,*APT] #dd 
,! ,W>--,! ,RIS+ 9 ,LA ,V5DEE--,TREA*]Y ( ,DUM\RIEZ 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,G&ALF'S ,GALL]Y1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,NE$ ( VOLUNTE]S -- ,=CES ORD]$ -- ,MONEY REQUIR$--,LACK ( TRU/WOR?Y G5]ALS -- ,DUM\RIEZ -- ,HIS CONNECTION ) ,GIROND9S & ,MONTAGN>DS -- ,FRANCE & ,5GL& -- ,W> DECL>$ -- ,TREA*]Y ( ,DUM\RIEZ -- ,C\NT]-RCVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITTANY -- ,RIS+ 9 ,LA ,V5DEE -- ,DANTON RECALL$ FROM ,BELGIUM -- ,VOLUNTE]S 5LI/ -- ,T]RIBLE SITUATION -- 0,M\NTA90 TRIES TO ALLAY PANIC -- ,REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNE -- ,PEASANTS URGE CL]GY TO RISE -- ,SAVAGE HUNT = REPUBLICANS -- ,DUM\RIEZ 9 ,BELGIUM -- ,DANTON TRIES TO *ECK ,DUM\RIEZ -- ,DUM\RIEZ \TLAW$ -- ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E CREAT$ -- ,DANTON BECOMES LEAD+ SPIRIT -- ,FALL ( ,GIRONDNIS 9EVITABLE 

,9 ! E>LY P>T ( #a#g#i#c1 ! W> BEGAN UND] V]Y UNFAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ! ADVANTAGES OBTA9$ DUR+ ! PREVI\S AUTUMN W]E NOT MA9TA9$4 ,GREAT RE9=CEM5TS W]E NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO 5ABLE ! >MY TO TAKE ! (F (F5SIVE & ! FREE 5LI/M5TS W]E F> FROM GIV+ ! NECESS>Y NUMB]S4#a 

,IT WAS E/IMAT$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#g#i#c1 ?AT IT W\LD TAKE AT LEA/ #c1 M5 TO FILL TIP ! GAPS 9 ! >MY & TO BR+ UP ITS EFFECTIVE =CE TO HALF A MILLION1 BUT VOLUNTE]S W]E NO LONG] TO BE C\NT$ ON4 ,C]TA9 DEP>TM5TS 7! ,V> & ! ,GIRONDE7 WILL+LY S5T !IR BATTALIONS--NE>LY :OLE >MIES--BUT O!R DEP>TM5TS DID NO?+ ( ! SORT4 

,!N1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 ! ,CONV5TION WAS COMPELL$ TO ORD] A =C$ LEVY ( #c1 M51 TO BE RAIS$ AMONG ALL ! DEP>TM5TS1 & 9 EA* DEP>TM5T BY ! DI/RICTS & COMMUNES BETWE5 !M4 ,!SE LATT] HAD FIR/ TO CALL UPON VOLUNTE]S2 BUT IF ?IS APPEAL WAS NOT ANSW]$ BY ! REQUIR$ NUMB] ( M51 ! COMMUNES HAD TO RECRUIT ! REMA9D]1 9 :I*EV] WAY !Y CONSID]$ BE/--?AT IS TO SAY1 EI!R BY LOT OR BY P]SONAL NOM9ATION1 ) ! RI<T1 H[EV]1 ( F9D+ A SUB/ITUTE 9 BO? CASES4 ,TO 9DUCE M5 TO 5LI/1 ! ,CONV5TION NOT ONLY PROMIS$ !M P5SIONS1 BUT IT ALSO UND]TOOK TO 5ABLE ! P5SION]S TO BUY PORTIONS ( ! NATIONAL E/ATES1 BY PAY+ = !M 9 9/ALLM5TS ) !IR P5SIONS1 A T5? P>T ( ! TOTAL CO/ ( ! L& OR E/ATE PUR*AS$ TO BE PAID EV]Y YE>4 ,GOV]NM5T L&S TO ! VALUE ( #d MILLION FRANCS W]E ASSIGN$ = ?IS PURPOSE4#b 

,MEAN:ILE MONEY WAS BADLY WANT$1 & ,CAMBON1 AN ABSOLUTELY HONE/ MAN1 :O HELD AN ALMO/ ABSOLUTE P[] OV] ! F9ANCES1 WAS =C$ TO MAKE A NEW ISSUE ( #h MILLIONS 9 PAP]-MONEY4 ,BUT ! BE/ E/ATES ( ! CL]GY 7:I* W]E ! GU>ANTEE = !SE NOTES7 HAD ALREADY BE5 SOLD1 & ! E/ATES ( ! EMIGRES DID NOT SELL SO EASILY4 ,PEOPLE HESITAT$ TO BUY !M1 FE>+ ?AT ! PUR*AS$ E/ATES MI<T HE CONFISCAT$ :5 ! EMIGRES W\LD RETURN TO ,FRANCE4 ,!RE=E ! ,TREASURY1 UND] ,CAMBON1 F\ND IT ,9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO MEET ! EV]-GR[+ NE$S ( ! >MIES4#c 

