,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,EMILE ,>M& 
,TRANSLATION ( ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,EMILE ,>M& 

#aicc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMILE ,>M& 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,EMILE ,>M& 7#b#f? ( ,M>* #a#h#g#b-#a#i? ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#b7 WAS ! SON ( A =M] ,COMMUN>D1 ?AT IS A P>TICIPANT 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #ahga ?AT E/ABLI%$ ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 & WAS = A TIME A WELL-KN[N ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ :O MOV$ ?R\< MANY ASSOCIATIONS & PUBLICATIONS1 DEVELOP+ HIS [N ?\<TS & BELIEFS4 ,9 HIS E>LY DAYS HE WAS SYMPA!TIC TO A =M ( ,*RI/IAN ,HUMANISM BE=E BECOM+ 9T]E/$ 9 ,FRANCE'S DIV]SE ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,HE EV5TUALLY SETTL$ ON & WAS CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) :AT'S CALL$ ,9DIVIDUAL ,AN>*ISM4 ,AN ,AN>*I/IC PHILOSOPHY ?AT C5T]S FREE 9DIVIDUALS AS ! F\NDATIONS ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 & AS ! S\RCE ( ! SOLUTIONS TO ! EVILS ( \R CURR5T SOCIETY1 W>1 DOM9ATION1 EXPLOITATION1 CAPITALISM1 PATRI>*Y ETC4 

0,IF WE W]E ANIMALS1 H]D$ TOGE!R 9 A /OCKADE1 !N ! EAT+ P>T W\LD BE ! ONLY REAL ?+ ?AT W\LD 9T]E/ US1 & IT W\LD NOT BE SO IMPORTANT AS TO :E!R ! TR\< IS COLOR$ ,BOL%EVIK-R$ OR ,FASCI/-BLACK 7TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT !RE IS AT ALL A TR\<71 :E!R ! FOOD-DI/RIBUTOR C>RIES UPON HIS CAP A SOVIET-/> OR A FASCI/ 9SIGNIA OR A SWA/IKA1 ! MA9 ?+ W\LD BE ! EAT+ P>T4 

,BUT :5 ONE DOESN'T CONSID] ONESELF AS A /OCKADE-ANIMAL1 :5 ONE DOESN'T PLACE ! EAT+ ABOVE ONE'S DET]M9$1 SELF-ACKN[L$G$1 EV]-DEVELOP+ P]SONALITY & ITS TRAITS1 !N ! 5TIRE PROGRAM *ANGES40 

.<,EMILE ,>M&1 ,9DIVIDUAL & ,DICTATOR%IP1 #a#i#c#e.> 

,9DIVIDUAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,9DIVIDUALISM AS ITS COMMONLY KN[N HAD /RONG FOLL[+S 9 ,FRANCE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DUR+ ! LATE #a#i? & E>LY #b? C5TURIES4 ,IT >OSE P>TLY AS A RESPONSE & CRITIQUE ( ! MORE OR?ODOX ,SOCIALI/ & ,AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES4 ,!RE W]E MANY DIFF]5T TYPES ( ,9DIVIDUALI/ !ORY BUT 9 G5]AL ITS ?RU/ WAS TO 5C\RAGE ,AN>*I/S TO LIVE AS CLOSELY TO !IR IDEALS AS POSSIBLE 9 ! PRES5T4 ,ESS5TIALLY ACT AS LIV+ PROPAG&A BY %[+ IT WAS POSSIBLE -- 5JOYABLE EV56 -- TO LIVE 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON MUTUAL RESPECT & LIB]TY4 

,:ILE CONV9C+ O!RS ( ! CORRECTNESS ( AN ,AN>*I/IC IDEAL WAS IMPORTANT TO HIM HE DID NOT LIMIT HIMSELF TO WRIT+1 ?\< HE C]TA9LY DID A LOT ( ?AT4 ,HE WAS A V]Y ACTIVE SPEAK] ATT5D+ MANY MEET+S & CONF]5CES4 ,HE WAS ALSO NO /RANG] TO ! LAW1 BE+ S5T TO PRISON SEV]AL TIMES 9 HIS LIFE1 ! FIR/ TIME 9 #aig = C\NT]FEIT+ MONEY1 !N AGA9 9 #aiag = HIS SUPPORT ( DES]TION1 ,>M& WAS NOT ONLY AN OPPON5T ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BUT ALSO A F\ND+ MEMB] ( ! ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,LEAGUE 7E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#a71 !N AGA9 9 ,JANU>Y #aid = ?REE MON?S1 & %ORTLY AFT] RELEASE WAS 9T]R$ 9 SEV]AL CAMPS = #af MON?S1 BE+ RELEAS$ 9 #a#i#d#a4 ,HE ALSO WASN'T AFRAID TO TACKLE SOCIAL TABOOS & WAS AN E>LY ADVOCATE = SEXUAL LIB]ATION1 ONE ( HIS MORE 9FAM\S /ANCES WAS HIS DEF5SE ( NUDISM & BELIEF ?AT IT HOLDS REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 

0,IT SEEMS TO US TO BE SOME?+ ELSE 5TIRELY ?AN A HYGI5IC FITNESS EX]CISE OR A 0NATURI/0 R5EWAL4 ,= US1 NUDISM IS A REVOLUTION>Y DEM&4 ,REVOLUTION>Y 9 A TRIPLE S5SE3 AFFIRMATION1 PROTE/1 LIB]ATION40 

.<,REVOLUTION>Y ,NUDISM #a#i#c#d.> 

,9 %ORT1 HE'S A V]Y 9T]E/+ *>ACT]4 ,BUT HE SEEMS TO HAVE FALL5 9TO OBSCURITY 9 ,5GLI% SPEAK+ CIRCLES4 ,I DISCOV]$ ! FOLL[+ PAMPHLET :ILE BR[S+ ! WEB/ORE ( AN ,ESP]ANTO WORK]S ASSOCIATION1 & PICK$ IT UP ON A :IM4 ,I WAS SURPRIS$ ,I WAS ABLE TO READ MO/ ( IT & ?AT MANY ( MY DIFFICULTIES W]E TO DO ) ! SUBJECTS & NOT ! LANGUAGE US$4 ,! PAMPHLET WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#c#c1 ! ,ESP]ANTO TRANSLATION 9 #a#i#h#i1 & IT CONC]NS ! PHILOSOPHICAL ORIG9S ( ,AN>*ISM ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 

,ITS AN 9T]E/+ TOPIC & ,I LE>N$ QUITE A BIT READ+ IT & 9 *ECK+ TO MAKE SURE MY TRANSLATION WAS AS ACCURATE AS C\LD BE4 ,I />T$ TRANSLAT+ IT AS AN EX]CISE TO IMPROVE MY SKILLS ) ,ESP]ANTO1 BUT AT ! TIME ( WRIT+ HAV5'T F\ND ?IS PAMPHLET 9 ,5GLI%1 AP>T FROM A TRANSLATION ( A LAT] PASSAGE ON ! WEBSITE ,LIB]T>IAN ,LABYR9? :I* WAS TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,FR5* LANGUAGE V]SION BUT WAS USEFUL TO ME 9 PRO( READ+4 ,?\< !RE W]E A FEW ISSUES ) ! TEXT = A MOD]N & G5]AL AUDI5CE4 

,I DON'T KN[ IF ?IS IS ! CASE BUT ,I /RONGLY SUSPECT ?AT 0,LES PRECURSEURS DE L'AN>*ISME0 WAS WRITT5 PURELY = ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 IT DOESN'T BO!R TO EXPLA9 :AT ,AN>*ISM IS DIRECTLY & RELIES ON 9F]5CE FROM ! PEOPLE & WORKS IT CITES1 SO ,I'VE ADD$ A DEF9ITION ?AT ,>M& US$ 9 ANO!R WORK4 ,IT ALSO ASSUM$ ?AT ! READ] W\LD BE AS FAMILI> ) PHILOSOPHY AS ,>M& WAS & SO HE'S A BIT LI<T ON BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT 9 SOME >EAS1 SO ,I'VE US$ FOOTNOTES TO FILL 9 SOME ( ! GAPS1 ?\< ,I RECOMM5D 9 ! EV5T ( CONFUSION TURN+ TO ! WEB CAN BE 9/RUCTIVE1 MO/ ( ! NAM$ P]SONS & WORKS HAVE SOME?+ 9 ,5GLI% ?AT CAN BE F\ND1 ?\< WORRY+LY ,I C\LD F9D V]Y LITTLE ON SOME ( !M4 ,9 ADDITION TO FOOTNOTES ! TEXT 9 .<.> >E COMM5TS BY ME TO FUR!R HELP FILL 9 ! GAPS4 

