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,! #i? ,!RMIDOR--,TRIUMPH ( ,REACTION 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY RAKO1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,CAUSES ( OV]?R[ ( ,ROBESPI]RE -- ,EVILS ( TRANSF] ( L&--,REPUBLICAN SUCCESSES ABROAD -- ,T]ROR CONT9UES -- ,DANTONI/S1 ,GIROND9S & 0,M>%0 UNITE TO OV]?R[ ,ROBESPI]RE -- ,UNPOPUL>ITY ( ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E -- ,ROBESPI]RE ATTACKS ,B>]E & ,F\*E -- ,HIS SPEE* 9 ,CONV5TION -- ,EFFECT ( SPEE* -- #i? ,!RMIDOR -- ,>RE/ ( ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS ASSOCIATES -- ,EF=TS ( ,COMMUNE -- ,CAPTURE ( ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE -- ,EXECUTION ( ,ROBESPI]RE & ,T]RORI/S -- ,5D ( ,REVOLUTION -- ,REACTION>IES CONT9UE EXECUTIONS -- ,ATTEMPT$ RIS+ ( WORK]S -- ,EXECUTION ( LA/ ( ,MONTAGN>DS -- ,TRIUMPH ( MIDDLE CLASSES -- ,ROYALI/ MANIFE/ATIONS -- ,MASSACRES ( REVOLUTIONI/S -- ,REACTION SUCCE$$ BY ,DIRECTORY -- ,F9AL EF=T ( REVOLUTIONI/S -- ,NAPOLEON PROCLAIMS HIMSELF ,EMP]OR 

,IF ,ROBESPI]RE HAD MANY ADMIR]S1 :O ADOR$ HIM1 HE HAD ALSO QUITE AS MANY 5EMIES1 :O UTT]LY DETE/$ HIM & LO/ NO OPPORTUNITY ( MAK+ HIM ODI\S BY ATTRIBUT+ TO HIM ALL ! HORRORS ( ! ,T]ROR4 ,NOR DID !Y NEGLECT TO R5D] HIM RIDICUL\S BY CONNECT+ HIM ) ! DO+S ( AN OLD MAD MY/IC1 ,CA!R9E ,!OT1 :O CALL$ H]SELF 0! ,MO!R ( ,GOD40 

,BUT /ILL IT IS EVID5T ?AT IT WAS NOT P]SONAL 5MITIES :I* OV]?REW ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,HIS FALL WAS 9EVITABLE1 BECAUSE1 HE REPRES5T$ A REGIME ?AT WAS ON ! PO9T ( F\ND]+4 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION HAD PASS$ ?R\< ITS ASC5DANT PHASE1 :I* LA/$ UNTIL ,AUGU/ OR ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#i#c1 IT 5T]$ UPON ITS DESC5DANT PHASE4 ,IT WAS N[ PASS+ ?R\< ! ,JACOB9 REGIME ( :I* ,ROBESPI]RE WAS ! SUPREME EXPRESSION1 & 9 ITS TURN ?IS REGIME HAD TO GIVE PLACE TO ! M5 ( 0LAW & ORD]10 :O W]E LONG+ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! UNRE/ ( REVOLUTION1 & W]E ONLY WAIT+ = ! MOM5T :5 !Y C\LD 

OV]?R[ ! ,T]RORI/S ( ! 0,M\NTA90 )\T PROVOK+ AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,P>IS4 

,WE CANNOT OV]E/IMATE ALL ! EVIL RESULT+ FROM ! FACT ?AT 9 ECONOMIC MATT]S ! ,REVOLUTION WAS BAS$ ON P]SONAL GA94 ,A REVOLUTION %\LD 9CLUDE ! WELF>E ( ALL1 O!RWISE IT IS C]TA9 TO BE CRU%$ BY ?OSE V]Y P]SONS :OM IT HAS 5RI*$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! NATION4 ,:5EV] A %IFT+ ( WEAL? IS CAUS$ BY A REVOLUTION1 IT \<T NEV] TO BE = ! B5EFIT ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALWAYS = ! B5EFIT ( COMMUNITIES4 ,YET IT WAS ON ?IS PO9T PRECISELY ?AT ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION FATALLY ]R$4 