,H[EV]1 ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTY ( ! W> WAS NOT ?IS4 ,IT LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT NE>LY ALL ! G5]ALS BELONG$ TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & ! SY/EM ( ! ELECTION ( (FIC]S BY ! SOLDI]S !MSELVES1 :I* ! ,CONV5TION HAD JU/ 9TRODUC$1 C\LD FURNI% SUP]IOR (FIC]S ONLY AFT] ! LAPSE ( A C]TA9 TIME4 ,= ! PRES5T1 ! G5]ALS DID NOT 9SPIRE CONFID5CE1 & 9 FACT ! TREA*]Y ( ,LAFAYETTE WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY ?AT ( ,DUM\RIEZ4 

,MI*ELET WAS P]FECTLY JU/IFI$ 9 SAY+ ?AT :5 ,DUM\RIEZ LEFT ,P>IS TO REJO9 HIS >MY A FEW DAYS AFT] ! EXECUTION ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 HE WAS ALREADY M$ITAT+ HIS TREA*]Y4 ,HE HAD SE5 ! TRIUMPH ( ! 0,M\NTA910 & HE PROBABLY UND]/OOD ?AT ! EXECUTION ( ! ,K+ WAS ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW PHASE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,= ! REVOLUTIONI/S HE FELT NO?+ BUT HATR$1 & HE NO D\BT =ESAW ?AT HIS DREAM ( REE/ABLI%+ ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #agia 9 ,FRANCE1 ) A ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS ON ! ?RONE1 C\LD ONLY BE REALIZ$ ) ! HELP ( ,AU/RIA4 ,FROM ?AT DAY HE MU/ HAVE DECID$ ON HIS TREA*]Y4 

,AT ?IS MOM5T ,DUM\RIEZ WAS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! ,GIROND9S1 & EV5 ON 9TIMATE T]MS ) ,G5SONNE1 ) :OM HE REMA9$ 9 COMMUNICATION TILL ,APRIL4 ,H[EV]1 HE DID NOT BREAK ) ! 0,MONTAGN>DS 0 EI!R1 :O ALREADY MI/RU/$ HIM--,M>AT TREAT$ HIM FRANKLY AS A TRAITOR1 BUT DID NOT FEEL /RONG 5\< TO ATTACK HIM4 ,! VICTORIES ( ,VALMY & ,JEMMAPES HAD BE5 SO MU* GLORIFI$1 & ! REAL FACTS CONC]N+ ! RETREAT ( ! ,PRUSSIANS W]E SO LITTLE KN[N1 ?AT ! SOLDI]S1 ESPECIALLY ! RANK & FILE1 ADOR$ !IR G5]AL4 ,TO ATTACK HIM 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD HAVE BE5 TO RISK R\S+ ! >MY1 :I* ,DUM\RIEZ C\LD HAVE L$ AGA9/ ,P>IS & ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !RE REMA9$ NO?+ = ! 0,M\NTA90 TO DO BUT TO WAIT & WAT*4 

,9 ! MEANTIME ,FRANCE WAS 5T]+ 9TO A W> ) ,5GL&4 ,AS SOON AS ! NEWS ( ! EXECUTION ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I HAD REA*$ ,LONDON1 ! ,5GLI% ,GOV]NM5T RETURN$ HIS PASSPORT & PAP]S TO ! ,FR5* ,AMBASSADOR1 ORD]+ HIM TO QUIT ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,BUT IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ! EXECUTION ( ! ,K+ WAS ONLY A PRETEXT TO BREAK (F RELATIONS ) ,FRANCE4 ,IT IS 9 FACT N[ KN[N1 ?R\< ! ,C\NT DE ,M]CY1 ?AT ! ,5GLI% ,GOV]NM5T FELT NO AFFECTION = ! ,FR5* ROYALI/S1 & ?AT IT WAS NOT 9 ! LEA/ ANXI\S TO /R5G!N !M BY ITS SUPPORT4 ,5GL& SIMPLY CONSID]$ ?IS ! RI<T TIME TO GET RID ( A M>ITIME RIVAL ?AT HAD HELP$ ! ,AM]ICANS TO OBTA9 !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 TO TAKE FROM ,FRANCE H] COLONIES1 & P]HAPS EV5 SOME GREAT MILIT>Y PORT--AT ANY RATE1 TO WEAK5 H] SEA P[]4 ,! ,5GLI% ,GOV]NM5T SIMPLY MADE ! MO/ ( ! IMPRESSION PRODUC$ BY ! EXECUTION ( ! ,K+ TO PRESS ! W>4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ,FR5* POLITICIANS DID NOT SEE H[ 9EVITABLE FROM ! ,5GLI% PO9T ( VIEW WAS ?IS W>4 ,NOT ONLY ! ,GIROND9S--ESPECIALLY ,BRISSOT1 :O PLUM$ HIMSELF ON KN[+ ,5GL&--BUT ,DANTON ALSO1 /ILL HOP$ ?AT ! ,:IGS1 ( :OM A P>TY W]E 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT]S ( ! IDEAS ( LIB]TY1 W\LD OV]?R[ ,PITT & PREV5T ! W>4 ,9 REALITY1 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,BRITI% NATION WAS SOON UNIT$ ON ! QUE/ION ( W> :5 ITS M]CANTILE ADVANTAGES W]E UND]/OOD4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT ! ,5GLI% DIPLOMATI/S MANAG$ TO MAKE V]Y CLEV] USE ( ! AMBITIONS ( ! ,FR5* /ATESM54 ,!Y MADE ,DUM\RIEZ BELIEVE ?AT HE WAS ! MAN = !M--! ONLY ONE ) :OM !Y C\LD TREAT2 & !Y PROMIS$ TO SUPPORT HIM1 TO REE/ABLI% A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,DANTON !Y P]SUAD$ ?AT ! ,:IGS MI<T1 V]Y POSSIBLY1 RETURN TO P[]1 & !Y W\LD !N MAKE PEACE ) ,REPUBLICAN ,FRANCE4#d 