,I'M ALSO 9CLUD+ A %ORT GLOSS>Y ( KEY T]MS SOME ( :I* HAS LESS RELEVANCE TO ?IS TEXT BUT %\LD HELP NEW READ]S 9 ACCESS+ ,>M&'S O!R TEXTS & TEXTS BY O!R AU?ORS AB\T ,AN>*ISM4 

,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS ( ,EMILE ,>M&'S O!R TEXTS CAN BE F\ND ONL9E AT ! ,AN>*I/ ,LIBR>Y & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LABYR9?4 

,R$DEBREK 

,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,AN>*ISM 

0,TO BE AN AN>*I/ IS TO D5Y AU?ORITY & REJECT ITS ECONOMIC COROLL>Y3 EXPLOITATION -- & ?AT 9 ALL ! DOMA9S :]E HUMAN ACTIVITY IS EX]T$4 ,! AN>*I/ WI%ES TO LIVE )\T GODS OR MA/]S2 )\T PATRONS OR DIRECTORS2 A-LEGAL1 )\T LAWS AS )\T PREJUDICES2 AMORAL1 )\T OBLIGATIONS AS )\T COLLECTIVE MORALS4 ,HE WANTS TO LIVE FREELY1 TO LIVE HIS [N IDEA ( LIFE40 

.<,?IS DEF9ITION ( ,AN>*ISM IS TAK5 FROM ,EMILE ,>M&'S ,M9I-MANUAL ( ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*ISM1 WRITT5 9 #a#i#a#a.> 

,ANTIQUITY 

,WE DO NOT KN[ EXACTLY -- & :AT DOCUM5TS C\LD TELL US8 -- :5 GOV]NM5T OR /ATE AU?ORITY BEGAN4 ,SOME ATTRIBUTE MANY REASONS TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AU?ORITY4 ,AS ! PEOPLE =M$ MORE & MORE NUM]\S GR\PS1 DID IT PROVE NECESS>Y TO 5TRU/ ! ADM9I/RATION ( MATT]S & ! SOLUTION ( ! DISPUTES TO ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T OR ! MO/ FE>$3 WIZ>DS & PRIE/S8 ,S9CE PRIMITIVE GR\PS HAVE G5]ALLY BE5 HO/ILE TO EA* O!R1 HAS !RE BE5 A NE$ TO C5TRALIZE 5VIRONM5TAL DEF5SE 9 ! H&S ( SEV]AL OR ONE *OS5 FROM AMONG ! BRAVE/ OR BRAVE/ W>RIORS8 ,EI!R WAY1 IT SEEMS ?AT AU?ORITY EXI/$ BE=E 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP4 ,AU?ORITY OBVI\SLY RUL$ :ILE ! L&S1 OBJECTS & 9 SOME CASES EV5 ! *ILDR5 & WOM5 W]E PROP]TY ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! REGIME ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY -- ! POSSIBILITY = A MEMB] ( ! COLLECTIVE3 #a3 TO SEIZE MORE L& ?AN IS NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT HIS FAMILY3 #b3 TO EXPLOIT ! SURPLUS BY MEANS ( ANO!R -- ONLY REF9$1 COMPLICAT$ & MADE MORE TYRANNICAL ! AU?ORITY :E!R !OCRATIC OR ESS5TIALLY MILIT>Y4 

,DID ! PRIMITIVES' REBEL AGA9/ EV5 ?IS RUDIM5T>Y AU?ORITY ?AT EXI/$ AMONG PRIMITIVE GR\PS8 ,W]E !RE OBJECTORS1 DISOB$I5T 9 ?OSE TIMES :5 ! CLIMATIC PH5OM5A W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO SUP]IOR P[]S1 H]E GOOD1 N[ UNFAVORABLE1 :5 !Y RELAT$ ! CREATION ( MAN TO A SUP]NATURAL 5TITY8 ,!SE MY?S %[ ?AT HUMANITY WAS NOT ALWAYS PLEAS$ TO BE PLAY?+S 9 ! H& ( ! DEITY & A SLAVE ( !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 = EXAMPLE ! MY?S ( ,SATAN & ,PROME!US1 REBEL ,ANGELS & ,TITANS4 ,EV5 LAT]1 :5 ! ADM9I/RATION & ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY WAS FIRMLY F\ND$1 DEMON/RATIONS BROKE \T1 :I* :ILE MA9TA9+ A PEACEFUL *>ACT]1 NEV]!LESS TE/IFI$ TO REBELLION4 ,ONE CAN CLASSIFY UND] ?IS TYPE ! SATIRICAL SC5ES & COM$IES1 ,ROMAN ,SATURNALIA & ,*RI/IAN C>NIVALS ETC4 ,MANY FABLES CIRCULAT$ AMONG ! PEOPLE :O LI/5$ JOY\SLY1 SOMETIMES FROM *ILDHOOD1 :I* ALL %>$ ! SAME !ME1 ! VICTORY ( ! WEAK OV] !IR SUBJUGATORS & ! POOR TRIUMPH+ OV] ! TYRANNY ( ! RI*4 

,GREEK ,ANTIQUITY1 ) ,GORGIAS.<#a.> D5Y+ ALL DOGMAS2 ) ,>I/IPPUS F\ND] ( ! S*OOL ( ,H$ONISM1 = :I* !RE IS NO O!R GOOD ?AN PLEASURE1 ! PRES5T ACTUAL PLEASURE1 :ATEV] ITS ORIG92 ) ! ,CYNICS 7,DIOG5ES & ,CRATES ( ,!BES7 ) ! ,/OICS 7,Z5O1 ,*YRSIPPUS & !IR S]VANTS74 ,GREEK ANTIQUITY BIR!D PEOPLE :O CRITICIZ$ & !N REJECT$ ! RECEIV$ VALUES4 

,S9CE ! D5IAL ( ! VALUES ( ,HELL5IC CULTURE ! ,CYNICS HAVE REA*$ ! D5IAL ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS3 M>RIAGE1 HOMEL&1 FAMILY1 PROP]TY1 /ATE4 ,BEH9D ! B>REL & LANT]N ( ,DIOG5ES LAY SOME?+ O!R ?AN MOCK]Y & WITTICISM4 ,DIOG5ES PI]C$ ) HIS %>P S>CASMS ! MO/ P[]FUL & FE>$ AMONG ?OSE :O HAD TORN FROM EA* O!R ! REMNANTS ( ! DY+ ,A!NS4 ,UND\BT$LY ,PLATO1 SC&ALIZ$ BY HIS ULTRA-POPUL> S]MONS CALL$ HIM 0DELIRI\S ,SOCRATES02 BY LOOK+ AT MANUAL LABOR AS EQUAL TO 9TELLECTUAL LABOR1 DECL>+ !MSELVES CITIZ5S ( ! WORLD1 LOOK+ UPON ,G5]ALS AS 0,DONKEY DRIV]S0 MAK+ RIDICUL\S SUP]/ITIONS1 9CLUD+ ! ,DEMON ( ,SOCRATES1 R$UC+ ! OBJECT ( LIFE TO ! EX]CISE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORAL P]SON1 ! ,CYNICS C\LD CLAIM AS ITS MA/]1 DOCTORS ( ! S\L1 H]OES ( FRE$OM & TRU?4 ,FROM ! SOCIAL VIEWPO9T ! ,CYNICS W]E COMMUNALI/S1 & ?IS PR9CIPLE ( !IRS APPLI$ NOT JU/ TO OBJECTS BUT TO PEOPLE1 A CONCEPT DE> TO MANY DIFF]5T PHILOSOPHIES4 