,! E/ATES1 :I* W]E CONFISCAT$ FROM ! *UR* & ! NOBILITY1 W]E GIV5 TO PRIVATE P]SONS1 :]EAS !Y %\LD HAVE BE5 RE/OR$ TO ! VILLAGES & ! T[NS1 BECAUSE !Y HAD =M]LY BELONG$ TO ! PEOPLE--BE+1 AS !Y W]E1 ! L&S :I* 9DIVIDUALS HAD FA/5$ UPON UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 ,!RE HAVE NEV] BE5 ANY CULTIVAT$ L&S ( SEIGNIORIAL OR ECCLESIA/IC ORIG94 ,AP>T FROM A FEW MONA/IC COMMUNITIES1 NEI!R LORDS NOR PRIE/S HAD EV] ) !IR [N H&S CLE>$ A S+LE ACRE4 ,! PEOPLE1 ?OSE CALL$ VILA9S OR MANANTS1 HAD CLE>$ EV]Y SQU>E Y>D ( CULTIVAT$ SOIL4 ,IT WAS !Y :O HAD MADE IT ACCESSIBLE1 HABITABLE1 & GIV5 VALUE TO IT1 & IT WAS TO !M IT %\LD HAVE BE5 RE/OR$4 

,BUT1 ACT+ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A MIDDLE-CLASS ,/ATE1 ! ,CON/ITU5T & ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLIES1 & EV5 ! ,CONV5TION TOO1 ACKN[L$G$ ! LEGAL CLAIMS ( LORD1 CONV5T1 CA!DRAL1 & *UR* TO L&S :I* 9 =M] TIMES HAD BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY ?OSE PROPS ( ! !N GR[+ ,/ATE1 & !Y TOOK POSSESSION ( !SE L&S & SOLD !M *IEFLY TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 

,IT CAN BE IMAG9$ :AT A SCRAMBLE = A %>E 9 ?IS BOOTY TOOK PLACE :5 E/ATES1 ( :I* ! TOTAL VALUE AM\NT$ TO FROM T5 TO FIFTE5 ?\S& MILLIONS ( FRANCS1 W]E ON SALE = SEV]AL YE>S UND] CONDITIONS EXTREMELY FAVORABLE TO ! PUR*AS]S--CONDITIONS :I* C\LD BE R5D]$ /ILL MORE ADVANTAGE\S BY CURRY+ FAVOR ) ! NEW LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! FAM\S 0BLACK B&S0 W]E =M$ 9 ! 

PROV9CES1 AGA9/ :I* ALL ! EF=TS ( ! ,CONV5TION'S COMMISSION]S W]E P[]LESS4 

,! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ( !SE PILF]]S1 RE9=C$ BY ! ,P>IS /OCK-JOBB]S & ! >MY CONTRACTORS1 SPREAD BY DEGREES TO ! ,CONV5TION ITSELF1 :]E ! HONE/ M5 AMONG ! ,MONTAGN>DS F\ND !MSELVES CONFRONT$ BY 0PR(ITMONG]S0 & HELPLESS AGA9/ !M4 ,:AT WAS !RE TO OPPOSE TO !M8 ,ONCE ! ,5TRAGES W]E CRU%$ & ! SECTIONS ( ,P>IS P>ALYZ$--:AT REMA9$ 9 ! ,CONV5TION BESIDE ! 0,M>%08 

,! VICTORY ( ,FLEURUS1 WON ON ,JUNE #bf 7#h? ,MESSIDOR7 OV] ! COMB9$ =CES ( ,AU/RIA & ,5GL&--A VICTORY :I* 5D$ ! CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,NOR? = ?AT YE>--& ! SUCCESSES GA9$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC'S >MIES 9 ! ,PYR5EES1 ! ,ALPS1 & ON ! ,RH9E1 AS WELL AS ! >RIVAL ( A TRANSPORT LAD5 ) :EAT FROM ,AM]ICA--AT ! CO/1 BE IT SAID1 ( SEV]AL BATTLE%IPS--!SE SUCCESSES S]V$ 9 !MSELVES AS P[]FUL >GUM5TS ) ! 0MOD]ATES10 :O W]E ANXI\S TO RE/ORE ORD]4 0,:AT10 SAID !Y1 0IS ! GOOD ( A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 N[ ?AT ! W> IS ALMO/ OV]8 ,IT IS TIME TO GO BACK TO LEGAL CONDITIONS1 & TO PUT AN 5D TO GOV]NM5T BY REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,IT IS TIME TO RE/ORE ORD] & TO CLOSE ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION60 

