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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

,TEXT 3 

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,DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 LIB]ALS & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS 7TOGE!R ) ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ONCE ! ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,PACT WAS BROK5 BY ,HITL]7 PU%$ ! IDEA ( A 'HOLY W>' AGA9/ FASCISM1 S9CE ! 5EMY HAPP5$ TO BE FASCI/1 & TRI$ TO BE/[ A DEMOCRATIC AURA ON ! ,ALLIES4 ,AFT] A TIME1 ,ALLI$ PROPAG&I/S !MSELVES BEGAN TO USE SOME ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ CLI*ES1 ?\< ) DIPLOMATIC CAUTION UNTIL ! P[]S CONC]N$ W]E ACTUALLY 9 ! W>4 ,SOON !RE GREW UP ! POPUL> MY? ?AT ! ONLY REASON WE W5T TO W> ) ,G]MANY WAS BECAUSE IT WAS ',NAZI'4 

,TWO MAJOR DEVELOPM5TS TOOK PLACE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S1 EXIL$ 9 ,FRANCE & TREAT$ AS SECOND-CLASS CITIZ5S OR AS PRISON]S ( W> BY ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 W]E ! FIR/ TO TAKE UP >MS AFT] ! ,FR5* DEFEAT1 AS A RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,?IS MOVEM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM SPREAD OV] ! ,PYR5EES 9TO ,SPA91 AS AN URBAN GU]RILLA MOVEM5T L9K+ UP ) PEOPLE LIKE ,CAPDEVILA & ,MASSANA :O HAD BE5 OP]AT+ 9 ! M\NTA9S AS RURAL GU]RILLAS )\T A BREAK S9CE ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO 9 #a#i#c#i4 

,! O!R DEVELOPM5T WAS 9 ,BRITA91 :]E ! AN>*I/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! REMA9+ FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ABLE TO RESI/ 9T]NAL SUPPRESSION1 TO ATTACK IMP]IALISM 9 EV]Y WAY POSSIBLE1 A /RUGGLE :I* SPREAD EV5 9SIDE ! >M$ =CES4 

,BO? !SE MOVEM5TS REA*$ !IR Z5I? & DISAPPE>$4 

,! FAILURE ( ! SOLDI]S' C\NCILS TO L9K UP ) WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 PO/W> ,BRITA91 & ! RESULTANT EUPHORIA ( A ,LABOR ,GOV]NM5T ) FULL P[]1 MEANT ! LOSS ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS4 ,?OSE ATTRACT$ TO ! IDEA ( AN>*ISM1 P>TICUL>LY )9 ! >M$ =CES1 AS A PROSPECTIVE =CE 9 ! SUPPOS$LY =?COM+ PO/W> REVOLUTION1 DRIFT$ AWAY4 ,BUT ! ANTI-W> ATTITUDE ( ! ,BRITI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD ALSO MEANT ?AT MANY ( PURELY PACIFI/ P]SUASION HAD BE5 ATTRACT$ TO ! LIB]T>IAN CAMP1 & ?IS HAD ! EFFECT ( DILUT+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 OR RA!R ! LIB]T>IAN P>TICIPATION 9 IT1 & OP5$ ! WAY TO ! LIB]ALISM ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 

,9 ,SPA91 MORE P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! ,SPANI% EXILES1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS /UCK ) ! POSITION ( ! ?IRTIES4 ,! EXIL$ BUREAUCRATS W]E 5TR5*$ 9 ,T\L\SE1 & F\ND IT EASI] TO SIT BACK & COMPLA9 ?AT ! ,ALLIES HAD NOT S5T !IR >MIES 9TO ,SPA9 TO A*IEVE ! REVOLUTION = !M1 ?AN TO ASSOCIATE ) ! GU]RILLA =CES ?AT HAD NEV] LAID D[N !IR >MS4 ,UNWILL+ TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 ANY ACTION ?AT W\LD COMPROMISE !IR SETTL$ EXI/5CE 9 ,FRANCE1 OR ! LEGALITY ( !IR ,ORGANIZATION1 !Y CREAT$ A W$GE BETWE5 :AT PASS$ (F AS ! ,C,N,T 9 EXILE1 & ! NEWLY EM]G$ PO/W> ,RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,FRANCO :I* MU* MORE TRULY REPRES5T$ ! ,C,N,T4 ,NO LONG] C\LD ! 'EXILE' LEAD]S JUDGE ?IS AS P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE2 !Y C\LD ONLY VIEW MATT] FROM A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /&PO9T & E*O /ALE W>-TIME PROPAG&A4 

,?US ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EM]G$ FROM ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I LUMB]$ ON ! ONE H& ) ! DEAD WOOD ( SOCIAL- DEMOCRATIC PSEUDO-LIB]T>IANISM /ILL P>AD+ ! !ORY ( ! 'JU/' W> 7AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,T\L\SE7 & ?IS WAS WELL MAT*$ 9T]NATIONALLY BY SOME O!R 5TR5*$ MOVEM5TS TOO LAZY TO MOVE OV] TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* RETA9$ ( AN>*ISM ONLY ! LABEL1 BUT MONOPOLIZ$ 9T]NATIONAL CONNECTIONS 9 ,EUROPE2 & ON ! O!R H& ) ! LIB]AL-PACIFI/ CULT & ! IDEALIZATION ( NONVIOL5CE AS ACTION 9 ITSELF :I* LAT] CAME1 ?R\< ,AM]ICA1 TO 9FLU5CE A :OLE RANGE ( NEW CULTS ?R\<\T ! WORLD 9 :I* ! CRIT]ION WAS NEI!R FRE$OM NOR RESI/ANCE NOR CLASS /RUGGLE BUT SOLELY ! DEGREE ( ABS5CE ( VIOL5CE4 

,?IS SUB/ITUT$ ! IDEA ( 'P]SONAL LIB]ATION' UND] ! ,/ATE = ?AT ( A FREE SOCIETY1 A PURELY LIB]AL IDEA1 & !RE W]E NOT SO MANY DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE TWO 'D>K] SIDES' ( AN>*ISM ?AN APPE>$ AT FIR/ SI<T4 

,9 MANY C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE1 !RE=E1 ,AN>*ISM BECAME ONCE MORE A MATT] ( SMALL GR\PS1 SOME FI<T+ ON DESP]ATELY AS !Y DID 9 ,SPA91 SOME /ILL RETA9+ LABOR CONNECTIONS1 AS 9 ,SW$51 AS WELL AS ( ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS EV]Y:]E :O C>RI$ ON1 AGA9/ OV]:ELM+ ODDS1 ID5TIFI$ BY SMALL PAP]S OR BULLET9S OR REGUL> MEET+S1 & TRY+ TO RE-9TEGRATE 9TO A NEW /RUGGLE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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