,*APT] #dg 
,! ,POPUL> ,REVOLUTION--,>BITR>Y ,TAXATION 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY BE?OM#c#c1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,IMM$IATE RESULT ( EXPULSION ( ,GIROND9S -- ,IMPORTANCE ( P]IOD1 ,MAY #agic TO ,JULY #a#g#i#d-,FAM9E CONT9UES -- ,W> AGA9/ COALITION-,DIFFICULTIES ( SANS-CULOTTES -- ,=C$ LOAN NECESS>Y -- ,SUP]FLU\S & NECESS>Y 9COMES -- ,IMPOSSIBILITY ( LEVY+ LOAN 

,IF ANYONE D\BTS ! NECESSITY UND] :I* ! ,REVOLUTION LAY1 ( EXPELL+ ! *IEF M5 ( ! 0,GIRONDE 0 FROM ! ,CONV5TION1 HE %\LD CA/ A GLANCE AT ! LEGISLATIVE WORK :I* ! ,CONV5TION SET ITSELF TO ACCOMPLI%1 AS SOON AS ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,RI<T WAS BROK54 

,! TAXATION ( ! RI* TO HELP T[>DS ! 5ORM\S EXP5SES ( ! W>2 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A MAXIMUM PRICE = ALL COMMODITIES2 ! RE/ORATION TO ! COMMUNES ( ! L&S :I* ! NOBILITY HAD TAK5 FROM !M S9CE #a#f#f#i2 ! DEF9ITE ABOLITION1 )\T R$EMPTION1 ( ! FEUDAL RI<TS2 ! LAWS CONC]N+ 9H]ITANCE1 9T5D$ TO SPREAD & EQUALIZE WEAL?2 ! DEMOCRATIC ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#c-A,IL !SE MEASURES CAME 9 RAPID SUCCESSION AFT] ! ,RI<T HAD BE5 WEAK5$ BY ! EXPULSION ( ! ,GIRONDI/ LEAD]S4 

,?IS P]IOD1 :I* LA/$ FROM ,MAY #c#a1 #a#g#i#c1 TO ,JULY #b#g1 #agid 7#i? ,!RMIDOR ( ! ,YE> #a#a4 ( ! ,REPUBLIC71 REPRES5TS ! MO/ IMPORTANT P]IOD ( ! :OLE ,REVOLUTION4 ,! GREAT *ANGES 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 CITIZ5S1 ! PROGRAM :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD SKET*$ DUR+ ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d1 #a#g#h#i1 W]E1 AFT] F\R YE>S ( RESI/ANCE1 AT LA/ C>RI$ \T BY ! PURIFI$ ,CONV5TION1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,& IT WAS ! PEOPLE-! SANS-CULOTTES-:O NOT ONLY =C$ ! ,CONV5TION TO LEGISLATE 9 ?IS WAY1 AFT] !Y HAD GIV5 IT ! P[] ( DO+ SO BY ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #c#a2 BUT IT WAS ALSO !Y :O PUT !SE MEASURES 9TO EXECUTION LOCALLY1 BY MEANS ( ! POPUL> SOCIETIES TO :OM ! COMMISSION$ MEMB]S ( ! ,CONV5TION APPLI$1 :5 !Y HAD TO CREATE LOCAL EXECUTIVE P[]4 

,FAM9E /ILL REIGN$ DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 & ! W>1 MA9TA9$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC AGA9/ ! COALITION ( ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA1 ! ,EMP]OR ( ,AU/RIA1 ! ,K+ ( ,S>D9IA & ! ,K+ ( ,SPA91 URG$ ON & F9ANC$ BY ,5GL&1 ASSUM$ T]RIBLE PROPORTIONS4 ,! REQUIREM5TS ( ?IS W> W]E 5ORM\S1 & ONE CAN HAVE NO IDEA ( !M )\T NOT+ ! M9UTE DETAILS ?AT >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! DOCUM5TS ( ! TIME1 SO AS TO CONCEIVE ! ACTUAL P5URY & RU9 TO :I* ,FRANCE WAS BR\<T BY ! 9VASION4 ,UND] !SE TRULY TRAGIC CIRCUM/ANCES1 :5 ALL ?+S W]E LACK+-BREAD1 %OES1 BEA/S ( BURD51 IRON1 LEAD1 SALTPET]-:5 NO?+ C\LD 5T] BY L& ?R\< ! >MIES ( F\R HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 HURL$ AGA9/ ,FRANCE BY ! ALLI$ ,K+S1 & NO?+ BY SEA1 ?R\< ! BLOCKADE MA9TA9$ BY ,5GLI% %IPS-UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! SANS-CULOTTES W]E /RIV+ TO SAVE ! ,REVOLUTION :I* WAS ON ! PO9T ( COLLAPS+4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ALL :O HELD BY ! OLD /ATE ( ?+S1 ALL :O HAD =M]LY OCCUPI$ PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS & ALL :O HOP$ EI!R TO REGA9 ?OSE POSITIONS1 OR ELSE CREATE NEW ONES = !MSELVES AS SOON AS ! MON>*IC REGIME WAS REE/ABLI%$-! CL]GY1 ! NOBILITY1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES 5RI*$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION-ALL CONSPIR$ AGA9/ IT4 ,?OSE :O REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO IT HAD TO /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CIRCLE ( =EIGN CANNON & BAYONETS ?AT WAS CLOS+ R\ND !M1 & ! CONSPIRATORS 9 !IR MID/ :O W]E TRY+ TO /AB !M 9 ! BACK4 