,BUT ! ,T]ROR1 SO G5]ALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,ROBESPI]RE1 F> FROM RELAX+1 WAS /ILL FULLY MA9TA9$4 ,ON ! #cRD ,MESSIDOR 7,JUNE #b#a71 ,H]MAN1 A GOV]NM5T (FICIAL1 0COMMISSAIRE DES ADM9I/RATIONS CIVILES1 POLICE ET TRIBUNAUX10 A MAN MU* ATTA*$ TO ,ROBESPI]RE1 S5T 9 A /ATEM5T TO ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E1 ASK+ P]MISSION TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! PLOTT+S AMONG ! PRISON]S & H9T+ ?AT 0IT MI<T BE NECESS>Y PRES5TLY TO PURGE ! PRISONS40 ,HE WAS AU?ORIZ$ BY ! COMMITTEE TO HOLD ! 9QUIRY1 & =?) BEGAN ! S5D+ ( ?OSE HORRIBLE 0BAT*ES10 ?OSE C>TLOADS ( M5 & WOM5 TO ! GUILLOT9E1 A SI<T MORE ABOM9ABLE TO ! ,P>ISIANS ?AN ! ,SEPTEMB] MASSACRES4 ,!SE EXECUTIONS W]E ALL ! MORE ODI\S BECAUSE NO ONE KNEW :]E !Y W\LD 5D1 & BECAUSE !Y W5T ON 9 ! MID/ ( BALLS1 CONC]TS1 & O!R FE/IVITIES GIV5 BY ! CLASS ?AT HAD SO REC5TLY GR[N RI*1 & AMID ! 

D]ISION ( ! ROYALI/ JEUNESSE DOREE1 :O GREW DAILY MORE AGGRESSIVE4 

,EV]YONE MU/ HAVE FELT ?AT ?IS /ATE ( ?+S C\LD NOT LA/1 & ! ,MOD]ATES 9 ! ,CONV5TION TOOK ADVANTAGE ( IT4 ,DANTONI/S1 ,GIROND9S1 & ! MEMB]S ( ! 0,M>%10 JO9$ RANKS1 & CONC5TRAT$ !IR =CES ON ,ROBESPI]RE'S OV]?R[1 AS ! FIR/ PO9T TO BE GA9$4 ,! CONDITION ( ,P>IS FAVOR$ !IR DESIGNS1 AS ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E HAD SUCCE$$ 9 CRIPPL+ ! SECTIONS--! TRUE C5T]S ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5TS4 

,ON ! #e? ,!RMIDOR 7,JULY #b#c7 ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE1 9 :I* ,PAYAN1 AN 9TIMATE FRI5D ( ,ROBESPI]RE1 WAS N[ ALL P[]FUL1 DID MU* TO 9JURE ITS POPUL>ITY BY ISSU+ A DECREE ?AT WAS ABSOLUTELY UNJU/ TO ! WORK]S4 ,! C\NCIL ORD]$ 9 ALL ! =TY-EI<T SECTIONS ! PROCLAMATION ( ! MAXIMUM1 :I* WAS TO FIX ! LIMIT ( ! WORK]S' WAGES4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E HAD ALREADY MADE ITSELF UNPOPUL> ) ! SECTIONS BY DE/ROY+ !IR AUTONOMY1 & APPO9T+ ! MEMB]S ( SEV]AL ( !IR COMMITTEE4 

,! MOM5T1 !RE=E1 WAS RIPE = ATTEMPT+ A C\P D'ETAT4 

,ON ! #b#a/ ,MESSIDOR 7,JULY #i7 ,ROBESPI]RE HAD AT L5G? DECID$ TO BEG9 ! ATTACK UPON HIS 5EMIES4 ,EI<T DAYS PREVI\SLY HE HAD BE5 COMPLA9+ AT ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB ( ! W> ?AT WAS BE+ WAG$ AGA9/ HIM P]SONALLY4 ,HE N[ W5T 9TO P>TICUL>S1 & MADE SOME ALLUSIONS TO ,B>]E--?AT V]Y ,B>]E :O UNTIL !N HAD BE5 ! PLIANT 9/RUM5T ( HIS FACTION1 :5EV] A BOLD /ROKE HAD BE5 NE$$ 9 ! ,CONV5TION4 ,TWO DAYS LAT]1 AGA9 AT ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB1 HE MADE A DIRECT ATTACK ON ,F\*E = HIS T]RIBLE DO+S 9 ,LYONS1 & SUCCE$$ 9 HAV+ HIM SUMMON$ TO ANSW] = !M BE=E ! CLUB4 

,BY ! #b#f? ,MESSIDOR 7,JULY #a#d7 W> WAS DECL>$1 AS ,F\*E HAD REFUS$ TO APPE> BE=E ! ,JACOB9S4 ,AS TO ! ATTACK ON ,B>]E1 IT MEANT ALSO AN ATTACK ON ,COLLOT D',H]BOIS & ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE1 AS WELL AS ON TWO P[]FUL MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 ,VADI] & ,V\LL&1 :O (T5 CONF]R$ 