,ON ! :OLE !Y MANAG$ TO PUT ! ONUS ON ,FRANCE :5 ! ,CONV5TION DECL>$ W> ) ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a4 

,?IS DECL>ATION *ANG$ ! :OLE ( ! MILIT>Y SITUATION4 ,TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ,HOLL&1 TO PREV5T ! ,5GLI% FROM L&+ !RE1 BECAME AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY4 ,BUT ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT ,DUM\RIEZ1 EI!R BECAUSE HE DID NOT CONSID] HIMSELF /RONG 5\<1 OR BECAUSE HE HAD NO M9D TO1 HAD NOT DONE DUR+ ! AUTUMN1 AL?\< HE HAD BE5 URG$ BY ,DANTON TO DO IT4 ,HE HAD TAK5 UP1 9 ,DECEMB]1 HIS W9T] QU>T]S 9 ,BELGIUM1 & ?IS ( CO>SE DID NOT DISPOSE ! ,BELGIANS 9 FAVOR ( ! ,FR5* 9VAD]S4 ,LIEGE WAS HIS *IEF MILIT>Y DEPOT4 

,UP TO ! PRES5T WE DO NOT YET KN[ ALL AB\T ,DUM\RIEZ' TREA*]Y4 ,V]Y PROBABLY1 AS ,MI*ELET SAID1 HE HAD ALREADY MADE UP HIS M9D TO BETRAY1 :5 HE RETURN$ TO HIS >MY ON ,JANU>Y #b#f1 #a#g#i#c4 ,HIS M>* AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y1 AGA9/ ,HOLL&1 :5 HE TOOK ,BR$A & ,G]TRUYD5B]GE1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ALREADY A MANEUV] AGRE$ UPON ) ! ,AU/RIANS4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ?IS M>* S]V$ ! ,AU/RIANS ADMIRABLY4 ,!Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( IT TO 5T] ,BELGIUM1 ON ,M>* #a1 & TOOK ,LIEGE1 :]E ! 9HABITANTS HAD 9 VA9 BEGG$ ,DUM\RIEZ = >MS4 ,! PATRIOTS ( ,LIEGE W]E =C$ TO FLY1 ! ,FR5* >MY WAS COMPLETELY R\T$ & DISB&$2 ! G5]ALS REFUS$ TO HELP EA* O!R1 & ,DUM\RIEZ WAS F> (F 9 ,HOLL&4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ! ,AU/RIANS A BETT] TURN4 

,?IS NEWS PRODUC$ A TREM5D\S EFFECT 9 ,P>IS1 ESPECIALLY AS IT WAS FOLL[$ BY O!R NEWS1 EQUALLY GRAVE4 ,ON ,M>* #c IT BECAME KN[N ?AT A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS AB\T TO BEG9 IMM$IATELY 9 ,BRITTANY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AT ,LYONS1 ! REACTION>Y BATTALIONS ( ! FILS DE FAMILLE 7WEAL?Y Y\NG M57 MADE A MOVE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE--JU/ AT ! TIME :5 ! EMIGRES1 :O HAD GA!R$ 9 NUMB]S AT ,TUR91 W]E CROSS+ ! FRONTI] & 5T]+ ,FRANCE 9 BATTLE >RAY1 BACK$ UP BY ! ,K+ ( ,S>D9IA4 ,TO CR[N ALL1 ! DEP>TM5T ( ,LA ,V5DEE ROSE ON ,M>* #a4 ,IT WAS QUITE EVID5T ?AT !SE V>I\S MOVEM5TS W]E1 AS 9 #a#g#i#b1 P>TS ( ONE GREAT C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y S*EME4 ,& EV]Y ONE 9 ,P>IS SUSPECT$ ?AT ,DUM\RIEZ WAS WON OV] BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S1 & WAS WORK+ = !IR ADVANTAGE4 

,DANTON1 :O WAS AT ?AT TIME 9 ,BELGIUM1 WAS RECALL$ 9 ALL HA/E4 ,HE >RIV$ 9 ,P>IS ON ,M>* #h & PRON\NC$ ONE ( HIS P[]FUL CALLS TO UNITY & PATRIOTISM--AN APPEAL :I* MADE HE>TS ?RILL ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 ,! ,COMMUNE HOI/$ ONCE MORE ! BLACK FLAG4 ,AGA9 ! FA!RL& WAS DECL>$ 9 DANG]4 

