,*APT] #c - ,! ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 

#aigaig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

#c ,! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 

  

,AN>*ISM AS A MOVEM5T 9 ITS [N RI<T HAS ITS [N TRADITIONS1 N[ A C5TURY OLD1 YET =MS A FACTION )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,IT HAS ITS P>TICUL> 9H]ITANCE1 P>T ( :I* IT %>ES ) SOCIALISM1 GIV+ IT A FAMILY RESEMBLANCE TO C]TA9 ( ITS 5EMIES4 ,ANO!R P>T ( ITS 9H]ITANCE IT %>ES ) LIB]ALISM1 MAK+ IT1 AT BIR?1 KISS+-C\S9S ) ,AM]ICAN-TYPE RADICAL 9DIVIDUALISM1 A L>GE P>T ( :I* HAS M>RI$ \T ( ! FAMILY 9TO ! ,RI<T ,W+ & IS NO LONG] ON SPEAK+ T]MS4 

,TO UND]/& ,AN>*ISM1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO UND]/& ! P>T+ ( ! WAYS 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 BY :I* T]M IS NOT IMPLI$ ! ,LABOR-,T,U,C-,COOP]ATIVE SET-UP2 ?\< ?IS IS ALSO P>T ( IT1 & HAPP5S 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 TO BE ! DOM9ANT T5D5CY4 

,! AN>*I/ TRADITION HAS ITS [N M>TYROLOGY1 SOMETIMES %>$4 ,!RE >E ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS 7XVI72 ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI 7XVII72 ,JOE ,HILL ( ! ,I,W,W 7XVIII72 & A ROLL-CALL ( H]OES AS WELL AS A RECORD ( SUCCESSES & FAILURES4 ,BUT IF IT IS UNSATISFACTORY1 EXCEPT BY WAY ( 9SPIRATION1 TO JUDGE A MOVEM5T BY ! SPONTANE\S DEVOTION IT 9SPIRES 7:I* CAN BE SAID ( MANY EVANGELICAL SECTS1 ?\< NOTICEABLY LACK+ 9 ! E/ABLI%$ P>TIES & RELIGIONS ( TODAY71 IT IS EQUALLY SO TO CONSID] A MOVEM5T1 NOT BAS$ ON RIGID P>TY L9ES1 M]ELY ON ! BASIS ( ! SUCCESS & FAILURES ( ?OSE :O HAPP5 TO BE ITS CURR5T ADH]5TS4 ,TO GAUGE 0! AN>*I/S0 9 T]MS ( SOMEBODY :O HAPP5$ TO DO SOME?+ OR O!R AT ANY P>TICUL> DATE1 IS TO AFFIRM ! OBVI\S1 ?AT 9 ! ABS5CE ( RIGID P>TY L9ES1 TO CONCEIVE A MOVEM5T TOO BROADLY MEANS ONE WILL 9CLUDE NOT ONLY ITS H]OES BUT ?OSE :O MAY NOT NECESS>ILY MEASURE UP TO ITS T5ETS4 ,?IS IS 9EVITABLE IF ONE REJECTS1 EV5 ASSUM+ IT W]E FEASIBLE1 ! IDEAL ( LEGAL COPYRI<T 9 A NAME4 

,=TUNATELY1 A C]TA9 %OCK-!RAPEUTIC VALUE 9 ! CONNOTATION ( 0AN>*I/0 ) 0T]RORI/0 HAS PRES]V$ IT1 BY & L>GE1 FROM BECOM+ AS DEBAS$ AS ! ONCE GREAT NAMES ( 0RADICAL01 0SOCIALI/01 0LIB]AL01 0COMMUNI/04 ,ONLY :5 A FA9T T+E ( RADICALISM IS ACCEPTABLE DOES ! LIB]AL1 ADVANC$ 9 IDEAS BUT 9DISPOS$ TO ACTION1 C>E TO MAKE USE ( ! NAME1 & !N USUALLY QUALIFI$ ) A HYPH5AT$ DILUTIVE 7AN>*I/-PACIFI/1 PHILOSOPHIC-AN>*I/1 AN>*I/-9DIVIDUALI/7 ?AT DOES NOT J> TOO MU* 9 ! LIT]>Y1 >TI/IC OR ACADEMIC WORLD4 ,! DILUT$-AN>*I/ IS MORE ABS5T AMONG ! SCI5TIFIC 9TELLIG5TSIA :]E PR(ESSION ( BELIEF W\LD REQUIRE A /& TO BE MADE4 ,AN >TI/1 ON ! O!R H&1 MI<T BE =GIV5 ! USE ( ! NAME -- IT MI<T EV5 BE EXPECT$ ( HIM4 ,HE CAN HANG HIS PICTURES 9 ! ,ROYAL ,ACADEMY & EV5 PA9T ! ,QUE5 7AS DID ! LATE ,AUGU/US ,JOHN7 )\T DISGUIS+ HIS OP9IONS4 ,IT W\LD BE A BOLD SCI5TI/ :O /AT$ HIS DISS5T :ILE WORK+ AMONG ! ,E/ABLI%M5T4 