) ,B>]E & HAD COLLABORAT$ ) HIM 9 ! BUS9ESS ( ! PRISON PLOTS4 

,ALL ?OSE ( ! ,LEFT1 !RE=E1 :O FELT !MSELVES ?REAT5$--,TALLI51 ,B>]E1 ,VADI]1 ,V\LL&1 ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE1 ,COLLOT D',H]BOIS ,F\*E--B&$ !MSELVES TOGE!R AGA9/ ! 0TRIUMVIRS0--,ROBESPI]RE1 ,SA9T-,JU/ & ,C\?ON4 ,MOD]ATES1 SU* AS ,B>RAS1 ,ROV]E1 ,?IRION1 ,C\RTOIS1 ,B\RDON1 & ! RE/1 :O1 = !IR P>T1 W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO SEE ! D[NFALL ( ! :OLE 0,M\NTA910 9CLUD+ ,COLLOT D',H]BOIS1 ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE1 ,B>]E1 ,VADI] & ! O!RS1 NO D\BT SAID TO !MSELVES ?AT IT WAS BE/ TO BEG9 BY ATTACK+ ! ,ROBESPI]RE GR\P1 AS1 ONCE ?AT WAS OV]?R[N1 ! RE/ C\LD BE EASILY MANAG$4 

,! /ORM BUR/ 9 ! ,CONV]NTION ON ! #h? ,!RMIDOR 7,JULY #b#f1 #a#g#i#d74 ,IT MU/ HAVE BE5 EXPECT$2 = ! HALL WAS ?RONG$4 ,ROBESPI]RE ATTACK$ ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,G5]AL ,SAFETY 9 A C>EFULLY PREP>$ SPEE* & *>G$ IT ) CONSPIR+ AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION4 ,HE WAS !RE1 HE SAID1 TO DEF5D ! ,CONV5TION & HIMSELF AGA9/ SL&]S4 ,HE ALSO DEF5D$ HIMSELF AGA9/ ! *>GE ( DICTATORIAL T5D5CIES1 & HE DID NOT TRY TO BE CONCILIATORY T[>DS HIS ADV]S>IES--EV5 T[>DS ,CAMBON1 ( :OM HE SPOKE1 AS WELL AS ( ,MALL>EME & ,RAMEL1 9 T]MS BORR[$ FROM ! ,5RAGES1 CALL+ !M 0,FEUILLANTS1 >I/OCRATS1 RASCALS40 

,HE WAS P]MITT$ TO F9I%1 BECAUSE PEOPLE W]E ANXI\S TO KN[ HIS CONCLUSIONS1 & :5 HE HAD EXPRESS$ !M IT WAS P]CEIV$ ?AT 9 REALITY HE WAS ASK+ = AN 9CREASE 9 HIS [N AU?ORITY & ?AT ( HIS GR\P4 ,!RE WAS NO NEW \TLOOK1 NO NEW PROGRAM 9 HIS SPEE*4 ,IT WAS ONLY ! DEM& ( A ,GOV]NM5T MEMB] = MORE P[]--/ILL MORE P[]1 TO BE US$ = PURPOSES ( REPRESSION4 

0,:AT IS ! REM$Y = ! EVIL80 HE SAID 9 CONCLUSION4 0,! PUNI%M5T ( ! TRAITORS1 A COMPLETE RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,G5]AL ,SAFETY1 ! PURIFICATION ( ?AT COMMITTEE & ITS SUBORD9ATION TO ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E2 ! PURIFICATION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E ITSELF2 & UNITY ( ,GOV]NM5T UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION :I* WAS ! C5T] & ! JUDGE40 

,IT WAS UND]/OOD !N ?AT HE CONF9$ HIMSELF TO ASK+ = MORE AU?ORITY TO BE VE/$ 9 HIS TRIUMVIRATE1 TO BE US$ AGA9/ ,COLLOT & ,BILLOT1 ,TALLI5 & ,B>]E1 ,CAMBON & ,C>NOT1 ,VADI] & ,V\LL&4 ,! CONSPIRATORS ( ! ,RI<T MU/ HAVE RUBB$ !IR H&S4 ,!Y HAD ONLY TO LET ,TALLI51 ,BILLOT-,V>5NE & ! O!R ,MONTAGN>DS ACT4 

,! EV5+ ( ! SAME DAY ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB RAPTUR\SLY APPLAUD$ ,ROBESPI]RE'S SPEE* & MADE A FURI\S DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ,COLLOT D',H]BOIS & ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE4 ,IT WAS EV5 PROPOS$ TO M>* AGA9/ ! TWO COMMITTEES4 ,BUT NO?+ W5T BEYOND M]E TALK4 ,! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB HAD NEV] BE5 A C5T] ( ACTION4 

