,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 
,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,/RUGGLE ,BETWE5 ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T #b3 

 ,RUSSIA'S ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 9 ,POL& 

,! PICTURE GIV5 ?US F> ( ! DEVELOPM5T & PRES5T /ATE ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT (F]$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! URBAN TRADES 9 ! ,POL& ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,DESPITE ! ID5TICAL NATURE ( !IR ORIG9S - >TIFICIAL1 GOV]NM5TAL TRANSPLANT+ FROM ,G]MANY - MANUFACTURE 9 ,POL& NOT ONLY DID NOT P]I%1 AS HAD URBAN H&ICRAFT E>LI]1 BUT DEVELOP$ ITSELF 9TO HEAVY 9DU/RY4 ,& DESPITE ITS =EIGN ,G]MAN BEG9N+S1 IT NOT ONLY DROVE DEEP ROOTS 9TO ,POL&'S NATIONAL LIFE1 BUT ACTUALLY BECAME ! RUL+1 TONE-SETT+ FACTOR4 

,ONLY REC5TLY C]TA9 PH5OM5A HAVE APPE>$ ?AT HAVE AWAK5$ FE>S ON MANY SIDES AB\T ! CONT9U$ FUTURE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA1 & 9 CONNECTION ) ?AT ! M>KET OP5$ UP S9CE !N 9 ,ASIA1 =MS ! MA9SPR+ ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,9 ALL !SE >EAS1 H[EV]1 ,POLI% PRODUCTS >E ( C\RSE 9 COMPETITION ) ,RUSSIAN GOODS4 ,A NATURAL CONFLICT ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% B\RGEOISIES OV] !SE M>KETS APPE>S AT FIR/ GLANCE TO RESULT1 A CONFLICT ?AT MU/ BECOME H>%] ! MORE ,POLI% 9DU/RY GR[S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT SEEMS TO BE JU/ AS NATURAL = ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ CLASS TO HAVE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T ON ITS SIDE AGA9/ ! ,POLI% COMPETITION1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T C\LD USE ITS P[] TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 & P]HAPS ]ECT A T>IFF B>RI] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA ONCE MORE AS ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ RU?LESS MEANS ( EFFECT+ ?IS4 ,SU* IDEAS HAVE MADE !MSELVES V]Y MU* HE>D REC5TLY1 & H]E & !RE ! OP9ION IS EXPRESS$ ?AT AFT] ! PREVAIL+ P]IOD ( PROSP]ITY A P]IOD ( P]SECUTION & PUNI%M5T FROM ! SIDE ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T HAS BEGUN = ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 :I* WILL SOON] OR LAT] GO UND]4 

,!RE=E1 BE=E WE CONCLUDE ! DESCRIPTION ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 WE MU/ GO 9TO ! QUE/ION ( :AT SIGNIFICANCE ! CONFLICT ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN FACTORY PRODUCTION 9 FACT HAS1 :AT ! PREP>ATIONS ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY >E 9 ITS COMPETITIVE BATTLE ) ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 & :AT ! POSITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T T[>D ?IS /RUGGLE IS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE WILL BE 9 A POSITION TO COMPLETE ! HI/ORY ( 9DU/RY 9 ,POL& ?R\< A P]SPECTIVE ON ITS FUTURE4 