,IT HAS BE5 CYNICALLY OBS]V$ ?AT1 DESPITE ! WEAL? ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 EV]Y Y\NG G5]ATION ?AT F9DS ! WAY TO AN>*ISM = ITSELF1 & NOT BY WAY ( 9TRODUCTION FROM O!RS1 FALLS 9TO ! DELUSION ( BE+ ! FIR/ TO DISCOV] IT4 ,BY EXT5SION ! HIPPIES BELIEVE !Y W]E ! FIR/ EV] TO DROP \T ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS ,COLUMBIAN DELUSION IS H>MLESS 5\<1 EXCEPT HI/ORICALLY2 TO IT ! G5]ATION ( ! SIXTIES1 OR AT LEA/ ITS \TSIDE 9T]PRET]S1 HAS FAI?FULLY ADH]$4 ,DUTS*KE 7XIX7 HAS RE-/AT$1 & ! DISCOV]Y REE*O$ >\ND ! MILITANT WORLD1 ! CASE = C\NCIL COMMUNISM1 (T5 DI/ORT$ TODAY BY ,MAOI/ OR ,HO ,*I ,M9HITE PHRASES :I* EXPRESS A CONFUSION ( ?\<T 9 OPPOSITION PHRASEOLOGY4 ,IT IS ALSO SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS 0AN>*O-,M>XISM01 AS IF ?IS W]E A MODEM AMALGAM RESOLV+ ANCI5T ANTAGONISMS4 ,AGA9 ?IS IS MISLEAD+1 AS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 7AN>*I/S )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T7 ALWAYS ACCEPT$ ,M>X'S ECONOMIC CRITICISMS & ANALYSIS & DISAGRE$ ) ,M>XISM ONLY ON ! NE$ = LEGALISM1 POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 ! QUE/ION ( ,/ATE CONTROL OR ! ROLE ( ! P>TY4 ,ALL ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT IS ACCEPT$ BY 0AN>*O-,M>XI/S01 LIKE ,COHN-,B5DIT1 FROM ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 

,IT IS TRUE1 H[EV]1 TO SAY ?AT ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION 9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 AT ! PO9T :I* IT REA*$ AMONG ! ,SP>TACI/S 7XX71 = 9/ANCE1 BECOMES 9DI/+UI%ABLE1 EXCEPT 9 PHRASES OR ASSOCIATIONS1 FROM AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,IT MAY1 :5 D]IV+ FROM A MORE G5U9E PROLET>IAN TRADITION 9 P>TICUL> C\NTRIES1 BE MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN AN AN>*ISM /ILL ID5TIFI$1 AT TOO LATE A P]IOD1 ) ! TRADE UNION TYPE ( ORGANIZATION1 OR DIVORC$ FROM ! /RUGGLE AS AN IDEOLOGICAL UNION & NO?+ MORE4 

,! TRADITION ( WORK+-CLASS ASSOCIATION /EMS FROM ! GUILDS ( CRAFTSM5 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & WAS DEVELOP$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,TRADE UNIONISM WAS OBVI\SLY ! FIR/ /EP =W>D 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 AS A MEANS ( DEF5SE1 & ( REPRES5T+ ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S AGA9/ !IR IMM$IATE OPPRESSORS4 ,! FACT ?AT1 9 ! TYPE ( TRADE UNIONISM ( :I* ! ,T,U,C IS N[ A MODEL1 !RE WAS AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ OR P>LIAM5T>IAN LEAD]%IP1 DID NOT PREV5T ECONOMIC ADVANCES BE+ MADE4 ,MANY ( ! TRADE UNION PIONE]S1 9CLUD+ SOME :O LAT] BECAME REACTION>Y1 W]E SOCIALLY PROGRESSIVE = A P]IOD4 ,LOCAL MILITANCY WAS ALWAYS ABLE TO KEEP TRADE UNIONISM AN EFFECTIVE =CE :ATEV] ! LEAD]%IP1 BUT ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BR\<T ! FIR/ MAJOR %[D[N4 ,UNTIL !N IT WAS ( LESS IMPORTANCE ?AT ! LEAD]%IP WAS RE=MI/ ?AN ?AT UNION SOLID>ITY %\LD GR[1 UNLESS ! LEAD]%IP POSITIVELY 9HIBIT$ ! GR[? ( ! UNION4 ,?IS1 = 9/ANCE1 HAPP5$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I*1 BY ITS 9SI/5CE ON CRAFT UNIONISM1 ORIG9ALLY ADAPT$ TO ! FACTS ( ! 'SEV5TIES & 'EI<TIES1 BECAME BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY SO DIVISIVE AS TO BE P[]LESS4 

