,*APT] #f 
,! ,CONVOCATION ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL ,BECOMES ,NECESS>Y 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JO%UA ,HAYES1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE 

,IRRESPONSIBILITY ( OLD REGIME -- ,MIS]ABLE CONDITION ( PEASANTS -- ,DISCONT5T ( MIDDLE CLASSES -- ,!Y 5C\RAGE RIOTS AMONG ! PEOPLE -- ,*ANGE 9 POLITICAL SY/EM ( ,FRANCE -- ,NECK] -- ,F9ANCIAL CRISIS -- ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES CONVOK$ -- ,L\IS CONVOKES ,/ATES ,G5]AL -- ,9CREAS$ REPRES5TATION GRANT$ TO ,?IRD ,E/ATE 

,TO ANY ONE :O KNEW ! CONDITION ( ,FRANCE IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! IRRESPONSIBLE REGIME ( ! ,C\RT C\LD NOT LA/4 ,! MIS]Y 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS W5T ON 9CREAS+ YE> BY YE>1 & IT BECAME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO LEVY ! TAXES & AT ! SAME TIME COMPEL ! PEASANTS TO PAY R5T TO ! L&LORDS & P]=M ! 9NUM]ABLE /ATUTE LABORS EXACT$ BY ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! TAXES ALONE DEV\R$ HALF & (T5 TWO-?IRDS ( :AT ! PEASANTS C\LD E>N 9 ! C\RSE ( ! YE>4 ,BEGG>Y & RIOT+ W]E BECOM+ NORMAL CONDITIONS ( C\NTRY LIFE4 ,MOREOV]1 IT WAS NOT ONLY ! PEASANTS :O PROTE/$ & REVOLT$4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES1 TOO1 W]E L\DLY EXPRESS+ !IR DISCONT5T4 ,!Y PR(IT$ C]TA9LY BY ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! PEASANTS TO 5ROLL !M 9 !IR FACTORIES1 & !Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE DEMORALIZATION & ! F9ANCIAL DISORD]S ( ! MOM5T TO SEIZE ON ALL K9DS ( MONOPOLIES1 & TO 5RI* !MSELVES BY LOANS TO ! ,/ATE4 

,BUT ?IS DID NOT SATISFY ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,= A :ILE !Y MANAG$ TO ADAPT !MSELVES TO ROYAL DESPOTISM & ,C\RT GOV]NM5T4 ,A MOM5T CAME1 H[EV]1 :5 !Y BEGAN TO FE> = !IR MONOPOLIES1 = ! MONEY !Y HAD 9VE/$ 9 LOANS TO ! ,/ATE1 = ! L&$ PROP]TY !Y HAD ACQUIR$1 = ! FACTORIES !Y HAD E/ABLI%$1 & AFT]W>DS TO 5C\RAGE ! PEOPLE 9 !IR RIOTS 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MI<T BREAK D[N ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,C\RT & E/ABLI% !IR [N POLITICAL P[]4 ,?IS EVOLUTION CAN BE PLA9LY TRAC$ DUR+ ! FIR/ ?IRTE5 OR F\RTE5 YE>S ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I'S REIGN1 FROM #aggd TO #a#g#h#h4 

