,! ,=MS ( ,FRE$OM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,FRE$OM HAS ITS =MS4 ,H[EV] P]SONALIZ$1 9DIVIDUAT$ OR DADAESQUE MAY BE ! ATTACK UPON PREVAIL+ 9/ITUTIONS1 A LIB]ATORY REVOLUTION ALWAYS POSES ! QUE/ION ( :AT SOCIAL =MS WILL REPLACE EXI/+ ONES4 ,AT ONE PO9T OR ANO!R1 A REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE MU/ DEAL ) H[ IT WILL MANAGE ! L& & ! FACTORIES FROM :I* IT ACQUIRES ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,IT MU/ DEAL ) ! MANN] 9 :I* IT WILL >RIVE AT DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,?US IF REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T IS TO BETAK5 AT ALL S]I\SLY1 IT MU/ SPEAK DIRECTLY TO ! PROBLEMS & =MS ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T4 ,IT MU/ OP5 TO PUBLIC DISCUSSION ! PROBLEMS ?AT >E 9VOLV$ 9 A CREATIVE DEVELOPM5T ( LIB]ATORY SOCIAL =MS4 ,AL?\< !RE IS NO !ORY ( LIB]ATION ?AT CAN REPLACE EXP]I5CE1 !RE IS SUFFICI5T HI/ORIAL EXP]I5CE1 & A SUFFICI5T !ORETICAL =MULATION ( ! ISSUES 9VOLV$1 TO 9DICATE :AT SOCIAL =MS >E CONSI/5T ) ! FULLE/ REALIZATION ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL FRE$OM4 

,:AT SOCIAL =MS WILL REPLACE EXI/+ ONES DEP5DS ON :AT RELATIONS FREE PEOPLE DECIDE TO E/ABLI% BETWE5 !MSELVES4 ,EV]Y P]SONAL RELATION%IP HAS A SOCIAL DIM5SION2 EV]Y SOCIAL RELATION%IP HAS A DEEPLY P]SONAL SIDE TO IT4 ,ORD9>ILY1 !SE TWO ASPECTS & !IR RELATION%IP TO EA* O!R >E MY/IFI$ & DIFFICULT TO SEE CLE>LY4 ,! 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ BY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 PRODUCE ! ILLUSION ?AT SOCIAL RELATIONS EXI/ 9 A UNIV]SE ( !IR [N1 9 SPECIALIZ$ POLITICAL OR BUREAUCRATIC COMP>TM5TS4 ,9 REALITY1 !RE EXI/S NO /RICTLY 0IMP]SONAL0 POLITICAL OR SOCIAL DIM5SION2 ALL ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! PA/ & PRES5T DEP5D ON ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE 9 DAILY LIFE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE ASPECTS ( DAILY LIFE :I* >E NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL--! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE1 ! RE>+ ( ! Y\NG1 ! MA9T5ANCE & REPRODUCTION ( LIFE4 ,! LIB]ATION ( MAN--NOT 9 SOME VAGUE 0HI/ORICAL10MORAL1 OR PHILOSOPHICAL S5SE1 BUT 9 ! 9TIMATE DETAILS ( DAY-TO-DAY LIFE--IS A PR(\NDLY SOCIAL ACT & RAISES ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL =MS AS MODES ( RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! 9DIVIDUAL REQUIRES SPECIAL EMPHASIS 9 \R [N TIME1 = NEV] BE=E HAVE P]SONAL RELATIONS BECOME SO IMP]SONAL & NEV] BE=E HAVE SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME SO ASOCIAL4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAS BR\<T ALL RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE TO ! HI<E/ PO9T ( AB/RACTION BY DIVE/+ !M ( !IR HUMAN CONT5T & DEAL+ ) !M AS OBJECTS4 ,! OBJECT--! COMMODITY--TAKES ON ROLES ?AT =M]LY BELONG$ TO ! COMMUNITY2 EX*ANGE RELATION%IPS7ACTUALIZ$ 9 MO/ CASES AS MONEY RELATION%IPS7 SUPPLANT NE>LY ALL O!R MODES ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! B\RGEOIS COMMODITY SY/EM BECOMES ! HI/ORICAL CULM9ATION ( ALL SOCIETIES1 PRECAPITALI/ AS WELL AS CAPITALI/1 9 :I* HUMAN RELATION%IPS >E M$IAT$ RA!R ?AN DIRECT OR FACE-TO-FACE4 

,! ,M,$,I,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,R,E,L,A,T,I,O,N,S 

,TO PLACE ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 CLE>] P]SPECTIVE1 LET US BRIEFLY LOOK BACK 9 TIME & E/ABLI% :AT ! M$IATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS HAS COME TO MEAN4 

,! E>LIE/ SOCIAL 0SPECIALI/S0 :O 9T]POS$ !M-SELVES BETWE5 PEOPLE--! PRIE/S & TRIBAL *IEFS :O P]MAN5TLY M$IAT$ !IR RELATIONS--E/ABLI%$ ! =MAL CONDITIONS = HI]>*Y & EXPLOITATION4 ,!SE =MAL CONDITIONS W]E CONSOLIDAT$ & DEEP5$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES--ADVANCES :I* PROVID$ ONLY 5\< MAT]IAL SURPLUS = ! FEW TO LIVE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MANY4 ,! TRIBAL ASSEMBLY1 9 :I* ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY HAD DECID$ & DIRECTLY MANAG$ !IR COMMON AFFAIRS1 DISSOLV$ 9TO *IEFTA9%IP1 & ! COMMUNITY DISSOLV$ 9TO SOCIAL CLASSES4 

,DESPITE ! 9CREAS+ 9VE/ITURE ( SOCIAL CONTROL 9 A H&FUL ( M5 & EV5 ONE MAN1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT M5 9 PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES M$IAT$ ! RELATIONS ( O!R PEOPLE--C\NCIL SUPPLANT+ ASSEMBLY1 & *IEFTA9-%IP SUPPLANT$ C\NCIL4 ,9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! M$IATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS BY M5 IS REPLAC$ BY ! M$IATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS BY ?+S1 BYCOMMODITIES4 ,HAV+ BR\<T SOCIAL M$IATION TO ! HI<E/ PO9T ( IMP]SONALITY1 COMMODITY SOCIETY TURNS ATT5TION TO M$IATION AS SU*2 IT BR+S 9TO QUE/ION ALL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON 9DIRECT REPRES5TATION1 ON ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS BY ! FEW1 ON ! DI/9CTIVE EXI/5CE ( CONCEPTS & PRACTICES SU* AS0ELECTION10 0LEGISLATION10 0ADM9I/RATION40 

,! MO/ /RIK+ EVID5CE ( ?IS SOCIAL REFOCUS+ >E ! DEM&S VOIC$ ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY BY 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( ,AM]ICAN Y\? = TRIBALISM & COMMUNITY4,!SE DEM&S >E 0REGRESSIVE0 ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y GO BACK TEMPORALLY TO PRE-HI]>*ICAL =MS ( FRE$OM4,!Y >E PR(\NDLY PROGRESSIVE 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y GO BACK /RUCTURALLY TO NON-HI]>*ICAL =MS ( FRE$OM4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>Y DEM& = C\NCIL =MS ( ORGANIZATION 7:AT ,HANNAH ,>5DT DE-SCRIBES AS 0! REVOLUTION>Y H]ITAGE07 DOES NOT BREAK COMPLETELY ) ! T]RA9 ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY4 ,WORK]S' C\NCILS ORIG9ATE AS CLASS C\NCILS4 ,UNLESS ONE ASSUMES ?AT WORK]S >E DRIV5 BY !IR 9T]E/S AS WORK]S TO REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES AGA9/ HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY 7AN ASSUMPTION ,I FLATLY D5Y71 !N !SE C\NCILS CAN BE US$ JU/ AS MU* TO P]PETUATE CLASS SOCIETY AS TODE/ROY IT4 ,WE %ALL SEE1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! C\NCIL =M CONTA9S MANY /RUCTURAL LIMITATIONS :I* FAVOR ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*Y4 ,= ! PRES5T1 IT SUFFICES TO SAY ?AT MO/ ADVOCATES ( WORK]S' C\NCILS T5D TO CONCEIVE( PEOPLE PRIM>ILY AS ECONOMIC 5TITIES1 EI!R AS WORK]S OR NONWORK]S4 ,?IS CONCEPTION LEAVES ! ONESID$NESS ( ! SELF COMPLETELY 9TACT4 ,MAN IS VIEW$ AS A BIFURCAT$ BE+1 ! PRODUCT ( A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT DIVIDES MAN FROM MAN & EA* MAN FROM HIMSELF4 

,NOR IS ?IS ONE-SID$ VIEW COMPLETELY CORRECT$ BY DEM&S = WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK WEEK1 = !SE DEM&S LEAVE ! NATURE ( ! WORK PROCESS & ! QUALITY ( ! WORK]'S FREE TIME COMPLETELY UNT\*$4 ,IF WORK]S' C\NCILS & WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION DO NOT TRANS=M ! WORK 9TO A JOYFUL ACTIVITY1 FREE TIME 9TO A M>VEL\S EXP]I5CE1 & ! WORKPLACE 9TO A COMMUNITY1 !N !Y REMA9 M]ELY =MAL /RUCTURES1 9 FACT1 CLASS /RUCTURES4,!Y P]PETUATE ! LIMITATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A PRODUCT ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,9DE$1 NO MOVEM5T ?AT RAISES ! DEM& = WORK]S' C\NCILS CAN BE REG>D$ AS REVOLUTION>Y UNLESS IT TRIES TO PROMOTE SWEEP+ TRANS=MATIONS 9 ! 5VIRONM5T ( ! WORK PLACE4 