,SEE+ ?IS1 ! SANS-CULOTTES MADE HA/E TO ACT SO ?AT :5 ! REACTION GA9$ ! UPP] H&1 IT %\LD F9D A NEW & REG5]ATE ,FRANCE3 ! PEASANTS 9 POSSESSION ( ! L&1 ! T[N-WORK] FAMILI>IZ$ ) EQUALITY & DEMOCRACY1 ! >I/OCRACY & ! CL]GY DESPOIL$ ( !IR RI*ES :I* HAD BE5 !IR TRUE /R5G?1 & !SE RI*ES ALREADY PASS$ 9TO ?\S&S ( O!R H&S1 DIVID$ 9TO %>ES1 *ANG$ 5TIRELY 9 APPE>ANCE1 UNRECOGNIZABLE-IMPOSSIBLE TO RECON/RUCT4 

,! TRUE HI/ORY ( ?OSE ?IRTE5 MON?S-,JUNE #agic TO ,JULY #a#g#i#d-HAS NOT YET BE5 WRITT54 ,! DOCUM5TS :I* ONE DAY WILL BE US$ = WRIT+ IT EXI/ 9 ! PROV9CIAL >*IVES1 9 ! REPORTS & LETT]S ( ! ,CONV5TION'S COMMISSION]S1 9 ! M9UTES ( ! MUNICIPALITIES & ( ! POPUL> SOCIETIES4 ,BUT !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 COLLECT$ ) ! C>E ?AT HAS BE5 BE/[$ UPON ! DOCUM5TS CONC]N+ ! LEGISLATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & !Y \<T TO BE S\<T = SOON AS !Y >E RAPIDLY DISAPPE>+4 ,?IS W\LD1 NO D\BT1 BE ! WORK ( A LIFE-TIME3 BUT )\T ?IS WORK ! HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION WILL REMA9 9COMPLETE4#a 

,:AT ! HI/ORIANS HAVE *IEFLY /UDI$ ( ?IS P]IOD IS ! ,W>-& ! ,T]ROR4 ,& YET !SE >E NOT ! ESS5TIALS4 ,! ESS5TIAL FACTOR WAS ! IMM5SE WORK ( DI/RIBUT+ ! L&$ PROP]TY1 ! WORK ( DEMOCRATIZ+ & DE*RI/IANIZ+ ,FRANCE1 :I* WAS ACCOMPLI%$ DUR+ !SE ?IRTE5 MON?S4 ,TO RELATE ?IS IMM5SE WORK ) ALL ! /RUGGLES TO :I* IT GAVE BIR? 9 ! DIFF]5T PLACES1 9 EA* T[N & HAMLET ( ,FRANCE1 WILL BE ! WORK ( SOME FUTURE HI/ORIAN4 ,ALL ?AT WE CAN DO TO-DAY IS TO RECALL SOME ( ! *IEF FEATURES ( IT4 

,! FIR/ REALLY REVOLUTION>Y MEASURE TAK5 AFT] ,MAY #ca WAS ! =C$ LOAN FROM ! RI*  TO SUBV5T ! EXP5SES ( ! W>4 ,! CONDITION ( ! ,TREASURY WAS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 DEPLORABLE4 ,! W> WAS DEV\R+ HUGE SUMS ( MONEY4 ,! PAP]-MONEY1 ISSU$ 9 TOO GREAT QUANTITIES1 HAD ALREADY DEPRECIAT$4 ,NEW TAXES ON ! POOR C\LD NOT PRODUCE ANY?+4 ,:AT ELSE WAS LEFT TO DO1 IF NOT TO TAX ! RI*8 ,& ! IDEA ( A =C$ LOAN1 ( A MILLI>D LEVI$ ON ! RI*-AN IDEA :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 MOOT$ UND] ! ,M9I/RY ( ,NECK] AT ! \TSET ( ! ,REVOLUTION -G]M9AT$ 9 ! NATION4 

