,*APT] #ba 
,FE>S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,CLASSES-,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,ORGANISATION 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ANNE ,PET]S51,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,UNEXPECT$ REACTION SETS 9 -- ,EXULTATION ( REVOLUTIONI/S -- ,!IR MISCONCEPTION ( ! SITUATION -- ,REACTION V]SUS ,REVOLUTION -- ,AIMS ( MIDDLE CLASSES -- ,ASSEMBLY1 AFRAID ( PEOPLE1 /R5G!NS ITS POSITION -- ,C\NCIL ( ,?REE ,HUNDR$ E/ABLI%ES ITS AU?ORITY -- ,IMPORTANCE ( ,BAILLY & ,LAFAYETTE -- ,M>TIAL LAW VOT$ -- ,M>AT1 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,BUZOT ALONE PROTE/ -- ,9TRIGUES ( ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS & ,C\NT DE ,PROV5CE -- ,MIRABEAU -- ,AIMS ( $UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASS -- ,DUPORT1 ,*>LES DE ,LAME? & ,B>NAVO -- ,BAILLY & ,LAFAYETTE -- ,AL>M ( MIDDLE CLASSES AT 9SURRECTION -- ,PROPOSAL ( ,SIEYES ACCEPT$ -- ,ANCI5T FEUDAL DIVISIONS ABOLI%$ -- ,FRANCE DIVID$ 9TO DEP>TM5TS -- ,ELECTORAL ,ASSEMBLIES -- ,DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PASSIVE & ACTIVE CITIZ5S -- ,G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( VILLAGE COMMUNES =BIDD5 -- ,IMPORTANCE TO ,REVOLUTION ( MUNICIPAL C5T]S -- ,P>LIAM5TS ABOLI%$ -- ,=MIDABLE OPPOSITION TO NEW ORGANIZATION 

,ONCE MORE ONE MI<T HAVE ?\<T ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD N[ FREELY DEVELOP ( ITSELF4 ,ROYAL REACTION WAS VANQUI%$2 0,MONSIEUR & ,MADAME ,VETO0 HAD GIV5 91 & W]E HELD AS PRISON]S 9 ,P>IS2 & ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY W\LD SURELY USE N[ ! AX 9 ! =E/ ( ABUSES1 HEW D[N FEUDALISM1 & APPLY ! GREAT PR9CIPLES IT HAD PROCLAIM$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN1 ! M]E READ+ ( :I* HAD MADE ALL HE>TS ?ROB4 

,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 NO?+ ( ! SORT4 ,AGA9/ ALL EXPECTATIONS1 IT WAS REACTION ?AT BEGAN AFT] ,OCTOB] #e4 ,IT ORGANIZ$ ITS P[]S1 & W5T ON1 GR[+ 9 /R5G? UNTIL ! MON? ( ,JUNE #a#g#i#b4 

,AFT] HAV+ ACCOMPLI%$ ITS TASK1 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS RETREAT$ TO !IR HOVELS2 ! MIDDLE CLASSES DISB&$ !M & MADE !M LEAVE ! /REETS4 ,& HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION1 :I* FOLL[$ ITS C\RSE UNTIL ! FEUDAL RI<TS W]E ACTUALLY ABOLI%$ 9 ,JULY #a#g#i#c1 HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! NUM]\S 9SURRECTIONS 9 ! PROV9CIAL T[NS :I* PREV5T$ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES FROM FIRMLY E/ABLI%+ ITSELF1 ! F9AL REACTION1 :I* TRIUMPH$ 9 #a#g#i#d1 MI<T HAVE BE5 ALREADY TRIUMPHANT 9 #agia OR EV5 ,9 #a#g#i4 