#b4#a ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,/RUGGLE 

,BETWE5 ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 

,ABOVE ALL1 IT IS TOTALLY UNTRUE ?AT ! COMPETITION & ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! C5TRAL & ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 ! /RUGGLE AB\T :I* SO MU* FUSS WAS MADE A FEW YE>S AGO1 IS A NEW PH5OM5ON DAT+ ONLY FROM ! #a#h#hS1 AS IS G5]ALLY ASSUM$4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ?IS BATTLE IS AS OLD AS ,POLI% 9DU/RY ITSELF4 ,ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#bS ! GOV]NM5T WAS PRES5T$ ) PETITIONS ?AT FROM ! ,RUSSIAN SIDE CONC]N$ ! 9CREASE ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,POLI% T>IFFS1 FROM ! ,POLI% SIDE ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( ! T>IFF B>RI] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA4 ,S9CE !N ! RIVALRY HAS NEV] REALLY CEAS$4 ,EXCLUD+ ! YE> #a#h#b#f1 !RE W]E #a1#h#c#a PETITIONS FROM ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS S5T TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG - ALWAYS ) COMPLA9TS AB\T ,POLI% 9DU/RY & ) DEM&S = SUPPORT = ! 0,FA!RL&'S0 9DU/RY 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! ,POLI%4 ,AS ONE OBS]VES FROM ! HI/ORY ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY1 9 ! 5D ! GOV]NM5T NOT ONLY DID NOT FULFILL ! REQUE/S ( ! ,RUSSIAN 5TREPR5EURS1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ABOLI%$ ! T>IFF BORD] BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA 9 #ahea & SO LET ! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! 5EMY 9DU/RIES TAKE ITS [N C\RSE4 ,! BATTLE FL>$ UP 9T5SELY & ANEW 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS1 FIR/ BECAUSE ,POLI% 9DU/RY AT ?IS TIME - AS WAS M5TION$ - TOOK POSSESSION ( A :OLE S]IES ( NEW M>KET >EAS 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! S\? AS WELL AS ! EA/1 & SECOND BECAUSE1 JU/ AT ?AT TIME1 ! :OLE TEXTILE 9DU/RY ( ! ,SOSN[IEC DI/RICT WAS SEEM+LY CONJUR$ UP \T ( ! GR\ND AT ! ,PRUSSIAN BORD]4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& ! PRICE ( GOODS1 =C$ UP SUDD5LY & SEV]ELY BY ! *ANGE 9 T>IFF POLICIES AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#gS1 HAD FALL5 SOME:AT T[>D ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#h#hS4 ,! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS1 UPSET BY ?IS1 BEGAN 0TO SEEK \T ! GUILTY P>TY10 & F\ND IT1 TOO3 ,POLI% COMPETITION4 ,H]E ! BATTLE WAS L$ *IEFLY BY ! ,MOSC[ COTTON MANUFACTUR]S1 9 ! FACE ( ! CONQUE/ ( ,RUSSIAN M>KETS BY ,POLI% COTTON GOODS4 

,A C]TA9 ,%>APOV L$ ! FIR/ ATTACK FROM ! SIDE ( ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS 9 A PUBLIC SPEE* :I* HE GAVE 9 ,MOSC[ & 9 ,IVANOVO-,VOZNES5SKI 9 #ahhe & :I* LAT] APPE>$ 9 PR9T4 ,FROM ! />T1 ,%>APOV /RUCK ! KEYNOTES & PUFF$ UP ! :OLE CAMPAIGN ( ,MOSC[ COTTON V]SUS ,LODZ FU/IAN 9TO A HI/ORIC DUEL BETWE5 ! ,SLAVIC & ,G]MAN RACES4 ,HE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,POLI% 9DU/RY 9 EV]Y WAY 5JOY$ MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ?AN ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY2 = EXAMPLE1 ACCORD+ TO ,%>APOV1 *EAP] ,G]MAN CR$IT WAS AT ,POL&'S DISPOSAL - IT CO/ #c4#e TO #d P] C5T1 :ILE ! 5TREPR5EURS 9 C5TRAL ,RUSSIA HAD TO PAY #g TO #h P] C5T4 ,SECOND1 *EAP] RAW MAT]IALS W]E AVAILABLE TO ,POL&1 :I* ALSO HAD TO BE> F> L[] TRANSPORTATION CO/S ?AN ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICTS LY+ F> TO ! EA/4 ,?IRD1 ,POL& 5JOY$ MORE FAVORABLE RAILWAY RATES1 :I* IT OBTA9$ AS A RESULT ( ! PRIVATE AGREEM5T AMONG ! RAILWAY COMPANIES4 ,F\R? & F9ALLY1 IT HAD SIGNIFICANTLY L[] TAXES TO PAY3 9 ! C5TRAL DI/RICT AM\NT+ TO #c1#f RUBLES P] #a MILLION RUBLES ( PRODUCTION2 9 ,LODZ1 H[EV]1 #a1#d RUBLES21 & 9 SMALL ,POLI% CITIES ONLY #ai RUBLES4 

,%>APOV CALL$ ! GOV]NM5T TO BATTLE AGA9/ ! 0,G]MAN0 9DU/RY ( ,POL& & TO ! RESCUE ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% ELEM5TS OPPRESS$ BY IT 7674 

,! NEXT YE>1 #a#h#h#f1 ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS ORD]$ A DEPUTATION TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ) ! 0MO/ HUMBLE & OB$I5T0 REQUE/ TO ONCE AGA9 E/ABLI% A T>IFF L9E BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA4 

,! GOV]NM5T1 ?US APPROA*$1 =M$ A COMMISSION 9 ! SAME YE>1 #a#h#h#f1 CONSI/+ ( ,PR(ESSORS ,YAN%UL1 ,ILY91 & ,LANG[OI1 :I* HAD ! TASK ( 9VE/IGAT+ ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ( ! ,POLI% 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS & ( *ECK+ 9TO ! CLAIMS ( ,MOSC[ MANUFACTUR]S & !IR CORRECTNESS4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS 9VE/IGATION1 C>RI$ \T MORE S]I\SLY & MORE ?OR\<LY ?AN ANY O!R1 WAS ! FOLL[+4 