,! CYNICS1 & ESPECIALLY ,DIOG5ES 9 P>TICUL>1 W]E REBUK$ = BE+ PR\D ( !IR ISOLATION1 POS+ AS ROLE MODELS1 & EXAGG]AT+ 9 !IR WAY ( LIFE1 :I* WAS A SORT ( D5IAL ( ANY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,DIOG5ES HAD REPLI$ BE=E3 0,I AM ! SAME AS ! *OIRMA/]S :O =CE ! TONE TO BE PICK$ UP BY ! /UD5TS40 

,! FIR/ TEA*+ ( ,Z5O1 ?AT ( ! 0,/OIC0 GREATLY RESEMBL$ ! TEA*+ ( ! ,CYNICS4 ,Z5ON 9 HIS 0,TREATISE ON ! ,REPUBLIC0 PU%$ AGA9/ ! CU/OMS1 ! LAWS1 SCI5CE & >TS1 & AT ! SAME TIME PROMOT$ ! COMMUNITY ( F>M]S LIKE ,PLATO HAD DONE4 ,! F\NDATION ( ! ,/OIC SY/EM IS ?AT ! GOOD ( MAN IS FRE$OM1 & ?AT FRE$OM IS CONQU]$ ONLY BY FRE$OM4 ,A ,SAGE IS SYNONYM\S ) A FREE MAN3 HE [ES HIS GOOD TO HIMSELF & DEP5DS ONLY ON HIMSELF4 ,%IELD$ BY ! BL[S ( FATE1 9 EV]Y?+ 9S5SITIVE1 SELF-CONTROLL$1 NE$+ ONLY HIMSELF1 HE F9DS 9 HIMSELF B\NDLESS S]5ITY1 FRE$OM1 HAPP9ESS4 ,HE IS NO LONG] A MAN4 ,HE IS A GOD & MORE ?AN A GOD1 BECAUSE ! HAPP9ESS ( ! SAGE IS ! PRIVILEGE ( HIS NATURE1 :ILE ! ,SAGE IS HAPPY1 HE IS ! CONQU]OR ( HIS FRE$OM6 ,Z5O LOGICALLY D5I$ ! OMNIPOT5CE & TRU/EE%IP ( ! /ATE3 MAN IS A LAW UNTO HIMSELF & 9DIVIDUAL H>MONY IS BORN FROM ! H>MONY ( A COLLECTIVE4 ,H$ONISM1 ,CYNICISM1 ,/OICISM SET UP ! 0NATURAL RI<T0 = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DISPOSE1 AGA9/ ! 0>TIFICIAL RI<T0 :I* TURNS HIM 9TO A TOOL ( ! /ATE4 ,Z5O US$ ?IS !ORY TO HIT BACK JU/ AS ! ,CYNICS HAD ALREADY DONE ! EXCESSIVE NATIONALISM ( ! ,GREEKS1 & TO PROMOTE A SOCIAL 9/9CT1 A NATURAL 9/9CT ?AT W\LD ALL[ MAN TO REA* \T TO ASSOCIATE ) O!R PEOPLES4 ,WE C\LD CONSID] ! ,CYNICS & ! ,/OICS ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONALI/S4 

,MIDDLE ,AGES 

,!SE IDEAS AB\T 0NATURAL RI<T01 0NATURAL LAW01 0NATURAL RELIGION0 HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY MANY PHILOSOPH]S4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! TRIUMPH ( ,*RI/IANITY WAS NOT AS COMPLETE AS WAS CLAIM$ BY ! 9C5SE BURN]S4 ,MANY H]ETICS APPE>$1 SOME ( !M1 \T ( CAUTION1 CLOAK$ !MSELVES ) RELIGI\S MASKS & DISGUIS$ !IR IDEAS UND] A RELIGI\S %ELL4 

,TAKE = EXAMPLE ! ,GNO/IC ,C>POCRATES ( ,ALEX&RIA1 F\ND] ( ! SECT ( ! ,C>POCRATIANS1 :OSE SON ,EPIPHANES CODIFI$ ! :OLE DOCTR9E 9 HIS WORK ,ON ,RI<TE\SNESS4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 DIV9E JU/ICE EXI/S 9 ! COMMUNITY ?R\< EQUALITY4 ,AS ! SUN IS SET BY NO ONE1 SO BE IT ) ALL ?+S1 ALL PLEASURES4 ,IF ,GOD HAS GIV5 US A DESIRE1 IT IS SO WE CAN SATISFY IT1 NOT RE/RICT IT2 LIKEWISE1 ! O!R LIV+ BE+S ON ! E>? DO NOT CURB !IR APPETITES4 

,! ,C>POCRATIANS W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE EV]YONE'S RI<T TO ALL ?+S1 TO ! EXTREME CONSEQU5CE1 & TRI$ TO PRACTICE IT4 ,!Y W]E SEEM+LY EXT]M9AT$4 ,AL?\< SURVIV+ WRIT+ 9DICATES ?AT ,C>POCRATIAN T5D5CIES /ILL EXI/$ 9 ,CYR5E ,NOR? ,AFRICA UNTIL ! #f? ,C5TURY4 

,EXT]M9AT$ OR NOT1 ! ,C>POCRATIANS HAD FOLL[]S4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ IF ! 9ITIATES ( ! SIMIL> SECTS ACCEPT$ !IR CONCEPTS OR ADOPT$ SIMIL> IDEAS3 DISC>D+ ALL AU?ORITY1 :E!R OR NOT !Y W]E 0ORGANIZ$0 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y /YLE4 ,BUT IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! RUL+ POLITICAL REGIME REG>D$ !M AS IRRECONCILABLE 5EMIES4 ,!RE WAS A NETWORK ( CONNECT$ SECRET SOCIETIES 9 EXI/5CE ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 :OSE TRAVEL+ MEMB]S W]E ACCEPT$ AS BRO!RS BY ! O!R ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!Y W]E TAU<T 9 SECRET1 & ! MANY LEGAL P5ALTIES AGA9/ ?OSE :O W]E DISCOV]$ & VICTIMIZ$ BY !IR PROPAG&A AMPLY DEMON/RATE ?IS4 ,V]Y SADLY1 !IR TRUE OP9IONS >E UNKN[N TO US4 ,WE ONLY TALK AB\T !IR CRIMES 787 ,OR !IR DEVIATIONS 7874 

,AT ! ,SYNOD ( ,ORLEANS 7#a#b#b7 #aa ,C>POCRATIANS 7,ALBIG5SIANS.<#b.>7 W]E BURN$ TO DEA?1 ACCUS$ ( PRACTIC+ FREE LOVE4 ,9 #a#c1 9 ,MONT=T NE> ,TUR91 H]ETICS >E ACCUS$ ( DECL>+ !MSELVES AGA9/ RELIGI\S C]EMONIES & RITES1 AGA9/ M>RIAGE1 ! KILL+ ( ANIMALS & W]E SUPPORT]S ( A COMMUNE TO WORK ! L&4 ,9 #aeb 9 ,GOSL>1 A SMALL NUMB] ( H]ETICS W]E BURN$1 BECAUSE !Y HAD DECL>$ !IR OPPOSITION TO ! KILL+ ( ALL LIV+ ?+S1 ,I4E41 AGA9/ W>1 MURD] & ! SLAU<T]+ ( ANIMALS4 ,9 #abac ,WALD5SIANS.<#c.> W]E BURN$ 9 ,/RASB\RG BECAUSE !Y PROMOT$ FREE LOVE & COMMUNAL LIV+ ON ! L&4 ,!Y W]E NOT 0S*OL>S0 BUT SIMPLE CRAFTSM51 WEAV]S1 %OEMAK]S1 C>P5T]S1 MASONS1 ETC4444 