0,! ,K+ IS AT ! ,L\V]1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY AT ! ,TUIL]IES1 ! *ANNELS ( CIRCULATION >E CLE>$1 ! M>KETPLACE IS FULL ( SACKS ( CORN1 ! ,NATIONAL EX*EQU] IS BE+ REPL5I%$1 ! MILLS >E TURN+1 ! TRAITORS >E FLY+1 ! %AVEL+S >E D[N1 ! >I/OCRACY IS EXPIR+10 ?US ,CAMILLE ,DESM\L9S WROTE 9 ! FIR/ NUMB] ( HIS J\RNAL 7,NOVEMB] #b#h74 ,BUT 9 REALITY REACTION WAS EV]Y:]E RAIS+ ITS HEAD4 ,:ILE ! REVOLUTION>IES EXULT$1 BELIEV+ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ALMO/ ACCOMPLI%$1 ! REACTION>IES KNEW ?AT ! GREAT /RUGGLE1 ! REAL ONE1 BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! FUTURE1 WAS ONLY TO BEG9 9 EV]Y PROV9CIAL T[N1 GREAT & SMALL1 9 EV]Y LITTLE VILLAGE2 ?AT N[ WAS ! TIME = !M TO ACT 9 ORD] TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 ! REVOLUTION4 

,! REACTION>IES UND]/OOD SOME?+ MORE4 ,!Y SAW ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 :O UNTIL !N HAD S\<T ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 CON/ITUTIONAL LAWS & TO DOM9ATE ! HI<] NOBILITY1 W]E GO+1 N[ ?AT !Y HAD SE5 & FELT ! /R5G? ( ! PEOPLE1 TO DO ALL !Y C\LD TO DOM9ATE ! PEOPLE1 TO DIS>M !M & TO DRIVE !M BACK 9TO SUBJECTION4 

,?IS FE> ( ! PEOPLE MADE ITSELF FELT 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,OCTOB] #e4 ,MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ DEPUTIES REFUS$ TO GO TO ,P>IS1 & DEM&$ PASSPORTS = RETURN+ TO !IR HOMES4 ,!Y MET ) A REFUSAL1 & W]E TREAT$ AS TRAITORS1 BUT A C]TA9 NUMB] ( !M S5T 9 !IR RESIGNATIONS ALL ! SAME3 !Y W]E NOT ?9K+ ( GO+ SO F>6 ,!RE WAS N[ A NEW S]IES ( EMIGRATIONS1 AS !RE HAD BE5 AFT] ,JULY #a#d4 ,BUT ?IS TIME IT WAS NOT ! ,C\RT :I* GAVE ! SIGNAL1 IT WAS ! ,ASSEMBLY4 

,H[EV]1 !RE WAS 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY /RONG NUCLEUS ( MIDDLE-CLASS REPRES5TATIVES :O KNEW H[ TO PR(IT BY ! FIR/ MOM5TS ( SUCCESS-TO E/ABLI% ! P[] ( !IR [N CLASS UPON A SOLID F\NDATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 EV5 BE=E MOV+ TO ,P>IS1 ! ,ASSEMBLY VOT$1 ON ,OCTOB] #a#i1 ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! M9I/]S1 AS WELL AS ( ADM9I/RATIVE (FICIALS BE=E ! ,NATIONAL REPRES5TATION1 & ! ASSESSM5T ( ALL TAXES BY ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,!SE TWO FIR/ CONDITIONS ( A ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,GOV]NM5T W]E ?US E/ABLI%$4 ,! TITLE ( ! 0,K+ ( ,FRANCE0 WAS ALSO *ANG$ 9TO 0,K+ ( ! ,FR5*40 

,:IL/ ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS ?US PR(IT+ BY ! MOVEM5T ( ,OCTOB] #e TO E/ABLI% ITSELF AS ! SOV]EIGN P[]1 ! MIDDLE-CLASS MUNICIPALITY ( ,P>IS1 I4E41 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,?REE ,HUNDR$1 :I* HAD SET ITSELF UP AFT] ,JULY #a#d1 ALSO TOOK ADVANTAGE ( EV5TS TO E/ABLI% ITS AU?ORITY4 ,SIXTY DIRECTORS1 *OS5 FROM AMONG ! ,?REE ,HUNDR$1 & DIVID$ BETWE5 EI<T DEP>TM5TS-FOOD1 POLICE1 PUBLIC WORKS1 HOSPITALS1 $UCATION1 L& & REV5UES1 TAXES & ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D-W]E GO+ TO TAKE OV] ALL !SE IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( ADM9I/RATION1 & ?US TO BECOME A RESPECTABLE P[]1 ESPECIALLY AS ! MUNICIPALITY HAD UND] ITS ORD]S A ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ( #f1 M51 DRAWN SOLELY FROM WELL-TO-DO CITIZ5S4 