,! ,BRITI% TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP1 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,FABIANS 7XXI71 G5]ALLY DEP5D$ UPON LEGISLATION RA!R ?AN DIRECT ACTION TO BOL/] UP !IR EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,!Y TURN$ FIR/ TO ! RADICAL W+ ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY1 & !N TO !IR [N C&IDATES1 :O LAT] L9K$ ) ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T TO =M !IR [N ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,! ,AM]ICAN TRADE UNIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 LACK+ BO? ,FABIAN & REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE1 LEFT ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T TO ITS FATE AS A SECT>IAN P>TY ?AT WAX$ & WAN$ TO A %ADE4 ,!Y HAD A DI/A/E = POLITICS AS RECOGNIZABLY CORRUPT & TURN$ TO B>GA9+ ) ! EMPLOY]S ON A PURELY COMM]CIAL BASIS4 ,?IS NATURALLY BR\<T 9TO BE+1 AS WELL AS ! GIANT COMPANY-TYPE UNIONISM ( TODAY1 ALSO ! GANG/]-CONTROLL$ UNION 7CRIME IS AFT] ALL A BUS9ESS LIKE ANY O!R7 :I* COMPETES = FAVOR 9 ! GOODS IT CAN DELIV]1 ) ! 0CLEAN0 UNION ?AT SELLS ITS RULE-BOOK = CA% GA9S & :OSE BOSSES SET !IR SAL>IES ACCORD+ TO !IR 0OPPOSITE NUMB]S0 9 9DU/RY4 

,) ! BOOM EXPANSION ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM1 9 A P]IOD ( UN9HIBIT$ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE1 & ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD R$UC$ BY W>1 ! ,AM]ICAN WORK] HAS ?US BECOME ! HI<E/ PAID & LEA/ P[]FUL 9 ! WORLD4 ,REMEMB]+ HIS HELPLESSNESS 9 TIME ( DEPRESSION1 HE IS ALL ! MORE 9CL9$ TO CON=M DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 HIS HELPLESSNESS IS AT LEA/ PAY+ (F 9 HI< WAGES & GOOD LIV+4 ,?OSE :O >TIFICIALLY PRODUC$ ! SLUMP HAVE N[ >TIFICIALLY PRODUC$ PROSP]ITY4 ,HIS ATTITUDE IS ?AT ( ,NAPOLEON'S MO!R TO ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE -- 0,IT'S ALL RI<T1 AS LONG AS IT LA/S40 

,9 ,FRANCE ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T GREW UP 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T ATMOSPH]E4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY AN>*ISM WAS AT LEA/ AS POPUL> AS /ATE SOCIALISM AMONG ! ,FR5* WORK]S4 ,! ANTI-POLITICAL !ORY COMPET+ ) ! P>LIAM5T>IAN = 9FLU5CE1 IT WAS NATURAL ?AT 9 A P]IOD ( /RUGGLE ! =M] %\LD COME MORE TO ! =E1 ?\< ACKN[L$GM5TS MU/ BE MADE TO ! WORK ( ,PELL\TI] 7XXII7 9 ! ,C,G,T4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T WI%$ TO A*IEVE 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,/ATE1 & SET AS ITS TASK NOT M]ELY ! ECONOMIC BETT]M5T ( ! WORK]S BY DIRECT ACTION1 BUT ALSO ! CONTROL ( EA* 9DU/RY BY ?OSE WORK+ 9 ?AT 9DU/RY4 ,! ,FR5* WORD = TRADE UNIONISM1 SYNDICALISM1 BECAME SYNONYM\S 9T]NATIONALLY ) ?AT =M ( LABOR ORGANIZATION :I* ABJUR$ P>LIAM5T>ISM & SET UP WORK]S' CONTROL AS ! ROAD TO ,UTOPIA4 

,! ,FR5* WORK]S HAD P]FECT$ ! /RIKE WEAPON & ALL =MS ( 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE1 9CLUD+ ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES -- TO :I*1 YE>S LAT]1 9 #aicf & AGA9 9 #a#i#f#h1 !Y RETURN$1 LONG AFT] P>LIAM5T>ISM HAD APPE>$ TO PREVAIL4 ,IT WAS !IR VIEW ?AT ! SOCIAL G5]AL /RIKE W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN AN OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES1 AFT] :I* ! WORK]S W\LD RESUME WORK BUT KEEP ! EMPLOY]S & ! ,/ATE LOCK$ \T4 ,?IS BECOMES MORE ?AN OCCUPATION4 ,IT IS EXPROPRIATION3 ! F9AL *ALL5GE TO CAPITALISM4 