,RELY+ ON A PASSAGE FROM ,/ ,PAUL'S ,EPI/LE TO ! ,GALATIANS 0,IF YE BE L$ BY ! ,SPIRIT1 YE > NO LONG] UND] ! LAW10 MANY SECTS PLAC$ MAN ABOVE ! LAW4 ,M5 & WOM5 TOOK A VIEWPO9T SIMIL> 5\< TO ! ,C>POCRATIANS1 & F9ALIZ$1 9 PRACTICE1 A TYPE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 :I* !Y EXP]I5C$ AS MU* AS !Y C\LD1 9 MORE OR LESS OCCULT COLONIES UND] ! ?REAT ( RU?LESS OPPRESSION4 ,AMALRIC ( ,B5A1 NE> ,*>TES TAU<T HIS IDEAS 9 ,SORBONNE 9 ! #a#c? C5TURY4 ,HE HAD DISCIPLES MORE 5]GETIC ?AN HIMSELF1 AMONG !M WAS ,ORTLIEB ( ,/RASB\RG :O MADE HIS DOCTR9E ( ,PAN!I/IC-AN>*ISM KN[N )9 ! ,G]MAN /ATES1 :]E !Y F\ND 5?USIA/IC & CONV9C$ SUPPORT]S :O ORGANIZ$ UND] ! NAME 0,BRUD] UND ,S*WE/]N DES ,FREI5 ,GEI/ES0 7,BRO!RS & SI/]S ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT74 ,:I* ,MAX ,BE] 9 HIS 0,HI/ORY ( ,SOCIALISM0 CONSID]S !M TO BE A =M ( ,AN>*I/-9DIVIDUALI/S1 :O KEPT !MSELVES \TSIDE ( SOCIETY1 ITS LAWS1 MORALS & CU/OMS1 & ORGANIZ$ A SEP>ATE SOCIETY ?AT WAS RU?LESSLY OPPOS$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 

,I IMAG9E6 ,= ,AMALRIC ( ,B5E & HIS FOLL[]S1 ,GOD WAS F\ND 9 ,JESUS AS WELL AS 9 ! PAGAN ?9K]S & POETS HE SPOKE ?R\< ! M\? ( ,OVID1 AS WELL AS ?R\< ?AT ( ,/4 ,AUGU/9E4 ,SU* PEOPLE W]E NOT WOR? LIV+6 

,9 ! H]ESIES IT IS NECESS>Y TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! ,PAN!I/IC ,AN>*ISM ( ,AMALRIC1 :OSE FOLL[]S CONSID]$ !MSELVES ELEM5TS ( ! HOLY SPIRIT1 DISC>D+ ALL ASCETICISM1 ALL MORAL TRU?S1 SITUAT$ SO TO SPEAK BEYOND GOOD & EVIL1 & ! HEIRS ( ! ,MANI*EAN AGNO/ICISM ( ! ,ALBIG5SIANS1 ASCETICS :O ASPIR$ TO VICTORY OV] MATT]4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ALWAYS EASY TO SEE ! EXACT L9E BETWE5 !M4 ,! ,CA?OLIC HI/ORIAN ,DOLL+] :O HAS /UDI$ ! HI/ORY ( ALL ( !SE SECTS1 DID NOT HESITATE TO DECL>E ?AT IF !Y HAD BE5 VICTORI\S 7MA9LY CONC]N+ ! ,WALD5SIANS & ,ALBIG5SIANS7 ! RESULT W\LD BE A G5]AL REV]SAL & COMPLETE RETURN ( PAGAN B>B>ITY & 9DISCIPL9E4 

,TO ! FIR/ PAN!I/IC-AN>*I/ GR\P WE L9K ! ,ANTW]P H]ESY ( 0,TAN*ELM01 ?AT ( ! 0,KLOEFF]S0 ( ,FL&]S1 ( ! ,PIC>DS OR ,ADAMS 7RADIAT+ TO ,BOHEMIA71 ( ! 0,LOI/50 ALSO FROM ,ANTW]P2 ,EV]Y:]E !RE >E PEOPLE OR ASSOCIATIONS :O WANT TO REACT AGA9/ ! PR$OM9ANT SY/EM1 REPRES5T$ ESPECIALLY BY ,CA?OLICISM1 :OSE DIGNIT>IES BEHAV$ SC&AL\SLY1 KEEP+ PRO/ITUTION AT BAY1 RUL$ BRO!LS & GAMBL+ H\SES1 W]E >M$ & F\<T LIKE PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S4 

,I AGREE COMPLETELY ) ,MAX ,NETTLAU ?AT AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ,S\!RN ,FRANCE1 ! PROV9CES ( ! ,ALBIG5SES1 P>T ( ,G]MANY REA*+ \T TO ,BOHEMIA1 L&S WA%$ BY ! L[] ,RH9E AS F> AS ,HOLL& & ,FL&]S1 C]TA9 PORTIONS ( ,5GL& & ,ITALY1 & F9ALLY ,CATALUNYA W]E OV]RUN ) SECTS ?AT ATTACK$ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,M>RIAGE1 ,FAMILY & ,PROP]TY4 

,?IS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5T DID NOT JU/ SPREAD 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,>M5IA BY ,TS*AMS*IANG 7,V5ICE #a#g#i#e71 WE READ AB\T A ,P]SIAN H]ETIC BY ! NAME ( ,MDUSIK1 :O REJECT$ 0ALL LAW & ALL AU?ORITY0444 ,9 ! ,LIT]>Y ,SUPPLEM5T ( ! ,TEMPS ,NEUVEUX 7,P>IS ,VOL ,I,I1 PG #e#e#f-#g7 CONTA9S AN >TICLE TITL$ 0,ONE ,=]UNN] ( ,AN>*ISM01 9 :I* ! ,TURKI% WRIT] ,DR ,ABDULLAH ,DJEVDET 9TRODUCES A ,SYRIAN POET FROM ! #a#e? C5TURY ,EBR-,ALA-EL-,MU>RI4 

,! ,R5AISSANCE 

,WE >E APPROA*+ ! ,R5AISSANCE2 IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ! ,CA?OLICS ) ! AID ( ! SECUL> /ATE ANNIHILAT$ & R$UC$ TO IMPOT5CE ! PAN!I/IC-AN>*I/ H]ETICS4 ,! ,PROTE/ANTS DID NOT %[ M]CY TO ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 A K9D ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S F\ND$ ON AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ,JOHN ( ,LEID5 9 ,MUN/] DISAPPE>$ LI<TN+ FA/4 ,! OLD WORLD HAD TO B[ ITS HEAD UND] ! OMNIPOT5CE ( A /ATE ?AT WAS /RONG] & MORE C5TRALIZ$ ?AN 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA1 H[EV]1 IGNIT$ ! SPIRIT ( ! ?9K]S & ORIG9ALS1 :OSE /ATE ( M9D WAS NOT CRU%$ UND] ! LAM9ATE ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 

,!Y TALK$ ( A HAPPY ISL&1 AB\T ,EL ,DORADO'S1 ,>CADIAS4 ,9 HIS 0,COSMOGRAPHY0 7#a#e#d#d7 ,SEBA/IAN ,MUN/] DESCRIB$ ! 9HABITANTS ( ! 0,NEW ,ISL&S01 0,:]E ONE LIVES FREE FROM ALL AU?ORITY1 :]E ONE KN[S NEI!R JU/ICE NOR 9JU/ICE1 :]E NO ONE PUNI%ES MISDEMEANORS1 :]E P>5TS DO NOT RULE OV] !IR *ILDR51 NO K9D ( LAW1 FRE$OM 9 SEXUAL RELATIONS4 ,NO TRACE ( ANY ,GOD1 NOR ( ANY BAPTISM1 NOR ( ANY WOR%IP04 ,TO !SE ASPIRATIONS = LIB]TY1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO ADD ! ,FREE ,MASONS & ! DIFF]5T ORD]S ( ,ILLUM9ATION4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT G5IUS ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ,FRANCOIS ,RABELAIS ) HIS ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME 7,G>GANTUA ,I4 #e#b_/#e#g7.<#d.> CAN BE EQUALLY REG>D$ AS AMONG ! =]UNN]S ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS PROCLAIM$ HIM 0\R GREAT ANCE/OR04 ,C]TA9LY1 9 ?AT BOOKI% 5VIRONM5T IT'S TRUE ?AT HE T5D$ TO NEGLECT ! ECONOMIC SIDE1 & ?AT HE [$ MORE TO HIS C5TURY ?AN HE IMAG9$4 ,C]TA9LY1 HE PA9T$ HIS REF9$ E/ATE ) ! SAME SPIRIT AS ,?OMAS ,MORE1 9 HIS 0,UTOPIA10 HIS IDEALIZ$ ,5GL&1 & AS ,COMPANELLA1 9 HIS 0,CITY ( ! ,SUN10 HIS ,ITALIAN & !OCRATIC REPUBLIC1 OR AS ! AU?OR4 ( 0,K+DOM ( ,ANTANGIL0 7! FIR/ ,FR5* UTOPIA1 #a#e#a#f7 HIS ,PROTE/ANT CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,?AT DOESN'T /OP ,RABELAIS1 9 ,!LEME ,ABBEY1 FROM PA9T+ AN UNAU?ORIZ$ LIFE4 ,IT IS RECALL$ ?AT ,G>GANTUA DID NOT WANT TO BUILD 0WALLS >\ND IT04 0,EV51 & NOT )\T REASON1 APPROV$ BY ! MONK1 :]E A WALL IS 9 FRONT & BEH9D1 !RE IS A LOT ( MURMUR1 5VY & DUMB CONSPIRACY0444 ,! TWO SEXES DID NOT /& /ILL & SPEE*LESS444 !Y W]E DRESS$ 9 A SIMIL> ORNAM5T4440 