,F9ALLY1 C\NCIL ORGANIZATIONS >E =MS ( M$IAT$ RELATION%IPS RA!R ?AN FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS4 ,UNLESS !SE M$IAT$ RELATION%IPS >E LIMIT$ BY DIRECT RELATION-%IPS1 LEAV+ POLICY DECISIONS TO ! LATT] & M]E ADM9I/RATION TO ! =M]1 ! C\NCILS T5D TO BECOME FOCUSES ( P[]4 ,9DE$1 UNLESS ! C\NCILS >E F9ALLY ASSIMILAT$ BY A POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 & FACTORIES >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO NEW TYPES ( COMMUNITY1 BO? ! C\NCILS & ! FACTORIES P]PETUATE ! ALI5ATION BETWE5 MAN & MAN & BETWE5 MAN & WORK4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 ! DEGREE ( FRE$OM 9 A SOCIETY CAN BE GAUG$ BY ! K9D ( RELATION%IPS ?AT UNITE ! PEOPLE 9 IT4 ,IF !SE RELATION%IPS >E OP51 UNALI5AT$ & CREATIVE1 ! SOCIETY WILL BE FREE4 ,IF /RUCTURES EXI/ ?AT 9HIBIT OP5 RELATION%IPS1 EI!R BY CO]CION OR M$IATION1 !N FRE$OM WILL NOT EXI/1 :E!R !RE IS WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION OR NOT4 ,= ALL ! WORK]S WILL MANAGE WILL BE PRODUCTION--! PRECONDITIONS ( LIFE1 NOT ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,NO MODE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION CAN BE ISOLAT$ FROM ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS IT IS ORGANIZ+4 ,BO? C\NCILS & ASSEMBLIES HAVE FUR!R$ ! 9T]E/S ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY AS WELL AS ?OSE ( REVOLUTION4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT ! =MS ( FRE$OM CAN BE TREAT$ M]ELY AS =MS W\LD BE AS ABSURD AS TO ASSUME ?AT LEGAL CONCEPTS CAN BE TREAT$ M]ELY AS QUE/IONS ( JURISPRUD5CE4 ,! =M & CON-T5T ( FRE$OM1 LIKE LAW & SOCIETY1 >E MUTUALLY DET]-M9$4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 !RE >E =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT PROMOTE & =MS ?AT VITIATE ! GOAL ( FRE$OM1& SOCIAL CONDITIONS FAVOR SOMETIMES ! ONE & SOME-TIMES ! O!R4 ,TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 !SE =MS EI!R ALT] ! 9DIVIDUAL :O USES !M OR 9HIBIT HIS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS >TICLE DOES NOT DISPUTE ! NE$ = WORK]S' C\NCILS--MORE PROP]LY1 FACTORY COMMITTEES--AS A REVOLUTION>Y MEANS ( APPROPRIAT+ ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4,ON ! CONTR>Y1 EXP]I5CE HAS %[N REPEAT$LY ?AT ! FACTORY COMMITTEE IS VITALLY IMPORTANT AS AN 9ITIAL =M ( ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT NO REVOLUTION CAN SETTLE = C\NCILS & COMMITTEES AS ITS F9AL1 OR EV5 ITS EXEMPL>Y1MODE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ANY MORE ?AN 0WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION0 CAN BE REG>D$ AS A F9AL MODE ( ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,NEI!R ( !SE TWO RELATION%IPS IS BROAD 5\< TO REVOLUTIONIZE WORK1 FREE TIME1 NE$S1 & ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE ,I TAKE ! REVOLUTION>Y ASPECT ( ! C\NCIL & COMMITTEE =MS = GRANT$2 MY PURPOSE IS TO EXAM9E ! CONS]VATIVE TRAITS 9 !M :I* VITIATE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 

,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 FA%IONABLE TO LOOK = MODELS ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN0 REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g1 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICATES ( ! #a#i#cS1 & ! ,HUNG>IAN C\NCILS ( #aief HAVE ALL BE5 RAK$ OV] = EXAMPLES ( FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,:AT1 IT IS WOR? ASK+1 DO !SE MODELS ( ORGANIZATION HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,! ANSW] IS1 V]Y LITTLE1 O!R ?AN !IR LIMITATIONS AS M$IAT$ =MS4 ,SPA91 AS WE %ALL SEE1 PROVIDES A WELCOME EXCEPTION3 ! O!RS W]E EI!R TOO %ORT-LIV$ OR SIMPLY TOO DI/ORT$ TO SUPPLY US ) MORE ?AN ! MAT]IAL = MY?S4 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE MAY BE REV]$ = MANY DIFF]5T REASONS--= ITS 9TOXICAT+ S5SE ( LIBID9AL RELEASE1 = ITS RADICAL POPULISM1 = ITS DEEPLY REVOLUTION>Y IMPACT ON ! OPPRESS$1 OR = ITS DEFIANT H]OISM 9 DEFEAT4 ,BUT ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF1 VIEW$ AS A /RUCTURAL 5TITY1 WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A POPUL> MUNICIPAL C\NCIL4 ,MORE DEMOCRATIC & PLEBEIAN ?AN O!R SU* BODIES1 ! C\NCIL WAS NEV]!LESS /RUCTUR$ ALONG P>LIAM5T>Y L9ES4 ,IT WAS ELECT$ BY 0CITIZ5S10 GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO GEOGRAPHIC CON/ITU5CIES4 ,9 COMB9+ LEGISLATION ) ADM9I/RATION1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS H>DLY MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ! MUNICIPAL BODIES 9 ! ,U4,S4 TODAY4 

,=TUNATELY1 REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS L>GELY IGNOR$ ! ,COMMUNE AFT] IT WAS 9/ALL$4 ,! 9SURRECTION1 ! ACTUAL MANAGEM5T ( ! CITY'S AFFAIRS1 & F9ALLY ! FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLESE1 W]E UND]TAK5 MA9LY BY ! POPUL> CLUBS1 ! NEI<BORHOOD VIGILANCE COMMITTEES1& ! BATTALIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,HAD ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL7 SURVIV$1 IT IS EXTREMELY D\BTFUL ?AT IT C\LD HAVE AVOID$ CONFLICT ) !SE LOOSELY =M$ /REET & MILITIA =MATIONS4 ,9DE$1 BY ! 5D ( ,APRIL1 SOME SIX WEEKS AFT] ! 9SURRECTION1 ! ,COMMUNE CON/ITUT$ AN 0ALL-P[]FUL0 ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 A BODY R$OL5T ) MEMORIES ( ! ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP & ! ,T]ROR1 :I* SUPPRESS$ NOT ONLY ! RI<T 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ( A C5TURY E>LI]1BUT ALSO ! LEFT4 ,9 ANY CASE1 HI/ORY LEFT ! ,COMMUNE A M]E ?REE WEEKS ( LIFE1 TWO ( :I* W]E CONSUM$ 9 ! DEA? ?ROES ( B>RICADE FI<T+ AGA9/ ,?I]S & ! ,V]SAILLESE4 

,IT DOES NOT MALIGN ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO DIVE/ IT ( 0HI/ORICAL0 BURD5S IT NEV] ACTUALLY C>RI$4 ,! ,COMMUNE WAS A FE/IVAL ( ! /REETS1 ITS P>TISANS PRIM>ILY H&ICRAFTSM51 IT9]ANT 9TELLECTUALS1 ! SOCIAL DEBRIS ( A PRECAPITALI/ ]A1 & LUMP5S4 ,TO REG>D !SE /RATA AS 0PROLET>IAN0 IS TO C>ICATURE ! WORD TO ! PO9T ( ABSURDITY4 ,! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT CON/ITUT$ A M9ORITY ( ! ,COMMUN>DS4 

