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,! ,ECONOMIC ,TIES ,BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

#b4#c ,! ,ECONOMIC ,TIES 

,BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 

,AFT] ! =EGO+1 IT IS CLE> ?AT - W]E ONLY FREE COMPETITION TO BE DECISIVE 9 ! BATTLE BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY - ! FUTURE ( ! =M] W\LD BE ASSUR$1 AT LEA/ TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS GRANT$ A %ORT] OR LONG] T]M BY ! G5]AL FATE ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 

,H[EV]1 WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! O!R IMPORTANT FACTOR ?AT IS ( ! GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE = ! FUTURE ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM3 WE MEAN ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y TO ?R[ SOME LI<T ON PRECISELY ?IS FACTOR1 S9CE ! QUE/ION 7AS IS WELL KN[N7 /IRR$ UP SO MU* DU/ A FEW YE>S AGO & ONE EV5 COMES ACROSS ! NOTION ?AT S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS A REAL 0]A ( P]SECUTION0 HAS DAWN$ = ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,ACTUALLY !RE >E GR\NDS 5\< TO REG>D ALL ASS]TIONS ( ?IS SORT A PRIORI AS BASELESS4 ,! BE/ & LA/ T\*/ONE = ALL RELEVANT GOV]NM5T ECONOMIC MEASURES - ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& UP TO ! PRES5T MOM5T1 & /ILL AT ! SAME IMPETU\S TEMPO - SUFFICI5TLY PROVES 7IT %\LD SEEM7 ?AT ALL ! UPRO> AB\T ,POLI% 9DU/RY'S APPROA*+ 5D WAS WRONG4 ,?IS GR[? IS %[N 9 ! FOLL[+ /RIK+ TABLE3 

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7BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE7 

"9,TOTAL \TPUT ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
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7BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE7 

"9,TOTAL \TPUT ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
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-- 
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7BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE7 

"9,TOTAL \TPUT ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 
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-- 
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"9"9,RAW IRON 
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"9 9 MILLIONS ( RUBLES 

"9"9 9 MILLIONS ( POODS 

,AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ABOVE TABLE1 ! GR[? 9 ! SEV5-YE> P]IOD #a#h#h#e-#i#b AM\NT$ TO3 #fi P] C5T 9 9DU/RY AS A :OLE1 #g P] C5T 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 7SPECIFICALLY1 #d P] C5T 9 COTTON SP9N+ & WEAV+1 #gg P] C5T 9 ! WOOL & CLO? 9DU/RY1 #aa P] C5T 9 ALL O!R BRAN*ES72 9 M9+ OV] ! T5-YE> P]IOD #a#h#h#e-#i#e3 #ceb P] C5T = RAW IRON1 #bbi P] C5T = /EEL1 #ac P] C5T = COAL2 ONLY 9 ! PRODUCTION ( IRON DO WE SEE A DECL9E1 ( #ad P] C5T1 AS 9 REC5T TIMES A VIGOR\S DEVELOPM5T ( /EEL PRODUCTION AT ! EXP5SE ( IRON PRODUCTION BECOMES OBS]VABLE 9 ,POL& & ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN DI/RICT4 ,/ILL MORE 9T]E/+ ?AN ! GR[? DUR+ ! LATE/ P]IOD 7#a#h#h#e-#i#e7 IS ! COMP>ISON ( ?IS DECADE ) ! PREVI\S P]IOD 7#a#h#g#a-#h#e71 :I* IS HELD TO BE ! TIME ( ,POL&'S GREATE/ ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY4 ,! 9CREASE1 9 ABSOLUTE NUMB]S1 AM\NT$ TO3 

,BRAN*ES NOT LEVI$ ) EXCISE 
  
,TEXTILE 

,9DU/RY 
,RAW 

,IRON 
  
,IRON 
,/EEL 
,COAL 

79 MILLIONS ( RUBLES7 
79 MILLIONS ( POODS7  
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,?US1 9 VIEW ( ! ABOVE FIGURES1 NOT ONLY DOES SPECULATION AB\T ! 9CIPI5T DECL9E ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY RE/ ON COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( ! FACTS1 BUT IT IS CLE>1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT 9DU/RY HAS GR[N MORE 9 ! LA/ SEV5- TO T5-YE> P]IOD ?AN 9 ! PREC$+ #a#d-YE> P]IOD4 ,?IS BECOMES MO/ CLE> :5 WE CALCULATE ! GR[? 9 BO? P]IODS BY YE>4 ,! AV]AGE YE>LY GR[? 9 ! LAT] P]IOD WAS GREAT] ?AN 9 ! PREC$+ ONE1 SPECIFICALLY3 #ag P] C5T 9 9DU/RY AS A :OLE1 #i P] C5T 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 #b P] C5T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( IRON & /EEL1 ( COAL #fc P] C5T1 ( RAW IRON #a1#b P] C5T4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 AT ! 5D ( ! FIR/ P>T ( \R WORK WE ALSO CIT$ ,POLI% 9DU/RY'S LATE/ CONQUE/S 9 ,RUSSIAN & ,ASIAN M>KETS 9TO ! #a#h#iS4 ,! BODY ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM ?US SEEMS TO EXHIBIT NOT ONE SYMPTOM ?AT W\LD JU/IFY ! CLAIM ?AT IT IS P9+ AWAY FROM SOME 9T]NAL MALADY2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MU* CRI$-OV] 9VALID GR[S & BLOOMS 0AS SPL5DIDLY AS ON ! FIR/ DAY40 ,BUT BECAUSE ! QUE/ION WAS ONCE RAIS$ & = YE>S AGITAT$ PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ,POL&1 & ALSO BECAUSE IT IS 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT 5\< 9 ITSELF1 IT SEEMS APPROPRIATE TO GO 9TO ?IS QUE/ION MORE FULLY &1 ?R\< A ?OR\< EXAM9ATION ( ! SUBJECT1 TO D]IVE AN EXPLANATION ( :AT ! SITUATION IS & CAN BE ) REG>D TO ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL & T[>D ,POL& SPECIFICALLY4 