,9 ,ITALY1 SU* AN OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES 9 ! 'TW5TIES WAS ANSW]$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 AL?\< DISPOS$ TO LIB]ALISM1 TURN+ 9 DESPAIR TO FASCISM TO RESCUE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM FROM EXPROPRIATION4 ,! CURR5T PHRASE IS 0RI<T-W+ BACKLA%04 ,9 ,SPA91 :]E SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY WAS A LATECOM]1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS MO/LY AN>*I/1 & ! WORK]S RESPOND$ TO :AT WAS 9T5D$ AS AN >MY TAKEOV] TO PREV5T SOCIAL EXPROPRIATION1 BY ! GREATE/ =CE AT !IR DISPOSAL1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,! RUL+ CLASS RETORT$ ) ! GREATE/ =CE AT ITS DISPOSAL1 G5OCIDE4 ,! ORIG9AL ,DOLLFUSS-TYPE FASCISM BECAME CIVIL W> BY ! RUL+ CLASS AGA9/ ITS [N PEOPLE1 :I* IS ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ITS CRUDE/ =M4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES !RE WAS A REACTION TO N>R[ CRAFT UNIONISM :5 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7XXIII7 WAS CREAT$4 ,IT WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ,FR5* SYNDICALISM1 POSSIBLY AT SECOND H&1 BY ,ITALIAN IMMIGRATION1 BY NATIVE ,AM]ICAN RADICALISM1 BY ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN AN>*ISM & TO A SMALL ?\< P]CEPTIBLE EXT5T1 BY ! !ORIES ( ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON 7XXIV74 ,IT WAS P>T ( ! SYNDICALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?R\<\T ! WORLD ?AT 9FLU5C$ ,AM]ICAN1 ,AU/RALIAN & SOME ,BRITI% ?\<T ON ! NE$ = WORK]'S CONTROL )9 ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT %[$ H[ ! NEW SOCIETY %\LD BE 0CREAT$ )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD0 BY 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 ,?IS PROTOTYPE ( REVOLUTION>Y LABOR ?9K+ WAS 9 DIRECT CONTRA/ TO ! P>LIAM5T>IAN LABOR IDEA CURR5T 9 ! ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONS :I* HAD CREAT$ ! ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,FABIAN 9FLU5CE1 :I* HAD PU%$ !M 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY1 RE-CREAT$ ! IMAGE ( ! LATT] 9 ! NEW P>TY4 

,! ROLE ( ! TRADE UNION LEAD]%IP 9 B>GA9+ DIRECTLY ) CAPITALISM & US+ WORK+-CLASS MILITANCY1 OR AT LEA/ ! ?REAT ( IT1 AS A LEV]1 HAS N[ADAYS BE5 *ALL5G$ BY SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS :O WANT TO MAKE ! UNIONS 9TO B>GA9+ AG5CIES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS TR5D FIR/ EM]G$ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :5 ! ALLEG$ NATIONAL EXIG5CIES GAVE ! GOV]NM5T ! *ANCE TO CURB ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ONLY ! MILITANCY RE9TRODUC$ BY ! %ORT-LIV$ ,BRITI% SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T & ! ,I,W,W SAV$ ! WORK+ CLASS FROM A COMPLETE COLLAPSE 9TO 9DU/RIAL S]FDOM1 FROM :I* ! DECL>ATION ( PEACE W\LD NOT NECESS>ILY HAVE SAV$ !M4 

,9 ?AT W>1 ?OSE :O HAD ALWAYS APPLAUD$ ! VALUE ( A FREE M>KET & ! ABILITY ( UNFETT]$ 5T]PRISE TO DELIV] ! GOODS1 & 9DE$ /ILL LET ! MANUFACTUR] GO ON MAK+ PR(ITS 9 ORD] NOT TO 9T]F]E ) ! SACR$ RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 W]E QUITE ADAMANT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAD TO SACRIFICE IF ! NATION W]E TO BE TRIUMPHANT4 ,! P>LIAM5T>IAN LEAD]%IP ( ! UNIONS IMM$IATELY CAPITULAT$4 ,9 ,BRITA9 IT COLLABORAT$1 9 ,G]MANY IT OBEY$4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES IT BEGAN ! LONG1 DISA/R\S C\RSE ( ACCEPT+ ,/ATE 9T]V5TION 9 9DU/RIAL AFFAIRS4 

,9 ,BRITA9 ?IS WAS ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ,FABIAN 9FLU5CE4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! SOCIALI/S HAD D5I$ !RE W]E ANY GREAT POSSIBILITIES 9 ! UNION MOVEM5T ANYWAY4 ,LASSALLE 7XXV7 HAD =MULAT$ HIS ,IRON ,LAW ( ,WAGES1 POPUL> AGA9 N[ADAYS AMONG ! ECONOMI/S1 BY :I* IT ALLEG$ ?AT IF WAGES W5T UP1 SO DID PRICES1 & ALL UNION ACTIVITY WAS A VICI\S CIRCLE4 