,! ,COMMUNE WAS ! LA/ GREAT REBELLION ( ! ,FR5* SANS-CULOTTES1 A CLASS ?AT L+]$ ON 9 ,P>IS = A C5TURY AFT] ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS HI<LY MIX$ /RATUM WAS DE/ROY$ NOT BY ! GUNS ( ! ,V]SAILLESE BUT BY ! ADVANCE ( 9DU/RIALISM4 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga WAS L>GELY A CITY C\NCIL1E/ABLI%$ TO COORD9ATE MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION UND] CONDITIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y UNRE/4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS ( #aie W]E L>GELY FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS1 E/ABLI%$ TO COORD9ATE NE>-9SURRECTION>Y /RIKES 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4,!SE C\NCILS W]E BAS$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ON FACTORIES & TRADE UNIONS3 !RE WAS A DELEGATE = EV]Y FIVE HUNDR$ WORK]S 7:]E 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES & %OPS CONTA9$ A SMALL] NUMB]1 !Y W]E GR\P$ TOGE!R = VOT+ PURPOSES71 & ADDITIONALLY1 DELEGATES FROM TRADE UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,! SOVIET MODE ( ORGANIZATION TOOK ON ITS CLE>E/ & MO/ /ABLE =M 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1:]E ! SOVIET CONTA9$ AB\T F\R HUNDR$ DELEGATES AT ITS HI< PO9T1 9CLUD+ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NEWLY ORGANIZ$ PR(ESSIONAL UNIONS4 ,! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG SOVIET RAPIDLY DEVELOP$ FROM A L>GE /RIKE COMMITTEE 9TO A P>LIAM5T ( ALL OPPRESS$ CLASSES1 BROAD5+ ITS REPRES5TATION1 DEM&S & RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,DELEGATES W]E ADMITT$ FROM CITIES \TSIDE ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 POLITICAL DEM&S BEGAN TO DOM9ATE ECONOMIC ONES1 & L9KS W]E E/ABLI%$ ) PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS & !IR DELEGATES ADMITT$ 9TO ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! BODY4 ,9SPIR$ BY ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ,SOVIETS SPRANG UP 9 ALL ! MAJOR CITIES & T[NS ( ,RUSSIA & DEVELOP$ 9TO AN 9CIPI5T REVOLUTION>Y P[] C\NT]POS$ TO ALL ! GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! AUTOCRACY4 

,! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG SOVIET LA/$ LESS ?AN TWO MON?S4,MO/ ( ITS MEMB]S W]E >RE/$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#e4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! SOVIET WAS DES]T$ BY ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PROLET>IAT1 :I* NEV] ROSE 9 >M$ 9SURRECTION & :OSE /RIKES DIM9I%$ 9 SIZE & MILITANCY AS TRADE REVIV$ 9 ! LATE AUTUMN4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! LA/ /RATUM TO ADVANCE BEYOND ! E>LY MILITANCY ( ! SOVIET W]E ! ,MOSC[ /UD5TS1 :O ROSE 9 9SURRECTION ON ,DECEMB]#b#b & DUR+ FIVE DAYS ( BRILLIANTLY CONCEIV$ URBAN GU]RILLA W>F>E R$UC$ LOCAL POLICE & MILIT>Y =CES TO NE> IMPOT5CE4 ,! /UD5TS RECEIV$ V]Y LITTLE AID FROM ! WORK]S 9 ! CITY4 ,!IR /REET BATTLES MI<T HAVE CONT9U$ 9DEF9ITELY1 EV5 9 ! FACE ( MASSIVE PROLET>IAN APA?Y1 HAD ! CZ>'S GU>D NOT BE5 TRANSPORT$ TO ,MOSC[ BY ! RAILWAY WORK]S ON ONE ( ! FEW OP]AT+ L9ES TO ! CITY4 

,! ,SOVIETS ( #aiag W]E ! TRUE HEIRS ( ! ,SOVIETS (#a#i#e1 & TO DI/+UI% ! TWO FROM EA* O!R1 AS SOME WRIT]S OCCASIONALLY DO1 IS SPURI\S4 ,LIKE !IR PR$ECESSORS ( TWELVE YE>S E>LI]1 ! #aiag ,SOVIETS W]E BAS$ L>GELY ON FACTORIES1 TRADE UNIONS & P>TY ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT !Y W]E EXP&$ TO 9CLUDE DELEGATES FROM >MY GR\PS & A SIZABLE NUMB] ( /RAY RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,! ,SOVIETS ( #aiag REVEAL ALL ! LIMITATIONS ( 0SOVIETISM40,?\< ! ,SOVIETS W]E 9VALUABLE AS LOCAL FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS1 !IR NATIONAL CONGRESSES PROV$ TO BE 9CREAS+LY UNREPRES5TATIVE BODIES4 ,! CONGRESSES W]E ORGANIZ$ ALONG V]Y HI]>*ICAL L9ES4 ,LOCAL ,SOVIETS 9 CITIES1 T[NS & VILLAGES ELECT$ DELEGATES TO DI/RICT & REGIONAL BODIES2 !SE ELECT$ DELEGATES TO ! ACTUAL NATIONWIDE CONGRESSES4 ,9 L>G] CITIES1 REPRES5TATION TO ! CONGRESSES WAS LESS 9DIRECT1 BUT IT WAS 9DIRECT NONE!LESS--FROM ! VOT] 9 A L>GE CITY TO ! MUNICIPAL SOVIET & FROM ! MUNICIPAL SOVIET TO ! CONGRESS4 ,9 EI!R CASE ! CONGRESS WAS SEP>AT$ FROM ! MASS ( VOT]S BY ONE OR MORE REPRES5TATIVE LEVELS4 

,! SOVIET CONGRESSES W]E S*$UL$ TO MEET EV]Y ?REE MON?S4 ,?IS P]MITT$ F> TOO LONG A TIME SPAN TO EXI/ BETWE5 SESSIONS4 ,! FIR/ CONGRESS1 HELD 9 ,JUNE#a#i#a#g1 HAD SOME EI<T HUNDR$ DELEGATES2 LAT] CONGRESSES W]E EV5 L>G]1 NUMB]+ A ?\S& OR MORE DELEGATES4,TO 0EXP$ITE0 ! WORK ( ! CONGRESSES & TO PROVIDE CONT9UITY ( FUNCTION BETWE5 ! TRI-MON?LY SESSIONS1! CONGRESSES ELECT$ AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE1 FIX$ AT NOT MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ 9 #aiah & EXP&$ TO A MAXIMUM ( ?REE HUNDR$ 9 #a#i#b4 ,?IS BODY WAS TO REMA9 MORE OR LESS 9 P]MAN5T SESSION1 BUT IT TOO WAS REG>D$ AS UNWIELDY & MO/ ( ITS RESPONSIBILITIES AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION W]E TURN$ OV] TO A SMALL ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S4 ,HAV+ ONCE ACQUIR$ CONTROL ( ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 79 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g71 ! ,BOL%EVIKS F\ND IT EASY TO C5TRALIZE P[] 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,COMMISS>S & LAT] 9 ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,OPPOSITION GR\PS 9 ! ,SOVIETS EI!R LEFT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS OR W]E LAT] EXPELL$ FROM ALL SOVIET ORGANS4 ,! TRI-MON?LY MEET+S ( ! CONGRESSES W]E P]MITT$ TO LAPSE3 ! COMPLETELY ,BOL%EVIK ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE & ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S SIM-PLY DID NOT SUMMON !M4 ,F9ALLY1 ! CONGRESSES W]E HELD ONLY ONCE A YE>4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! 9T]VALS BETWE5 ! MEET+S ( DI/RICT & REGIONAL ,SOVIETS GREW 9CREAS+LY LONG] & EV5 ! MEET+S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE1CREAT$ BY ! CONGRESSES AS A BODY 9 P]MAN5T SESSION1BECAME 9CREAS+LY 9FREQU5T UNTIL F9ALLY !Y W]E HELD ONLY ?REE TIMES A YE>4 ,! P[] ( ! LOCAL ,SOVIETS PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE1 ! P[] ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 & F9ALLY1 ! P[] ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS W]E 9CAPABLE ( PROVID+ ! ANATOMY = A TRULY POPUL> DEMOCRACY IS TO BE ASCRIB$ NOT ONLY TO !IR HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE1 BUT ALSO TO !IR LIMIT$ SOCIAL ROOTS4 ,! 9SURG5T MILIT>Y BATTALIONS1FROM :I* ! ,SOVIETS DREW !IR ORIG9AL /RIK+ P[]1W]E HI<LY UN/ABLE1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! CZ>I/ >MIES4 ,! NEWLY =M$ ,R$ ,>MY WAS RECRUIT$1 DISCIPL9$1 C5TRALIZ$ & TI<TLY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,EXCEPT = P>TISAN B&S & NAVAL =CES1SOVIET MILIT>Y BODIES REMA9$ POLITICALLY 9]T ?R\<-\T ! CIVIL W>4 ,! PEASANT VILLAGES TURN$ 9W>D T[>D !IR LOCAL CONC]NS1 & W]E APA!TIC AB\T NATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,?IS LEFT ! FACTORIES AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT POLITICAL BASE ( ! ,SOVIETS4 ,H]E WE 5C\NT] A BASIC CONTRADICTION 9 CLASS CONCEPTS ( REVOLUTION>Y P[]3 PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT EMPHASIZES ?AT P[] MU/ BE BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! FACTORY1CREATES ! CONDITIONS = A C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL /RUCTURE4 

,H[EV] MU* ITS SOCIAL POSITION IS /R5G!N$ BY A SY/EM ( 0SELF-MANAGEM5T10 ! FACTORY IS NOT AN AUTONOM\S SOCIAL ORGANISM4 ,! AM\NT ( SOCIAL CONTROL ! FACTORY CAN EX]CISE IS FAIRLY LIMIT$1 = EV]Y FACTORY IS HI<LY DEP5D5T = ITS OP]ATION & ITS V]Y EXI/5CE UPON O!R FACTORIES & S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,SOVIETS1 BY BAS+ !MSELVES PRIM>ILY 9 ! FACTORY & ISOLAT+ ! FACTORY FROM ITS LOCAL 5VIRONM5T1 %IFT$ P[] FROM ! COMMUNITY & ! REGION TO ! NATION1 & EV5TUALLY FROM ! BASE ( SOCIETY TO ITS SUMMIT4 ,! SOVIET SY/EM CONSI/$ ( AN ELABORATE SKE9 ( M$IAT$ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 KNITT$ ALONG NATIONWIDE CLASS L9ES4 