,VOLUNTE]S 5LI/$ HURRI$LY1 & ON ! EV5+ ( ! #i? A CIVIC FEA/1 AT :I* MASSES ( PEOPLE ASSI/$1 WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! /REETS1 ON ! EVE ( !IR DEP>TURE4 ,BUT IT WAS NO LONG] ! Y\?FUL 5?USIASM ( #a#g#i#b4 ,A S9I/] 5]GY GOAD$ !M ON4 ,A L[]+ ANG] GNAW$ AT ! HE>TS ( ! POOR ( ! FAUB\RGS AT ! SI<T ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES TE>+ ,FRANCE ASUND]4 0,A RIS+ 9 ,P>IS IS :AT IS NE$$10 ,DANTON IS REPORT$ TO HAVE SAID1 & 9DE$ ONE WAS NE$$ TO R\SE ! PEOPLE & ! SECTIONS FROM ! TORPOR 9TO :I* !Y W]E S9K+4 

,TO W>D (F ! DIFFICULTIES1 TRULY T]RIBLE1 :I* BESET ! ,REVOLUTION1 TO PROVIDE = ! IMM5SE EXP5DITURE IMPOS$ ON ,FRANCE BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y LEAGUES )\T & )91 ! ,REVOLUTION HAD TO F9D RES\RCES BY LEVY+ TAXES UPON ! =TUNES :I* W]E !N BE+ AMASS$ BY ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 [+ TO ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,BUT ?IS WAS EXACTLY :AT ! GOV]N+ CLASS REFUS$ TO ADMIT1 P>TLY ON PR9CIPLE1 ! ACCUMULATION ( L>GE PRIVATE =TUNES BE+ CONSID]$ ! WAY TO 5RI* ! NATION1 & P>TLY FROM ! FE> ) :I* A MORE OR LESS G5]AL RIS+ 9 ! BIG T[NS1 ( POOR AGA9/ RI*1 9SPIR$ !M4 

,! HORROR ( ! ,SEPTEMB] DAYS--ESPECIALLY ! #d? & #e? AT ! ,*ATELET & ! ,SALPETRI]E--WAS YET FRE% 9 !IR MEMORIES4 ,:AT W\LD HAPP5 !N IF A :OLE CLASS ROSE AGA9/ ANO!R--! POOR AGA9/ ! RI*1 AGA9/ ALL WEAL?Y8 ,IT MEANT CIVIL W> 9 EV]Y T[N4 ,& ?IS1 ) ,LA ,V5DEE & ,BRITTANY RIS+ 9 ! ,WE/1 SUPPORT$ BY ,5GL&1 BY ! EMIGRES 9 ,J]SEY1 BY ! ,POPE1 & ALL ! CL]GY--) ! ,AU/RIANS 9 ! ,NOR?1 & ! >MY ( ,DUM\RIEZ READY TO FOLL[ ITS G5]AL & M>* AGA9/ ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS6 

,!RE=E ! LEAD]S ( OP9ION ( ! 0,M\NTA90 & ! ,COMMUNE DID !IR UTMO/ FIR/ ( ALL TO ALLAY ! PANIC1 PRET5D+ ?AT !Y CONSID]$ ,DUM\RIEZ A TRU/WOR?Y REPUBLICAN4 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,DANTON & ,M>AT1 CON/ITUT+ A SORT ( TRIUMVIRATE ( OP9ION1 BACK$ UP BY ! ,COMMUNE1 MADE SPEE*ES TO ?IS EFFECT1 & !Y ALL WORK$ AT ! SAME TIME TO R\SE C\RAGE 9 ! PEOPLE'S HE>TS1 SO AS TO BE 9 A POSITION TO REPEL ! 9VASION1 :I* WORE A F> MORE S]I\S ASPECT ?AN IT HAD 9 #a#g#i#b4 ,ALL WORK$ TO ?IS 5D1 SAVE ! ,GIROND9S1 :O SAW BUT ONE ?+--0! AN>*I/S10 :O W]E TO BE CRU%$ & EXT]M9AT$6 

,ON ,M>* #a1 A R5EWAL ( ! ,SEPTEMB] DAYS WAS FE>$ 9 ,P>IS4 ,BUT ! PUBLIC ANG] WAS TURN$ UPON ! J\RNALI/ FRI5DS ( ,DUM\RIEZ1 & A B& BETOOK !MSELVES TO ! *IEF ,GIROND9 PR9T+ (FICES ( ,GORZAS & ,FIEVE1 & SMA%$ !IR PRESSES4 

,:AT ! PEOPLE1 9SPIR$ BY ,V>LET1 ,JACQUES ,R\X1 ! ,AM]ICAN1 ,F\RNI]1 & O!R ,5RAGES REALLY DESIR$ WAS A PURIFICATION ( ! ,CONV5TION4 ,BUT ! MORE COMMON DEM& = A REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL HAD BE5 SUB/ITUT$ = ?IS 9 ALL ! SECTIONS4 ,PA*E & ,CAHUMETTE CAME TO ! ,CONV5TION ON ! #i?1 TO DEM& SU* A TRIBUNAL4 ,:]E-UPON ,CAMBAC]ES1 ! FUTURE 0>*-C\NSELOR0 ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,EMPIRE1 PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,CONV5TION %\LD R5\NCE ! CURR5T IDEAS ON ! DIVISION ( LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL P[] & SEIZE ! LATT] AS WELL1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% A SPECIAL TRIBUNAL = ! TRIAL ( TRAITORS4 