,ON ! SIDE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY WE SEE *EAP] FUEL1 SMALL] FIX$ CAPITAL1 L[] TAXES1 A BETT] LABOR =CE1 & MORE ADVANTAGE\S SPATIAL CONC5TRATIONS ( FIRMS 9 A FEW SPOTS4 ,ON ! SIDE ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY1 ON ! O!R H&1 *EAP] LABOR P[]1 SMALL] TRANSPORTATION CO/S TO ! M>KETS 7,CAUCASUS1 ,VOLGA REGION1 ,ASIA71 SMALL] \TLAYS ON ! WORK=CE 7HOSPITALS1 S*OOLS1 ETC471 PR(ITS FROM ! FACTORY /ORES1 F9ALLY A SURPLUS ( WAT] TO RUN ! COTTON WEAV+ & SP9N+ MILLS4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 ! COMMISSION CAME \T AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( A T>IFF L9E BETWE5 ,POL& & ,RUSSIA1 & LIKEWISE AGA9/ A DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON RAW COTTON DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,POL&1 FIR/ BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T 0W\LD H>DLY DEEM IT POSSIBLE TO TREAT ,POL& AS A =EIGN C\NTRY 9 TRADE & 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS10 & SECOND BECAUSE A HI<] DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF 0W\LD APPE> TO ! 9HABITANTS ( ,POL&1 ,RUSSIAN SUBJECTS1 AS AN 9JU/ICE AGA9/ !M & W\LD D\BTLESS GIVE RISE TO GREAT DISSATISFACTION40 ,! COMMISSION CONSID]$ ! ONLY JU/ MEASURE TO BE AN 9CREASE 9 ! PREVAIL+ TAXES ON ,POLI% 9DU/RY SUFFICI5T TO EQUALIZE !M ) ,RUSSIAN TAXES4 

,9 #ahhg ! ,MOSC[ 5TREPR5EURS ONCE MORE PRES5T$ A PETITION TO ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/] AT ! ANNUAL FAIR 9 ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD 9 :I* !Y REQUE/$ AN 9CREASE 9 ! DUTIES ON COTTON & ! 9TRODUCTION ( A HI<] DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF AT ! ,POLI% BORD]4 ,N[ ! ,LODZ MANUFACTUR]S ALSO 5T]$ ! FRAY4 ,!Y ANSW]$ ! ABOVE-M5TION$ DOCUM5T ) A C\NT]-PETITION1 9 :I* !Y S\<T TO PROVE ?AT !Y SUFF]$ SIGNIFICANTLY LESS ADVANTAGE\S CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AN !IR ,MOSC[ COMPETITORS1 ?AT ! COTTON MILLS ( ! C5TRAL DI/RICT YIELD$ UP TO #h4#d P] C5T PR(ITS :ILE ?OSE 9 ,POL& YIELD$ ONLY #g4#e P] C5T1 ?AT TRANSPORT ( RAW COTTON FROM ,LIV]POOL TO ,MOSC[ CO/ #c#e4#g#g KOPECKS P] POOD BUT FROM ,LIV]POOL TO ,LODZ #c#g4#a KOPECKS P] POOD1 ?AT !RE=E A FUR!R WORS5+ ( !IR SITUATION BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( A DIFF]5TIAL T>IFF ON COTTON W\LD MAKE COTTON PRODUCTION EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = !M4 

,9 #ahhh A COMMISSION WAS ONCE AGA9 SET UP UND] ! *AIRMAN%IP ( ,B] TO 9VE/IGATE ! DISPUTE4 ,ITS CONCLUSIONS ?IS TIME W]E V]Y MU* TO ,POL&'S DISADVANTAGE1 & ! COMMISSION CALL$ = A S]IES ( MEASURES TO PROTECT ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT AGA9/ BETT]-SITUAT$ ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIALI/S AGA9 SUBMITT$ A PETITION TO ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/] 9 #a#h#h#h1 9 :I* !Y COMPLA9$ AB\T !IR PRESS+ SITUATION & DEM&$ MEASURES FROM ! GOV]NM5T AGA9/ 0P>ASITICAL0 ,POLI% 9DU/RY4 

,! ,LODZ 9DU/RIALI/S PUBLI%$ AN AGITATIONAL PIECE 9 #ahhi UND] ! TITLE ,MOSC['S ,BATTLE ) ,LODZ1 9 :I* !Y ATTEMPT$ TO %[ ?R\< ! M\? ( 0AN IMP>TIAL1 NONP>TIZAN OBS]V]0 ?AT ,LODZ HAD TO PAY MORE = RAW COTTON ?AN DID ,MOSC[1 ?AT ! ADVANTAGE ( *EAP] FUEL :I* ,LODZ HAD OV] ,MOSC[ ONLY CAME TO ! NEGLIGIBLE AM\NT ( 4#b KOPECKS P] >%9 ( MAT]IAL1 ?AT ! ORIG9S ( ,MOSC['S MORE EXP5SIVE CR$IT LAY ) ,MOSC[ ITSELF1 & ?AT IT IS WAS BECAUSE ( 9SUFFICI5T ORGANIZATION ?AT ,LODZ SUFF]$ FROM A %ORTAGE ( WAT]1 PAID MORE = LABOR1 &1 F9ALLY1 MADE SMALL] PR(ITS ?AN C5TRAL ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 