,P]HAPS ! ONLY 9/ANCE :]E A SY/EM ( WORK+-CLASS SELF-MANAGEM5T SUCCE$$ AS A MODE ( CLASS ORGANIZATION WAS 9 ,SPA91 :]E AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ATTRACT$ A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S & PEASANTS TO ITS BANN]4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S CONSCI\SLY S\<T TO LIMIT ! T5D5CY T[>D C5TRALIZATION4 ,! ,C,N,T 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO71 ! L>GE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION 9 ,SPA91 CREAT$ A DUAL ORGANIZATION ) AN ELECT$ COMMITTEE SY/EM TO ACT AS A CONTROL ON LOCAL BODIES & NATIONAL CONGRESSES4 ,! ASSEMBLIES HAD ! P[] TO REVOKE !IR DELEGATES TO ! C\NCIL & C\NT]M& C\NCIL DECISIONS4 ,= ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES ! 0HI<]0 BODIES ( ! ,C,N,T FUNCTION$ AS COORD9AT+ BODIES4 ,LET !RE BE NO MI/AKE AB\T ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ?IS S*EME ( ORGANIZATION3 IT IMP>T$ TO EA* MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T A WEI<TY S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 A S5SE ( DIRECT1IMM$IATE & P]SONAL 9FLU5CE 9 ! ACTIVITIES & POLICIES ( ! UNION4 ,?IS RESPONSIBILITY WAS EX]CIS$ ) A HI<M9D$NESS ?AT MADE ! ,C,N,T ! MO/ MILITANT AS WELL AS ! L>GE/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! 9T]W> DECADES4 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf PUT ! ,C,N,T SY/EM TO A PRACTICAL TE/1 & IT WORK$ FAIRLY WELL4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1,C,N,T WORK]S SEIZ$ ! FACTORIES1 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES & UTILITIES1 & MANAG$ !M ALONG AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ L9ES4 ,IT REMA9S A MATT] ( RECORD1 ATTE/$ TO BY VISITORS ( ALMO/ EV]Y POLITICAL P]SUASION1 ?AT ! CITY'S ECONOMY OP]AT$ ) REM>KABLE SUCCESS & EFFICI5CY--DESPITE ! SY/EMATIC SABOTAGE PRACTIC$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T & ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! EXP]IM5T F9ALLY COLLAPS$ 9 %AMBLES :5 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T'S ASSAULT TROOPS OCCUPI$ ,B>CELONA 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 FOLL[+ AN UPRIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,DESPITE !IR CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD VIRTUALLY NO ROOTS \TSIDE C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS LIMIT$ PRIM>ILY TO 9DU/RIAL ,CATALONIA1 ! COA/AL ,M$IT]RANEAN >EAS1 RURAL ,>AGON1 & ,&ALUSIA4 ,:AT DE/ROY$ ! EXP]IM5T WAS ITS ISOLATION )9 ,SPA9 ITSELF & ! OV]:ELM+ =CES--,REPUBLICAN AS WELL AS FASCI/1 & ,/AL9I/ AS WELL AS B\RGEOIS--?AT W]E MOBILIZ$ AGA9/ IT4 

,IT W\LD BE FRUITLESS TO EXAM9E 9 DETAIL ! C\NCIL MODES ( ORGANIZATION ?AT EM]G$ 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#h19 ! ,A/URIAS 9 #a#i#c#d1 & 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,! ,G]MAN C\NCILS W]E HOPELESSLY P]V]T$3 ! SO-CALL$0MAJORITY0 7RE=MI/7 SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SUCCE$$ 9 GA9+ CONTROL ( ! NEWLY =M$ C\NCILS & US+ !M = C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 5DS4 ,9 ,HUNG>Y & ,A/URIAS ! C\NCILS W]E QUICKLY DE/ROY$ BY C\NT]REVOLUTION1BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT1 HAD !Y DEVELOP$ FUR!R1 !Y W\LD HAVE AVOID$ ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS4 ,HI/ORY %[S ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NOT ! ONLY ONES TO DI/ORT ! C\NCIL MODE ( OP]ATION4 ,EV5 9 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,SPA9 !RE IS EVID5CE ?AT BY #a#i#c#g! COMMITTEE SY/EM ( ! ,C,N,T WAS BEG9N+ TO CLA% ) ! ASSEMBLY SY/EM2 :ATEV] ! \TCOME MI<T HAVE BE51 ! :OLE EXP]IM5T WAS 5D$ BY ! ASSAULT ( ! ,COMMUNI/S & ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ,B>CELONA4 

,! FACT REMA9S ?AT C\NCIL MODES ( ORGANIZATION >E NOT IMMUNE TO C5TRALIZATION1 MANIPULATION & P]V]SION4 ,!SE C\NCILS >E /ILL P>TICUL>I/IC1 ONE-SID$ & M$IAT$ =MS ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T4 ,AT BE/1 !Y CAN BE ! /EPP+ /ONES TO A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY--AT WOR/1!Y CAN EASILY BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO HI]>*ICAL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,A,S,S,E,M,B,L,Y ,& ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,T,Y 

,LET US TURN TO ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY = AN 9SI<T 9TO UNM$IAT$ =MS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! ASSEMBLY PROB-ABLY =M$ ! /RUCTURAL BASIS ( E>LY CLAN & TRIBAL SOCIETY UNTIL ITS FUNCTIONS W]E PREEMPT$ BY *IEFS & C\NCILS4 ,IT APPE>$ AS ! ECCLESIA 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS2LAT]1 9 A MIX$ & (T5 P]V]T$ =M1 IT REAPPE>$ 9 ! M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE T[NS ( ,EUROPE4 ,F9ALLY1 AS ! 0SECTIONS10 ASSEMBLIES EM]G$ AS ! 9SURG5T BODIES 9 ,P>IS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ECCLESIA & ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS W>RANT ! CLOSE/ /UDY4 ,BO? DEVELOP$ 9 ! MO/ COMPLEX CITIES ( !IR TIME & BO? ASSUM$A HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ =M1 (T5 WELD+ 9DIVIDUALS ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL ORIG9S 9TO A REM>KABLE1 ALBEIT TEMPOR>Y1COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,IT DOES NOT M9IMIZE !IR LIMITA-TIONS TO SAY ?AT !Y DEVELOP$ ME?ODS ( FUNCTION+ SO SUCCESSFULLY LIB]T>IAN 9 *>ACT] ?AT EV5 ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE ,UTOPIAS HAVE FAIL$ TO MAT* 9 SPECULATION :AT !Y A*IEV$ 9 PRACTICE4 

,! ,A!NIAN ECCLESIA WAS PROBABLY ROOT$ 9 ! E>LY ASSEMBLIES ( ! ,GREEK TRIBES4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( PROP]TY & SOCIAL CLASSES1 IT WAS REPLAC$ BY A FEUDAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 L+]+ ONLY 9 ! SOCIAL MEMORY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,= A TIME1 ,A!NIAN SOCIETY SEEM$ TO BE *>T+ ! DISA/R\S C\RSE T[>D 9T]NAL DECAY ?AT ,ROME WAS TO FOLL[ SEV]AL C5TURIES LAT]4 ,A L>GE CLASS ( HEAVILY MORTGAG$ PEASANTS1 A GR[+ NUMB] ( S]F-LIKE %>ECROPP]S1 & A L>GE BODY ( URBAN LABOR]S & SLAVES W]E POL>IZ$ AGA9/ A SMALL NUMB] ( P[]FULL & MAGNATES & A P>V5U COMM]CIAL MIDDLE CLASS4 ,BY ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C41 ALL ! CONDITIONS 9 ,A!NS & ,ATTICA 7! SURR\ND+ AGRICULTURAL REGION7 HAD RIP5$ = A DEVA/AT+ SOCIAL W>4 

,! C\RSE ( ,A!NIAN HI/ORY WAS REV]S$ BY ! RE=MS ( ,SOLON4 ,9 A S]IES ( DRA/IC MEASURES1 ! PEASANTRY WAS RE/OR$ TO AN ECONOMICALLY VIABLE CONDITION1 ! L&[N]S W]E %ORN ( MO/ ( !IR P[]1 ! ECCLESIA WAS REVIV$1 & A REASONABLY EQUITABLE SY/EM ( JU/ICE WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,! TR5D T[>D A POPUL> DEMOCRACY CONT9U$ TO UNFOLD = NE>LY A C5TURY & A HALF1 UNTIL IT A*IEV$ A =M ?AT HAS NEV] QUITE BE5 EQUAL$ ELSE:]E4 ,BY ,P]ICLEAN TIMES ! ,A!NIANS HAD P]FECT$ !IR POLIS TO A PO9T :]E IT REPRES5T$ A TRIUMPH ( RATIONALITY )9 ! MAT]IAL LIMITATIONS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD4 