,ALL !IR LIVES W]E OCCUPI$ ) LAWS1 /ATUTES1 REGULATIONS4 ,BUT ACCORD+ TO !IR GOOD WILL OR FREE WILL2 !Y ROSE :5 !Y PLEAS$1 DRANK1 ATE1 WORK$1 SLEPT :5 !Y FELT LIKE IT4 ,NO ONE WOKE !M UP1 NO ONE =CIBLY =C$ !M TO DR9K1 EAT1 OR DO ANY?+4 ,?US SETTL$ ! ,G>GANTUA AFFAIR4 ,& !IR RULE WAS JU/ ?AT CLAUSE3 0DO :AT ?\ WILT10 = FREE M51 WELL-BORN1 WELL-$UCAT$1 CONV]S+ ) %AMEFUL COMPANIONS1 NATURALLY HAVE AN 9/9CT & A /+ :I* PU%ES !M TO VIRTU\S DE$S1 & DRAWS !M AWAY FROM ! WICK$NESS !Y CALL$ HONOR4 ,!RE >E ?OSE :O1 DUE TO TRIVIAL DOM9ATION & CO]CION1 ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DIV]T$ FROM !IR NOBLE 9CL9ATIONS TO T5D VIRTUES1 MEAN:ILE WE HAVE DISC>D$ ?AT S]VILE YOKE2 = ALWAYS UND]TAKE =BIDD5 ?+S1 & COVET ?AT :I* IS D5I$ US4 ,) ?AT FRE$OM1 !Y IMM]S$ !MSELVES 9 COMPETITION TO DO :ATEV] PLEAS$ !M4 ,IF SOMEONE SAID 0,LET'S DR9K0 EV]YONE DRANK1 IF SOMEONE SAID 0LET'S PLAY0 EV]YONE PLAY$4 ,IF !Y SAID 0LET'S GO TO ! FIELD0 EV]YONE W5T !RE4 

,RABELAIS WAS MORE ,UTOPIAN4 ,ANO!R PR$ECESSOR ( ,AN>*Y -- & A FAM\S ONE -- IS UND\BT$LY ,LA ,BOETIE 7,ETI5NE OR ,E/I5NE DE ,LA ,BOETIE7 9 HIS 0,AGA9/ ,ONE0 OR 0,DISC\RSES ON ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VITUDE0 7#a#e#g#g7 :OSE MA9 IDEA IS ! REFUSAL TO S]VE TYRANTS1 :OSE P[] SPR+S FROM ! VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE ( ! PEOPLE4 0,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT ! FIRE FROM A SMALL SP>K WILL 9CREASE & BLAZE EV] HI<] AS LONG AS IT F9DS WOOD TO BURN2 YET )\T BE+ QU5*$ BY WAT]1 BUT M]ELY BY F9D+ NO MORE FUEL TO FE$ ON1 IT CONSUMES ITSELF1 DIES D[N1 & IS NO LONG] A FLAME4 ,! SAME GOES = ! TYRANTS3 ! MORE !Y >E GIV5 & S]V$1 ! MORE !Y GA9 NEW =CES TO ANNIHILATE & DE/ROY EV]Y?+4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF NO?+ IS GIV5 TO !M1 IF !Y >E NOT OBEY$1 )\T BL[1 )\T BATTLE1 !Y REMA9 NAK$ & DEFEAT$1 & >E ANNIHILAT$2 LIKE A ROOT ?AT )\T JUICE1 )\T FOOD1 DRIES UP & DIES40 0,FIRMLY DECIDE ?AT Y\ WILL NO LONG] S]VE1 & Y\ >E ALREADY FREE04 

,LA ,BOETIE DID NOT PROPOSE A WELL-DEF9$ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,YET HE SPEAKS AB\T NATURE :I* HAS SEEM+LY MADE ALL M5 9 ! SAME =M & MOLD 444 0,IF 9 DI/RIBUT+ H] GIFTS NATURE HAS FAVOR$ SOME MORE ?AN O!RS ) RESPECT TO BODY OR SPIRIT1 %E HAS NEV]!LESS NOT PLANN$ TO PLACE US )9 ?IS WORLD AS IF IT W]E A FIELD ( BATTLE1 & HAS NOT 5D[$ ! /RONG] OR ! CLEV]] 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY ACT LIKE >M$ BRIG&S 9 A =E/ & ATTACK ! WEAK]4 ,ONE %\LD RA!R CONCLUDE ?AT 9 DI/RIBUT+ L>G] %>ES TO SOME & SMALL] %>ES TO O!RS1 NATURE HAS 9T5D$ TO GIVE OCCASION = BRO!RLY LOVE TO BECOME MANIFE/1 SOME ( US HAV+ ! /R5G? TO GIVE HELP TO O!RS :O >E 9 NE$ ( IT4 ,H5CE1 S9CE ?IS K9D MO!R HAS GIV5 US ! :OLE WORLD AS A DWELL+ PLACE1 HAS LODG$ US 9 ! SAME H\SE1 HAS FA%ION$ US ACCORD+ TO ! SAME MODEL SO ?AT 9 BEHOLD+ ONE ANO!R WE MI<T ALMO/ RECOGNIZE \RSELVES2 S9CE %E HAS BE/[$ UPON US ALL ! GREAT GIFT ( VOICE & SPEE* = FRAT]NAL RELATION%IP1 ?US A*IEV+ BY ! COMMON & MUTUAL /ATEM5T ( \R ?\<TS A COMMUNION ( \R WILLS2 & S9CE %E HAS TRI$ 9 EV]Y WAY TO N>R[ & TI<T5 ! BOND ( \R UNION & K9%IP2 S9CE %E HAS REVEAL$ 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE MANN] H] 9T5TION1 NOT SO MU* TO ASSOCIATE US AS TO MAKE US ONE ORGANIC :OLE1 !RE CAN BE NO FUR!R D\BT ?AT WE >E ALL NATURALLY FREE1 9ASMU* AS WE >E ALL COMRADES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 IT %\LD NOT 5T] ! M9D ( ANYONE ?AT NATURE HAS PLAC$ SOME ( US 9 SLAV]Y1 S9CE %E HAS ACTUALLY CREAT$ US ALL 9 ONE LIK5ESS40 ,FROM ?IS WE CAN D$UCE A TOTAL SOCIAL SY/EM4 

.<,QUOTATIONS >E FROM ,DISC\RSES ON ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VITUDE.> 