,AN IMPORTANT *ANGE 9 ! 5TIRE POLITICAL SY/EM ( ,FRANCE WAS VISIBLY TAK+ PLACE4 ,BUT ,L\IS ,X,V,I & HIS ,C\RT RESI/$ ?AT *ANGE1 & !Y OPPOS$ IT SO LONG ?AT :5 ! ,K+ AT LA/ DECID$ TO YIELD1 IT WAS JU/ :5 ?OSE MODE/ RE=MS ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 SO WELCOME AT ! BEG9N+ ( HIS REIGN HAD ALREADY BE5 F\ND 9SUFFICI5T BY ! NATION4 ,:]EAS1 9 #a#g#g#e1 A REGIME ( AUTOCRACY M+L$ ) NATIONAL REPRES5TATION W\LD HAVE SATISFI$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 TWELVE OR ?IRTE5 YE>S LAT]1 9 #a<g & #a#g#h#h1 ! ,K+ WAS CONFRONT$ BY A PUBLIC OP9ION :I* W\LD NO LONG] HE>K5 TO COMPROMISE1 BUT DEM&$ REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T ) ALL ! LIMITATION ( ROYAL P[] :I* IT 9VOLV$4 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ,L\IS ,X,V,I REJECT$ ,TURGOT'S V]Y MODE/ PROPOSALS4 ,! M]E ?\<T ( LIMIT+ ! ROYAL P[] WAS REPUGNANT TO HIM4 ,!RE=E ,TURGOT'S RE=MS--ABOLITION ( /ATUTE LABOR1 ABOLITION ( TRADE-W>D5S & A TIMID ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! TWO PRIVILEG$ CLASSES--! NOBILITY & CL]GY--PAY SOME ( ! TAXES1 HAD NO SUB/ANTIAL RESULTS4 ,EV]Y?+ IS 9T]DEP5D5T 9 A ,/ATE1 & EV]Y?+ UND] ! OLD REGIME FELL 9 RU9S TOGE!R4 

,NECK]1 :O FOLL[$ CLOSELY ON ,TURGOT1 WAS MORE A F9ANCI] ?AN A /ATESMAN4 ,HE HAD ! F9ANCI]'S N>R[ M9D :I* SEES ?+S ONLY 9 !IR PETTY ASPECTS4 ,HIS PROP] ELEM5T 'AS F9ANCIAL TRANSACTIONS-RAIS+ LOANS4 ,TO READ HIS ,P\VOIR EXECUTIF IS TO UND]/& H[ HIS M9D1 ACCU/OM$ ONLY TO REASON AB\T !ORIES ( GOV]NM5T1 9/EAD ( CLE>+ ITSELF 9 ! %OCK ( HUMAN PASSIONS & DESID]ATA ?AT F9D EXPRESSION 9 A SOCIETY AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 WAS 9CAPABLE ( COMPREH5D+ ! VA/ PROBLEM1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 RELIGI\S & SOCIAL1 ?AT WAS ?RU/ UPON ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#h#i4#a 

,NECK]1 MOREOV]1 NEV] D>$ TO USE TO ,L\IS ,X,V,I ! CLE>1 EXACT1 SEV]E & BOLD LANGUAGE :I* ! OCCASION REQUIR$4 ,HE SPOKE TO HIM V]Y TIMIDLY AB\T REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 & HE LIMIT$ HIS RE=MS TO :AT C\LD NEI!R SOLVE ! DIFFICULTIES NOR SATISFY ANY ONE1 :ILE !Y MADE EV]Y ONE FEEL ! NECESSITY ( A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 

,! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 EI<TE5 ( :I* ,NECK] ADD$ TO ?OSE ALREADY 9/ITUT$ BY ,TURGOT1 LEAD+ 9 TURN TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( DI/RICT & P>I% C\NCILS1 W]E EVID5TLY BR\<T TO DISCUSS ! MO/ DIFFICULT QUE/IONS & TO LAY B>E ! HIDE\S CORRUPTION ( ! UNLIMIT$ P[] ( ROYALTY4 ,& !SE DISCUSSIONS1 :I* C\LD NOT BUT SPREAD ALL OV] ! C\NTRY D[N TO ! VILLAGES1 NO D\BT HELP$ P[]FULLY 9 ! FALL ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 LESS5$ ! =CE ( ! /ORM1 W]E HELP+ T[>DS ! 9SURRECTION ( #a#g#h#h4 ,LIKEWISE ! FAM\S ,COMPTE R5DU1 ! REPORT UPON ! /ATE ( ! PROV9CES1 ?AT ,NECK] PUBLI%$ 91#a#g#h#a1 A FEW MON?S BE=E QUITT+ (FICE1 WAS A HEAVY BL[ TO ROYAL AUTOCRACY4 ,AS ALWAYS HAPP5S ON SU* OCCASIONS1 HE HELP$ TO %AKE D[N ! SY/EM :I* WAS ALREADY TOTT]+ TO ITS FALL1 BUT HE WAS P[]LESS TO PREV5T ! FALL FROM BECOM+ A REVOLUTION3 PROBABLY HE DID NOT EV5 P]CEIVE ?AT IT WAS IMP5D+4 