,/RUCTURALLY1 ! BASIS ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS WAS ! ECCLESIA4 ,%ORTLY AFT] SUNRISE AT EA* PRYTANY 7! T5? DAY ( ! YE>71 ?\S&S ( MALE CITIZ5S FROM ALL OV] ,ATTICA BEGAN TO GA!R ON ! ,PNYX1 A HILL DIRECTLY \TSIDE ,A!NS1 = A MEET+ ( ! ASSEMBLY4 ,H]E1 9 ! OP5 AIR1 !Y LEISURELY DISPORT$ !MSELVES AMONG GR\PS ( FRI5DS UNTIL ! SOLEMN 9TONATION ( PRAY]S ANN\NC$ ! OP5+ ( ! MEET+4 ,! AG5DA1 >RANG$ UND] ! ?REE HEAD+S ( 0SACR$10 0PR(ANE0 & 0=EIGN AFFAIRS10 HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ DAYS E>LI] ) ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! ASSEMBLY4 ,AL?\< ! ECCLESIA C\LD NOT ADD OR BR+ =W>D ANY?+ ?AT ! AG5DA DID NOT CONTA91 ITS SUBJECT MATT] C\LD BE RE>RANG$ AT ! WILL ( ! ASSEMBLY4 ,NO QUORUM WAS NECESS>Y1 EXCEPT = PROPOS$ DECREES AFFECT+ 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S4 

,! ECCLESIA 5JOY$ COMPLETE SOV]EIGNTY OV] ALL 9/ITUTIONS & (FICES 9 ,A!NIAN SOCIETY4 ,IT DECID$ QUE/IONS ( W> & PEACE1 ELECT$ & REMOV$ G5]ALS1REVIEW$ MILIT>Y CAMPAIGNS1 DEBAT$ & VOT$ UPON DOME/IC & =EIGN POLICY1 R$RESS$ GRIEVANCES1 EXAM9$ & PASS$ UPON ! OP]ATIONS ( ADM9I/RATIVE BO>DS1 & BANI%$ UNDESIRABLE CITIZ5S4 ,R\<LY ONE MAN \T ( SIX 9 ! CITIZ5 BODY WAS OCCUPI$ AT ANY GIV5 TIME ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! COMMUNITY'S AFFAIRS4 ,SOME FIFTE5 HUNDR$ M51 *OS5 MA9LY BY LOT1/AFF$ ! BO>DS RESPONSIBLE = ! COLLECTION ( TAXES1! MANAGEM5T ( %IPP+1 FOOD SUPPLY & PUBLIC FACILITIES1 & ! PREP>ATION ( PLANS = PUBLIC CON/RUCTION4,! >MY1 COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( CONSCRIPTS FROM EA* ( ! T5 TRIBES ( ,ATTICA1 WAS L$ BY ELECT$ (FIC]S2,A!NS WAS POLIC$ BY CITIZ5-B[M5 & ,SCY?IAN /ATE SLAVES4 

,! AG5DA ( ! ECCLESIA WAS PREP>$ BY A BODY CALL$ ! ,C\NCIL ( #e4 ,LE/ ! C\NCIL GA9 ANY AU?ORITY OV] ! ECCLESIA1 ! ,A!NIANS C>EFULLY CIRCUMSCRIB$ ITS COMPOSITION & FUNCTIONS4 ,*OS5 BY LOT FROM RO/]S ( CITIZ5S :O1 9 TURN1 W]E ELECT$ ANNUALLY BY ! TRIBES1 ! ,C\NCIL WAS DIVID$ 9TO T5 SUBCOMMITTEES1 EA* ( :I* WAS ON DUTY = A T5? ( ! YE>4 ,EV]Y DAY A PRESID5T WAS SELECT$ BY LOT FROM AMONG ! FIFTY MEMB]S ( ! SUBCOMMITTEE ?AT WAS ON DUTY TO ! POLIS4 ,DUR+ HIS TW5TY-F\R H\RS ( (FICE1! ,C\NCIL'S PRESID5T HELD ! /ATE SEAL & ! KEYS TO ! CITADEL & PUBLIC >*IVES & FUNCTION$ AS ACT+ HEAD ( ! C\NTRY4 ,ONCE HE HAD BE5 *OS51 HE C\LD NOT OCCUPY ! POSITION AGA94 

,EA* ( ! T5 TRIBES ANNUALLY ELECT$ SIX HUNDR$ CITIZ5S TO S]VE AS 0JUDGES0--:AT WE W\LD CALL JURYM5--9 ! ,A!NIAN C\RTS4 ,EV]Y MORN+1 !Y TRUDG$ UP TO ! TEMPLE ( ,!SEUS1 :]E LOTS W]E DRAWN = ! TRIALS ( ! DAY4 ,EA* C\RT CONSI/$ ( AT LEA/ #ba JURYM5 & ! TRIALS W]E FAIR BY ANY HI/ORICAL /&>D ( JURIDICAL PRACTICE4 

,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ?IS WAS A REM>KABLE SY/EM ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T2 RUN ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY AMATEURS1 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS R$UC$ ! =MULATION & ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC POLICY TO A COMPLETELY PUBLIC AFFAIR4 0,H]E IS NO PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 NO CLASS ( SKILL$ POLITICIANS1 NO BUREAUCRACY2 NO BODY ( M51 LIKE ! ,ROMAN ,S5ATE1 :O ALONE UND]/OOD ! SECRETS ( ,/ATE1 & W]E LOOK$ UP TO & TRU/$ AS ! GA!R$ WISDOM ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY10 OBS]VES ,W4 ,W>DE ,F[L]4 0,AT ,A!NS !RE WAS NO DISPOSITION1 & 9 FACT NO NE$1 TO TRU/ ! EXP]I5CE ( ANY ONE2 EA* MAN 5T]$ 9TELLIG5TLY 9TO ! DETAILS ( HIS [N TEMPOR>Y DUTIES1 & DIS*>G$ !M1 AS F> AS WE CAN TELL1 ) 9DU/RY & 9TEGRITY40 ,OV]DRAWN AS ?IS VIEW MAY BE = A CLASS SOCIETY ?AT REQUIR$ SLAVES & D5I$ WOM5 ANY ROLE 9 ! POLIS1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ,F[L]'S ACC\NT IS ESS5TIALLY ACCURATE4 

,9DE$1 ! GREATNESS ( ! A*IEVEM5T LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ,A!NS1 DESPITE ! SLAVE1 PATRI>*AL & CLASS FEATURES IT %>$ ) CLASSICAL SOCIETY1 AS A :OLE DEVELOP$ 9TO A WORK+ DEMOCRACY 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! T]M4,NO LESS SIGNIFICANT1 & P]HAPS CONSOL+ = \R [N TIME1 IS ! FACT ?AT ?IS A*IEVEM5T OCCURR$ :5 IT SEEM$ ?AT ! POLIS HAD *>T$ A HEADLONG C\RSE T[>D SOCIAL DECAY4 ,AT ITS BE/1 ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY GREATLY MODIFI$ ! MORE ABUSIVE & 9HUMAN FEATURES ( ANCI5T SOCIETY4 ,! BURD5S ( SLAV]Y W]E SMALL BY COM-P>ISON ) O!R HI/ORICAL P]IODS1 EXCEPT :5 SLAVES W]E EMPLOY$ 9 CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4 ,G5]ALLY1 SLAVES W]E ALL[$ TO ACCUMULATE !IR [N FUNDS2 ON ! YEOMAN F>M/EADS ( ,ATTICA !Y G5]ALLY WORK$ UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS & %>$ ! SAME FOOD AS !IR MA/]S2 9 ,A!NS1 !Y W]E 9DI/+UI%ABLE 9 DRESS1MANN] & BE>+ FROM CITIZ5S--A S\RCE ( IRONICAL COMM5T BY =EIGN VISITORS4 ,9 MANY CRAFTS1 SLAVES NOT ONLY WORK$ SIDE BY SIDE ) FREEM51 BUT OCCUPI$ SUP]VISORY POSITIONS OV] FREE WORK]S AS WELL AS O!R SLAVES4 

,ON BALANCE1 ! IMAGE ( ,A!NS AS A SLAVE ECONOMY :I* BUILT ITS CIVILIZATION & G5]\S HUMANI/IC \T-LOOK ON ! BACKS ( HUMAN *ATTELS IS FALSE--0FALSE 9 ITS 9T]PRETATION ( ! PA/ & 9 ITS CONFID5T PESSIMISM AS TO ! FUTURE1 WILLFULLY FALSE1 ABOVE ALL1 9 ITS CYNICAL E/IMATE ( HUMAN NATURE10 OBS]VES ,$W>D ,ZIMM]MAN40,SOCIETIES1 LIKE M51 CANNOT LIVE 9 COMP>TM5TS4 ,!Y CANNOT HOPE TO A*IEVE GREATNESS BY MAK+ AM5DS 9 !IR USE ( LEISURE = ! LIVES !Y HAVE BRUTALIZ$ 9 ACQUIR+ IT4 ,>T1 LIT]ATURE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & ALL O!R GREAT PRODUCTS ( A NATION'S G5IUS1 >E NO M]E DELICATE GR[?S ( A SEQUE/]$ HO?\SE CULTURE2 !Y MU/ BE /URDILY ROOT$1 & F9D CONT9UAL N\RI%M5T1 9 ! BROAD COMMON SOIL ( NATIONAL LIFE4 ,?AT1 IF WE >E LOOK+ = LESSONS1 IS ONE WE MI<T LE>N FROM ANCI5T ,GREECE40 