,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ! M5TION$ & QUOT$ /ATEM5TS AB\T ! ANTI-,POLI% C\RSE ?AT !Y >E BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON P>TICUL> MEASURES & DECREES1 SOMETIMES 9 ! SPH]E ( CU/OMS POLICY1 SOMETIMES ?AT ( ! RAILWAY F>E SY/EM4 ,BUT IT IS OBVI\S ?AT NO REAL UND]/&+ ( GOV]NM5T POLICY CAN BE REA*$ BY ?IS ROAD4 ,= FIR/ ( ALL1 :AT IS BE+ REF]R$ TO 9 ! CASE AT H& IS A MO/ EXTREMELY V>IABLE QUANTITY3 A T>IFF IMPOS$ TODAY1 A RAILWAY F>E 9TRODUC$ TO-DAY1 WILL BE LIFT$ TOMORR[4 ,?IS IS1 9 FACT1 :AT HAPP5$1 = EXAMPLE ) ! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON RAW COTTON1 :I* AM\NT$ TO #ae KOPECKS 9 GOLD MORE ON ! ,POLI% BORD] ?AN AT ! RE/ ( ,RUSSIA'S BORD]S4 ,:5 IT WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 #a#h#h#g1 A WAIL ( LAM5TATION W5T UP AMONG ! ,POLI% COTTON-FACTORY [N]S1 & IT WAS SAID ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY HAD RECEIV$ ITS DEA? BL[4 ,! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ALSO PLAY$ ! LEAD+ ROLE AS PRO( ?AT ! 0]A ( P]SECUTION0 HAD BEGUN1 & IT WAS D5\NC$ AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY4 ,BUT !N ?IS T>IFF DIFF]5CE WAS ONCE AGA9 LIFT$ 9 ! YE> #a#h#i#d1 ON ! GR\NDS ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,G]MAN TRADE AGREEM5T1 MAK+ WAY = A S+LE T>IFF ON COTTON AT ALL ,RUSSIAN BORD]S4 ,! SAME WAS ! CASE ) ! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON COAL & COKE AT ! WE/]N BORD]1 :I* WAS FREQU5TLY REPRES5T$ AS A MEASURE AIM$ DIRECTLY AGA9/ ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY4 ,BUT 9 #ahid ?IS T>IFF WAS LIKEWISE R$UC$ BY HALF4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 RAILWAY F>ES W]E *ANG$ 9 P>T EV]Y YE>1 9DE$ SOMETIMES EV5 MORE FREQU5TLY4 ,?US ! ACTUAL T>IFFS & F>ES BY !MSELVES DO NOT PROVIDE A FIRM FOO?OLD FROM :I* TO GET AN 9SI<T 9TO ,RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC POLICY4 

,TO ATTA9 A ?OR\< UND]/&+ ( ?IS POLICY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DISREG>D P>TICUL> MEASURES = ! PRES5T1 TO LOOK DEEP] 9TO ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA ON ! ONE H& & !IR POLITICAL 9T]E/S ON ! O!R1 & TO SEEK TO D]IVE FROM ?IS ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! LATT]4 ,ONLY BY FOLL[+ ! GUIDEL9E ?US OBTA9$ WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO TRACE ! P>TICUL> MEASURES ( ?IS POLICY BACK TO !IR REAL SIGNIFICANCE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 !N1 :AT IS ! NATURE ( ! ECONOMIC TIES BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA8 ,IF ONE W]E TO =M AN OP9ION UND] ! IMM$IATE IMPRESSION ( ! ,LODZ-,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS' BATTLE1 ONE W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO ASSUME ?AT ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES =M TWO COMPLETELY SEP>ATE CAMPS1 :OSE 9T]E/S RUN DIRECTLY C\NT] TO ONE ANO!R AT EV]Y PO9T & :O BO? BATTLE AGA9/ EA* O!R US+ ALL AVAILABLE MEANS4 ,SU* A NOTION W\LD NONE!LESS BE UTT]LY WRONG4 

,:AT PRECLUDES SU* A %>P DIFF]5CE 9 9T]E/S FROM ! \TSET IS ! ?OR\<GO+ DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIES ( !SE TWO C\NTRIES4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,POL& IS = ,RUSSIA A S\RCE ( SUPPLY = WOOL Y>N1 MA*9ES1 COAL1 ETC41 ETC41 :ILE ,RUSSIA FURNI%ES ,POL& ) RAW WOOL1 RAW IRON1 COKE1 & COTTON4 

,SU* A RELATION%IP ALREADY PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( SOME ,POLI% MANUFACTUR]S COH]E ) ! 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIAN RAW MAT]IALS PRODUC]S1 & ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( SOME ,RUSSIAN MANUFACTUR]S COH]E ) ?OSE ( ,POLI% PRODUC]S ( HALF-F9I%$ GOODS4 ,?IS IS CONFIRM$ BY ABUNDANT DATA4 ,! PRODUC]S ( ,S\? ,RUSSIAN WOOL1 ! PLANT]S ( C5TRAL ,ASIAN COTTON1 EX]CISE PRESSURE ON ! RAILWAY F>E SY/EM 9 !IR [N 9T]E/ TO KEEP TRANSPORT ( !IR RAW PRODUCT TO ! ,POLI% MANUFACTUR]S AS *EAP AS POSSIBLE4 ,RUSSIAN WOOL-WEAV]S LIKEWISE SEEK TO 5C\RAGE ! TRANSPORT ( ,POLI% Y>N TO ,RUSSIA AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ETC41 ETC4 

,FUR!RMORE1 FROM ! FACT ?AT ! BATTLE BETWE5 ! MANUFACTUR]S & ! PRODUC]S ( RAW MAT]IALS & HALF-F9I%$ GOODS IS F\<T \T 9 ! SPH]E ( ! COMMON T>IFF POLICY ( ! TWO C\NTRIES1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! BATTL+ P>TIES FROM ,POL& W\LD (T5 UNITE ) ?OSE FROM ,RUSSIA 9 ORD] TO M>* H&-9-H& ) ! NATIONAL 5EMY AGA9/ !IR [N BRO!RS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN-,POLI% 9DU/RY PROVIDES EXAMPLES 9 QUANTITY4 ,9 ! YE> #a#h#e1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( JO9T PETITIONS BY ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN WOOL-WEAV]S1 R$UC$ ! T>IFF RATE ON WOOL Y>N4 ,BUT H>DLY HAD ?IS HAPP5$ :5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN SP9N]S1 9 T\*+ ACCORD1 BESIEG$ ! GOV]NM5T TO AGA9 PU% UP ! T>IFF RATE ON Y>N1 :I* HAPP5$ 9 #a#h#f#g4 ,BEG9N+ 9 #ahhb ! GOV]NM5T WAS SOLICIT$ BY ! MA*9E PRODUC]S TO 9CREASE ! T>IFF ON =EIGN MA*9]Y4 0,9 ?IS CONNECTION ! 9ITIATIVE WAS ?AT ( ! ,RIGA MANUFACTUR]S1 :O W]E FOLL[$ BY ! O!RS 9 ,W>SAW1 ,KIEV1 ,KH>KOV1 & ,ODESSA ) GREAT UNANIMITY40 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T HAD OBEY$ ?IS WI% & 9CREAS$ ! T>IFFS ON MA*9]Y1 A /ORM ( PETITIONS >OSE FROM ! PROP]TY [N]S1 AGA9 FROM ALL OV] ! ,EMPIRE )\T DIFF]5TIATION1 AGA9/ ! 9CREAS$ PRICE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y4 