,! F9ANCIAL CRA% CAME AFT] ,NECK]'S FIR/ DISMISSAL1 9 ! YE>S #a<a TO #a#g#h#g4 ,! F9ANCES W]E 9 SU* A MIS]ABLE CONDITION ?AT ! DEBTS ( ! ,/ATE1 ! PROV9CES1 ! ,/ATE DEP>TM5TS & EV5 ( ! ,K+'S H\SEHOLD W]E ACCUMULAT+ 9 AN AL>M+ FA%ION4 ,AT ANY MOM5T ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! ,/ATE MI<T HAVE BE5 DECL>$1 A BANKRUPTCY :I* ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 N[ 9T]E/$ 9 ! ,/ATE F9ANCES AS CR$ITORS1 DID NOT WANT AT ANY PRICE4 ,) ALL ?IS1 ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE W]E ALREADY SO IMPOV]I%$ ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] PAY ! TAXES--!Y DID NOT PAY1 & REVOLT$2 :ILE ! CL]GY & ! NOBILITY REFUS$ TO MAKE ANY SACRIFICE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS ! RIS+S 9 ! VILLAGES NECESS>ILY BR\<T ! C\NTRY NE>] TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,& IT WAS 9 ! MID/ ( !SE DIFFICULTIES ?AT ! M9I/] ,CALONNE CONVOK$ AN ,ASSEMBLY ( ! ,NOTABLES AT ,V]SAILLES = ,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #a#g#h#g4 

,TO CONVOKE ?IS ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES WAS TO DO EXACTLY :AT \<T NOT TO HAVE BE5 DONE AT ?AT MOM5T3 IT WAS EXACTLY ! HALF-MEASURE :I* ON ONE SIDE MADE ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9EVITABLE1 & ON ! O!R H& 9SPIR$ DI/RU/ ( ! ,C\RT & HATR$ ( ! TWO PRIVILEG$ ORD]S1 ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY4 ,?R\< ?AT ,ASSEMBLY IT WAS LE>N$ ?AT ! NATIONAL DEBT HAD M\NT$ UP TO SIXTE5 HUNDR$ & =TY-SIX MILLIONS--AN APPALL+ SUM AT ?AT TIME--& ?AT ! ANNUAL DEFICIT WAS 9CREAS+ BY ONE HUNDR$ & =TY MILLIONS ANNUALLY4 ,& ?IS 9 A C\NTRY RU9$ AS ,FRANCE WAS6 ,IT CAME TO BE KN[N--EV]Y ONE TALK$ ( IT & AFT] EV]Y ONE HAD TALK$ AB\T IT1 ! ,NOTABLES1 DRAWN FROM ! UPP] CLASSES & PRACTICALLY A M9I/]IAL ASSEMBLY1 SEP>AT$ ON ,MAY #be )\T HAV+ DONE OR DECID$ ANY?+4 ,DUR+ !IR DELIB]ATIONS ,CALONNE WAS REPLAC$ BY ,LOM5IE DE ,BRI5NE1 ,>*BI%OP ( ,S5S4 ,BUT ! NEW M9I/]1 BY HIS 9TRIGUES & HIS ATTEMPT$ SEV]ITY1 ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 /IRR+ UP ! P>LEM5TS1 9 PROVOK+ WIDELY SPREAD RIOTS :5 HE WI%$ TO DISB& !M1 & 9 EXCIT+ PUBLIC OP9ION /ILL MORE AGA9/ ! ,C\RT4 ,:5 HE WAS DISMISS$ ON ,AUGU/ #b#e1 #a#g#h#h1 !RE WAS G5]AL REJOIC+ ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 ,BUT AS HE HAD PROV$ CLE>LY ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T !RE WAS NO?+ = ! ,C\RT BUT TO SUBMIT4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #h1 #a#g#h#h1 ,L\IS ,X,V,I WAS AT LA/ OBLIG$ TO CONVOKE ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL1 & TO FIX ! OP5+ = ,MAY #a1 #a#g#h#i4 

