETY & %ATT]$ ! IDYLLIC PO/W> ,G]MAN CAPITALI/ 'DREAM'4 

,9 ,SPA91 ! URBAN GU]RILLA GR\PS 7,SABATE & ,FAC]IAS W]E ALREADY WELL KN[N7 SP>K$ (F A NEW WAVE ( RESI/ANCE 9 #aiea :5 A ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9 ,B>CELONA 9ITIAT$ A MASS RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T FOLL[+ ! PASS5G] BOYCOTT ( ! TRAMWAY COMPANY 9 ! CITY4 ,AP>T FROM BUILD+ UP SUFFICI5T CAPITAL TO F9ANCE SABOTAGE OP]ATIONS & 'ATT5TATS' AGA9/ WELL KN[N P]SONS ( ! ,FRANCO REGIME1 ! AIM ( ! LIB]T>IAN ACTION GR\PS WAS TO MA9TA9 A SPIRIT ( RESI/ANCE TO ! GOV]NM5T & 9 ?IS !Y W]E SUCCESSFUL = A TIME4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ! 9T5SITY & H]OISM ( !IR /RUGGLE1 ! ,BRIGADA ,POLITICO-SOCIAL 7,SPECIAL ,BRAN*7 WAS ABLE TO C>RY \T A POLICY ( EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,IT COOP]AT$ ) ! 'DEMOCRATIC' POLICE =CES BEYOND ! ,PYR5EES & ! FACT ?AT ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD WORK$ CLOSELY ) ,ALLI$ ,9TELLIG5CE DUR+ ! W> LEFT IT 9 A POSITION TO BE BETRAY$ AFT]W>DS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( '/ABLE' GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT WAS WORSE1 P]HAPS1 WAS ! APA?Y & LACK ( SOLID>ITY FROM ANTI-,FRANCO =CES 9 G5]AL4 ,! LEVEL ( CONFLICT CAME TO A /&/ILL = A TIME1 ACTIVITY BE+ CONF9$ TO MORE SPORADIC & 9DIVIDUAL ATTACKS 9 9DU/RIAL ,CATALONIA4 

,DUR+ ! REPRESSION1 MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T & ACTIVI/S ( ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 W]E MURD]$ 9 ! /REETS1 OR 9 !IR [N HOMES1 BY ! ,SPANI% POLICE4 ,HUNDR$S ( O!RS RECEIV$ LONG PRISON S5T5CES & A NUMB] >E 9 PRISON TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 ,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD TO RECONSID] ITS /RATEGY 9 ! LI<T ( ! NEW REPRESSIVE WAVE 9 ,SPA94 ,NOT ONLY WAS IT FAC$ ) ! ALMO/ TOTAL DIS>TICULATION ( ! ACTION GR\PS ( ! 9T]IOR1 BUT1 MORE DISC\RAG+ /ILL1 ! ,FRANCO ,GOV]NM5T WAS GA9+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS 9 ! FIELDS ( 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY4 ,9 ! YE>S BETWE5 #aiea & #aif ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 BECAME MORE 9TROV]T$ & LE?>GIC4 ,IT EXP5D$ ITS 5]GIES1 9 EXILE1 9 A LESS PHYSICALLY DANG]\S BUT F> MORE DE/RUCTIVE WAY--5GAG+ 9 POLEMICS & MUTUAL ACCUSATION ( 9COMPET5CE ?R[N ACROSS ! ,CONGRESS ,HALLS & MEET+ PLACES ( ! NUM]\S COMMITTEES ( EXILE4 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! 'NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T' MOVEM5T WAS ATTRACT+ L>GE NUMB]S TO ! ,NEW LEFT & BEYOND IT1 TO AN AN>*I/ POSITION4 ,! NEW ACTIVI/S HAD ALREADY %[N !IR WILL+NESS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,! BALL WAS AT ! FEET ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS TOO SCATT]$ & ISOLAT$ TO BE ABLE TO KICK IT1 & DID NOT ALWAYS APPRECIATE :AT POT5TIALITIES LAY BE=E IT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/