,:5 WE READ TO-DAY :AT CONTEMPOR>IES1 BO? REACTION>IES & REVOLUTIONI/S1 SAID ( ! CONDITION ( ,FRANCE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO ?9K ?AT EV]Y REPUBLICAN1 :ATEV] HIS IDEAS MI<T BE CONC]N+ PROP]TY1 MU/ HAVE SID$ ) ! IDEA ( A =C$ LOAN4 ,!RE WAS NO O!R POSSIBLE WAY \T ( ! DIFFICULTY4 ,:5 ?IS QUE/ION WAS BR\<T =W>D1 ON ,MAY #b1 ! TAX WAS PROPOS$ BY ,CAMBON1 A MOD]ATE2 BUT ! ,GIROND9S FELL UPON ! PROPOS]S ( ! LOAN ) UNEXPECT$ VIOL5CE1 /IRR+ UP A %AMEFUL SC5E 9 ! ,CONV5TION4 

,?IS IS :Y ALL ?AT C\LD BE DONE ON ,MAY #b WAS TO ACCEPT ! IDEA ( A =C$ LOAN 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,AS TO ! MANN] ( C>RY+ IT 9TO EFFECT ?AT WAS TO BE DISCUSS$ LAT] ON-OR P]HAPS NEV]1 IF ! ,GIROND9S SUCCE$$ 9 S5D+ ! 0,MONTAGN>DS0 TO ! 0 ,T>PEIAN ,ROCK40 

,ON ! V]Y NI<T FOLL[+ ! EXPULSION ( ! PR9CIPAL ,GIROND9S1 ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS RESOLV$ ?AT ! DECREE FIX+ ! MAXIMUM = ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES %\LD BE C>RI$ 9TO EFFECT )\T FUR!R DELAY1 ?AT ! >M+ ( ! CITIZ5S %\LD BE PROCE$$ ) AT ONCE2 ?AT ! =C$ LOAN %\LD BE LEVI$2 & ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ & %\LD COMPRISE ALL GOOD CITIZ5S1 BUT EXCLUDE ! CI-DEVANTS1 ?AT IS1 ! EX-NOBLES1 ! 0>I/OCRATS40 

,! ,CONV5TION LO/ NO TIME 9 TAK+ SIMIL> ACTION1 & ON ,JUNE #b#b1 #a#g#i#c1 IT DISCUSS$ ! REPORT ( ,REAL1 :O PROPOS$ ! FOLL[+ PR9CIPLES = ! =C$ LOAN4 ,! NECESS>Y 9COME1 ?REE ?\S& LIVRES = A FA!R ( A FAMILY & FIFTE5 HUNDR$ LIVRES = A BA*ELOR1 WAS TO BE FREE FROM TAXATION4 ,! EXCESSIVE 9COMES W]E TO CONTRIBUTE BY PROGRESSION1 UP TO ! 9COMES ( T5 ?\S& LIVRES = BA*ELORS1 & TW5TY ?\S& = FA!RS ( FAMILIES4 ,IF ! 9COME W]E ABOVE ?IS FIGURE1 IT WAS TO BE CONSID]$ AS SUP]FLU\S1 & REQUISITION$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY = ! LOAN4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE WAS ADOPT$2 ONLY ! ,CONV5TION BY ITS DECREE ( ! SAME DAY FIX$ ! NECESS>Y 9COME AT SIX ?\S& LIVRES = BA*ELORS & T5 ?\S& = ! FA!RS ( FAMILIES4#b 