,ROB]T ,L9DET1 A LAWY] ( ! OLD MON>*I/ S*OOL1 PROPOS$ LAT] ON TO 9/ITUTE A TRIBUNAL CONSI/+ ( JUDGES NOM9AT$ BY ! ,CONV5TION1 & B\ND TO JUDGE ?OSE :OM ! ,CONV5TION W\LD S5D BE=E !M4 ,HE 9SI/$ UPON HAV+ NO JURY 9 ?IS NEW TRIBUNAL1 & IT WAS ONLY AFT] LONG DEBATES ?AT IT WAS DECID$ TO RE9=CE ! FIVE JUDGES1 NOM9AT$ BY ! ,CONV5TION1 BY TWELVE JURYM5 & SIX ASSI/ANTS1 TAK5 FROM ,P>IS & ! ADJO9+ DEP>TM5TS1 & NOM9AT$ EV]Y MON? BY ! ,CONV5TION4 

,& SO1 9/EAD ( MEASURES CALCULAT$ TO R$UCE /OCK-JOBB+ & PLACE ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE )9 REA* ( ! PEOPLE1 9/EAD ( A PURIFICATION ( ! ,CONV5TION1 :I* W\LD HAVE ELIM9AT$ ! MEMB]S ALWAYS OPPOS$ TO REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES1 9/EAD ( TAK+ MILIT>Y /EPS R5D]$ IMP]ATIVE BY ! ALREADY ALMO/ CONFIRM$ TREA*]Y ( ,DUM\RIEZ1 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,M>* #a OBTA9$ NO?+ BEYOND A REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL4 ,! CREATIVE1 CON/RUCTIVE SPIRIT ( A POPUL> REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS FEEL+ ITS WAY1 WAS N[ CONFRONT$ BY ! SPIRIT ( POLICE MANAGEM5T1 :I* WAS SOON TO CRU% IT4 

,AFT] APPO9T+ ?IS TRIBUNAL ! ,CONV5TION WAS GO+ TO ADJ\RN1 :5 ,DANTON RU%$ TO ! TRIBUNE1 & /OPP$ ! MEMB]S AS !Y W]E LEAV+ ! HALL1 TO REM9D !M ?AT 5EMY WAS ON ! FRONTI]S ( ,FRANCE1 & ?AT NO?+ HAD YET BE5 DONE4 

,! SAME DAY ! PEASANTS 9 ,LA ,V5DEE1 URG$ ON BY CL]GY1 ROSE 9 9SURRECTION & BEGAN TO MASSACRE ! ,REPUBLICANS4 ,! RIS+ HAD LONG BE5 PREP>$1 *IEFLY BY PRIE/S1 AT ! 9/IGATION ( ,ROME1 & !RE HAD ALREADY BE5 AN ATTEMPT AT />T+ IT1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#g#i#b1 :5 ! ,PRUSSIANS HAD 5T]$ ,FRANCE4 ,S9CE !N1 ,ANG]S HAD BECOME ! POLITICAL C5T] ( ! MALCONT5T PRIE/S1 ! ,SI/]S ( ! ,SAGESSE ,ORD] & O!RS S]V+ AS EMISS>IES TO ! APPEALS TO REVOLT1 & TO AWAK5 FANATICISM BY /ORIES AB\T SUPPOS$ MIRACLES4 #e ,! LEVY ( M5 = ! W>1 PROMULGAT$ ON ,M>* #a1 BECAME ! SIGNAL = A G5]AL RIS+4 ,! HEAD C\NCIL ( ! 9SURRECTION1 DOM9AT$ BY ! PRIE/S1 & HAV+ AT ITS HEAD ! PRIE/ ,B]NI]1 E/ABLI%$ AT ! DEM& ( ,CA!L9AU1 A MASON & SACRI/AN ( HIS P>I%1 :O HAD BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ AUDACTI\S *IEFS ( ! B&S4 

,ON ! #a? ! TOCS9 RANG 9 SEV]AL HUNDR$ P>I%ES1 & AB\T #a1 M5 LEFT !IR WORK TO BEG9 ! HUNT+ D[N ( ! REPUBLICANS & ?OSE PRIE/S :O HAD SWORN ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,IT WAS AN ACTUAL HUNT1 ) A R+] :O S\ND$ ! 0VIEW HALLOO10 SAYS ,MI*ELET1 A HUNT ( EXT]M9ATION1 DUR+ :I* ! CAPTIVES W]E SUBJECT TO ! MO/ T]RIBLE TORTURES3 !Y W]E KILL$ SL[LY1 OR W]E LEFT TO BE TORTUR$ BY ! WOM5'S SCISSORS & ! WEAK H&S ( ! *ILDR5 :O PROLONG$ !IR M>TYRDOM4 ,ALL ?IS1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! PRIE/S1 ) TALES ( MIRACLES TO 9CITE ! PEASANTS TO KILL ! WIVES ALSO ( ! REPUBLICANS4 ,! NOBLES1 ) !IR ROYALI/ AMAZONS1 ONLY CAME AFT]4 ,& :5 !SE 0HONE/ FOLK0 DECID$ AT LA/ TO APPO9T TRIBUNAL TO TRY ! REPUBLICAN PRISON]S1 ?IS TRIBUNAL1 9 SIX WEEKS1 S5T #$b PATRIOTS TO BE EXECUT$4#f 