,JU/ !SE TWO EXAMPLES GIVE US A QUITE DIFF]5T PICTURE ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES1 9 !IR COLLECTIVE JU/ AS 9 !IR COMPETITIVE 5DEAVORS4 ,NEI!R ( ! TWO NATIONAL CAPITALI/ CLASSES APPE>S FROM ! 9SIDE AS A CLOS$ PHALANX1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y IS FISSUR$1 TORN BY CONFLICTS ( 9T]E/1 SPLIT BY RIVALRIES4 ,YET1 ON ! O!R H&1 !IR DIFF]5T GR\PS1 UNM9DFUL ( ! NATIONAL QU>REL1 REA* \T !IR H&S TO ONE ANO!R 9 ORD] TO DEAL !IR [N C\NTRYM5 AN OPPORTUNE BL[ TO ! WALLET 9 ! GLORI\S PRIZE-FI<T = PR(ITS4 ,?US IT IS NOT NATIONAL BUT CAPITALI/ P>TIES ?AT >E F\ND OPPOS$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL *ESSBO>D1 NOT ,POLES & ,RUSSIANS1 BUT SP9N]S & WEAV]S1 MA*9E PRODUC]S & L&[N]S1 & ON ! FLAGS WAV+ OV] ! COMBATANTS ONE SEES NOT ! ONE-& TWO-HEAD$ EAGLES1 BUT ONLY ! 9T]NATIONAL EMBLEM ( CAPITALISM4 ,F9ALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T UNEXPECT$LY APPE>S 9 ! /RANGE ROLE ( AN 9DULG5T MO!R1 :O IMP>TIALLY HUGS ALL H] PR(IT-MAK+ *ILDR5 TO H] BROAD BOSOM1 EV5 ?\< !Y >E CON/ANTLY SQUABBL+ ) EA* O!R1 & SEEKS TO APPEASE N[ ! ONE1 N[ ! O!R1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! CONSUM]S4 

,! ABOVE PH5OM5A RECUR C\NTLESS TIMES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 & >E ( SU* DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! QUE/ION UND] CONSID]ATION H]E ?AT IT IS WELL WOR?:ILE TO GIVE A FEW MORE TYPICAL CASES AS EXAMPLES4 ,IT IS1 = EXAMPLE1 MO/ HI<LY 9/RUCTIVE TO OBS]VE H[ ! TWO MA9 OPPON5TS - ! 5TREPR5EURS ( ! ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ DI/RICTS1 :OM ONE W\LD BE 9CL9$ TO ACCEPT AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9T]E/S (1 RESPECTIVELY1 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES AS A :OLE - TRY AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO TRIP UP ! O!R 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS ( !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,?US ! ,LODZ COTTON MANUFACTUR]S1 9 !IR ABOVE-M5TION$ POLEMIC1 SEEK TO TURN ! JEAL\SY ( ! ,MOSC[ MANUFACTUR]S AWAY FROM !MSELVES & T[>D ! OLD ,POLI% WOOL 9DU/RY DI/RICT ( ,BIALY/OCK4 0,IF ONE CAN SPEAK ( A COMPETITION1 !N F> MORE DANG]\S TO ,MOSC[ IS ,BIALY/OCK & ITS DI/RICT10 !Y ASSURE !IR ADV]S>IES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 !SE SAME ,LODZ 5TREPR5EURS MO/ HUMBLY & OB$I5TLY D5\NCE !IR BLOOD-BRO!RS ( ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT TO ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 PO9T+ TO ! FACT ?AT 9 ! LATT] A FULL ?IRD ( ! WORK=CE >E ,G]MAN SUBJECTS1 :ILE 9 ! ,LODZ DI/RICT - ?ANK ,GOD - ONLY #h P] C5T4 

,NO LESS BRO!RLY S5TIM5T IS DISPLAY$ BY ! ,MOSC[ CAPITALI/S :5 !Y COME TO SPEAK ( ! AFFAIRS ( !IR COMRADES 9 ! O!R ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS4 ,SO WE HE> !M BEWAIL ! RESULT ( A PLAN = ! REGULATION ( WAT]WAYS WORK$ \T BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ,TRANSPORT3 0,! SMALL EXP5DITURES1 JU/ LIKE ?OSE ( MANY MILLIONS1 >E ALLOTT$ EXCLUSIVELY = ,RUSSIA'S WE/]N & S\!RN ZONE4 ,! :OLE C5TRAL REGION ( ,RUSSIA HAS BE5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY =GOTT54 ,?IS REGION1 ?IS NEGLECT$ C5T] ( ,RUSSIA1 KEY ,RUSSIAN GUB]NIAS1 IS RELATIVELY POOR 9 WAT]WAYS10 & SO =? 9 ! SAME WEEPY TONE4 ,H]E ! JEAL\SY ( ! ,MOSC[ CAPITALI/S GU%ES =? ) IMP>TIALITY & TRUE 9T]NATIONALISM AGA9/ ALL O!R 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS 9 ! ,EMPIRE )\T DI/9CTION1 AGA9/ ,POL& & ! ,VOLGA REGION1 AGA9/ ! ,BALTIC ,SEA PROV9CES & ! ,DNIEP] DI/RICT4 

,! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE %[S H[ ELA/IC ! NOTION ( NATIONAL SOLID>ITY & ! 0,FA!RL&0 CAN BE = ! ,POLI% CAPITALI/S UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,9 ! YE> #ahhg ! L>GE ,W>SAW /EEL FACTORY WAS RELOCAT$ TO ! ,YEKAT]9OSLAV ,GUB]NIA 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA1 TO BE NE>] TO S\RCES ( SUPPLY ( RAW IRON & COKE4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ITS [N]S - ,POLI% CAPITALI/S - TOGE!R ) ! ,5GLI%1 ,BELGIANS1 ,RUSSIANS1 ETC41 :O HOLD ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN IRON DI/RICT UND] !IR DOM9ION1 S5T A MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T PETITION TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 :I* !Y COMPLA9 AB\T ! ADVANTAGES ( ! ,POLI% IRON 9DU/RY & ! COMPETITION FROM ?AT QU>T] & BEG = AN 9CREAS$ RAILWAY F>E RATE ON ,POLI% IRON = ! PROTECTION ( ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 - I4E41 ?IS TIME ,S\? ,RUSSIA'S - 9DU/RY4 

,LA/1 A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( ?IS SITUATION WAS PROVID$ 9 REC5T YE>S BY ! QUE/ION ( ! RAILWAY F>E RATES = GRA94 ,9 #ahhi NEW1 /RONGLY DIFF]5TIAL RATES W]E 9TRODUC$ = GRA9 AS P>T ( ! G5]AL REGULATION ( ! ,EMPIRE'S F>E SY/EM1 TO FACILITATE EXPORTS FROM ! GUB]NIAS LY+ DEEP 9 9N] ,RUSSIA TO O!R C\NTRIES4 ,H[EV]1 ! RESULT WAS ?AT MASSES ( GRA9 & FL\R FROM ! 9N] CITY REGIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,VOLGA DI/RICT1 W]E S5T TO ! REGIONS LY+ NE> ! BORD]1 ?US BR++ ON A RAPID FALL 9 ! PRICE ( GRA9 9 ! S\!RN PROV9CES ON ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 9 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 & F9ALLY 9 ,POL&4 ,9JUR$ 9 !IR MO/ VIRTU\S S5TIM5TS1 ! L&[N]S 9 ALL !SE P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE CRI$ BLOODY MURD]1 MO/ ( ALL ! ,POLI% L&[N]S :O 9 ! BEG9N+ TRI$ TO TAKE ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO AGA9 /EP =W>D 9 ! NAME ( ALL ,POL&1 OPPRESS$ BY *EAP BREAD4 ,YET H>DLY WAS !IR NATIONAL DEF5SE CR[N$ BY SUCCESS & ! EXECRAT$ F>E P>TIALLY ANNULL$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#i#d1 :5 A GR\P ( ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS & M]*ANTS 5TREAT$ ! ,RAILWAY ,DEP>TM5T 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 BY TELEGRAM1 TO MA9TA9 ! E>LI] F>E RATE 9 ORD]1 AS !Y PUT IT1 NOT TO MAKE BREAD MORE CO/LY = ! PEOPLE4 ,! PICTURE ?US %IFT$ FROM MOM5T TO MOM5T1 & FROM A FI<T BETWE5 TWO NATIONAL P>TIES ! GRA9 T>IFF QUE/ION TURN$ 9TO A DISPUTE BETWE5 ! L&$ PROPRIETORS & ! 9DU/RIALI/S 9 ,POL&4 ,H]E ! LATT] M>*$ TOGE!R ) ! ,RUSSIAN L&[N]S ( ! C5TRAL GUB]NIAS1 :ILE ! ,POLI% L&[N]S TOOK ! FIELD JO9TLY ) ! ,RUSSIAN L&[N]S ( ALL ! BORD] DI/RICTS4 

,?IS MOTLEY GR\P+ ( 9T]E/S WAS P>TICUL>LY EVID5T 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS ON GRA9 T>IFFS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#i#f4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE /OOD ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,VOLGA DI/RICT1 :OSE CASE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 WAS AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ( ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S2 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ! L&$ PROPRIETORS ( ,LIVL&1 ,VITEBSK1 ,ODESSA1 ! ,POLI% L&[N]S1 & ALSO1 :AT IS MO/ 9T]E/+1 ! L&[N]S ( ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT4 ,H]E ,POLES & ,MUSCOVITES APPE>$ ON ! BE/ ( T]MS1 & ! ,POLI% L&[N]S & MILL]S DECL>$ !MSELVES 9 FULL AGREEM5T ) ! PROGRAM ( ,PR9CE ,%*]BATOV1 ! *AIRMAN ( ! ,MOSC[ ,AGRICULTURAL ,SOCIETY4 ,ALMO/ AS IF TO UND]L9E ! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE 9 ,POL& ITSELF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,*AIRMAN ,MAXIMOV ( ! ,POLI% REPRES5TATIVES 7AMONG O!RS7 OBJECT$3 ,IF ,POL& W]E P]MITT$ TO SELL ITS FACTORY PRODUCTS 9 9N] ,RUSSIA UNH9D]$1 !N IT W\LD BE HI<LY 9CONSI/5T TO =BID ACCESS TO ,POL& TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FROM 9N] ,RUSSIA4 

,MAY IT APPE> AS PROV5 AFT] ! ABOVE EXAMPLES1 :I* WE DO NOT WANT TO PILE TOO HI<1 ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EUR GR\PS ABSOLUTELY DO NOT CONTRADICT EA* O!R ON ALL PO9TS - ?AT1 MU* MORE1 !Y CONT9UALLY ME% TOGE!R4 ,BUT ALSO1 ON ! :OLE1 ,POLI% 9DU/RY IS TI$ UP ) SEV]AL IMPORTANT SECTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE BY A SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S1 ABOVE ALL ) ! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS ( ECONOMIC LIFE3 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( TRANSPORT & CR$IT & TRADE4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY &1 TOGE!R ) ?IS1 ( ! ,POLI% M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA IS DIRECTLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN CR$IT1 FACTOR+1 & RAILWAY CORPORATIONS4 ,TO AGA9 PULL \T ONLY TWO FROM ! ABUNDANCE ( /RIK+ EXAMPLES3 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAY L9E ,RJASAN-,URAL TURN$ TO ! ,W>SAW 5TREPR5EURS 9 ! FALL ( #ahid ) ! (F] TO H& OV] SPACE 9 ALL ITS /ATIONS1 FREE ( *>GE1 SO ?AT ! ,POLI% FACTORY [N]S C\LD HAVE P]MAN5T DISPLAYS ( GOODS !RE TO 5C\RAGE ,POL&'S M>KET 9 ! ,VOLGA REGION4 ,?US1 :ILE ! ,MOSC[ FACTORY [N]S WANT$ TO DO BATTLE ) !IR ,POLI% COMPETITORS OV] EV]Y M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAY CORPORATIONS 9VIT$ ?IS SAME ,POLI% COMPETITION TO =GE AHEAD ) ITS GOODS AS DEEPLY AS POSSIBLE 9TO 9N] ,RUSSIA4 