,BAILLY1 ! ,MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 & ,LAFAYETTE1 ! *IEF COMM&] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 W]E BECOM+ IMPORTANT P]SONAGES4 ,AS TO ! MUNICIPAL POLICE FUNCTIONS1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ASSUM$ ! RI<T ( SUP]VISION 9 EV]Y?+3 MEET+S1 NEWSPAP]S1 ! SELL+ ( LIT]ATURE 9 ! /REETS1 ! ADV]TISEM5T PO/]S1 & SO ON2 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO SUPPRESS ALL ?AT MI<T BE HO/ILE TO !IR 9T]E/S4 

,& F9ALLY1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,?REE ,HUNDR$1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! MURD] ( A BAK] ON ,OCTOB] #b#a1 W5T TO ! ,ASSEMBLY TO BEG = M>TIAL LAW1 :I* WAS VOT$ AT ONCE4 ,H5CE=? IT WAS SUFFICI5T = A MUNICIPAL (FICIAL TO UNFURL ! R$ FLAG = M>TIAL LAW TO BE PROCLAIM$2 AFT] ?AT EV]Y CR[D HAD TO DISP]SE1 & ! TROOPS1 :5 REQUIR$ BY ! MUNICIPAL (FICIAL1 C\LD FIRE UPON ! PEOPLE IF !Y DID NOT DISP]SE AFT] ?REE SUMMONSES HAD BE5 MADE4 ,IF ! PEOPLE DISP]S$ PEACEABLY )\T RESI/ANCE1 BE=E ! LA/ SUMMONS1 ONLY ! R+LEAD]S ( ! DI/URBANCE W]E >RE/$ & S5T TO PRISON = ?REE YE>S-IF ! CR[D WAS UN>M$2 O!RWISE ! S5T5CE WAS DEA?4 ,BUT 9 CASE ( ANY VIOL5CE COMMITT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 IT WAS DEA? = ALL CONC]N$ 9 ! RIOT4 ,IT WAS DEA?1 TOO1 = ANY SOLDI] OR (FIC] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D-:O %\LD /IR UP ANY RIOT+4 

,A MURD] COMMITT$ 9 ! /REET WAS ?US SUFFICI5T EXCUSE = ?IS LAW TO BE PASS$1 &1 AS ,L\IS ,BLANC HAS APTLY REM>K$1 9 ! :OLE PRESS ( ,P>IS !RE WAS BUT ONE VOICE1 ?AT ( ,M>AT1 TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS ATROCI\S LAW1 & TO SAY ?AT 9 A TIME ( REVOLUTION1 :5 A NATION HAD /ILL TO BREAK ITS *A9S & TO FI<T TO ! BITT] 5D AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES1 M>TIAL LAW HAD NO RI<T TO EXI/4 ,9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,BUZOT W]E ! ONLY ONES TO PROTE/1 & !SE NOT ON A PO9T ( PR9CIPLE4 ,IT WAS NOT ADVISABLE1 !Y SAID1 TO PROCLAIM M>TIAL LAW BE=E HAV+ E/ABLI%$ A C\RT :I* C\LD TRY ! CRIM9ALS = FELONY AGA9/ ! NATION4 

,PR(IT+ BY ! SLACK5+ ( ! PEOPLE'S >DOR1 :I* NECESS>ILY FOLL[$ AFT] ! MOVEM5T ( ,OCTOB] #e & #f1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES BEGAN1 ALSO 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 AS 9 ! MUNICIPALITY1 TO ORGANIZE !IR NEW P[]-NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 )\T SOME COLLISIONS BETWE5 ! P]SONAL AMBITIONS :I* CLA%$ & CONSPIR$ AGA9/ EA* O!R4 