,MOD]N ,TIMES 

,MON>*Y BECAME MORE & MORE ABSOLUTE4 ,L\IS ,X,I,V R$UC$ HALF ( ! 09TELLIG5TSIA0 TO A /ATE ( S]VITUDE & =C$ ! O!R HALF TO TURN TO ! ,DUT* PRESS4 ,9 ! 0,LONG+ ( 5SLAV$ ,FRANCE1 :I* ASPIRES TO FRE$OM0 7#a#f#h#i-#a#f#i7 & SIMIL> WORKS APPE>$ 9 ,AM/]DAM1 AMONG :I* CAN BE F\ND A FEW EXPRESSIONS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,!Y HAD TO WAIT A LITTLE = ,DID]OT1.<#e.> TO HE> ?AT PHRASE :I* SUFFICI5TLY EXPRESSES ! :OLE ( ,AN>*ISM4 0,I NEI!R WANT TO GIVE NOR RECEIVE LAWS04 ,9 HIS CONV]SATION BETWE5 A FA!R & HIS SONS 7COMPLETE WORKS ,VOL4#e PAGE #c#a7 HE GAVE PREC$5CE TO ! MAN ( NATURE OV] ! MAN ( LAW1 & TO HUMAN REASON OV] ?AT ( ! LEGISLATOR4 ,EV]YONE REMEMB]S ! PHRASE ( ,M>E*ALE3 0,EVIL IS ?AT :I* DOES MORE H>M ?AN ADVANTAGES1 GOOD IS ! OPPOSITE1 IT HAS MORE ADVANTAGES ?AN H>M04 ,& ! P>T+ WORDS ( ! OLD MAN 9 ! 0,SUPPLEM5T TO ! ,VOYAGE ( ,B\GA9VILLE0 ,Y\ TWO >E *ILDR5 ( NATURE1 :AT RI<TS DO Y\ HAVE OV] HIM1 :I* HE DOES NOT HAVE OV] Y\80 ,/IRN] :O CAME LAT]1 W\LD NOT SAY IT BETT]4 

,9 ! 0,REVUE ,SOCIALI/0 ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#h1 ,B5OIT ,MALON .<! F\ND] & $ITOR.> D$ICAT$ #a PAGES TO ,DON ,DES*AMPS A ,B5$ICT9E MONK FROM ! #a#h? C5TURY1 A PR$ECESSOR TO ,HEGELIANISM1 TRANS=MISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 

,& F9ALLY1 ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL1 POET1 AU?OR1 LIBR>IAN 7#a#g#e-#a#h#c7 :O WAS ! FIR/ TO JOY\SLY PROCLAIM AN>*I/ IDEAS1 AL?\< TA9T$ ) ,>CADIANISM4 ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL WAS A POLITICAL AU?OR1 :O TACKL$ ALL K9DS ( SUBJECTS4 0,%EPH]DS ,POEMS0 9 7,B]G]IES7#a#g#g1 & 0,ANACREONTIC ,SONGS0 7,*ANSONS ANACREONTIQUES7 9 #a#g#g1 & 9 #aggi HE SUCCESSFULLY RELEAS$ PIECES ON 0,MORAL ,POEM AB\T ,GOD0 7,FRAGM5TS D'UN POEME MORAL SUR ,DIEU7 0,! ,MOD]N ,PIBRAC0 7,LE ,PIBRAC ,MOD]NE7 9 #a#g#h#a1 & 9 #a<b 0,! ,GOLD5 ,TIME0 7,L',AGE D',OR 7 & 0,%EP>D'S ,FABLES02 9 #a<d 0,BOOK ESACP$ FROM ! DELUGE0 7,LIVRE E*APPE DU DELUGE7 OR 0,NEWLY ,DISCOV]$ ,PSALMS04 ,9 #a<h AS A SUBLIBR>IAN AT ! ,MAZ>9 ,LIBR>Y1 HE PUBLI%$ 0,ALMANAC ( ,HONE/ ,M50 7,ALMANA* DES ,HONNETES ,G5S7 9 :I* HE REPLAC$ ! NAMES ( ,SA9TS ) ?OSE ( FAM\S M5 & WOM54 ,HE PLACES ,JESUS ,*RI/ BETWE5 ,EPICURUS & ,N9ON DE L',5CLOS4 ,= ?IS1 ! ,ALMANAC WAS CONDEMN$ TO BE BURN$ BY ! H& ( ! EXECUTION] & ! AU?OR S5T TO ,/4 ,LAZ>E 7,A PRISON 9 ,FRANCE7 :]E HE REMA9$ = F\R MON?S4 ,9 #a<h HIS 0,MOD]N ,APOLOGIES = ! ,CR[N ,PR9CE07,APOLOGUES MOD]NES1 A L'USAGE D'UN DAUPH97 APPE>$4 ,9 !M IS ! /ORY ( A ,K+ :O1 FOLL[+ A CATACLYSM1 RETURNS HOME EA* ( HIS SUBJECTS1 ORD]+ ?AT1 FROM N[ ON1 ! HEAD ( EV]Y FAMILY BE K+ 9 HIS HOME4 ,9 ?AT WORK !RE IS ! =MULA ( A 0G5]AL /RIKE0 AS A ME?OD = E/ABLI%+ A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! E>? IS ! COMMON POSSESSION ( ALL ITS 9HABITANTS1 :]E 0,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 ,PEACE & ,9NOC5CE0 RULE4 ,9 0,! ,TRIUMPHANT ,TYRANNY0 HE IMAG9ES A PEOPLE ?AT SURR5D] !IR CITIES TO >M$ B&S ( SOLDI]S & SEEK REFUGE 9 ! M\NTA9S1 :]E DIVID$ 9TO FAMILIES1 !Y WILL LIVE ) NO O!R MA/] ?AN NATURE1 ) NO O!R K+ BEYOND ! FAMILY HEADS1 =EV] R5\NC+ !IR TIME 9 ! CITIES ) ITS CO/LY BUILD+S1 EA* /ONE ( :I* CAME FROM ! %$D+ ( TE>S & /A9$ ) BLOOD4 ,! SOLDI]S S5T TO BR+ ! M5 BACK TO !IR /RON<OLDS >E CONV]T$ TO FRE$OM1 & REMA9 ) ?OSE !Y HAD TO 5?RALL$ AGA91 RETURN+ !IR UNI=MS TO ! TYRANT1 :O DIES ( FURY & HUNG]1 DEV\R+ HIMSELF4 ,?IS IS 9DISPUTABLY A REM9D] ( 0,VOLUNT>Y ,S]FDOM40 

,9 #a#g#i1 HE PUBLI%$ ! 0,ALMANAC ( ,HONE/ ,WOM50 DECORAT$ ) A SATIRICAL 5GRAV+ ( ! ,DU*ESS ( ,POLIGNAC4.<#f.> ,BY EXAGG]AT+ ! 0,ALMANAC ( ! ,HONE/ ,M50 HE REPLAC$ EV]Y SA9T ) A FAM\S WOMAN4 ,!SE FAM\S WOM5 W]E SEP>AT$ 9TO #ab CLASSES OR 0G5RES0 AS HE PUT IT 7#a CLASS = #a MON?73 ,JANU>Y ,LESBIANS2 ,FEBRU>Y1 SEX WORK]S1 ETC 74447 ?IS V]Y R>E PAMPHLET IS F\ND ONLY 9 ! HELL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LIBR>Y4 

,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL GREET$ ! REVOLUTION ( #a<i ) RES]VATIONS4 ,! FIR/ AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] 9 ,FRANCE 0,! ,HUMANIT>IAN0,L',HUMANITAIRE7#a#h#d#a7 ASS]T$ ?AT HE DECL>$ ?AT SO LONG AS !RE W]E MA/]S & S]VANTS1 RI* & POOR1 !RE W\LD NEV] BE LIB]TY NOR EQUALITY4 