,AS A RESULT1 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T 9 BO? C\NTRIES WAS HELD TO BE USELESS TO ITS MEMB]%IP1 SO F> AS ANY PROSPECT ( DEF5D+ !IR LIV+ /&>DS WAS CONC]N$4 ,ALL /RIKES BECAME 0UN(FICIAL0 -- A CURI\S PHRASE1 SUGGE/IVE ( AN ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITY ( LIC5S$ REBELLION4 ,:5 ! WORK]S TURN$ TO ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 = DEF5SE ( !IR LIV+ /&>DS1 !Y F\ND IT WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT 9 EV]Y FACTORY1 ! %OP /EW>D1 :O HAD UP TILL !N BE5 A COLLECTOR ( DUES FROM ! WORK] ON BEHALF ( ! TRADE UNION1 & NO MORE 7?\< ?IS 9 ITSELF1 DUR+ AN ANTI-UNION P]IOD1 HAD BE5 A JOB REQUIR+ GUTS & MILITANCY7 BECAME RESPONSIBLE = 9DU/RIAL LIAISON4 ,UNLIKE ! TRADE UNION (FICIAL1 AWAY FROM ! JOB1 ELECT$ TO (FICE BY PEOPLE :O DID NOT KN[ HIM OR BY A M9ORITY CONSI/+ ( REGUL> ATT5D]S AT BRAN* MEET+S1 USUALLY ! POLITICALLY COMMITT$1 & BY N[ AS REMOTE FROM HIS =M] WORKMATES AS ! FACTORY 9SPECTOR1 ! %OP /EW>D WAS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO ! M5 ON ! %OP FLOOR4 

,IT WAS AUTOMATIC ?AT DECISIONS HAD TO BE REF]R$ TO EA* MASS MEET+1 & ! %OP /EW>D HAD TO FOLL[ G5]AL DECISIONS OR RESIGN HIS PO/4 ,TO ! PRESS1 ALWAYS SEEK+ = 0LEAD]S0 9 ORD] TO P]SONALIZE NEWS /ORIES1 HE WAS ! 0TR\BLE-MAK]04 ,SO HE WAS TO ! POLICE1 SEEK+ A FEW SCAPEGOATS 09 ORD] TO 5C\RAGE ! O!RS04 ,BUT ! TRU? WAS ?AT 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( 9DEP5D5CE & CONSCI\S MILITANCY1 SU* AS ALREADY EXI/$ ON ,CLYDESIDE & :I* LAT] SPREAD -- BO? H]E & 9 ,G]MANY -- HE WAS ONLY ! M\?PIECE = ! :OLE BODY ( 0TR\BLE-MAK]S04 ,?AT IS NOT TO SAY ?AT 9 SOME PLACES1 :]E !RE WAS A 0COMMITT$0 M9ORITY1 ! MORE P]SUASIVE SPEAK]S DID NOT BECOME %OP /EW>DS & EFFECTUAL LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,ULTIMATELY1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ?IS HAPP5$ ALMO/ EV]Y:]E4 ,LEAD]%IP IS SOMETIMES 9EVITABLE1 & SOME?+ TO :I*1 9 DEFAULT ( 9DEP5D5T ACTION1 ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MU/ BE DRAWN OR MU/ ABDICATE ACTION4 

,TO SPEAK ( LEAD]%IP IS NOT NECESS>ILY TO SPEAK 9 AU?ORIT>IAN T]MS4 ,IT REFLECTS NOT ON ! LEAD]S SO MU* AS ON ! LACK ( SPIRIT ( ! L$4 ,FREE M5 NE$ NO LEAD]S4 ,LEAD]%IP MAY HAPP5 9 DEFAULT ( SPONTANEITY4 ,IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO WAKE PEOPLE UP4 ,IT IS /ILL A FACT ?AT IT AF=DS TOO MANY TEMPTATIONS = ! LEAD]%IP TO EX]CISE AU?ORITY & = IT TO /EP FROM DELEGATORY M&ATORY (FICE TO MAK+ DECISIONS = O!RS4 ,! QUALITY ( LEAD]%IP AT DIFF]5T P]IODS IS (T5 CRITICIZ$4 ,:AT IS WRONG IS ! FACT ( LEAD]%IP1 & MORE P>TICUL>LY1 ! NECESSITY ( IT4 

,! L9K+-UP ( ! %OP-/EW>D MOVEM5T WAS FIR/LY ON ! BASIS ( M&AT+ DELEGATES1 SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,ONLY LAT] DID SOME ( ! MORE MILITANT ( !SE PASS UPW>DS 9TO ! ROLE ( LEAD]S4 ,! MOVEM5T SPREAD FROM FACTORY TO FACTORY 9 ,BRITI% 9DU/RY DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,IT BEGAN 9 ! ,SCOTTI% HEAVY 9DU/RIES & F9ALLY 5GULF$ PRODUCTION1.<#e.> DESPITE ! ELOQU5T APPEALS ( ,LLOYD ,GEORGE & HIS KEPT UNION (FICIALS4 ,! PR\DE/ BANN] IT HAD WAS ! PR9CIPLE ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 9TRODUC$ BY PRE-W> SYNDICALISM1 & 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS /RATEGY IT %[$ H[ WORK]S' CONTROL C\LD BE A*IEV$4 