,! ,C\RT ON ITS SIDE SAW NO REASON = ABDICAT+2 IT CONSPIR$ & /RUGGL$ ALSO1 & MADE PR(IT \T ( ! NECESSIT\S & AMBITI\S1 SU* AS ,MIRABEAU1 BY 5ROLL+ !M 9 ITS S]VICE4 

,! ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS1 HAV+ BE5 COMPROMIS$ 9 ! MOVEM5T ( ,OCTOB] #e1 :I* HE HAD SECRETLY SUPPORT$1 WAS S5T 9 DISGRACE1 BY ! ,C\RT1 AS AMBASSADOR TO ,5GL&4 ,BUT !N IT WAS 0,MONSIEUR10 ! ,C\NT ( ,PROV5CE1 ! ,K+'S BRO!R1 :O BEGAN 9TRIGU+ TO S5D AWAY ! ,K+-0! LOG 0 7SOLIVEAU71 AS HE WROTE TO A FRI5D4 ,ONCE ! ,K+ HAD GONE1 ,ORLEANS C\LD POSE AS A C&IDATE = ! ?RONE ( ,FRANCE4 ,MIRABEAU1 ALWAYS 9 WANT1 & :O1 EV] S9CE ,JUNE #b#c1 HAD ACQUIR$ A =MIDABLE P[] OV] ! ,ASSEMBLY1 WAS 9TRIGU+ ON HIS SIDE TO GET 9TO ! ,M9I/RY4 ,:5 HIS PLOTS W]E ?W>T$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* VOT$ ?AT NONE ( ITS MEMB]S %\LD ACCEPT A PLACE 9 ! ,M9I/RY1 HE ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! >MS ( ! ,C\NT ( ,PROV5CE1 9 ! HOPE ( GETT+ 9TO P[] BY HIS 9T]V5TION4 ,F9ALLY1 HE SOLD HIMSELF TO ! ,K+ & ACCEPT$ FROM HIM A P5SION ( FIFTY ?\S& FRANCS A MON? = F\R MON?S1 & ! PROMISE ( AN EMBASSY2 9 RETURN = :I* ,M4 DE ,MIRABEAU PL$G$ HIMSELF 0 TO AID ! ,K+ ) HIS KN[L$GE1 HIS P[] & HIS ELOQU5CE1 9 :ATEV] ,MONSIEUR WILL JUDGE USEFUL TO ! ,/ATE & 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,K+40 ,ALL ?IS1 H[EV]1 ONLY BECAME KN[N LAT] ON1 9 #a#g#i#b1 AFT] ! TAK+ ( ! ,TUIL]IES1 &1 MEAN:ILE1 ,MIRABEAU KEPT1 UNTIL HIS DEA? ON ,APRIL #b1 #a#g#i#a1 HIS REPUTATION AS A *AMPION ( ! PEOPLE4 

,HI/ORIANS WILL NEV] UNRAVEL ! TISSUE ( 9TRIGUES :I* WAS !N BE+ WOV5 R\ND ! ,L\V] & 9 ! PALACES ( ! PR9CES1 AS WELL AS R\ND ! ,C\RTS ( ,LONDON1 ,VI5NA & ,MADRID1 & 9 ! V>I\S ,G]MAN PR9CIPALITIES4 ,QUITE A WORLD F]M5T$ R\ND ! ROYALTY :I* WAS P]I%+4 ,& EV5 9 ! MID/ ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 H[ MANY AMBITIONS W]E /RUGGL+ TO GRASP ! P[]6 ,BUT AFT] ALL1 !SE >E BUT 9CID5TS ( SMALL VALUE4 ,!Y HELP TO EXPLA9 C]TA9 FACTS1 BUT !Y C\LD *ANGE NO?+ 9 ! PROGRESS ( EV5TS1 M>K$ \T BY ! V]Y LOGIC ( ! SITUATION & ! =CES 9 ! CONFLICT4 