,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL CONT9U$ TO PROMOTE HIS WORKS1 9 #agia HE PUBLI%$ 0,MO!R ,NATURE AT ! ,HELM ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY0 7,DAME ,NATURE A LA B>RE DE L',ASSEMBLEE NATIONALE7 9 YE> ,I,I 7,REVOLUTION>Y CAL5D>7 OR #agic HE PUBLI%$ 0,! ,LA/ ,JUDGM5T ( ! ,K+S0 7,JUGEM5T D]NI] DES ROIS7 9 #agid 0,! ,FE/IVAL ( ,REASON0 7,LA ,FETE DE LA ,RAISON74 ,HE WORK$ ON ! J\RNALS 0,REVOLUTIONS ( ,P>IS0 0,! ,FRI5D ( ! ,REVOLUTION0 & 0,BULLET9 ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ,TRU?04 ,! ,H]B]TI/ ,*AUMATTE WAS A VICTIM ( ! ,T]ROR1 BUT ,M>E*AL ESCAP$ ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,HE W\LD HAVE ESCAP$ ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,!RMIDOREAN REACTION & ! ,DIRECTORY TOO1 HAD HE NOT GOTT5 9VOLV$ ) ! 0,MANIFE/O ( ,EQUALS0 OR SO IT IS CLAIM$4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! /ORM1 ,M>E*AL AGA9 TOOK UP ! P54 ,9 #agih HIS WORK 0,WOR%IP & ,LAWS ( A ,SOCIETY )\T ,GOD0 7,CULTE ET LOIS D'UNE SOCIETE D'HOMMES SANS ,DIEU74 ,9 #a#g#i#i1 0,! ,VOYAGES ( ,PY?AGORE0 7,LES ,VOYAGES DE ,PY?AGORE7 9 SIX VOLUMES4 ,9 #ah HE WROTE HIS GREAT WORK 0,DICTION>Y ( ,ANCI5T & ,MOD]N ,A!I/S0 7,DICTIONNAIRE DES ,A!ES ANCI5S ET MOD]NES7 :OSE SUPPLEM5T WAS WRITT5 BY ! A/RONOM] ,J]OME ,LAL&E4 ,F9ALLY 9 #ahg 0,ON ,VIRTUE0 7,DE LE ,V]TU7 PUBLI%$ PO/HUM\SLY1 :I* MAY HAVE BE5 PR9T$1 BUT DID NOT APPE>1 & :I* ,LAL&E US$ = HIS SECOND SUPPLEM5T TO ! 0,DICTION>Y ( ,A!I/S04 ,MOREOV]1 ,NAPOLEON =BADE ! FAM\S A/RONOM] FROM WRIT+ ANY?+ MORE ON ,A!ISM4 

,9 ,5GL&1 WE CONSID] ,G]>D ,W9/ANLEY & ! ,LEVEL]S AS ! PRECURSORS TO ,AN>*ISM4 ,JOHN ,LILBURNE1 ANO!R ,LEVEL] D5\NC$ AU?ORITY 0UND] ALL ITS =MS & ASPECTS02 HIS F9ES & T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T CANNOT BE C\NT$4 ,HE WAS EXIL$ TO ! ,NE!RL&S1 ?REE TIMES ! C\RT ACQUITT$ HIM1 ! LA/ TIME 9 #afac 7:ILE HE HAD BROK5 C\RT ORD]S71 ,CROMWELL KEPT HIM 9 CAPTIVITY = 0! GOOD ( ! C\NTRY0 9 #afef HE WAS RELEAS$ & BECAME A ,QUAK]1 :I* DID NOT PREV5T HIM FROM DY+ SOON AFT] 9 #afeg AT ! AGE ( #c#i4.<#g.> 

,>\ND #afe ,ROG] ,WILLIAMS MAKES HIMSELF KN[N1 AS ! GOV]NOR ( ! E>LY SETTLEM5TS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY E/ABLI% ! /ATE ( ,RHODE ,ISL&1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& ESPECIALLY ONE ( HIS P>TISANS ,WILLIAM ,H>RIS1 :O SPOKE \T AGA9/ ! IMMORALITY ( ALL E>?LY P[]S1 & ! CRIME ( ALL PUNI%M5TS4 ,W]E !Y MY/ICAL VISION>IES OR ISOLAT$ ,AN>*I/S8 ,! FIR/ ,QUAK]S W]E ALSO FIRMLY ANTI-,/ATE4 

,! ,DUT* ,PET] ,CORNELIUS ,HOCKBOY 7#a#f#e#h71 ! ,5GLI% ,JOHN ,BELL]S 7#a#f#i#e7 & ,SCOTTI% ,ROB]T ,WALLACE 7#a#g#f#a7 PROMOT$ VOLUNT>Y & COOP]ATIVE SOCIALISM4 ,9 HIS 0,PROSPECTS0 7,V>I\S ,PROSPECTS ( ,MANK9D1 ,NATURE1 & ,PROVID5CE7 ,ROB]T ,WALLACE CONCEIV$ ( A HUMANITY CONSI/+ ( MANY AUTONOM\S DI/RICTS4 ,! PROTE/ AGA9/ GOV]NM5TAL & AU?ORIT>IAN EXCESSES APPE>S 9 ALL K9DS ( PAMPHLETS & SATIRES1 %>P & \TSPOK51 :I* TODAY WE NO LONG] HAVE EXAMPLES4 ,IT IS 5\< TO CITE ! NAMES ,?OMAS ,HOBBES1 ,JOHN ,TOL&1 ,JOHN ,WILKES1 ,SWIFT1 ,DE ,FOE4 

,WE MU/ N[ TALK AB\T ! ,IRI%MAN ,$MUND ,BURKE & HIS WORK 0,V9DICATION ( ,NATURAL ,SOCIETY0 7#a#g#e#f7 -- A JU/IFICATION ( ! NATURAL SOCIETY -- :OSE FUNDAM5TAL IDEA IS ! FOLL[+3 ,:ATEV] ! =M ( GOV]NM5T1 NONE IS BETT] ?AN ANY O!R4 0,! V>I\S K9DS ( GOV]NM5TS COMPETE ) EA* O!R = ! ABSURDITY ( !IR CON/ITUTIONS & ! REPRESSION !Y 9FLICT ON !IR SUBJECTS444 ,EV5 ! FREE GOV]NM5TS HAVE EXP]I5C$ MORE CONFUSION & BLAM$ MORE UNQUE/IONABLY TYRANNICAL ACTIONS ?AN ! MO/ DESPOTIC GOV]NM5TS 9 HI/ORY40.<TRANSLATION ( TEXT.> 

0,! SEV]AL ,SPECIES ( ,GOV]NM5T VIE ) EA* O!R 9 ! ,ABSURDITY ( !IR ,CON/ITUTIONS1 & ! ,OPPRESSION :I* !Y MAKE !IR ,SUBJECTS 5DURE4 ,TAKE !M UND] :AT ,=M Y\ PLEASE1 !Y >E 9 EFFECT BUT A ,DESPOTISM1 & !Y FALL1 BO? 9 ,EFFECT & ,APPE>ANCE TOO1 AFT] A V]Y %ORT ,P]IOD1 9TO ?AT CRUEL & DETE/ABLE ,SPECIES ( ,TYRANNY2 :I* ,I RA!R CALL IT1 BECAUSE WE HAVE BE5 $UCAT$ UND] ANO!R ,=M1 ?AN ?AT ?IS IS ( WORSE ,CONSEQU5CES TO ,MANK9D40 .<,ACTUAL TEXT FROM ,5GLI% V]SION ( ,V9DICATION ( ,NATURAL ,SOCIETY.> 

,$MUND ,BURKE *ANG$ HIS WORDS4 ,9 HIS 0,REFLECTIONS0 7,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE7 ,HE PLAC$ HIMSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,PA9E1 A DEPUTY AT ! ,CONV5TION REPLI$ TO HIM ) 0,! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN0 7#a#g#i#a-#b74 ,BECAUSE ( HIS OPPOSITION TO ! EXECUTION ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,CONV5TION & IMPRISON$4 ,HE B>ELY MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! ,GUILLOT9E4 ,HE MADE USE ( HIS TIME 9 PRISON TO WRITE 0,! ,AGE ( ,REASON0 7#a#g#i#e74 0,AT ALL /AGES SOCIETY IS GOOD1 BUT EV5 AT ITS BE/1 GOV]NM5T IS ONLY A NECESS>Y EVIL2 UND] ITS WOR/ ASPECT IT IS AN 9TOL]ABLE EVIL444 ,! CRAFT ( GOV]NM5T HAS ALWAYS BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! MO/ IGNORANT & MO/ ROGUE ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ( MANK9D40 ,9 #agif 9 ,OX=D A PAMPHLET APPE>$ ) ! TITLE 0,! ,9H]5T ,EVILS ( ,ALL ,/ATE ,GOV]NM5T DEMON/RAT$01 ATTRIBUT$ TO ,A4,C4 ,CUDD5 A /RONG ,9DIVIDUALI/-,AN>*I/1 :I* ,B5JAM9 ,R ,TUCK] REPUBLI%$ 9 #ahhe 9 ,BO/ON4 