,DUR+ ! NI<T ,B\RDON & ,TALH5 SECUR$ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,CONV5TIONALS ( ! ,RI<T1 & APP>5TLY ! PLAN AGRE$ UPON WAS TO PREV5T ,ROBESPI]RE & ,SA9T-,JU/ FROM SPEAK+4 

,! NEXT DAY1 ! #i? ,!RMIDOR1 AS SOON AS ,SA9T-,JU/ ROSE TO READ HIS /ATEM5T--:I*1 BY ! WAY1 WAS V]Y MOD]ATE1 = IT ONLY ASK$ = A REVISION ( ,GOV]NM5T PROC$URE--,BILLAUD-,V>5NE & ,TALLI5 W\LD NOT ALL[ HIM TO READ IT4 ,!Y DEM&$ ! >RE/ ( ! 0TYRANT10 MEAN+ ,ROBESPI]RE1 & %\TS ( 0,D[N ) ! TYRANT60 W]E REE*O$ BY ! :OLE ( ! 0,M>%40 ,ROBESPI]RE ATTEMPT$ TO SPEAK1 BUT HE1 TOO1 WAS PREV5T$4 ,AN ORD] WAS GIV5 = HIS PROSECUTION1 9CLUD+ HIS BRO!R1 ,SA9T-,JU/1 ,C\?ON & ,LEBAS1 & !Y W]E IMM$IATELY >RE/$ & TAK5 (F TO DIFF]5T PRISONS4 

,MEAN:ILE ,HANRIOT1 ! *IEF ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 FOLL[$ BY TWO AIDES-DE-CAMP & SOME G5D>MES1 WAS GALLOP+ ?R\< ! /REETS 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,CONV5TION1 :5 TWO ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,CONV5TION1 SEE+ HIM PASS 9 ! ,RUE ,SA9T-,HONORE1 HAD HIM >RE/$ BY SIX ( ! V]Y G5D>MES UND] HIS COMM&4 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE DID NOT MEET UNTIL SIX O'CLOCK 9 ! EV5+4 ,IT !N ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ! PEOPLE1 CALL+ ON !M TO RISE AGA9/ ,B>]E1 ,COLLOT1 ,B\RDON & ,AM>1 & ,C(F9HAL WAS DISPAT*$ TO DELIV] ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS FRI5DS :O1 IT WAS ?\<T1 W]E KEPT UND] >RE/ 9 

! BUILD+ OCCUPI$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,G5]AL ,SAFETY1 BUT ,C(F9HAL F\ND !RE ONLY ,HANRIOT1 :OM HE RELEAS$4 ,AS TO ,ROBESPI]RE1 HE HAD BE5 TAK5 FIR/ TO ! ,LUXEMB\RG1 BUT ! (FICIALS !RE REFUS$ TO RECEIVE HIM2 &1 9/EAD ( GO+ /RAI<T TO ! ,COMMUNE1 & CA/+ 9 HIS LOT ) ! P>TY ( 9SURRECTION1 HE W5T TO ! ,POLICE ,(FICE ON ! ,QUAI DES ,ORFEVRES1 & REMA9$ DO+ NO?+4 ,SA9T-,JU/ & ,LEBAS W5T AS SOON AS !Y W]E FREE TO ! ,COMMUNE1 & ,C(F9HAL1 AGA9 S5T BY ! ,C\NCIL TO SEEK ,ROBESPI]RE1 HAD TO =CE HIS H& TO COMPEL HIM TO GO TO ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 :I* HE REA*$ AB\T EI<T O'CLOCK4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE BEGAN TO >RANGE = A RIS+1 BUT IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! SECTIONS HAD NO M9D TO RISE AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE :OM !Y *>G$ ) HAV+ GUILLOT9$ ,*AUMETTE & ,HEB]T1 KILL$ ,JACQUES ,R\X1 EJECT$ ,PA*E FROM (FICE1 & DE/ROY$ ! AUTONOMY ( ! SECTIONS4 ,P>IS1 MOREOV]1 MU/ HAVE FELT ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS DY+ \T1 & ?AT ! M5 = :OM ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE APPEAL$ TO ! PEOPLE TO RISE W]E 9 NO WAY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! POPUL> CAUSE4 