,9 ,COV5TRY1 ! GANG SY/EM FIR/ REA*$ ! PO9T ( ACTUAL P>TICIPATION 9 MANAGEM5T1 BEYOND :I* WORK]S' CONTROL C\LD NOT GO UND] CAPITALISM )\T EXPROPRIATION4 ,! DANG] 9 ! GANG SY/EM IS ! V]Y SUCCESS IT HAS S9CE ATTA9$1 = P>TICIPATION 7) :I* ! RADICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S ( TODAY HAVE ONLY JU/ CAU<T UP7 MEANS A =M ( COLLABORATION ) ! MANAGEM5T :I* REMA9S 9 (FICE & IS /ILL ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO %>EHOLD]S OR DIRECTORS 7OR1 UND] NATIONALIZATION1 TO ! ,BO>D74 ,9 ?IS SITUATION ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T DEG5]ATES TO BECOM+ A LABOR CONTRACTOR4 ,! GANG SY/EM1 ! HI<E/ PO9T ?AT 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY CAN REA*1 HAS MANY IMM$IATE MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES1 PROVID$ IT IS NOT CONFUS$ ) SOCIAL *ANGE ITSELF4 ,P>TICIPATION CAN ONLY GO SO F>4 ,IT IS NATURALLY CONF9$ TO ?AT :I* IS HELD TO CONC]N LABOR4 ,! BITE AT ! *]RY IS 9 RELATION TO ! SIZE ( ! *]RY4 ,IT BECOMES 9 ! 9T]E/S ( LABOR TO PICK L>G] *]RIES4 ,LABOR RELIEVES MANAGEM5T ( ! TASK ( LABOR PROBLEMS4 

,?IS LA/ ASPECT HAS 9TRIGU$ MOD]N ECONOMI/S AS ! WAY ( 0SOLV+ SOCIAL /RIFE0 :I* IT MAY DO )9 ! FACTORY 0SO LONG AS IT LA/S01 BUT IT PROVIDES NO MEANS ( SOLV+ SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS O!R ?AN ! CONDITIONS ( WORK OR ! SIZE ( ! WAGE PACKET1 IMPORTANT 1AS !SE >E UND] CAPITALISM4 ,! FLUCTUATION ( DEM&1 BR++ R$UNDANCY 7:I* 9 ITSELF PROVES ! GANG SY/EM IS NOT WORK]S' CONTROL7 AMONG O!R SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 CANNOT BE AFFECT$ BY IT4 

,?IS ( C\RSE DOES NOT DISPLEASE ?OSE CONC]N$ FROM ABOVE ) 9DU/RIAL RELATION%IPS1 CONSI/+ AS !Y DO ( ?OSE :O WILL =M ! NEW M&>9 CLASS4 ,SOCIAL LEGISLATION = ! CONTROL ( 9DU/RY IS = ! M&>9S4 ,LEAVE TO ! LOCAL C\NCIL OR TO ,P>LIAM5T OR TO Y\R TRADE UNION REPRES5TATIVES ! AFFAIRS ?AT 0CONC]N ! NATION0 444 9 O!R WORDS1 LEAVE IT TO US1 ! M&>9S2 Y\ >E ALREADY PRIVILEG$ BEYOND O!RS 9 ! DEGREE ( P>TICIPATION 9 Y\R [N WORK+ LIFE4 ,Y\ HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 HI<] PRODUCTIVITY & GREAT] EFFICI5CY1 :I* IS ALL ?AT C\NTS UND] CAPITALISM OR /ATE CONTROL4 

,?IS IS :AT WORK]S' CONTROL HAS COME TO MEAN 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA TODAY1 & IS ADVOCAT$ 9 ?IS =M BY SOME 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ ! 0,NEW ,LEFT0 \TSIDE 9DU/RY4 ,!Y ?9K IT PRACTICAL TO URGE ! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 :I* IS ! ,/ATE TAKEOV] ( DIRECTORIAL BO>DS & ADMITT$LY ELIM9ATES PRIVATE PR(IT1 BUT SUB/ITUTES A SAL>IAT 9 P[]4 ,!Y MODIFY NATIONALIZATION ) WORK]S' CONTROL -- 9 O!R WORDS1 ALL[ 9 ! ,/ATE-RUN 9DU/RY SOME P>TICIPATION 9 ! ACTUAL RUNN+ ( WORK4 ,TO EA* HIS [N3 ! M&>9 HAS HIS RESPONSIBILITY1 ! WORK] HAS HIS4 

,?IS IS A F> CRY FROM ! IDEA ( DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL ?AT >OSE 9 ! %OP /EW>DS' MOVEM5T HALF-A-C5TURY AGO4 ,! C\NCIL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T ( ,G]MANY AT ?AT P]IOD SAW ! DANG]S MU* MORE CLE>LY ?AN DO ! ALLEG$ ADMIR]S ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 7XXVI7 N[4 ,?\< REG>D$ BY MANY 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/S AS ! PROPHET ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM1 H] A*IEVEM5T WAS 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ MILIT>ISM 7R>E AMONG ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S ( ! DAY7 RA!R ?AN AS AN 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZ]1 SOME?+ = :I*1 AS A PR(ESSIONAL P>TY 09TELLECTUAL0 %E WAS SC>CELY FITT$4 ,NOR WAS %E A !ORI/ ( ! ,SP>TACI/ MOVEM5T AS SU* EXCEPT ?AT %E WAS ! APOLOGI/ )9 WORLD COMMUNISM = ITS IDEAS ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 AS OPPOS$ TO ,L59'S FI<T = ! P>TY SUPREME4 