,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION A GR\P 9 ,LONDON SPRANG UP CALL$ ! 0,PANTISOCRACY0 F\ND$ BY ! IMPULSIVE Y\NG POET ,S\!Y1 :O W\LD LAT] FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ,BURKE & R5\NCE HIS Y\NG DREAMS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL -- & P>TLY CONFIRM$ BY ,LORD ,BYRON -- ?IS ,EPICUREAN GR\P WI%$ TO REALIZE ! ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME & %>E ALL ?+S BETWE5 ITS MEMB]S 9CLUD+ SEXUAL PLEASURES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>E*AL1 ! GREATE/ >TI/S1 ! GREATE/ SCI5TI/S1 ! MO/ FAM\S PEOPLE 9 ,5GL& W]E MEMB]S ( ?AT GR\P1 :I* WAS F9ALLY BROK5 UP BY ONE ,BILL ( ,P>LIAM5T 70,DICTION>Y ( ,A!I/S01 AT ! WORD3 ,!LEME74 

,9 HIS 0,FIGURES ( ,5GL&0 ,MANUEL ,DEVALDES PRES5TS ! 0,PANTISOCRACY0 AS 0A COLONY PROJECT TO BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AMONG ! ,ILL9OISANS1 A COLONY BAS$ ON ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,TWO H\RS ( DAILY WORK %\LD SUFFICE = ! SETTLEM5T & SUBSI/5CE ( ! SETTL]S04 ,APP>5TLY1 AS A RESULT ( ,S\!Y'S DEP>TURE & ! DEA? ( TWO ( ! MA9 PROMOT]S1 ! 0,PANTISOCRACY0 REPORT$LY DI$ BE=E IT WAS BORN4 

,9 ,G]MANY ,S*ILL] WROTE 0,! ,ROBB]S0 :OSE MA9 *>ACT] ,K>L ,MOOR1 /&S AGA9/ CONV5TIONS1 AGA9/ ! LAW1 :I* HAD NEV] CREAT$ A SUP]IOR MAN :IL/ FRE$OM G5]AT$ ,COLLOSSI & PRECI\S PEOPLE4 ,FI*TE SAYS ?AT1 IF HUMANITY IS TO BE MORALLY P]FECT IT W\LD NOT NE$ A /ATE2 ,WILHELM ,HUMBOLDT 9 #agib DEF5D$ ! !SIS ( R$UC+ ! /ATE TO ITS M9IMAL FUNCTIONS4 ,ALFI]I 9 ,ITALY WROTE 0,( ,TYRANNY04 

,ON EV]Y SIDE1 UND] ONE =M OR ANO!R1 AU?ORITY WAS CEASELESSLY ATTACK$4 ,SP9OZA1 ,COM5IUS1 ,VOLTAIRE1 ,LESS+1 ,H]D]1 ,CONDORCET1 :]E LIB]T>IANS 9 SOME WAY1 9 SOME =M ( LIT]>Y ACTIVITY4 ,FI<T+ AGA9/ TORTURES 9FLICT$ ON H]ETICS1 AGA9/ ! SEV]E PUNI%M5T ( CRIME1 AGA9/ SLAV]Y1 -- = ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 -- = A BETT] $UCATION ( *ILDR51 AGA9/ ! SUP]/ITION ( RELIGION1 & = ,MAT]IALISM4 ,SPEE1 ,?OMASIUS1 ,BECC>IA1 ,SONN5FELDS1 ,JOHN ,CL>KSON1 ,M>Y ,WOLL/ONECRAFT1 ,R\SSEAU1 ,RE/ALOZZI1 ,LA ,METTRIE1 D',HOLBA*1 UND]M9$ ! SUPPORT = AU?ORITY4 ,ONE VOLUME W\LD BE NE$$ TO RECALL ! NAMES ( ALL ?OSE :O1 9 ONE MANN] OR ANO!R1 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! %AK+ (F ( FAI? 9 ! /ATE & *UR*4 

,?IS IS :Y WE WILL 5D ON ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 :O BECAUSE ( HIS 0,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 & ITS ,9FLU5CE ON ,G5]AL ,VIRTUE & ,HAPP9ESS0 7#a#g#i#c7 WE REG>D HIM AS ! FIR/ TO BE WOR?Y ( ! NAME ( DOCTR9AIRE ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,GODW9 WAS A ,COMMUNI/-,AN>*I/1 BUT HIS D5IAL ( LAW & /ATE SUITS ! NUANCES ( ALL ,AN>*ISM4 

.<#a.> ,GORGIAS 7#d#h#c-#c#g#e ,B,C,E71 AN E>LY ,SOPHI/1 :O WAS CALL$ ,GORGIAS ! ,NIHILI/ = HIS VIEWS ON EXI/5CE & SKEPTICAL >GUM5TS4 

.<#b.> ,A ,FR5* RELIGI\S MOVEM5T1 MA9LY ORGANIZ$ 9 ! S\? ( ,FRANCE P>TICUL>LY >\ND ! CITY ( ,ALBI :]E ! NAME ,ALBIG5SIAN COMES FROM4 ,TODAY !Y'RE MORE COMMONLY KN[N AS ,CA?>S4 ,9 #abi ,POPE ,9NOC5T ,I,I,I SANCTION$ A CRUSADE TO ]ADICATE ! MOVEM5T1 IT LA/$ #b YE>S & WAS SO BLOODY & DE/RUCTIVE AGA9/ ! CIVILIAN POPULATIONS :]E ,CA?>S PRACTIC$ ?AT IT IS CONSID]$ AN ACT ( G5OCIDE BY SOME HI/ORIANS4 

.<#c.> ,WALD5SIANS E>LY ,PROTE/ANT MOVEM5T1 FAC$ SEV]E P]SECUTION FROM ! #a#bS-#a#hS1 /ILL EXI/ 9 SMALL CONGREGATIONS >\ND ! WORLD4 

.<#d.> ,G>GANTUA & ,PANTAGRUEL IS A S]IES ( /ORIES AB\T ! GIANT ,G>GANTUA & HIS SON ,PANTAGRUEL1 WRITT5 BY ,FRANCOIS ,RABELAIS1 ! ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME IS ALSO A FEATURE 9 ! /ORIES4 ,! /ORIES >E (T5 COMIC & FANTA/ICAL1 BUT SOME SECTIONS BECAME IMPORTANT HUMANI/ DOCUM5TS4 

.<#e.> ,D5IS ,DID]OT #a#g#a#c-#h#d1 ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]1 NOVELI/ & >T CRITIC1 *IEF $ITOR ( ! ,5CYCLOP$IA PROJECT4 ,& IS CONSID]$ AN 9SPIRATION TO ! E>LY ?\<T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

.<#f.> ,A FAVORITE COMPANION ( ,M>IE ,ANTO9ETTE & RUMOR$ TO BE H] LOV]1 ?IS SUBJECT WAS A POPUL> TOPIC AMONG ! MORE LURID PAMPHLETS ( ! LATE #a#gS4 

.<#g.> ,?IS IS AN ACCURATE TRANSLATION ( ! ORIG9AL TEXT1 H[EV] ! BIOGRAPHICAL 9=MATION AB\T ,JOHN ,LILBURNE IS NE>LY COMPLETELY 9CORRECT4 ,JOHN ,LILBURNE WAS NOT ACQUITT$ = ! LA/ TIME 9 #a#f#a#c1 P>TLY BECAUSE HE WAS FAM\SLY ACQUITT$ 9 #a#f#e#c1 BUT MA9LY BECAUSE HE WAS BORN 9 #afac AT ! E>LIE/ ) SOME ) SOME HI/ORIANS BELIEV+ ,LILBURNE'S DATE ( BIR? TO BE 9 #afad OR #afae 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicb 3 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,EMILE ,>M& -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,OCTOB] #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,EMILE ,>M& -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,AN>*ISM3 ,EMILE ,>M& -- ,UPDAT$4 

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