,9 ,A!NS1 ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY EM]G$ AS ! F9AL PRODUCT ( A SWEEP+ SOCIAL TRANSITION4 ,9 ,P>IS1 MORE ?AN TWO MILL5NIA LAT]1 IT EM]G$ AS ! LEV] ( SOCIAL TRANSITION ITSELF1 AS A REVOLUTION>Y =M & AN 9SURRECTION>Y =CE4 ,! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( ! E>LY #a#g#iS PLAY$ ! SAME ROLE AS ORGANS ( /RUGGLE AS ! ,SOVIETS ( #aie &#a#i#a#g1 ) ! DECISIVE DIFF]5CE ?AT RELATIONS )9 ! SECTIONS W]E NOT M$IAT$ BY A HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE4,SOV]EIGNTY RE/$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ASSEMBLIES !M-SELVES1 NOT ABOVE !M4 

,! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM ! VOT+ SY/EM E/ABLI%$ = ELECTIONS TO ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL4 ,9#a#g#h#i ! MON>*Y HAD DIVID$ ! CAPITAL 9TO SIXTY ELECTORAL DI/RICTS1 EA* ( :I* =M$ AN ASSEMBLY ( SO-CALL$ 0ACTIVE0 OR TAXPAY+ CITIZ5S1 ! ELIGIBLE VOT]S ( ! CITY4 ,!SE PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES W]E EXPECT$ TO ELECT A BODY ( ELECTORS :I*1 9 TURN1 WAS TO *OOSE ! SIXTY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CAPITAL4 ,AFT] P]=M+ !IR ELECTORAL FUNCTIONS1 ! ASSEMBLIES W]E REQUIR$ TO DISAPPE>1BUT !Y REMA9$ ON 9 DEFIANCE ( ! MON>*Y & CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES 9TO P]MAN5T MUNICIPAL BODIES4,BY DEGREES !Y TURN$ 9TO NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES ( ALL0ACTIVE0 CITIZ5S1 V>Y+ 9 =M1 SCOPE & P[] FROM ONE DI/RICT TO ANO!R4 

,! MUNICIPAL LAW ( ,MAY #agi REORGANIZ$ ! SIXTY DI/RICTS 9TO =TY-EI<T SECTIONS4 ,! LAW WAS 9T5D$ TO CIRCUMSCRIBE ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 BUT ! SECTIONS SIMPLY IGNOR$ IT4 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO BROAD5 !IR BASE & EXT5D !IR CONTROL OV] ,P>IS4 ,ON ,JULY #c1 #a#g#i#b1 ! ,!AT]-,FRANCAIS SECTION SWEPT ASIDE ! DI/9CTION BE-TWE5 0ACTIVE0 & 0PASSIVE0 CITIZ5S1 9VIT+ ! POORE/ & MO/ DE/ITUTE ( ! SANS-CULOTTES TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ASSEMBLY4 ,O!R SECTIONS FOLL[$ ! ,!AT]-,FRANCAIS1& FROM ?IS P]IOD ! SECTIONS BECAME AU!NTIC POPUL> ORGANS--9DE$ ! V]Y S\L ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ! SECTIONS :I* CON/ITUT$ ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE ( ,AUGU/ #a1 :I* ORGANIZ$ ! ATTACK ON ! ,TUIL]IES & F9ALLY ELIM9AT$ ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y2 IT WAS ! SECTIONS :I* DECISIVELY BLOCK$ ! EF=TS ( ! ,GIROND9S TO R\SE ! PROV9CES AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS2 IT WAS ! SECTIONS :I*1 BY CEASELESS PRODD+1 BY !IR UN5D+ DELEGATIONS & BY >M$ DEMON/RATIONS1 PROVID$ ! REVOLUTION ) ITS REM>K-ABLE LEFTW>D MOM5TUM AFT] #a#g#i#a4 

,! SECTIONS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT M]ELY FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS2 !Y REPRES5T$ G5U9E =MS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AT ! HI< PO9T ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 !Y TOOK OV] ! COMPLETE ADM9I/RATION ( ! CITY4 ,9DIVIDUAL SECTIONS POLIC$ !IR [N NEI<BORHOODS1 ELECT$ !IR [N JUDGES1 W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD1PROVID$ PUBLIC AID TO ! POOR1 & CONTRIBUT$ TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,) ! DECL>ATION ( W> 9 ,APRIL #agib ! SECTIONS TOOK ON ! ADD$ TASKS ( 5ROLL+ VOLUNTE]S = ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY & C>+ = !IR FAMILIES1 COLLECT+ DONATIONS = ! W> EF=T1 & EQUIPP+ & PROVISION+ 5TIRE BATTALIONS4,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! 0MAXIMUM10 :5 CONTROLS W]E E/ABLI%$ OV] PRICES & WAGES TO PREV5T A RUNAWAY 9FLATION1 ! SECTIONS TOOK RESPONSIBILITY = ! MA9T5ANCE ( GOV]NM5T-FIX$ PRICES4 ,TO PROVISION ,P>IS1 ! SECTIONS S5T !IR REPRES5TATIVES TO ! C\NTRYSIDE TO BUY & TRANSPORT FOOD & SEE TO ITS DI/RIBUTION AT FAIR PRICES4 

,IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ?IS COMPLEX ( EXTREMELY IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES WAS UND]TAK5 NOT BY PR(ESSIONAL BUREAUCRATS BUT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 BY ORD9>Y %OPKEEP]S & CRAFTSM54 ,! BULK ( ! SECTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES W]E DIS*>G$ AFT] WORK+ H\RS1 DUR+ ! FREE TIME ( ! SECTION MEMB]S4 ,! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( ! SECTIONS USUALLY MET DUR+ ! EV5+S 9 NEI<BORHOOD *UR*ES4 ,ASSEMBLIES W]E ORD9>ILY OP5 TO ALL ! ADULTS ( ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 P]IODS ( EM]G5CY1 ASSEMBLY MEET+S W]E HELD DAILY2 SPECIAL MEET+S C\LD BE CALL$ AT ! REQUE/ ( FIFTY MEMB]S4,MO/ ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES W]E DIS*>G$ BY COMMITTEES1 BUT ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES E/ABLI%$ ALL ! POLICIES ( ! SECTIONS1 REVIEW$ & PASS$ UPON ! WORK ( ALL ! COMMITTEES1 & REPLAC$ (FIC]S AT WILL4 

,! =TY-EI<T SECTIONS W]E COORD9AT$ ?R\< ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL ( ! CAPITAL4,:5 EM]G5CIES >OSE1 SECTIONS (T5 COOP]AT$ ) EA* O!R DIRECTLY1 ?R\< AD HOC DELEGATES4 ,?IS =M ( COOP]ATION FROM BEL[ NEV] CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO A P]MAN5T RELATION%IP4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION NEV] BECAME AN OV]BE>+1 OSSIFI$ 9/ITUTION2 IT *ANG$ ) ALMO/ EV]Y IMPORTANT POLITICAL EM]G5CY1& ITS /ABILITY1 =M & FUNCTIONS DEP5D$ L>GELY UPON ! WI%ES ( ! SECTIONS4 ,9 ! DAYS PREC$+ ! UPRIS+ ( ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#g#i#b1 = EXAMPLE1 ! SECTIONS SIMPLY SUSP5D$ ! OLD MUNICIPAL C\NCIL1 CONF9$ ,PETION1 ! MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 &1 9 ! P]SONS ( !IR 9SURRECTION>Y COMMISSION]S1 TOOK OV] ALL ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,COMMUNE & ! COMM& ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4,ALMO/ ! SAME PROC$URE WAS FOLL[$ N9E MON?S LAT] :5 ! ,GIROND9 DEPUTIES W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,CONV5TION1 ) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT ! ,COMMUNE1 & ,PA*E1 ! MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 GAVE !IR CONS5T 7AFT] SOME P]SUASIVE 0GE/URES07 TO ! UPRIS+ ( ! RADICAL SECTIONS4 