,ANO!R *>ACT]I/IC CASE TOOK PLACE REC5TLY AS A RESULT ( ! NEW T>IFF ON COTTON4 ,SO LONG AS ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DIFF]5CE 9 CU/OMS RATES WAS MA9TA9$ ON ! WE/]N BORD]1 ! ,LODZ FACTORY [N]S1 9 ORD] TO GET >\ND ! TR\BLESOME T>IFF1 GOT !IR COTTON VIA ,LIBAU & ,ODESSA1 I4E41 BY MEANS ( ,RUSSIAN RAILROADS4 ,:5 ! CU/OMS DIFF]5CE WAS ANNULL$ 9 #a#h#i#d1 COTTON TRANSPORT RETURN$ TO ! OLD L& R\TES3 ,BREM5-,ALEX&ROVO & ,TRIE/-,GRANICA1 ?US TO ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN RAILWAYS4 ,N[ ! LATT] US$ ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO SET V]Y L[ FREI<T RATES = COTTON & SO TO MONOPOLIZE ?IS TRANSPORT = !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,ODESSA-,LODZ L9E4 ,! LOSS ( TRANSPORT1 H[EV]1 HIT ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAYS H>D1 & SO ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG RAILWAY DEP>TM5T HAS REC5TLY TURN$ TO ! ,LODZ FACTORY [N]S ) ! QUE/ION ( H[ MU* TO DECREASE ! FREI<T RATES ON ! ,RUSSIAN L9ES SO ?AT COTTON TRANSPORT W\LD ONCE MORE GO VIA ,ODESSA4 ,! ,LODZ FACTORY [N]S DICTAT$ A RATE DECREASE ( #c P] C5T4 ,LIKEWISE ! ,RUSSIAN BANKS1 9 !IR [N 9T]E/1 >E PROMOT+ ,POLI% SALES 9 ,RUSSIA :5EV] POSSIBLE4 ,ONCE AGA9 NATIONAL BORD]S CLA% ) CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S1 & :AT ! NATIONAL BANN] %\LD KEEP ASUND] IS 9TIMATELY B\ND TOGE!R BY CAPITALI/ 9T]E/4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ALSO ANO!R >EA 9 :I* ! MO/ T\*+ H>MONY ( 9T]E/S RULES BETWE5 ! :OLE ,POLI% & ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 :]E !Y >E ( ONE HE>T & S\L3 ! JEAL\S GU>D+ ( ! PR(ITS S\<T 9 ! DOME/IC M>KET FROM =EIGN COMPETITION4 ,ONE CAN 5C\NT] 9 ONE SECTION ( ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN PRESS ! VIEW ?AT ! ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS >E GREAT] BELIEV]S 9 FREE TRADE ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE MORE MI/AK54 ,9 ! DEEP CONVICTION ?AT ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% WORK]S W]E CREAT$ SOLELY TO PRODUCE SURPLUS VALUE = !M1 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN CONSUM]S TO ASSI/ ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T TO F5D (F ANY 9VASION ( =EIGN COMPETITION 9TO ?IS HOLY ,EMPIRE - 9 ?IS CONVICTION ! ,POLI% 5TREPR5EURS >E JU/ AS FIRM & UN%AKABLE AS ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,:5 IT COMES TO TAK+ A /& 9 DEF5SE ( !SE 0FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS0 ( ! CAPITALI/ CON/ITUTION VIS-A-VIS ! GOV]NM5T1 !N ! ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ FACTORY [N]S1 /ILL BE>+ ! BRUISES !Y JU/ 9FLICT$ ON EA* O!R1 GO %\LD] TO %\LD] 9TO BATTLE4 ,9 #a#h#h#h1 ONE YE> AFT] ! TWO ADV]S>IES - AS WAS M5TION$ - HAD S5T A PETITION TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 :I* !Y MO/ %>PLY F\<T EA* O!R ON ! QUE/ION ( DOME/IC COMPETITION1 ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS SUBMITT$ A S]IES ( 0MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T0 PETITIONS 9 REG>D TO T>IFF POLICY3 ON 9CREAS+ ! 5TRY T>IFFS = PRODUCTS ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ON REIMBURS+ T>IFFS PAID ON RAW MAT]IALS :5 EXPORT$ BY MANUFACTUR]S TO =EIGN C\NTRIES1 ETC4 - ALL DEM&S ?AT HAD ALSO FREQU5TLY BE5 MADE N[ AS WELL AS PREVI\SLY BY ! ,LODZ MANUFACTUR]S4 ,) REASON1 !N1 ! ORGAN ( ! L>GE ,POLI% 9DU/RIALI/S1 9 DISCUSS+ ?IS ACTION BY ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 WROTE ?AT :ILE MU* US$ TO BE SAID AB\T ! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! TWO 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 N[ ?IS PETITION %[S ?AT !RE IS ALSO A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! TWO1 & 9DE$ ON ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS4 

,! SAME H>MONY IS EVID5T :5 IT COMES TO DEF5D+ ! MONOPOLY 9 PR(ITS AGA9/ ! 0,G]MANS40 ,! ,MOSC[ FACTORY [N]S - AS WAS %[N - SAW 9 ! /RONG REPRES5TATION ( ,G]MAN ELEM5TS 9 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE A TEMPT+ PRETEXT TO L5D !IR CALICO & FU/IAN 9T]E/S A BECOM+LY PATRIOTIC LOOK 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ ,LODZ4 ,:5 !Y CALL$ ! GOV]NM5T TO A CRUSADE AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS ON ! ,VI/ULA RIV]1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !Y W]E /RIK+ ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE RI<T 9 ! HE>T4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ! GOV]NM5T ISSU$ ITS WELL- KN[N UKASE 9 #a#h#h#g1 & :51 BECAUSE ( ?IS UKASE1 !RE WAS TALK ON MANY SIDES ( AN ]A ( P]SECUTION AGA9/ ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 !N IT TURN$ \T ?AT ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE EXPRESS$ !IR DISSATISFACTION ON QUITE UNEXPECT$ GR\NDS3 NAMELY1 = !M ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T'S ANTI-,G]MAN MEASURES W]E NOT NE>LY 5]GETIC & RADICAL 5\<4 ,=1 AS !Y EXPRESS$ IT1 0,! GOV]NM5T'S DECREE ( TWO YE>S AGO CONC]N+ LANGUAGE EXAM9ATIONS = =EIGN]S BR\<T AB\T AN ADVANTAGE\S *ANGE1 9 ?AT IT OP5$ UP A SPH]E ( ACTION = NATIVE =CES444,CORRESPOND5TS FROM ,LODZ & 9HABITANTS !RE HAVE ALREADY REPORT$ A C]TA9 IMPROVEM5T 9 ?IS SITUATION AL?\< IT IS /ILL F> FROM :AT IT C\LD & %\LD BE40 