,9 #ahi ! ORGANIZATION & NATIONALIZATION ( ! RAILWAY T>IFF SY/EM UND]TAK5 BY ! GOV]NM5T GAVE RISE ONCE MORE TO ! CONVOCATION ( A NEW COMMISSION4 ,?IS COMMISSION WAS TO 9VE/IGATE1 = ! X? TIME1 :AT ! /ATE ( ! COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS ( ! ,POLI% & C5TRAL ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS WAS1 & H[1 RELATIVE TO ?IS1 ! RAILWAY F>ES = ! L9ES ( IMPORTANCE TO ! COMPETITORS %\LD BE FIGUR$4 ,?IS COMMISSION1 :I* FUNCTION$ UND] ! *AIRMAN%IP ( ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! RAILWAY DEP>TM5T1 ,LAZ>EV1 AGA9 CAME TO NO CONCLUSION4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIALI/S GAVE !IR WELL-KN[N >GUM5TS & C\NT]->GUM5TS AS BE/ !Y C\LD4 ,TWO >GUM5TS FROM ! ,POLI% SIDE W]E ! ONLY NEW ADDITIONS1 NAMELY1 !IR REF]5CE TO ! USE ( *EAP NAPH?A RESIDUE AS FUEL 9 ! ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIAL DI/RICT1 & ! CLAIM ?AT ! TAX BURD5 WAS GREAT] 9 ,POL& ?AN 9 C5TRAL ,RUSSIA1 SPECIFICALLY #e4#h#b RUBLES P] MEMB] ( ! POPULATION 9 ! LATT]1 BUT 9 ! =M] #f4#f#d RUBLES4 

,H[EV] ! NEXT YE>1 #a#h#i#a1 A WELL-KN[N ECONOMI/1 ,BELOV1 WAS AU?ORIZ$ TO 9VE/IGATE ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ,POL& & C5TRAL ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS TOO CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ALL ! DISADVANTAGES W]E ON ! ,LODZ SIDE1 :ILE ALL ! ADVANTAGES W]E ON ,MOSC['S3 SPECIFICALLY1 *EAP] LABOR P[]1 LONG] LABOR TIME 7,MOSC[ #c1#d#b#i H\RS A YE>1 ,POL& #c1#b#a#b71 *EAP] FUEL 7NAPH?A RESIDUE CO/S #fD P] CWT1 :]EAS COAL = ! SAME AM\NT ( HEAT IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE1 #a4#b#e P] CWT71 *EAP] RAW COTTON1 &1 F9ALLY1 MORE FAVORABLE RAILWAY F>ES4 ,! SAME ,%AP>OV :O HAD S\ND$ ! FIR/ AL>M AGA9/ ,LODZ 9 #ahhe N[ CLAIM$ AS A RESULT ( ! ,BELOV 9VE/IGATION ?AT ! SITUATION HAD COMPLETELY *ANG$ S9CE #ahhe & ?AT ,LODZ N[ ABSOLUTELY DID NOT DES]VE TO BE PUNI%$ 9 ANY WAY4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TREAT ! V>I\S /AGES ( ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,LODZ & ,MOSC[ SO ?OR\<LY 9 ORD] TO %[ H[ DIFFICULT IT IS TO =M AN UNBIAS$ OP9ION ON ?IS QUE/ION1 & H[ C>EFULLY CLAIMS AB\T ?IS PO9T USUALLY MU/ BE TAK54 ,= !RE IS NOT A S+LE >GUM5T :I* WAS NOT BR\<T UP BY BO? P>TIES1 ) DIRECTLY CONTRADICTORY FIGURES AS PRO(1 & IT IS ONLY TOO EASY TO UNCONSCI\SLY BECOME A M\?PIECE = ONE ( !SE TWO 9DU/RIALI/S' *OIRS4 

,N[ ?AT WE HAVE BECOME ACQUA9T$ 9 BRIEF ) ! /ORY ( ! ,MOSC[-,LODZ DISPUTE & ! MA9 PO9TS >\ND :I* IT C5T]S1 WE \RSELVES WILL COMP>E ! COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS ( ! TWO 9DU/RIES ) EA* O!R 9 ALL ! MA9 PO9TS1 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE AN OBJECTIVE GRASP ( ! PROBLEM ON ! BASIS ( QUANTITATIVE EVID5CE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/