,EV5 9 ?IS ! ,C\RT & ,NECK]1 :O WAS RECALL$ TO ! M9I/RY 9 #a#g#h#h1 MANAG$ SO AS TO DISPLEASE EV]Y ONE4 ,IT WAS ! G5]AL OP9ION 9 ,FRANCE ?AT 9 ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL1 9 :I* ! ?REE CLASSES W\LD BE SEP>ATELY REPRES5T$1 ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE \<T TO HAVE TWICE AS MANY MEMB]S AS ! TWO O!RS1 & ?AT ! VOT+ %\LD BE BY 9DIVIDUALS4 ,BUT ,L\IS ,X,V,I & ,NECK] W]E OPPOS$ TO ?IS1 & EV5 CONVOK$ A SECOND ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES ON ,NOVEMB] #f1 #a#g#h#h1 :I* W\LD1 !Y W]E SURE1 REJECT ! D\BL+ ( NUMB]S 9 ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE & ! 9DIVIDUAL VOTE4 ,?IS WAS EXACTLY :AT HAPP5$2 BUT 9 SPITE ( ?AT1 PUBLIC OP9ION HAD BE5 SO PR$ISPOS$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE BY ! PROV9CIAL ,ASSEMBLIES ?AT ,NECK] & ! ,C\RT W]E OBLIG$ TO GIVE 94 ,! ,?IRD ,E/ATE WAS GRANT$ A D\BLE REPRES5TATION--?AT IS TO SAY1 \T ( A ?\S& DEPUTIES ! ,?IRD W\LD HAVE AS MANY AS ! CL]GY & NOBILITY COMB9$4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,C\RT & ,NECK] DID EV]Y?+ !Y POSSIBLY C\LD TO TURN PUBLIC OP9ION AGA9/ !M1 )\T GA9+ ANY ADVANTAGE = !MSELVES4 ,! ,C\RT'S OPPOSITION TO ! CONVOCATION ( A NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVE ,ASSEMBLY WAS 9 VA94 ,! ,/ATES-,G5]AL MET AT ,V]SAILLES ON ,MAY #e1 #a#g#h#i4 

,FOOTNOTES 

  

#a 

  

 ,DU P\VOIR EXECUTIF DANS LES GR&S ETATS1 #b VOLS41 #a#g#i#b4 ,! IDEA ( ?IS BOOK IS1 ?AT IF ,FRANCE WAS PASS+ ?R\< A REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS 9 #a#g#i#b1 IT WAS ! FAULT ( H] ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY = HAV+ NEGLECT$ TO >M ! ,K+ ) A /RONG EXECUTIVE P[]4 0,EV]Y?+ W\LD HAVE GONE ITS C\RSE MORE OR LESS P]FECTLY IF ONLY C>E HAD BE5 TAK5 TO E/ABLI% 9 \R MID/ A TUTEL>Y AU?ORITY10 SAYS ,NECK]1 9 ! PREFACE TO ?IS WORK2 & HE 5L>GES 9 !SE TWO VOLUMES ON ! B\NDLESS RI<TS ) :I* ! ROYAL P[] %\LD BE 9VE/$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 HIS BOOK1 ,SUR LA LEGISLATION ET LE COMM]C DES GRA9S1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#g#f1 HE HAD DEVELOP$4 BY WAY ( PROTE/+ AGA9/ A SY/EM ( FREE TRADE 9 CORN1 SUPPORT$ BY ,TURGOT1 SOME IDEAS %[+ SYMPA?Y ) ! POOR1 9 ADVOCAT+ ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD 9T]V5E TO FIX ! PRICE ( :EAT = !IR B5EFIT1 BUT ?AT WAS ! LIMIT ( HIS 0,/ATE-,SOCIALISM40 ,! ESS5TIAL ?+1 9 HIS OP9ION1 WAS A /RONG ,GOV]NM5T1 A ?RONE RESPECT$ & SURR\ND$ ) ?AT OBJECT BY HI< FUNCTION>IES & A P[]FUL EXECUTIVE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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