,WE HAVE REVIEW$ ! MANY-SID$ COH]5CE ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES4 ,! PICTURE ?AT EM]GES IS ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* MI<T BE GOTT5 UND] ! IMM$IATE IMPRESSION ( ,LODZ & ,MOSC['S BATTLE CRIES4 ,ON C\NTLESS1 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 ! ,POLI% & ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES >E B\ND TOGE!R 9 A SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S1 9 P>TICUL> GR\PS AS MU* AS ON ! :OLE4 ,:AT HAS CREAT$ ?IS COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S IS1 FIR/1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 PRODUCTION1 :I* 9 MANY WAYS UNIFI$ ! TWO 9TO A S+LE PRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM2 SECOND1 /ILL MORE IMPORTANT1 ! COMMON T>IFF BORD]S1 :I* BRE$ SOLID>ITY AGA9/ ! \TSIDE & M]GE ! 5TIRE ,POLI%-,RUSSIAN B\RGEOSIE - FROM FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! M>KET - 9TO A 0NATIONAL0 CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! COMMON M>KET1 :I* BR$ ! IMPORTANT1 RECIPROCAL DEP5D5CY BETWE5 ,POLI% PRODUCTION ON ! ONE SIDE & ,RUSSIAN TRANSPORT ON ! O!R4 ,&1 AS IS G5]ALLY KN[N1 ?IS FUSION ( ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ADVANCES EV]Y DAY4 ,?IS IS ALSO1 9 P>T1 A DIRECT RESULT ( ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( CURR5T ,RUSSIAN T>IFF POLICY1 :I* 9 EFFECT CLOSES ! WAY 9TO ,RUSSIA TO NOT ONLY =EIGN MANUFACTUR$ GOODS BUT ALSO =EIGN RAW MAT]IALS1 & CREATES DOME/IC RAW MAT]IALS PRODUCTION - 9 :I* TASK IT DOES NOT %Y AWAY FROM ! GREATE/ SACRIFICES \T ( ! POCKETS ( ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% CONSUM]S & TAXPAY]S4 

,=C$ BY PROHIBITIVE T>IFFS1 ,POLI% 9DU/RY IS *ANG+ GRADUALLY FROM ! USE ( ,G]MAN COKE & IRON ORE OV] TO ?AT ( ,DONETS1 FROM ,AM]ICAN & ,9DIAN TO C5TRAL ,ASIAN COTTON1 FROM ,SAXON & ,SILESIAN TO ,S\? ,RUSSIAN WOOL4 ,! RECIPROCAL DEP5D5CY ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PRODUCTION AS A :OLE GR[S TO ! SAME DEGREE1 & ! 9T]E/S ( EV] NEW] CIRCLES ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE BECOME TI$ TO ! WEAL & WOE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,C]TA9LY JU/ AS MU* 5MITY1 COMPETITION1 & RIVALRY GR[ \T ( !SE SAME RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES4 ,! SAME 9DU/RIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! COMMON T>IFF B\ND>IES1 & ! COMMON M>KETS TURN ! MO/ V>I$ GR\PS )9 ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO 5EMIES1 & EV]Y P>TICUL> SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S CORRESPONDS TO A CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S4 ,AS ! EXAMPLES HAVE %[N US1 L& [N]%IP OPPOSES 9DU/RY1 PRODUCTION OPPOSES TRANSPORT1 & )9 EA* ( !SE GR\PS ONE DI/RICT OPPOSES ! O!RS & EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ OPPOSES ALL ! O!RS4 ,BUT :AT WE GLIMPSE H]E IS A TYPICAL PICTURE ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 AS IT PUTS =? ITS BLOSSOMS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,IT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( ?IS =M ( PRODUCTION - BELLUM OMNIUM CONTRA OMNES 7A W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL7 - ?AT IS EXPRESS$ H]E & ?AT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) NATIONAL CONTRADICTIONS & BORD]S1 9DE$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CEASELESSLY WIPES AWAY !SE CONTRADICTIONS & BORD]S )9 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,C]TA9LY IF ! CONFLICTS ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S CO9CIDE ) NATIONAL BORD]S )9 ONE & ! SAME /ATE1 ?IS CREATES A BROAD BASIS1 CIRCUM/ANCES P]MITT+1 = NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,?IS CAN ONLY BE ! CASE1 H[EV]1 9S(> AS ! 5EMY NATIONALITIES REPRES5T DIFF]5T1 9H]5TLY ANTAGONI/IC =MS ( PRODUCTION2 IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE C\NTRY REPRES5TS SMALL BUS9ESS1 ! O!R L>GE 9DU/RY1 ONE NATURAL ECONOMY1 ! O!R MONEY ECONOMY4 ,9 ! GIV5 CASE1 H[EV]1 ! SITUATION IS TOTALLY DIFF]5T1 S9CE ,POL& & ,RUSSIA HAVE GONE ?R\< A COMB9$ DEVELOPM5T FROM A NATURAL TO A MONEY ECONOMY & FROM SMALL TO L>GE 9DU/RY4 ,!IR ANTAGONISM1 :5 & :]E IT COMES TO LI<T1 >ISES NOT FROM ! DISSIMIL>ITY BUT RA!R ! HOMOG5EITY ( ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 & EXHIBITS ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ALL CAPITALI/ COMPETITIVE BATTLES )9 ONE & ! SAME ECONOMIC ME*ANISM4 