,TO RESI/ ?IS SAVAGE RIS+1 ! ,REPUBLIC HAD NO?+ BUT #b M5 SCATT]$ ALL OV] ! L[] P>T ( ,LA ,V5DEE1 FROM ,NANTES TO ,LA ,RO*ELLE4 ,IT WAS NOT TILL ! 5D ( ,MAY ?AT ! FIR/ ORGANIZ$ =CES ( ! ,REPUBLIC >RIV$4 ,UP TO !N ! ,CONV5TION HAD ONLY BE5 ABLE TO OPPOSE DECREES3 DEA? P5ALTY & CONFISCATION ( PROP]TY = ! NOBLES & PRIE/S :O HAD NOT LEFT ,LA ,V5DEE AT ! 5D ( A WEEK6 ,BUT :O WAS !RE ) ! NECESS>Y =CE TO C>RY \T !SE DECREES8 

,MATT]S W]E NO BETT] 9 ,EA/]N ,FRANCE1 :]E ! >MY ,CU/9E WAS RETREAT+2 :ILE 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,DUM\RIEZ WAS 9 OP5 REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION S9CE ,M>* #a#b4 ,HE S5T !M FROM ,L\VA9 A LETT]1 :I* HE AT ONCE MADE PUBLIC1 & 9 :I* HE REPROA*$ ,FRANCE ) ! CRIME ( HAV+ ANNEX$ ,BELGIUM1 ( WI%+ TO RU9 ?AT C\NTRY BY 9TRODUC+ PAP]-MONEY & ! SALE ( NATIONAL PROP]TIES4 ,SIX DAYS LAT] HE ATTACK$ ! SUP]IOR =CES ( ! ,AU/RIANS AT ,NE]W9D51 ALL[$ HIMSELF TO BE BEAT5 BY !M1 & ON ,M>* #b#b1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,DUKE DE ,*>TRES & SOME ,ORLEANI/ G5]ALS1 HE 5T]$ 9TO DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,AU/RIAN1 ,COLONEL ,MAC4 ,!SE TWO TRAITORS PROMIS$ TO EVACUATE ,BELGIUM )\T RESI/ANCE1 & TO M>* AGA9/ ,P>IS TO REE/ABLI% !RE ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,9 CASE ( NE$1 !Y W\LD CALL ON ! ,AU/RIANS TO SUPPORT !M1 & 9 ! MEANTIME ! ,AU/RIANS OCCUPI$ ,CONDE1 ONE ( ! ,FR5* =TRESSES NE> ! FRONTI]1 AS A GU>ANTEE4 

,DANTON1 /AK+ HIS HEAD ON IT1 RU%$ TO ,DUM\RIEZ' CAMP1 TO PREV5T ?IS TREASON & TO ATTEMPT TO BR+ BACK ,DUM\RIEZ TO ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,HAV+ FAIL$ 9 P]SUAD+ TWO ,GIROND9S1 ,G5SONNE1 A FRI5D ( ,DUM\RIEZ1 & ,GAUDET1 TO GO ) HIM1 HE LEFT ALONE1 ON ! #a#f?1 = ,BELGIUM1 RUNN+ ! RISK BE+ ACCUS$ HIMSELF ( TREASON4 ,HE F\ND ,DUM\RIEZ FULL RETREAT AFT] ! ,BATTLE ( ,NE]W9D51 & UND]/OOD ?AT ! TRAITOR HAD ALREADY MADE UP HIS M9D4 ,HE HAD 9DE$ ALREADY GIV5 HIS WORD TO ,COLONEL ,MAC TO EVACUATE ,HOLL& )\T FI<T+4 