,! ,G]MAN ,SP>TACI/ MOVEM5T COMPRIS$ AT FIR/ ! COMMITTEES ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S :O HAD SET UP !IR NETWORK ( DELEGATES ELECT$ AT ! PLACES ( WORK1 AFT] ! C5TRALIZ$ TRADE UNIONS HAD BE5 ABSORB$ 9 ! W> EF=T1 9 :AT WAS LAT] SE5 TO BE A DRESS REHE>SAL = NAZISM & ! LABOR FRONT LESS ?AN TW5TY YE>S LAT]4 ,HAD ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T NOT BE5 %OT D[N BY DEMOCRACY1 DEMOCRACY W\LD NOT 9 TURN HAVE P]I%$4 ,! 9ITIAL /AGES ( REVOLUTION W]E SUCCESSFUL EV]Y:]E4 ,! FLOODGATES ( AN>*Y HAD BE5 OP5$4 ,! ,G]MAN FLEET MUT9I$ & ! SEAM5 SET UP !IR C\NCILS1 NOT ) ! 9T5TION ( IMPROV+ !IR LIV+ /&>DS )9 ! ,DE/RUCTION ,/ATE1 BUT ( A*IEV+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4.<#f.> 

,! SAILORS' C\NCILS W]E =M$ NOT JU/ = ! PURPOSE ( ALLEVIAT+ NAVAL DISCIPL9E1 BUT = SEIZ+ ! %IPS & 5D+ ! W>4 ,C\NCILS SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE 9 ! >MY1 & ! FACTORY WORK]S1 ASS]T+ !IR /R5G?1 BUILT UP 9DEP5D5T FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,! >M$ =CES W]E SICK ( W> & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAD PREP>$ = REVOLUTION4 ,! ,KAIS] ALWAYS CLAIM$ 9 LAT] YE>S1 AS AN EXILE 9 ,HOLL&1 ?AT HIS LONG LIFE WAS DUE TO HIS VIGOR\S MANUAL ACTIVITY 9 *OPP+ D[N ! TREES AT ,DOOM4 ,ONE MAY TAKE AS MORE CORRECT ! EXPRESS$ BELIEF ( ONE J\RNALI/ ?AT IT WAS DUE TO A GOOD FA/ C> RIDE \T ( ,B]L94 

,! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAD PREC$$ ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION1 & ! OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 0SOVIETS0 ( WORK]S1 SOLDI]S & PEASANTS HAD 9SPIR$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,IT HA/5$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! W> EF=TS 9 BO? ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY4 ,! AG5T ( ! ,G]MAN G5]AL /AFF1 F9ANCI] & SOCIALI/ !ORI/ 7FRI5D ( ,LUXEMBURG & ,TROTSKY71 ,HELPH&-,P>VUS1 HAD =ESE5 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN FRONT IF ,L59 RETURN$4 ,UND] HIS NOTORI\S >RANGEM5T ) ! IMP]IAL AU?ORITIES1 ,L59 WAS S5T BACK 9 ! 0SEAL$ TRA901 & SUPPLI$ ) ,G]MAN MONEY4 ,HE DID NOT OV]?R[ ! ,CZ>4 ,HE OV]?REW ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 

,ABLE TO PAY ,LETTI% M]C5>IES TO ACT AS POLICE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK FACTION WAS 9 A SUP]IOR POSITION FROM ! FIR/ >RIVAL ( ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,!Y MADE A REVOLUTION>Y APPEAL TO ! MASSES :I* BECAME MORE P]SUASIVE :5 !IR LEFT CRITICS1 :E!R SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y 7XXVII71 ,M5%EVIK SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 OR AN>*I/1 W]E REMOV$ BY >M$ =CE4 ,! MO/ ELOQU5T ( OPPON5TS CAN BE SIL5C$ BY BULLETS OR PRISON WALLS4 ,! ONLY EFFECTIVE ANSW] TO ?IS WAS ?AT ( ,DORA ,KAPLAN4 ,A SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y1 %E ATTEMPT$ TO ASSASS9ATE ,L594 

,! MA9 /RUGGLE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T BECAME ! ATTEMPT ( ! FACTORY DELEGATES TO MA9TA9 9DEP5D5CE4 ,!Y TRI$ TO MA9TA9 AT LEA/ A M9IMUM ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY1 AGA9/ ! 5CROA*+ DEM&S ( ! P>TY TO BE !IR 0REPRES5TATIVE04 ,F9ALLY ! P>TY1 BY ! LEGISLATION ( TRADE UNIONS1 MANAG$ TO 9CORPORATE !M 9 ! ,/ATE MA*9E1 & SO SUPPRESS OPPOSITION4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ LAT] IMITAT$ BY ! FASCI/IC 0CORPORATE /ATE0 ) EMPLOY]S' & WORK]S' UNIONS1 & 9 \R [N TIME URG$ BY ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR GOV]NM5T4 ,?OSE :O HAVE P[] TO GIVE HAVE ALSO ! P[] TO TAKE AWAY4 ,! CONF]R+ ( REALITY IS A MEANS ( TAK+ CONTROL4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! SOVIETS BECAME LOCALS ( ! P>TY1 SUBORD9ATE TO ! NE$S ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,! LABOR1 PRODUCTIVITY & WELF>E DEP>TM5TS ( ! BUREAUCRACY 9CORPORAT$ TRADE UNIONISM1 UNTIL F9ALLY ! P>TY & CIVIL S]VICE =M$ P>T ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS4 