,!Y P]CEIV$1 H[EV]1 9 ,AUGU/1 ?AT ) !SE SUMS ! LOAN W\LD PRODUCE LESS ?AN TWO HUNDR$ MILLIONS1#c & ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 ! ,CONV5TION HAD TO FALL BACK ON ITS DECREE ( ,JUNE #bb ,IT FIX$ ! NECESS>Y 9COME AT A ?\S& LIVRES = BA*ELORS & FIFTE5 HUNDR$ = M>RI$ M51 PLUS A ?\S& LIVRES = EA* MEMB] ( !IR FAMILY4 ,! EXCESSIVE 9COMES W]E TAX$ ON AN ASC5D+ SCALE :I* W5T FROM T5 TO FIFTY P]C5T ( ! 9COME4 ,& AS TO ! 9COMES ABOVE N9E ?\S& LIVRES1 !Y W]E TAX$ SO AS NEV] TO LEAVE MORE ?AN F\R ?\S& FIVE HUNDR$ LIVRES ( 9COME1 PLUS ! NECESS>Y :I* WE HAVE JU/ M5TION$1 NO MATT] :AT ! AM\NT ( ! RI* MAN'S REV5UE WAS4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 WAS APPLI$ NOT AS A P]MAN5T TAX1 BUT AS A =C$ LOAN1 ONLY MADE = A TIME & UND] EXTRAORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,A /RIK+ FACT1 :I* PROVES 9 A REM>KABLE WAY ! IMPOT5CE ( P>LIAM5TS1 IS ?AT AL?\< !RE WAS C]TA9LY NEV] ANY GOV]NM5T ?AT 9SPIR$ MORE T]ROR ?AN ?AT ( ! ,CONV5TION 9 ! ,YE> ,I,I4 ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 YET ?IS LAW CONC]N+ ! =C$ LOAN WAS NEV] OBEY$4 ,! RI* PEOPLE DID NOT PAY IT4 ,! LEVY+ ( ! LOAN 5TAIL$ 5ORM\S EXP5SE2 BUT H[ WAS IT TO BE LEVI$ UPON RI* PEOPLE :O W\LD NOT PAY4 ,BY SEIZURE1 BY SALE8 ,= ?IS A COMPLICAT$ POLITICAL ME*ANISM WAS REQUIR$1 & !RE WAS ALREADY SO V]Y MU* ( ! NATIONAL PROP]TY = SALE8 ,MAT]IALLY1 ! LOAN WAS NOT A SUCCESS2 BUT AS ! ADVANC$ ,MONTAGN>DS MEANT IT TO PREP>E M5'S M9DS = ! IDEA ( EQUALIZ+ ALL WEAL?1 & SO TO MAKE IT ANO!R /EP =W>D1 9 ?IS RESPECT !Y ATTA9$ !IR 5D4 

,LAT] ON-EV5 AFT] ! REACTION ( ,!RMIDOR1 ! ,DIRECTORY ALSO HAD REC\RSE TO TWO ATTEMPTS 9 ! SAME DIRECTION-#a#g#i#e & 9 #a#g#i#i4 ,! IDEA ( SUP]FIU\S & NECESS>Y 9COMES WAS MAK+ ITS WAY-& WE KN[ ?AT PROGRESSIVE TAXATION BECAME P>T ( ! DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM DUR+ ! C5TURY AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS EV5 APPLI$ 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES1 BUT 9 MU* MORE MOD]ATE PROPORTIONS2 SO MODE RATE1 9DE$1 ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ LEFT BUT ! NAME4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,PAP]S ( ! HI<E/ VALUE HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$ REC5TLY AT ,CLAIRVAUX4 ,WE HAVE F\ND ! TRACES ( !M & WE HAVE RECOV]$ SOME FRAGM5TS ( ! LIBR>Y ( 0,PEL>910 :I* HAD BE5 SOLD TO A GROC] & A TOBACCONI/ 9 ! VILLAGE4 

#b ,I H]E FOLL[ ! WORK ( ,]NE ,/\RM ,LES F9ANCES DE L'ANCI5 REGIME ET LA ,REVOLUTION1 #ah #h #e1 VOL4 II4 ,P,P4 #cfi ET SEQ4  ,! DISCUSSIONS 9 ! ,CONV5TION W]E V]Y 9T]E/+4 ,CAMBON1 ON 9TRODUC+ ! QUE/ION ON ,MAY #b1 #a#g#i#c1 SAID3 0,I %\LD LIKE ! ,CONV5TION TO OP5 A CIVIC LOAN ( A MILLI>D LIVRES1 :I* %\LD BE MADE UP BY ! RI* & ! 9DIFF]5T4 ,Y\ >E RI*1 Y\ HAVE AN OP9ION1 :I* CAUSES US EXP5SE2 ,I WANT TO B9D Y\ TO ! ,REVOLUTION :E!R Y\ LIKE OR NOT2 ,I WANT Y\ TO L5D Y\R WEAL? TO ! ,REPUBLIC40 ,M>AT1 ,?URIOT1 & ,MA?IEU SUPPORT$ ?IS PROPOSAL2 BUT !RE WAS A V]Y /RONG OPPOSITION4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT IT WAS A DEP>TM5T1 ?AT ( ,H]AULT ?AT HAD TAK5 ! 9ITIATIVE1 & SET ! EXAMPLE ( A LOAN ( ?IS K9D4 ,CAMBON M5TION$ IT 9 HIS SPEE*4 ,JACQUES ,R\X1 AT ! ,GRAVILLI]S1 HAD ALREADY ADVIS$ IT ON ,M>* #i4 

#c ,/\RM1 P4 #c#g#b1 NOTE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #dg -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #dg -- ,ADD$4 

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