,! ,ASSEMBLY REPRES5T$ ! $UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASSES ON !IR WAY TO CONQU] & ORGANIZE ! P[] :I* WAS FALL+ FROM ! H&S ( ! ,C\RT1 ! HI<] CL]GY1 & ! GREAT NOBLES4 ,& IT CONTA9$ 9 ITS MID/ A NUMB] ( M5 M>*+ /RAI<T T[>DS ?IS 5D ) 9TELLIG5CE & A C]TA9 AUDACITY1 :I* 9CREAS$ EV]Y TIME ?AT ! PEOPLE GA9$ A FRE% VICTORY OV] ! OLD REGIME4 ,!RE WAS 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY A 0TRIUMVIRATE0 COMPOS$ ( ,DUPORT1 ,*>LES DE ,LAME?1 & ,B>NAVE1 & AT ,P>IS !RE W]E ! ,MAYOR ,BAILLY & ! COMM&] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 ,LAFAYETTE1 UPON :OM ALL EYES W]E TURN$4 ,BUT ! REAL P[] ( ! MEM5T WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! COMPACT =CES ( ! ,ASSEMBLY :I* W]E ELABORAT+ ! LAWS TO CON/ITUTE ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 

,?IS WAS ! WORK :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY RESUM$ ) >DOR1 AS SOON AS IT WAS 9/ALL$ 9 ,P>IS & C\LD GO ON ) ITS WORK ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( TRANQUILITY4 

,?IS WORK WAS BEGUN1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! V]Y DAY AFT] ! TAK+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E SEIZ$ ) AL>M :5 !Y SAW ! PEOPLE >M+ !MSELVES ) PIKES 9 A FEW DAYS1 BURN+ ! TOLL-GATES1 SEIZ+ ! BREAD/UFFS :]EV] !Y F\ND !M1 & ALL ! :ILE %[+ AS MU* HO/ILITY TO ! RI* MIDDLE CLASSES AS T[>DS ! 0R$ HEELS0 7TALONS R\GES74 ,!Y MADE HA/E TO >M !MSELVES & TO ORGANIZE !IR ,NATIONAL ,GU>D-TO >RAY ! 0BEAV] HATS0 AGA9/ ! 0WOOL5 CAPS0 & ! PIKES1 SO ?AT ! POPUL> 9SURRECTIONS C\LD BE KEPT 9 H&4 ,& AFT] ! 9SURRECTION ON ,OCTOB] #e1 !Y PASS$ )\T DELAY ! LAW AB\T RIOT+1 ( :I* WE HAVE JU/ SPOK54 

,AT ! SAME TIME !Y MADE HA/E TO LEGISLATE 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! POLITICAL P[] :I* WAS SLIPP+ \T ( ! H& ( ! ,C\RT %\LD NOT FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?US1 EI<T DAYS AFT] ,JULY #a#d1 ,SIEYES1 ! FAM\S ADVOCATE ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 HAD ALREADY PROPOS$ TO ! ,ASSEMBLY TO DIVIDE ! ,FR5* 9TO TWO CLASSES1 ( :I* ONE ONLY1 ! ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 %\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 :IL/ ! O!R1 COMPRIS+ ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE UND] ! NAME ( ! PASSIVE CITIZ5S1 %\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,FIVE WEEKS LAT] ! ,ASSEMBLY ACCEPT$ ?IS DIVISION AS ! BASIS = ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS1 ( :I* ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE WAS ,EQUALITY ( ,RI<TS = ALL CITIZ5S1 WAS ?US FLAGRANTLY VIOLAT$ AS SOON AS PROCLAIM$4 