,! COMPETITIVE ,LODZ-,MOSC[ DISPUTE IS NO?+ BUT A FRAGM5T ( ?IS G5]AL W>4 ,SUP]FICIALLY PUFF$ UP TO ,POL&'S NATIONAL DUEL ) ,RUSSIA 9 ! ECONOMIC BATTLEFIELD1 ?IS DISPUTE 9 ITS FUNDAM5TALS R$UCES ITSELF TO AN >GUM5T BETWE5 ! ,LODZ FU/IAN B>ONS & ! ,MOSC[ CALICO K+S4 ,FOLL[+ 9T]NATIONAL CU/OM1 ! TWO CAPITALI/ P>TIES S\<T FIR/ TO COV] OV] ! TRIVIAL COTTON OBJECT ( CONT5TION ) AN IDEOLOGICAL NATIONAL CLOAK & !N TO BANG ! DRUM AS L\DLY AS ?\< !IR V]Y NECKS W]E AT /AKE4 

,NONE!LESS1 9 REALITY NEI!R ONE NOR ! O!R P>TY REPRES5TS ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIES - ON ! CONTR>Y1 BO? HAVE C\NTLESS OPPON5TS AMONG !IR [N C\NTRYM54 ,NOR IS ! FI]Y COMPETITIVE BATTLE OV] DOME/IC M>KETS DECISIVE TO OR *>ACT]I/IC ( ! RELATION%IP ( ! DISPUTANTS4 ,!IR RIVALRY OV] ! DOME/IC M>KETS IS CONTRADICT$ BY !IR SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S ON A :OLE S]IES ( O!R VITAL CAPITALI/ ISSUES4 

,9 ! 5TIRE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 :I* PROCE$S FROM AN EV] /RONG] BOND BETWE5 ! PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( ! TWO C\NTRIES1 ! ,LODZ-,MOSC[ COTTON DISPUTE PLAYS AN 9F9ITESIMALLY T9Y ROLE - IF ONE IS NOT L$ A/RAY BY ! BEHAVIOR ( ! SQUABBL+ 5TREPR5EURS & KEEPS ! WID] P]SPECTIVE ( ! :OLE CAPITALI/ *ESSBO>D 9 VIEW4 

,ONLY N[1 FROM ! BASIS ( !SE MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 CAN ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T BE EVALUAT$ & EXPLA9$4 ,RUSSIA'S MA9 CONC]N S9CE ! #a#h#gS1 AS IS WELL 5\< KN[N1 IS ! RE>+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! PROHIBITIVE T>IFF POLICY IS FOLL[$1 ! HOT-H\SE ATMOSPH]E ( MONOPOLY PRICES & PR(ITS CREAT$ 9 ! ,EMPIRE1 ! CO/LY MEANS ( TRANSPORT BUILT1 SUBSIDIES & PREMIUMS AW>D$ TO 0NE$Y0 CAPITALI/S1 ETC41 ETC4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,POL& 7JU/ AS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE7 APPE>S AS P>TIAL REALIZATION ( ! GOV]NM5T'S [N PROGRAM1 ITS RETROGRESSION AS A ?W>T+ ( ?IS PROGRAM4 ,BUT /ILL MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T'S [N ECONOMIC DESIGNS >E ! OBJECTIVE T5D5CIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 RE>$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ALREADY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! GOV]NM5T MU/ N[ S]I\SLY RECKON ) ! B\RGEOISIE'S 9T]E/S1 BUT ALSO WANTS TO C>RY ?R\< ITS [N4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 H[EV]1 >E - AS WAS %[N - 9T]WOV5 ) ?OSE ( ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE 9 ! MO/ DIV]SE WAYS4 ,!RE IS NO PO9T AT :I* ,POLI% 9DU/RY C\LD BE DEALT A S]I\S & LA/+ BODY BL[ )\T AT ! SAME TIME GRIEV\SLY W\ND+ ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( ?IS OR ?AT GR\P ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE4 

,! NOTION ?AT ,RUSSIA IS DE/ROY+ OR C\LD DE/ROY ,POLI% CAPITALISM ASSUMES ?AT ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC POLICY C\LD BE MADE ! EXCLUSIVE TOOL ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! H&FUL ( ,MOSC[ CALICO MANUFACTUR]S1 AN ASSUMPTION BAS$ ON A MISUND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ! B\RGEOISIE JU/ AS MU* AS ( ! NATURE ( A CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,GIV5 ! SPLITS & CONTRADICTION ( 9T]E/S )9 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! GOV]NM5T CAN REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! LATT] ONLY AS A :OLE2 IT CANNOT CONT9UALLY TAKE ! /&PO9T ( ANY P>TICUL> GR\P ( ! B\RGEOISIE )\T BE+ =C$ AWAY FROM ?IS /&PO9T AGA9 BY ! OPPOSITION ( ! O!R GR\PS4 ,EV5 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T - AL?\< ABSOLUTE - ISNO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,= EV5 9 ,RUSSIA ! B\RGEOISIE IS A POLITICAL TOOL ( ! GOV]NM5T ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS ! TOOL ( ! B\RGEOISIE'S ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,W]E ! ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T TO MAKE ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY ! LAWY] = ! ,MOSC[ COTTON 9T]E/S & TRAMPLE ON ,POLI% & !RE=E ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S = ?IS PURPOSE1 !N IT C\LD NOT HELP BUT CALL =? /RONG B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,! 5D RESULT ( SU* A POLICY C\LD EV5 BE EF=TS BY ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% B\RGEOISIES = A RE=M GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD KN[ H[ TO SAFEGU>D !IR 9T]E/S AS A :OLE BETT] ?AN ! EXI/+ REGIME4 ,?US1 FROM ?IS SIDE1 ! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE ( ,POLI% CAPITALISM IS DECID$3 W]E IT TO BE 9JUR$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! GOV]NM5T'S EF=TS W\LD FALL TO PIECES ?R\< ! VIOL5T OPPOSITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL&4 