,BY MIDNI<T ! SECTIONS HAD MADE NO SIGN ( /IRR+4 ,L\IS ,BLANC SAYS ?AT !Y W]E 9 A /ATE ( DIVISION1 !IR CIVIL COMMITTEES BE+ UNABLE TO COME TO AGREEM5T ) ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES & ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES4 ,! F\RTE5 SECTIONS ?AT OBEY$ ! ,COMMUNE 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE DID NO?+1 :ILE EI<TE5 W]E HO/ILE1 & ( !SE1 SIX W]E 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,! M5 ( ,JACQUES ,R\X' SECTION1 ! ,GRAVILLI]S1 EV5 =M$ ! FIR/ NUCLEUS ( ONE ( ! TWO COLUMNS ?AT M>*$ UPON ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE AT ! ORD] ( ! ,CONV5TION4#a 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,CONV5TION WAS DECL>+ ! 9SURG5TS & ! ,COMMUNE \TLAWS1 & :5 ?IS DECL>ATION WAS READ 9 ! ,PLACE DE LA ,GREVE1 ,HANRIOT'S >TILL]YM51 :O HAD BE5 PO/$ !RE ) NO?+ TO DO1 SLIPP$ AWAY ONE BY ONE4 ,! ,PLACE WAS QUITE DES]T$ :5 %ORTLY AFT]W>DS ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE WAS 9VAD$ BY ! COLUMNS FROM ! ,GRAVILLI]S & ! ,>CIS4 ,A Y\NG G5D>ME1 :O WAS ! FIR/ TO 5T] ! ROOM 9 :I* W]E ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS FRI5DS1 FIR$ A PI/OL-%OT :I* BROKE ,ROBESPI]RE'S JAW4 ,! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ! V]Y C5T] ( ! RESI/ANCE1 WAS ?US TAK5 )\T A BL[ BE+ /RUCK 9 ITS DEF5SE4 ,!REUPON ,LEBAS KILL$ HIMSELF1 ! Y\NG] ,ROBESPI]RE TRI$ TO KILL HIMSELF BY LEAP+ ?R\< A W9D[ FROM ! ?IRD /ORY2 ,C(F9HAL CAU<T HOLD ( ,HANRIOT1 :OM HE ACCUS$ ( HAV+ LO/ !IR CAUSE1 & HURL$ HIM \T ( W9D[2 ,SA9T-,JU/ & ,C\?ON ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE >RE/$ QUIETLY4 

,! NEXT MORN+1 AFT] A M]E =M ( ID5TIFICATION1 !Y W]E ALL EXECUT$1 TO ! NUMB] ( TW5TY-ONE4 ,!Y W5T TO !IR DEA? 9 ! ,PLACE DE LA ,REVOLUTION BY A LONG R\TE AMID ! 9SULTS ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CR[DS4 ,! FA%IONABLE PEOPLE :O HA/5$ TO 5JOY ! SPECTACLE W]E EV5 MORE FE/IVE ?AN ON ! DAY ( ! EXECUTION ( ! ,HEB]TI/S4 ,W9D[S W]E LET AT FABUL\S PRICES1 & ! LADIES :O SAT 9 !M WORE FULL DRESS4 ,REACTION WAS TRIUMPH+4 ,! ,REVOLUTION HAD COME TO AN 5D4 

  

,H]E WE1 TOO1 %ALL PAUSE1 )\T N>RAT+ ! DETAILS ( ! ORGIES UND] ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR1 :I* BEGAN AFT] ,!RMIDOR1 OR ! TWO ATTEMPTS AT 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! NEW REGIME 3 ! MOVEM5T ( ,PRAIRIAL 9 ! ,YE> ,I,I,I4 & ! CONSPIRACY ( ,BABEUF 9 ! ,YE> ,I,V4 

,! OPPON5TS ( ! ,T]ROR1 :O W]E ALWAYS TALK+ ( CLEM5CY1 WANT$ IT ONLY = !MSELVES & !IR FRI5DS4 ,! FIR/ ?+ !Y DID :5 !Y CAME 9TO P[] WAS TO EXECUTE ALL ! P>TISANS ( ! ,MONTAGN>DS :OM !Y HAD OV]?R[N4 ,9 ! ?REE DAYS1 ! #a?1 #a#a?1 & #a#b? ,!RMIDOR 7,JULY #b#h1 #b#i1 & #c7 !RE W]E A HUNDR$ & ?REE EXECUTIONS4 ,D5UNCIATIONS P\R$ 9 FROM ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! GUILLOT9E WAS WORK+ H>D--?IS TIME ON ! SIDE ( REACTION4 ,FROM ! #i? ,!RMIDOR TO ! #a/ ,PRAIRIAL1 9 LESS ?AN T5 MON?S1 SEV5TY-?REE ,MONTAGN>D REPRES5TATIVES W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA? OR IMPRISON$1 :ILE SEV5TY-?REE ,GIROND9S RE5T]$ ! ,CONV5TION4 