,N[1 ON RESUM+ ! WORK ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION = ,FRANCE1 ! ,ASSEMBLY ABOLI%$ ! ANCI5T FEUDAL DIVISION 9TO PROV9CES1 ( :I* EA* ONE PRES]V$ C]TA9 PRIVILEGES = ! NOBILITY & ! P>LEM5TS4 ,IT DIVID$ ,FRANCE 9TO DEP>TM5TS1 & SUSP5D$ ! ANCI5T P>LEM5TS1 I4E41 ! ANCI5T TRIBUNALS1 :I* ALSO POSSESS$ C]TA9 JUDICIAL PRIVILEGES-& IT W5T ON TO ! ORGANIZATION ( AN 5TIRELY NEW & UNI=M ADM9I/RATION1 ALWAYS MA9TA9+ ! PR9CIPLE ( EXCLUD+ ! POOR] CLASSES FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* HAD BE5 ELECT$ UND] ! OLD REGIME UND] A SY/EM ( ELECTIONS 9 TWO DEGREES1 WAS NEV]!LESS ! \TCOME ( AN ALMO/ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT ! PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES1 :I* HAD BE5 CONVOK$ 9 EV]Y ELECTORAL DIVISION1 W]E COMPOS$ ( NE>LY ALL ! CITIZ5S ( ! LOCALITY4 ,!SE PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES HAD NOM9AT$ ! ELECTORS1 :O MADE UP 9 EA* DIVISION ONE ELECTORAL ASSEMBLY1 & ?IS1 9 ITS TURN1 *OSE ITS REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,IT IS WELL TO NOTE ?AT AFT] ! ELECTIONS ! ELECTORAL ASSEMBLIES CONT9U$ TO MEET1 RECEIV+ LETT]S FROM !IR DEPUTIES & KEEP+ WAT* OV] !IR VOTES4 

,HAV+ N[ ATTA9$ P[]1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES DID TWO ?+S4 ,!Y EXT5D$ ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! ELECTORAL ASSEMBLIES1 BY CONFID+ TO !M ! ELECTION ( ! LOCAL C\NCILS 7! DIRECTOIRES ( EA* DEP>TM5T71 ! JUDGES & C]TA9 O!R FUNCTION>IES4 ,!Y GAVE !M ?US A GREAT P[]4 ,BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y EXCLUD$ FROM ! PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 :OM BY ?IS MEANS !Y DEPRIV$ ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,!Y ADMITT$ 9TO !M ONLY ! ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 ?AT IS1 ?OSE :O PAID 9 DIRECT CONTRIBUTIONS AT LEA/ ?REE DAYS' WORK4#a ,! RE/ BECAME PASSIVE CITIZ5S1 :O C\LD NO LONG] TAKE P>T 9 ! PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES1 & ACCORD+LY HAD NO RI<T TO NOM9ATE ! ELECTORS1 OR ! MUNICIPALITY1 OR ANY ( ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,BESIDES1 !Y C\LD NO LONG] =M P>T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4#b 

,FUR!RMORE1 TO BE ELIGIBLE AS AN ELECTOR1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PAY1 9 DIRECT TAXES1 ! VALUE ( T5 DAYS' WORK1 :I* MADE !SE ASSEMBLIES 5TIRELY MIDDLE CLASS4 ,LAT] ON1 9 #a#g#i#a1 :5 REACTION WAS EMBOLD5$ BY ! MASSACRE ON ! ,*AMP-DE-,M>S1 ! ,ASSEMBLY MADE AN ADDITIONAL RE/RICTION3 ELECTORS MU/ POSSESS L&$ PROP]TY4 ,& TO BE NOM9AT$ A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PAY 9 DIRECT TAXATION ! VALUE ( A M>C ( SILV] 7EI<T \NCES71 ?AT IS TO SAY1 FIFTY LIVRES4#c 

,& F9ALLY1 ! P]MAN5CE ( ! ELECTORAL ASSEMBLIES WAS 9T]DICT$4 ,ONCE ! ELECTIONS W]E OV]1 !SE ASSEMBLIES W]E NOT TO MEET AGA94 ,ONCE ! MIDDLE-CLASS GOV]NORS W]E APPO9T$1 !Y MU/ NOT BE CONTROLL$ TOO /RICTLY4 ,SOON ! RI<T EV5 ( PETITION+ & ( PASS+ RESOLUTIONS WAS TAK5 AWAY- 0 ,VOTE & HOLD Y\R TONGUE60 