,HAV+ RELI$ ON ! SECTIONS TO FA/5 !IR HOLD ON ! ,CONV5TION1 ! ,JACOB9S BEGAN TO RELY ON ! ,CONV5TION TO DE/ROY ! SECTIONS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #agic ! ,CONV5TION LIMIT$ SECTION ASSEMBLIES TO TWO A WEEK2 ?REE MON?S LAT] ! SECTIONS W]E DEPRIV$ ( ! RI<T TO ELECT JU/ICES ( ! PEACE & DIVE/$ ( !IR ROLE 9 ORGANIZ+ RELIEF WORK4 ,! SWEEP+ C5TRALIZATION ( ,FRANCE1 :I* ! ,JACOB9S UND]TOOK BETWE5 #agic &#a#g#i#d1 COMPLET$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SECTIONS4 ,! SECTIONS W]E D5I$ CONTROL OV] ! POLICE & !IR ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES W]E PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( SAL>I$ BUREAUCRATS4 ,BY ,JANU>Y #agid ! VITALITY ( ! SECTIONS HAD BE5 ?OR\<LY SAPP$4 ,AS ,MI*ELET OB-S]VES3 0,! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! SECTIONS W]E DEAD1& ALL !IR P[] HAD PASS$ TO !IR REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 :I*1 !MSELVES BE+ NO LONG] ELECT$ BODIES1BUT SIMPLY GR\PS ( (FICIALS NOM9AT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES1 HAD NOT MU* LIFE 9 !M EI!R40 ,! SECTIONS HAD BE5 SUBV]T$ BY ! V]Y REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S !Y HAD RAIS$ TO P[] 9 ! ,CONV5TION4 ,:5 ! TIME CAME = ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,SA9T-,JU/ & ,LEBAS TO APPEAL TO ! SECTIONS AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION1 ! MAJORITY DID VIRTUALLY NO?+ 9 !IR BEHALF4 ,9DE$1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,GRAVILLI]S SECTION--! M5 :O HAD SO E>NE/LY SUPPORT$ ,JACQUES ,R\X & ! 5RAGES 9 #a#g#i#c--V9DICTIVELY PLAC$ !IR >MS AT ! S]VICE ( ! ,!RMIDORIANS & M>*$ AGA9/ ! ,ROBESPI]RI/S--! ,JACOB9 LEAD]S1:O1 A FEW MON?S E>LI]1 HAD DRIV5 ,R\X TO SUICIDE & GUILLOT9$ ! SPOKESM5 ( ! LEFT4 

,F,R,O,M 0,H,],E0 ,T,O 0,!,R,E0 

,! FACTORS :I* UND]M9$ ! ASSEMBLIES ( CLASSICAL ,A!NS & REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS REQUIRE V]Y LITTLE DISCUSSION4 ,9 BO? CASES ! ASSEMBLY MODE ( ORGANIZATION WAS BROK5 UP NOT ONLY FROM )\T1 BUT ALSO FROM )9--BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 ,!RE >E NO =MS1 H[EV] CLEV]LY CONTRIV$1 ?AT CAN OV]-COME ! CONT5T ( A GIV5 SOCIETY4 ,LACK+ ! MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 ! TE*NOLOGY & ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T TO OV]COME CLASS ANTAGONISMS AS SU*1,A!NS & ,P>IS C\LD A*IEVE AN APPROXIMATION ( ! =MS ( FRE$OM ONLY TEMPOR>ILY--& ONLY TO DEAL ) ! MORE S]I\S ?REAT ( COMPLETE SOCIAL DECAY4 ,A!NS HELD ON TO ! ECCLESIA = SEV]AL C5TURIES1 MA9LY BE-CAUSE ! POLIS /ILL RETA9$ A LIV+ CONTACT ) TRIBAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION2 ,P>IS DEVELOP$ ITS SECTIONAL MODE ( ORGANIZATION = A P]IOD ( SEV]AL YE>S1 L>GELY BE-CAUSE ! SANS-CULOTTES HAD BE5 PRECIPIT\SLY SWEPT TO ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION BY A R>E COMB9ATION ( =TUNATE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,BO? ! ECCLESIA & ! SECTIONS W]E UND]M9$ BY ! V]Y CONDITIONS !Y W]E 9T5D$ TO *ECK--PROP]TY1 CLASS ANTAGONISMS & EXPLOITATION--BUT :I* !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( ELIM9AT+4 ,:AT IS REM>K-ABLE AB\T !M IS ?AT !Y WORK$ AT ALL1 CONSID]+ ! 5ORM\S PROBLEMS !Y FAC$ & ! =MIDABLE OB/ACLES !Y HAD TO OV]COME4 

,IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ,A!NS & ,P>IS W]E L>GE CITIES1 NOT PEASANT VILLAGES2 9DE$1 !Y W]E COMPLEX1 HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ URBAN C5T]S BY ! /&>DS ( !IR TIME4 ,A!NS SUPPORT$ A POPULATION ( MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A MILLION1 ,P>IS OV] SEV5 HUNDR$ ?\S&4,BO? CITIES W]E 5GAG$ 9 WORLDWIDE TRADE2 BO? W]E BURD5$ BY COMPLEX LOGI/ICAL PROBLEMS2 BO? HAD A MULTITUDE ( NE$S ?AT C\LD BE SATISFI$ ONLY BY A FAIRLY ELABORATE SY/EM ( PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,AL?\< EA* HAD ONLY A FRACTION ( ! POPULATION ( PRES5T-DAY ,NEW ,YORK OR ,LONDON1 !IR ADVANTAGES ON ?IS SCORE W]E MORE ?AN CANCEL$ \T BY !IR EXTREMELY CRUDE SY/EMS ( COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORTATION1 & BY ! NE$1 9 ,P>IS AT LEA/1 = MEMB]S ( ! ASSEMBLY TO DEVOTE ! GREAT] P>T ( ! DAY TO BRUTE TOIL4 ,YET ,P>IS1 NO LESS ?AN ,A!NS1 WAS ADM9I/]$ BY AMATEURS3 BY M5 :O1 = SEV]AL YE>S & 9 !IR SP>E TIME1 SAW TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( A CITY 9 REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T4 ,! PR9CIPAL MEANS BY :I* !Y MADE !IR REVOLUTION1 ORGANIZ$ ITS CONQUE/S1 & F9ALLY SU/A9$ IT AGA9/ C\NT]REVOLUTION AT HOME & 9VASION ABROAD1 WAS ! NEI<BORHOOD PUBLIC ASSEMBLY4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT !SE ASSEMBLIES & ! COMMITTEES !Y PRODUC$ W]E 9EFFICI5T OR TE*NICALLY 9COMPET5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y AWAK5$ A POPUL> 9ITIATIVE1 A RESOLUT5ESS 9 ACTION1 & A S5SE ( REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSE ?AT NO PR(ESSIONAL BUREAUCRACY1H[EV] RADICAL ITS PRET5SIONS1 C\LD EV] HOPE TO A*IEVE4,9DE$1 IT IS WOR? EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ,A!NS F\ND$ ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY1 MA!MATICS1 DRAMA1 HI/ORIOGRAPHY & >T1 & ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS CONTRIBUT$ MORE ?AN ITS %>E TO ! CULTURE ( ! TIME & ! POLITICAL ?\<T ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,! >5A = !SE A*IEVEM5TS WAS NOT ! TRADITIONAL /ATE1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND A BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS1 BUT A SY/EM ( UNM$IAT$ RELATIONS1 A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY ORGANIZ$ 9TO PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES4 

,! SECTIONS PROVIDE US ) A R\< MODEL ( ASSEMBLY ORGANIZATION 9 A L>GE CITY & DUR+ A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION FROM A C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL /ATE TO A POT5TIALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,! ECCLESIA PROVIDES US ) A R\< MODEL ( ASSEMBLY ORGANIZATION 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,! WORD 0MODEL0 IS US$ DELIB]ATELY4,! ECCLESIA & ! SECTIONS W]E LIV$ EXP]I5CES1 NOT !ORETICAL VISIONS4 ,BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS !Y VALIDATE 9 PRACTICE MANY AN>*IC !ORETICAL SPECULATIONS ?AT HAVE (T5 BE5 DISMISS$ AS 0VISION>Y0 & 0UNREALI/IC40 

,! GOAL ( DISSOLV+ PROP]TI$ SOCIETY1 CLASS RULE1 C5TRALIZATION & ! /ATE IS AS OLD AS ! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( PROP]TY1 CLASSES & /ATES4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 ! REBELS C\LD LOOK BACKW>D TO CLANS1 TRIBES & F$]ATIONS2 IT WAS /ILL A TIME :5 ! PA/ WAS CLOS] AT H& ?AN ! FUTURE4 ,!N ! PA/ REC$$ COMPLETELY FROM MAN'S VISION & MEMORY1 EXCEPT P]HAPS AS A L+]+ DREAM ( ! 0GOLD5 AGE0 OR ! 0,G>D5 ( ,$540"9 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! V]Y NOTION ( LIB]ATION BECOMES SPECULATIVE & !ORETICAL1 & LIKE ALL /RICTLY !ORETICAL VISIONS ITS CONT5T WAS P]MEAT$ ) ! SOCIAL MAT]IAL ( ! PRES5T4 ,H5CE ! FACT ?AT ,UTOPIA1 FROM ,MORE TO ,BELLAMY1 IS AN IMAGE NOT ( A HYPO!TICAL FUTURE1 BUT ( A PRES5T DRAWN TO ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( RATIONALITY--OR ABSURDITY4 ,UTOPIA HAS SLAVES1 K+S1 PR9CES1 OLIG>*S1 TE*NOCRATS1 ELITES1 SUBURBANITES & A SUB/ANTIAL PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,EV5 ON ! LEFT1 IT BECAME CU/OM>Y TO DEF9E ! GOAL ( A PROP]TYLESS1 /ATELESS SOCIETY AS A S]IES ( APPROXIMATIONS1 ( /AGES 9 :I* ! 5D 9 VIEW WAS ATTA9$ BY ! USE ( ! /ATE4 ,M$IAT$ P[] 5T]$ 9TO ! VISION ( ! FUTURE2 WORSE1 AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA 9DICATES1 IT WAS /R5G!N$ TO ! PO9T :]E ! /ATE TODAY IS NOT M]ELY ! 0EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE0( A SPECIFIC CLASS BUT A HUMAN CONDITION4 ,LIFE ITSELF HAS BECOME BUREAUCRATIZ$4 