,FROM ?IS /&PO9T WE CAN ALSO R$UCE ! :OLE QUE/ION ( ! ALLEG$ P]SECUTION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY TO ITS TRUE VALUE4 ,ALL ! MEASURES ?AT >E USUALLY 9TRODUC$ AS PRO( ( ,RUSSIAN ANTI-,POLI% ECONOMIC POLICY HAVE ONE COMMON *>ACT]I/IC3 NAMELY1 !Y >E ALL DIRECT$ TO KEEP+ ,POLI% 9DU/RY FROM ! USE ( =EIGN RAW MAT]IALS & TO ! PUR*ASE ( ,RUSSIAN RAW MAT]IALS4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE ) ! DIFF]5TIAL T>IFFS ON COTTON1 ON COAL1 ON RAW IRON4 ,ALL !SE MEASURES W]E PROCLAIM$ NOT = ! ADVANTAGE ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIES COMPET+ ) ,POL& & NOT ) ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+ ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 BUT TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN RAW MAT]IALS PRODUCTION TI$ TO ,POLI% 9DU/RY & ) ! PURPOSE ( A*IEV+ A P>TICUL> CONFIGURATION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,PRECISELY ! SAME ,RUSSIAN 9T]E/S ?AT CALL$ =? !SE MEASURES W\LD =M ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE TO A GOV]NM5T POLICY DIRECT$ AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,YET FROM ! SAME NECESSITY ( SATISFY+ ALL ! SO V]Y CONTRADICTORY 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T GR\PS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 !RE >ISES = ! GOV]NM5T ! NECESSITY ( MOV+ 9 AN 9CREAS+ ZIG-ZAG C\RSE 9 ITS ECONOMIC POLICY4 ,ALL LAWS ( ! CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION >E M]ELY 0LAWS ( GRAVITY10 I4E41 LAWS ?AT DO NOT MOVE 9 A /RAI<T L9E ON ! %ORTE/ R\TE1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y PROCE$ ) CON/ANT DEFLECTIONS 9 CONTR>Y DIRECTIONS4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S G5]AL POLICY ( PROMOT+ CAPITALISM1 CORRESPOND+LY1 CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ AS IT FAVORS N[ ?IS CAPITALI/ FACTION1 N[ ?AT4 ,! EXAMPLES ( ,RUSSIAN CU/OMS & RAILWAY POLICY GIV5 ABOVE %[$ CRUDELY ! ZIG-ZAG C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* AT ONE TIME PROTECTS MANUFACTURE AT ! EXP5SE ( SEMI-F9I%$ MANUFACTURE1 AT ANO!R TIME TAKES C>E ( ! LATT] AT ! EXP5SE ( ! =M]1 AT ONE TIME PATRONIZES COAL M9+ OV] IRON WORKS1 AT ANO!R TIME PATRONIZES ! IRON WORKS AT ! 0COAL 9T]E/S'0 EXP5SE1 FAVOR+ SOMETIMES ! L&[N]S1 SOMETIMES ! 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,?IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! GOV]NM5T'S ECONOMIC POLICY ALSO MEANS ?AT IT CAN TEMPOR>ILY & ON V>I\S QUE/IONS DEEPLY (F5D ONE OR ANO!R ,POLI% CAPITALI/ GR\P2 ?IS IS NOT ONLY NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 BUT FOLL[S DIRECTLY1 NECESS>ILY1 FROM ! NATURE ( ! SITUATION4 ,! DIFF]5TIAL RAILWAY T>IFF = GRA91 ETC41 WAS ( ?IS TYPE4 

,H[EV]1 IF ALL !SE TEMPOR>Y & ONE-SID$ PH5OM5A W]E TORN \T ( !IR COMPLICAT$ ECONOMIC CONTEXT & PUFF$ UP 9TO A DOCTR9E ( ,RUSSIA'S ANTI-,POLI% ECONOMIC CONSPIRACY1 !N :AT IS 9VOLV$ IS A COMPLETE LACK ( P]SPECTIVE & OV]VIEW ( ! TOTALITY ( ?IS POLICY4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! EXAGG]ATION ( ! SKIRMI% BETWE5 ,LODZ FU/IAN & ,MOSC[ CALICO 9TO A DEEP GULF BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM REVEALS ! LACK ( AN OV]VIEW ( ! TOTALITY ( ! CAPITALI/ COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R1 HAS UP UNTIL N[ 5JOY$ P>TICUL>LY LOV+ C>E FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 EXPRESS$ 9 GIFTS ( EV]Y SORT4 ,?IS POLICY1 H[EV]1 IS M]ELY ! CONCRETE EXPRESSION ( ! 5C\RAGEM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM 9 G5]AL1 S9CE ! C5TRAL DI/RICT 7:]E NE>LY A ?IRD ( ! ,EMPIRE'S 9DU/RY & APPROXIMATELY TWO-?IRDS ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 BY VALUE1 IS CONC5TRAT$7 =MS ITS MA9 BRAN*4 ,! CO/ ( ?IS FAVORITISM T[>D ! ,MUSCOVITES HAS NOT1 H[EV]1 BE5 BORNE SO MU* BY ! O!R 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 :I* 9 MO/ CASES 7= EXAMPLE1 ! CU/OMS POLICY71 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALSO B5EFIT1 BUT MU* MORE BY ! O!R BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY1 ABOVE ALL AGRICULTURE4 ,9 FACT1 ! 5MITY BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN L&[N]S & ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIALI/S IS MU* MORE LA/+ & BITT] ?AN ?AT BETWE5 ,MOSC[ & ,LODZ4 ,AN 9T]E/+ SPOTLI<T ON ! ALLEG$ 0NATIONAL0 POLICY ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS ?R[N BY ! WELL-KN[N FACT ?AT ! S\!RN COAL & IRON REGION :I* IS MO/ CODDL$ & ABSOLUTELY OV]:ELM$ ) PATRONAGE - AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,RUSSIAN METAL 9DU/RY 9 ! ,URALS AS WELL AS ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIAL 9T]E/S - IS A REGION :OSE EXPLOITATION IS 9 ! MA9 9 =EIGN H&S3 ,BELGIAN & ,5GLI% CAPITALI/S4 

,IT IS AS SUP]FICIAL AS IT IS ]RONE\S TO ASCRIBE A NATIONAL 79 ! E?NOGRAPHIC S5SE7 0,GREAT ,RUSSIAN0 ECONOMIC POLICY TO ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,SU* A POLICY EXI/S ONLY 9 ! IMAG9ATION ( ! REPORT] L$ A/RAY BY EXT]NAL APPE>ANCES4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T - JU/ AS ANY O!R 9 ! PRES5T DAY - MA9TA9S NOT A NATIONAL BUT A CLASS POLICY2 IT DIFF]5TIATES NOT BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN 5T]PRISES1 BUT ONLY BETWE5 ?OSE ?AT 0E/ABLI%0 OR 0[N0 & ?OSE ?AT LABOR4 

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