,AS TO ! VILLAGES1 !Y HAD PRES]V$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 UND] ! OLD REGIME1 9 NE>LY ! :OLE ( ,FRANCE1 UP TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! 9HABITANTS1 LIKE ! MIR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,TO ?IS G5]AL ASSEMBLY BELONG$ ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNE1 SU* AS ! RE-DIVISION & ! USE ( ! COMMUNAL L&S-CULTIVAT$ FIELDS1 MEAD[S & =E/S1 & ALSO ! WA/E L&S4 ,BUT N[ !SE G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNES W]E =BIDD5 BY ! MUNICIPAL LAW ( ,DECEMB] #bb TO #b#d1 #a#g#h#i4 ,H5CE=? ONLY ! WELL-TO-DO PEASANTS1 ! ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 HAD ! RI<T TO MEET1 ONCE A YE>1 TO NOM9ATE ! MAYOR & ! MUNICIPALITY1 COMPOS$ ( ?REE OR F\R MIDDLE-CLASS M5 ( ! VILLAGE4 

,A SIMIL> MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION WAS GIV5 TO ! T[NS1 :]E ! ACTIVE CITIZ5S MET TO NOM9ATE ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! T[N & ! MUNICIPALITY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! LEGISLATIVE P[] 9 MUNICIPAL MATT]S & ! EXECUTIVE P[] TO :OM WAS 5TRU/$ ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! COMMUNE'S POLICE & ! COMM& ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 

,?US ! MOVEM5T DESCRIB$ AS TAK+ PLACE 9 ! T[NS 9 ,JULY #a#g#h#i1 & :I* CONSI/$ 9 OBTA9+ BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS AN ELECTIVE MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION AT A TIME :5 ! LAWS ( ! OLD REGIME1 /ILL 9 FULL =CE1 AU?ORIZ$ NO?+ ( ! K9D-?IS MOVEM5T WAS SANCTION$ BY ! MUNICIPAL & ADM9I/RATIVE LAW ( ,DECEMB] #bb TO #b#d1 #a#g#h#i4 ,&1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 AN IMM5SE P[] WAS CONF]R$ ON ! ,REVOLUTION BY ! CREATION1 AT ITS V]Y \TSET1 ( !SE ?IRTY ?\S& MUNICIPAL C5T]S1 9DEP5D5T 9 A ?\S& MATT]S ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 & CAPABLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 :5 ! REVOLUTION>IES SUCCE$$ 9 SEIZ+ UPON !M4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASSES SURR\ND$ !MSELVES ) EV]Y PRECAUTION 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! MUNICIPAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! WELL-TO-DO MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 & ! MUNICIPALITIES !MSELVES W]E PLAC$ UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! C\NCILS ( ! DEP>TM5T1 :I*1 BE+ *OS5 BY ELECTORS 9 ! SECOND DEGREE1 ?US REPRES5T$ ! WEAL?I] SECTION ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & W]E ! SUPPORT & ! RI<T H& ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MUNICIPALITY ITSELF1 :I* WAS ELECT$ BY ! ACTIVE CITIZ5S ONLY1 ALSO REPRES5T$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES MORE ?AN ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 & 9 T[NS LIKE ,LYONS & SO MANY O!RS IT BECAME A C5T] ( REACTION4 ,BUT ) ALL ?AT1 ! MUNICIPALITIES W]E NOT DEP5D5T UPON ! ROYAL P[]1 & IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! MUNICIPAL LAW ( ,DECEMB] #a<i CONTRIBUT$ TO ! SUCCESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION MORE ?AN ANY O!R LAW4 ,DUR+ ! 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! FEUDAL LORDS1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#g#h#i1 MANY MUNICIPALITIES W]E HO/ILE TO ! REVOLT$ PEASANTS1 & WE SAW H[ ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ! ,DAUPH9E TOOK ! FIELD AGA9/ ! PEASANTS & HANG$ ! REBELS )\T M]CY4 ,BUT 9 PROPORTION AS ! ,REVOLUTION DEVELOP$1 ! PEOPLE CAME TO GET HOLD ( ! MUNICIPALITIES1 & 9 #agic & #agid ! MUNICIPALITIES 9 SEV]AL P>TS ( ,FRANCE BECAME ! REAL C5T]S ( ACTION = ! POPUL> REVOLUTION>IES4 