,IT WAS N[ ! TURN ( ! REAL 0,/ATESM540 ,! 0MAXIMUM0 ON COMMODITIES WAS SPE$ILY ABOLI%$1 :I* PRODUC$ A VIOL5T CRISIS1 DUR+ :I* /OCK-JOBB+ & SPECULATION ATTA9$ GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES HELD HI< HOLIDAY1 AS !Y DID AGA9 LAT] ON AFT] ,JUNE #ahdh & ,MAY #a#h#g#a4 ,! JEUNESSE DOREE ORGANIZ$ BY ,FREON RUL$ ,P>IS1 :ILE ! WORK]S1 SEE+ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS VANQUI%$1 CREPT BACK TO !IR HOVELS TO M$ITATE ON ! *ANCES ( ! NEXT UPHEAVAL4 

,!Y ATTEMPT$ TO RISE ON ! #a#b? ,G]M9AL1 ,YE> ,I,I,I4 7,APRIL #a1 #a#g#i#e71 & AGA9 ON ! #a/ ,PRAIRIAL 7,MAY #b7 DEM&+ BREAD & ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#c4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION ! FAUB\RGS %[$ MU* SPIRIT1 BUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAD HAD TIME TO ORGANIZE !IR =CES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL HAD BE5 ABOLI%$1 SO ! LA/ ( ! ,MONTAGN>DS--,ROMME1 ,B\RBOTTE1 ,DUROY1 ,S\BRANCY1 ,G\JON & ,DUQUESNOY--W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA? BY A MILIT>Y COMMISSION & EXECUT$4 

,!NCE=? ! MIDDLE CLASSES REMA9$ MA/]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ! DESC5DANT PHASE CONT9U$4 ,! REACTION SOON BECAME FRANKLY ROYALI/4 ,! TR\PE DOREE NO LONG] REMA9$ CONCEAL$1 BUT OP5LY WORE ! GRAY COAT ) ! GRE5 OR BLUE COLOR ( ! ,*\ANS#b & ILL-TREAT$ ALL ?OSE KN[N AS 0T]RORI/S0--?AT IS TO SAY1 ALL REPUBLICANS4 ,!RE W]E P]SECUTIONS BO? :OLESALE & RETAIL4 ,:OEV] HAD ASSI/$ 9 ANY WAY 9 ! EXECUTION ( ! ,K+--OR 9 HIS 

>RE/ AFT] ! FLI<T TO ,V>5NES1 :OEV] HAD TAK5 ANY P>T :ATEV] 9 ! ASSAULT ON ! ,TUIL]IES1 WAS PO9T$ \T TO ! ROYALI/S & LIFE MADE 9SUPPORTABLE = HIM4 

,9 ! DEP>TM5TS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,S\?1 ! 0,COMPAGNIES DU ,JESUS10 ! 0,COMPAGNIES DU ,SOLEIL0 & O!R ROYALI/ ORGANIZATIONS PRACTIC$ :OLESALE REPRISALS4 ,9 ! PRISONS AT ,LYONS1 ,AIX & ,M>SEILLES !Y KILL$ ALL ?OSE :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! =M] GOV]NM5T4 ,MIGNET SAYS3 0,NE>LY EV]Y PLACE 9 ! ,S\? HAD ITS SECOND ( ,SEPTEMB]10 & ?AT1 ( C\RSE1 MEANS ITS ROYALI/ SECOND ( ,SEPTEMB]4 ,BESIDES !SE :OLESALE MASSACRES1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ABOVE-NAM$ ,SOCIETIES ( ,JESUS & ! ,SUN HELD 9DIVIDUAL MAN-HUNTS4 ,9 ,LYONS1 :5EV] !Y F\ND A REVOLUTIONI/ :O HAD ESCAP$ !IR MASSACRES1 !Y KILL$ HIM & ?REW ! BODY 9TO ! ,RHONE )\T ANY PRET5SE AT A TRIAL4 ,SIMIL> DE$S W]E 5ACT$ 9 ,T>ASCON4 

,! REACTION 9CREAS$ UNTIL AT LA/ ! ,CONV5TION BROKE UP ON ! #d? ,BRUMAIRE1 ,YE> ,I,V4 7,OCTOB] #b#f1 #a#g#i#e74 ,! ,DIRECTORY SUCCE$$ IT & PREP>$ ! WAY = ! ,CONSULATE FIR/ & ! ,EMPIRE AFT]W>DS4 ,! ,DIRECTORY WAS A T]RIBLE ORGY ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 9 :I* ! =TUNES ACQUIR$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! ,!RMIDOREAN REACTION1 W]E SQU&]$ 9 UNBRIDL$ LUXURY4 ,=1 IF ! ,REVOLUTION HAD PUT 9 CIRCULATION EI<T MILLI>DS ( PAP]-MONEY1 ! ,!RMIDOREAN REACTION W5T T5 TIMES AS FA/ 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 = IT ISSU$ ! AMAZ+ SUM ( ?IRTY MILLI>DS 9 PAP] )9 FIFTE5 MON?S4 ,BY ?IS WE CAN CALCULATE ! AM\NT ( ! =TUNES :I* HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$ BY ! 0PR(ITMONG]S10 ?ANKS TO !SE TREM5D\S ISSUES ( PAP]-MONEY4 