,9 5VISION+ ! COMPLETE DISSOLUTION ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY1 WE CANNOT GET AWAY FROM ! QUE/ION ( P[] -- BE IT P[] OV] \R [N LIVES1 ! 0SEIZURE ( P[]10 OR ! DISSOLUTION ( P[]4 ,9 GO+ FROM ! PRES5T TO ! FUTURE1 FROM 0H]E0 TO 0!RE10 WE MU/ ASK3 :AT IS P[]8 ,UND] :AT CONDITIONS IS IT DISSOLV$8 ,& :AT DOES ITS DISSOLUTION MEAN8 ,H[ DO ! =MS ( FRE$OM1 ! UNM$IAT$ RELATIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 EM]GE FROM A /ATIFI$ SOCIETY1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! /ATE ( UNFRE$OM IS C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( ABSURDITY -- TO DOM9ATION = ITS [N SAKE8 

,WE BEG9 ) ! HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT NE>LY ALL ! MAJOR REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS BEGAN SPONTANE\SLY3 WITNESS ! ?REE DAYS ( 0DISORD]0 ?AT PREC$$ ! TAKE-OV] ( ! ,BA/ILLE 9 ,JULY #a#g#h#i1 ! DEF5SE ( ! >TILL]Y 9 ,MONTM>TRE ?AT L$ TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ! FAM\S 0FIVE DAYS0 ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! UPRIS+ ( ,B>CELONA 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ! TAKEOV] ( ,BUDAPE/ & ! EXPULSION ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,NE>LY ALL ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS CAME FROM BEL[1 FROM ! MOLECUL> MOVEM5T ( ! 0MASSES10 !IR PROGRESSIVE 9DIVIDUATION & !IR EXPLOSION -- AN EXPLOSION :I* 9V>IABLY TOOK ! AU?ORIT>IAN 0REVOLUTIONI/S0 COMPLETELY BY SURPRISE4 

,!RE CAN BE NO SEP>ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y GOAL4 ,A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELF-ADM9I/RATION MU/ BE A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS IMPLIES ! =G+ ( A SELF 7YES1 LIT]ALLY A =G+ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS7 & A MODE ( ADM9I/RATION :I* ! SELF CAN POSSESS4 ,IF WE DEF9E 0P[]0 AS ! P[] ( MAN OV] MAN1 P[] CAN ONLY BE DE/ROY$ BY ! V]Y PROCESS 9 :I* MAN ACQUIRES P[] OV] HIS [N LIFE & 9 :I* HE NOT ONLY 0DISCOV]S0 HIMSELF BUT1 MORE MEAN+FULLY1 =MULATES HIS SELFHOOD 9 ALL ITS SOCIAL DIM5SIONS4 

,FRE$OM1 SO CONCEIV$1 CANNOT BE 0DELIV]$0 TO ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ! 05D PRODUCT0 ( A 0REVOLUTION0 -- MU* LESS AS A 0REVOLUTION0 A*IEV$ BY SOCIAL-PHILI/9ES :O >E HYPNOTIZ$ BY ! TRAPP+S ( AU?ORITY & P[]4 ,! ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY CANNOT BE LEGISLAT$ OR DECRE$ 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,TO BE SURE1 A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P CAN PURPOSIVELY & CONSCI\SLY SEEK TO PROMOTE ! CREATION ( !SE =MS2 BUT IF ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY >E NOT ALL[$ TO EM]GE ORGANICALLY1 IF !IR GR[? IS NOT 9/IGAT$1 DEVELOP$ & MATUR$ BY ! SOCIAL PROCESSES AT WORK1 !Y WILL NOT BE REALLY POPUL> =MS4 ,ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY MU/ >ISE FROM )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ITSELF2 9DE$1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS MU/ BE ! =MATION ( ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY1 & ) IT1 ! DE/RUCTION ( P[]4 ,ASSEMBLY & COMMUNITY MU/ BECOME 0FI<T+ WORDS10 NOT DI/ANT PANACEAS4 ,!Y MU/ BE CREAT$ AS MODES ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXI/+ SOCIETY1 NOT AS !ORETICAL OR PROGRAMMATIC AB/RACTIONS4 

,IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE TO /RESS ?IS PO9T /RONGLY 5\<4 ,! FUTURE ASSEMBLIES ( PEOPLE 9 ! BLOCK1 ! NEI<BORHOOD OR ! DI/RICT -- ! REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONS TO COME -- WILL /& ON A HI<] SOCIAL LEVEL ?AN ALL ! PRES5T-DAY COMMITTEES1 SYNDICATES1 P>TIES & CLUBS ADORN$ BY ! MO/ RES\ND+ 0REVOLUTION>Y0 TITLES4 ,!Y WILL BE ! LIV+ NUCLEI ( ,UTOPIA 9 ! DECOMPOS+ BODY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,MEET+ 9 AUDITORIUMS1 !AT]S1 C\RTY>DS1 HALLS1 P>KS & -- LIKE !IR =]UNN]S1 ! SECTIONS ( #agic -- 9 *UR*ES1 !Y WILL BE ! >5AS ( DEMASSIFICATION1 = ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS IS PEOPLE ACT+ AS 9DIVIDUALS4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! ASSEMBLY MAY BE FAC$ NOT ONLY ) ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE--! FAM\S PROBLEM (0DUAL P[]0--BUT ) ! DANG] ( ! 9CIPI5T /ATE4,LIKE ! ,P>IS SECTIONS1 IT WILL HAVE TO FI<T NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! T5D5CY TO CREATE M$IAT$ SOCIAL =MS4"9 ,! FACTORY COMMITTEES1:I* WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE ! =MS ?AT WILL TAKE OV] 9DU/RY1 MU/ BE MANAG$ DIRECTLY BY WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 NEI<BORHOOD COMMIT-TEES1 C\NCILS & BO>DS MU/ BE ROOT$ COMPLETELY 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY4 ,!Y MU/ BE ANSW]ABLE AT EV]Y PO9T TO ! ASSEMBLY2 !Y & !IR WORK MU/ BE UND] CONT9UAL REVIEW BY ! ASSEMBLY2 & F9ALLY1 !IR MEMB]S MU/ BE SUBJECT TO IMM$IATE RECALL BY ! ASSEMBLY4 ,! SPECIFIC GRAVITY ( SOCIETY1 9 %ORT1 MU/ BE %IFT$ TO ITS BASE--! >M$ PEOPLE 9 P]MAN5T ASSEMBLY4 

,AS LONG AS ! >5A ( ! ASSEMBLY IS ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS CITY1 ! REVOLUTION IS FAC$ ) A RECALCITRANT 5VIRONM5T4 ,! B\RGEOIS CITY1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE & /RUCTURE1 FO/]S C5TRALIZATION1 MASSIFICATION & MANIPULATION4 ,9ORGANIC1 G>GANTUAN1 & ORGANIZ$ LIKE A FACTORY1! CITY T5DS TO 9HIBIT ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ORGANIC1R\ND$ COMMUNITY4 ,9 ITS ROLE AS ! UNIV]SAL SOLV5T1! ASSEMBLY MU/ TRY TO DISSOLVE ! CITY ITSELF4 

,WE CAN 5VISION Y\NG PEOPLE R5EW+ SOCIAL LIFE JU/ AS !Y R5EW ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,LEAV+ ! CITY1 !Y BEG9 TO F\ND ! NUCLE> ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES TO :I* OLD] PEOPLE REPAIR 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S4 ,L>GE RES\RCE POOLS >E MOBILIZ$ = !IR USE2 C>EFUL ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS & SUGGE/IONS >E PLAC$ AT !IR DISPOSAL BY ! MO/ COMPET5T & IMAG9ATIVE PEOPLE AVAILABLE4 ,! MOD]N CITY BEG9S TO %RIVEL1 TO CONTRACT & TO DISAPPE>1 AS DID ITS ANCI5T PROG5ITORS MILL5NIA E>LI]4 ,9 ! NEW1 R\ND$ ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY1 ! ASSEMBLY F9DS ITS AU!NTIC 5VIRONM5T & TRUE %ELT]4 ,=M & CONT5T N[ CORRESPOND COMPLETELY4 ,! J\RNEY FROM 0H]E0 TO 0!RE10 FROM SECTIONS TO ECCLESIA1 FROM CITIES TO COMMUNITIES1 IS COMPLET$4 ,NO LONG] IS ! FACTORY A P>TICUL>IZ$ PH5OM5ON2 IT N[ BECOMES AN ORGANIC P>T ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT IS NO LONG] A FACTORY4 ,! DISSOLUTION ( ! FACTORY 9TO ! COMMUNITY COMPLETES ! DIS-SOLUTION ( ! LA/ VE/IGES ( PROP]TI$1 ( CLASS1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ( M$IAT$ SOCIETY 9TO ! NEW POLIS4 ,& N[ ! REAL DRAMA ( HUMAN LIFE CAN UNFOLD1 9 ALL ITS BEAUTY1 H>MONY1 CREATIVITY & JOY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,=MS ( ,FRE$OM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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