,P>IS WAS SEIZ$ ) FURY :51 ,DANTON HAV+ RETURN$ ON ! #b#i?1 ,DUM\RIEZ' TREASON WAS E/ABLI%$ AS A C]TA9TY4 ,! REPUBLICAN >MY1 :I* ALONE MI<T HAVE REPULS$ 9VASION1 WAS P]HAPS ALREADY M>*+ AGA9/ ,P>IS TO REE/ABLI% ROYALTY6 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,9SURRECTION1 :I* HAD !N BE5 MEET+ = SOME DAYS AT ! ,BI%OP'S PALACE1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,5RAGES WON OV] ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! SECTIONS BEGAN TO >M & SEIZ$ ! >TILL]Y2 !Y PROBABLY W\LD HAVE M>*$ AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION1 HAD NOT O!R C\NSELS PREVAIL$ TO PREV5T A PANIC4 ,ON ,APRIL #c1 CONFIRMATORY NEWS ( ,DUM\RIEZ TREA*]Y WAS RECEIV$4 ,HE HAD >RE/$ ! COMMISSION]S S5T TO HIM BY ! ,CONV5TION4 ,HAPPILY1 HIS >MY DID FOLL[ HIM4 ,! DECREE ( ! ,CONV5TION1 \TLAW+ ,DUM\RIEZ & ORD]+ ! >RE/ ( ! ,DUKE DE ,*>TRES HAD REA*$ ! REGIM5TS1 & NEI!R ,DUM\RIEZ NOR ! ,DUKE DE ,*>TRES SUCCE$$ 9 W9N+ OV] ! SOLDI]S4 ,DUM\RIEZ WAS =C$ TO CROSS ! FRONTI]1 AS ,LAFAYETTE DONE1 & TO SEEK REFUGE AMONG ! ,AU/RIANS4 

,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY HE & ! ,IMP]IAL G5]ALS ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION1 9 :I* ! ,DUKE ( ,COBURG MADE KN[N TO ! ,FR5* ?AT HE WAS COM+ TO RE/ORE TO ,FRANCE H] CON/ITUTIONAL ,K+4 

,AT ! HEI<T ( ?IS CRISIS1 :5 ! UNC]TA9TY AB\T ! ATTITUDE ( ,DUM\RIEZ' >MY JEOP>DIZ$ ! SECURITY ( ! ,REPUBLIC ITSELF1 ! ?REE MO/ 9FLU5TIAL M5 ( ! 0,M\NTA90--,DANTON1 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,M>AT--9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,COMMUNE L$ BY ,PA*E1 ,HEB]T & ,*AUMETTE1 ACT$ ) COMPLETE UNANIMITY1 TO PREV5T ! PANIC & ! SAD CONSEQU5CES IT MI<T HAVE 5TAIL$4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,CONV5TION1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! LACK ( UNITY :I* HAD HI!RTO HAMP]$ ! G5]AL MANAGEM5T ( ! W>1 RESOLV$ TO TAKE ! EXECUTIVE P[] 9TO !IR H&S1 AS WELL AS ! LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL P[]S4 ,!Y CREAT$ A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E 7,COMITE DE ,SALUT PUBLIC7 ) V]Y EXT5SIVE P[]S1 ALMO/ DICTATORIAL--A MEASURE :I* WAS EVID5TLY ( AN IMM5SE IMPORTANCE = ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT AFT] ,AUGU/ #a ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY HAD F\ND$1 UND] ! NAME ( 0,PROVISORY ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL10 A BODY ( M9I/]S 9VE/$ ) ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( ! EXECUTIVE P[]4 ,BESIDES1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#g#i#c1 ! ,CONV5TION HAD CREAT$ A 0,COMMITTEE ( ,G5]AL ,DEF5SE10 &1 W> BE+ AT ?AT MOM5T ! MO/ IMPORTANT MATT]1 ?IS COMMITTEE OBTA9$ CONTROL OV] ! ,PROVISORY ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL1 & ?US BECAME ! *IEF MA*9]Y ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,N[1 TO GIVE ! ,GOV]NM5T MORE UNITY1 ! ,CONV5TION CREAT$ 0,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E0 7,COMITE DE ,SALUT PUBLIC71 ELECT$ BY IT & R5EWABLE EV]Y TWELVE MON?S4 ,?IS COMMITTEE WAS TO SUPPLANT BO? ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE & ! ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL4 

,9 REALITY IT WAS ! ,CONV5TION ITSELF SUPPLANT+ ! ,M9I/RY1 BUT LITTLE BY LITTLE1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E OV]RUL$ ! ,CONV5TION & ACQUIR$ 9 ALL ! BRAN*ES ( ADM9I/RATION A P[] :I* IT %>$ ONLY ) ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY 7,COMITE DE ,SU]TE G5]ALE71 5TRU/$ ) ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE POLICE4 

,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! CRISIS :I* WAS DEVELOP+ 9 ,APRIL #a#g#i#c1 ,DANTON1 :O HAD UNTIL !N TAK5 A MO/ ACTIVE P>T 9 ! W>1 BECAME ! LEAD+ SPIRIT ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E1 & HE RETA9$ ?IS 9FLU5CE UNTIL ,JULY #a1 #a#g#i#c1 :5 HE RETIR$4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,CONV5TION1 :I* HAD S5T1 S9CE ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#i#b1 SEV]AL ( ITS MEMB]S TO ! PROV9CES & TO ! >MIES1 ) ! TITLE ( ,COMMISSION$ ,DEPUTIES 7,REPRES5TANTS 5 MISSION71 >M$ ) V]Y EXT5SIVE P[]S1 DECID$ TO S5D EI<TY MORE DEPUTIES TO R\SE 5?USIASM 9 ! PROV9CES & TO SUP]VISE ! W>4 ,&1 AS ! ,GIROND9S G5]ALLY REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ?IS FUNCTION1 !Y WILL+LY AGRE$ TO APPO9T MEMB]S ( ! 0,M\NTA90 ON !SE DIFFICULT MISSIONS1 P]HAPS ) ! IDEA ( HAV+ A FRE] H& 9 ! ,CONV5TION AFT] !IR DEP>TURE4 