,ONCE AGA91 9 ,MAY #a#g#i#f1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/S UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,BABEUF TRI$ TO GET UP AN 9SURRECTION ?R\< !IR SECRET SOCIETY1 BUT !Y W]E >RE/$ BE=E IT WAS RIPE4 ,AN ATTEMPT TO RAISE ! CAMP AT ,GR5ELLE ON ! NI<T ( ! #b#cRD ,FRUCTIDOR1 ,YE> ,I,V4 7,SEPTEMB] #i1 #a#g#i#f71 ALSO FAIL$4 ,BABEUF & ,D>! W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 & KILL$ !MSELVES ) A DAGG] ON ! #g? ,PRAIRIAL1 ,YE> ,V4 ,BUT ! ROYALI/S HAD !IR FAILURE TOO1 ON ! #a#h? ,FRUCTIDOR1 ,YE> ,V4 7,SEPTEMB] #d1 

#a#g#i#g71 & ! ,DIRECTORY LA/$ UNTIL ! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE1 ,YE> ,V,I,I,I4 7,NOVEMB] #i1 #a#g#i#i74 

,ON ?AT DAY ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE C>RI$ \T HIS C\P D'ETAT1 & NATIONAL REPRES5TATION WAS COMPLETELY SUPPRESS$ BY ! EX-SANS-CULOTTE1 :O HAD ! >MY ON HIS SIDE4 

,! W>1 :I* HAD LA/$ SEV5 YE>S1 HAD ?US COME TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,ON ! #b#h? ,FLOREAL1 ,YE> ,X,I,I4 7,MAY #a#h1 #a#h#i#d71 ,NAPOLEON PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF ,EMP]OR1 & !N W> BROKE \T AGA91 TO LA/ ) BRIEF 9T]VALS UNTIL #a#h#a#e4 

#a,! SECTIONS1 ,M4 ,]NE/ ,MELLIE SAYS1 TOOK NO 9ITIATIVE1 BUT TAMELY FOLL[$ !IR COMMITTEES1 ! MEMB]S ( :I* W]E DEP5D5T ON ! ,COMMITTEES ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E & ,G5]AL ,SAFETY4 ,!Y W]E LEFT NO P>T 9 POLITICS4444 ,!Y HAD EV5 BE5 =BIDD5 TO CALL !MSELVES PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES2 ON ! #b? ,FLOREAL1 ,YE> ,I,I4 7,MAY #i1 #a#g#i#d71 ,PAYAN1 ! NATIONAL AG5T ( ! ,COMMUNE1 :O HAD TAK5 ! PLACE ( ,*AUMETTE1 W>N$ !M BY LETT] ?AT1 UND] A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 !RE W]E NO PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES4444 ,?IS WAS TO REM9D !M ?AT !IR ABDICATION WAS COMPLETE 7PP4 #a#e#a1 #a#e#b74 ,AFT] REC\NT+ ! SUCCESSIVE PURIFICATIONS TO :I* ! SECTIONS HAD SUBMITT$ TO MAKE !MSELVES ACCEPTABLE TO ! ,JACOB9S 7P4 #a#e#c71 ,M4 ,MELLIE CONCLUDES ) !SE WORDS3 0,MI*ELET WAS RI<T1 !RE=E1 9 SAY+ ?AT BY ?IS TIME ! ASSEMBLIES ( ! SECTIONS W]E DEAD & ?AT ALL P[] HAD PASS$ OV] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 :I*1 BE+ !MSELVES NOM9AT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T1 HAD NO LONG] ANY VITALITY EI!R0 7PP4 #a#e#d1 #a#e#e74 ,ON ! #i? ,!RMIDOR 7& ( ?IS ,M4 ,MELLIE HAS F\ND ! PRO(S 9 ! ,>*IVES71 9 NE>LY ALL ! SECTIONS ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES W]E ASSEMBL$ TO AWAIT ! ORD]S ( ! ,GOV]NM5T 7P4 #a#f#i74 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! SECTIONS DID NOT TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ! ,!RMIDOREANS4 

#b,! ,BRETON ROYALI/S4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #fh -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #fh -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/