,ANO!R V]Y IMPORTANT /EP WAS MADE BY ! ,NATIONA,I ,ASSEMBLY :5 IT ABOLI%$ ! OLD C\RTS ( JU/ICE-! P>LEM5TS-& 9TRODUC$ JUDGES ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 EA* CANTON1 COMPOS$ ( FIVE OR SIX P>I%ES1 APPO9T$1 ?R\< ITS ACTIVE  CITIZ5S1 ITS [N MAGI/RATES2 & 9 ! L>GE T[NS ?IS RI<T WAS GIV5 TO ! ELECTORAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,! OLD P>LEM5TS  NATURALLY /ROVE TO MA9TA9 !IR PR]OGATIVES4 ,9 ! S\?1 = 9/ANCE AT ,T\L\SE1 EI<TY MEMB]S ( ! P>LEM5TS1 SUPPORT$ BY EI<TY-N9E G5TLEM51 EV5 />T$ A MOVEM5T TO RE/ORE TO ! MON>* HIS LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY & 0LIB]TY10 & TO RELIGION 0ITS USEFUL 9FLU5CE40 ,AT ,P>IS1 ,R\5 & ,METZ1 & 9 ,BRITTANY ! P>LEM5TS  W\LD NOT SUBMIT TO ! LEVEL+ P[] ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 & !Y HEAD$ CONSPIRACIES 9 FAVOR ( ! OLD REGIME4 

,BUT !Y F\ND NO SUPPORT AMONG ! PEOPLE1 & !Y COMPELL$ TO YIELD TO ! DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#g#h#i1 BY :I* !Y W]E S5T ON VACATION UNTIL A NEW ORD] WAS GIV54 ,! ATTEMPTS TO RESI/ L$ ONLY TO A NEW DECREE1 ON ,JANU>Y #a#a1 #a#g#i1 BY :I* IT WAS DECL>$ ?AT ! RESI/ANCE TO ! LAW BY ! MAGI/RATES ( ,R5NES 0DISQUALIFI$ !M FROM FULFILL+ ANY FUNCTIONS ( ! ACTIVE CITIZ51 UNTIL1 HAV+ S5T 9 !IR REQUE/ TO ! LEGISLATIVE BODY1 !Y HAD BE5 ADMITT$ TO TAKE ! OA? ( FIDELITY TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 AS DECRE$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & ACCEPT$ BY ! ,K+40 

,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 IT CAN BE SE51 MEANT TO MAKE ITS DECISIONS CONC]N+ ! NEW ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANIZATION = ,FRANCE RESPECT$4 ,BUT ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION 5C\NT]$ A =MIDABLE OPPOSITION ON ! P>T ( ! HI<] CL]GY1 ! NOBILITY & ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASSES1 & IT TOOK YE>S ( A REVOLUTION1 MU* MORE F>-REA*+ ?AN ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAD 9T5D$1 TO BREAK D[N ! OLD ORGANIZATION = ! ADMISSION ( ! NEW4 

#a ,EA* MUNICIPALITY FIX$ ! VALUE1 9 MONEY1 ( ! DAY1 & IT WAS AGRE$ TO TAKE = A BASIS ! DAY ( A J\RNEYMAN4 

#b ,! MUNICIPAL LAW ( ,DECEMB] #a#d1 #a#g#h#i1 NOT ONLY EXCLUD$ ! PASSIVE CITIZ5S FROM ALL ! ELECTIONS ( MUNICIPAL (FIC]S 7P>AGRAPHS #e1 #f1 #h1 @&C471 BUT IT ALSO =BADE ! ELECTORAL ASSEMBLIES TO MEET 0BY TRADES1 PR(ESSIONS OR GUILDS40 ,!Y C\LD ONLY MEET BY QU>T]S1 OR DI/RICTS4 

#c ,! LIVRE HAD ! VALUE ( AB\T ONE FRANC4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #ba -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ba -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/