,IT WAS C]TA9LY NOT !SE MEASURES ( REORGANIZATION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T :I* PREV5T$ ! TREA*]Y ( ,DUM\RIEZ HAV+ ! DISA/R\S EFFECT IT MI<T HAVE HAD1 IF ! >MY HAD FOLL[$ ITS G5]AL4 ,!RE WAS A HI<] =CE 9 ACTION4 ,= ? ,FR5* NATION ! ,REVOLUTION POSSESS$ A *>M1 & GIVE IT A VIGOR1 :I* IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE = A G5]AL TO DE/ROY AT HIS WILL & PLEASURE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS BETRAYAL HAD ! EFFECT ( GIV+ A NEW *>ACT] TO ! W>--?AT ( A POPUL>1 DEMOCRATIC W>4 ,BUT EV]Y ONE UND]/OOD ?AT ,DUM\RIEZ ALONE W\LD NEV] HAVE D>$ :AT HE DID4 ,HE OBVI\SLY HAD /RONG SUPPORT 9 ,P>IS4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT ! ROOT ( ! TREA*]Y LAY4 0,! ,CONV5TION BETRAYS10 SAID ! ADDRESS ( ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB1 SIGN$ BY ,M>AT1 :O PRESID$ ?AT NI<T4 

,H5CE=? ! FALL ( ! ,GIROND9S & ! REMOVAL ( !IR LEAD]S FROM ! ,CONV5TION BECAME 9EVITABLE4 ,! TREA*]Y ( ,DUM\RIEZ GAVE ! F9AL IMPETUS TO ! 9SURRECTION :I* BROKE \T ,MAY #c#a4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,! PEOPLE KNEW1 ( C\RSE1 H[ ! VOLUNTE]S ( #agib HAD BE5 RECEIV$ 9 ! >MY BY ! /AFF ( (FIC]S & ! G5]ALS--ALL ROYALI/S4 0,NONE ( !M WANT$ TO HAVE !M10 SAYS ,AV5EL1 :O HAS CONSULT$ ! >*IVES ( ! ,W> ,(FICE4 ,! VOLUNTE]S W]E TREAT$ AS 0DISORGANIZ]S0 & C[>DS2 !Y W]E %OT ON ! SLI<TE/ PROVOCATION1 & ! TROOPS W]E 9CIT$ AGA9/ !M 7,LUNDIS REVOLUTIONNAIRES1 P4#h74 

#b ,EV]Y?+ REMA9$1 H[EV]1 SO F> AS IT CAN BE ASC]TA9$1 AS PROMISES 7,AV5EL1 ,BI5S NATIONAUX1 9 ,LUNDIS REVOLUTIONNNAIRES74 

#c ,A FEW REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONS ( ,P>IS (F]$ !REUPON TO MORTGAGE ALL !IR PROP]TIES TO S]VE AS A GU>ANTEE = ! NOTES4 ,?IS (F] WAS REFUS$1 BUT !RE WAS A PR(\ND IDEA 9 IT4 ,:5 A NATION MAKES W>1 PROP]TY [N]S MU/ BE> ! WEI<T ( IT1 AS MU* & EV5 MORE ?AN ?OSE :OSE ONLY 9COMES >E !IR WAGES4 

#d ,ALB]T ,SOREL1 ,L',EUROPE ET LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#a71 ,BOOK ,I41 *4 II41 PP4 #cgc ET SEQ4 ,AV5EL1 LOC4 CIT4 

#e,MI*ELET1 ,BOOK ,X4 *4 V4 

#f0,EA* DAY10 WROTE A ROYALI/ PRIE/1 ,FRANCOIS ,*EVALI] 7QUOT$ BY ,*ASS971 0EA* DAY WAS M>K$ BY BLOODY EXP$ITIONS :I* CANNOT BUT HORRIFY EV]Y DEC5T S\L1 & SEEM JU/IFIABLE ONLY 9 ! LI<T ( PHILOSOPHY40 7,!Y W]E COMM&$ BY PRIE/S 9 ! NAME RELIGION47 0,MATT]S HAD COME TO A PASS1 :5 IT WAS SAID OP5LY 
?AT IT WAS UNAVOIDABLE & ESS5TIAL = PEACE1 NOT TO LEAVE A S+LE REPUBLICAN ALIVE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,SU* WAS ! POPUL> FURY ?AT IT WAS SUFFICI5T 
TO HAVE ATT5D$ AT A MASS SAID BY ONE ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL CL]GY1 TO BE IMPRISON$ & !N MURD]$1 OR %OT1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ! PRISONS W]E TOO FULL1 AS !Y W]E ON ,SEPTEMB] #b40 ,AT ,MA*EC\L1 #ebd REPUBLICAN CITIZ5S HAD BE5 %OT1 & !RE WAS TALK ( MASSACR+ ! WOM54 ,*>ETTE WAS URG+ ON HIS FANATICAL PEASANTS DO ?IS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #dd -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #dd -- ,ADD$4 

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