,H[EV]1 ! =M ( SOVIETS & ! CREATION ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY AS A FIR/ /EP BECAME A FEATURE ( ALL SUBSEQU5T REVOLTS 9 ,RUSSIA & ITS SATELLITES4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e#f.<#g.> WAS AN EX]CISE 9 WORK]S' C\NCILS1 AS A MEANS ( RIS+ AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN-DOM9AT$ CIVIL S]VICE & POLICE4 ,9 ,*9A1 & ALSO 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 SOME =M ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY WAS A*IEV$4 ,! WORK]S P>TICIPAT$ 9 REGULAT+ !IR [N WORK+ CONDITIONS1 :I* SOME SOCIOLOGI/S REG>D AS ! BIG DEAL1 BUT !Y CONT9U$ TO BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! CONTROL ( ECONOMY4 ,MANAGEM5T FROM \TSIDE1 9 ?IS CASE BY ! P>TY1 CONT9U$ TO EXI/4 ,!Y HAD A =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL BUT UND] NATIONALIZATION4 ,! ,/ATE HAD BECOME ! 0NEUTRAL >BIT]0 BETWE5 BO? SIDES ( 9DU/RY1 & EQUALLY ! APPO9TM5TS BUREAU = ! MANAGEM5T SIDE & ! ELECTORAL AG5T = ! TRADE UNION SIDE4 ,9 PRACTICE ?IS MEANT A CLA% BETWE5 ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES & ! ,/ATE1 MANAGEM5T & P>TY COMB9$4 ,9 ! GREAT REBELLIONS ( ,*9A S9CE ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG TOOK P[]1 ! WORK]S HAVE CLA%$ ) ! ,/ATE DIRECTLY1 & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ /ATE COMMUNISM HAS BEGUN :I* HAS NOT YET BE5 RESOLV$4.<#h.> 

,! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S ( ! E>LY SIXTIES W5T =W>D FROM ! IDEA ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY & S\<T DIRECT WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! EXPROPRIATION ( 9DU/RY FROM ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 ,!IR /RUGGLE WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN C\NCIL COMMUNI/S FI<T+ AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY ) ! NEXT /AGE1 NOT YET REA*$ 9 PRACTICE1 CAN ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & C\NCIL COMMUNISM BE %[N4 ,BO? BELIEVE 9 =M+ COMMITTEES AT ! PLACES ( WORK4 ,C\NCIL COMMUNISM LIMITS ! MEMB]%IP ( SU* C\NCILS TO DELEGATES SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,AN>*ISM W\LD EXT5D !M FROM ?OSE *OS5 BY !IR WORKMATES1 TO EV]YONE ON ! JOB4 ,IF ?IS LEADS TO DEC5TRALIZATION & SMALL] UNITS1 EV5 CRAFT UNITS1 SO LET IT BE4 

,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T )9 9DU/RY1 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES H[EV] IT MI<T BE LABEL$ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 R>ELY FAIL$ TO SEE ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 IF ONLY 9 ORD] ?AT ! AIMS ( ! =M] %\LD CL>IFY ! ACTION TO BE TAK5 BY ! LATT]4 ,9 CASES :]E IT FAIL$ TO COMPREH5D ?IS1 IT CEAS$ TO BE AN>*I/ AT ALL1 & PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( SOCIALI/S OR P>LIAM5T>IANS1 :OSE ELOQU5CE & \TSIDE ORGANIZATION1 OR USE ( POLICE BY LEGISLATION1 5SUR$ !IR SUCCESS4 ,! T]M 0AN>*O-SYNDICALI/0 >OSE NOT TO *ANNEL (F AN>*ISM 9TO ! ECONOMIC ISSUES ( ! DAY1 BUT TO MAKE 9DU/RIAL ACTION EFFECTIVE & TO BYPASS ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS A T]M ?AT DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 ITSELF & ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ?AT P>ALLELS C\NCIL COMMUNISM4 ,IT ALSO DI/+UI%ES ITSELF FROM RE=MI/ SYNDICALISM OR FROM OR?ODOX TRADE-UNIONISM 9 :I* REVOLUTION>IES MI<T P>TICIPATE1 ! 9ADEQUACIES ( :I* ACTIVITY HAVE BE5 CRITICIZ$ BY ,MALATE/A 7XXVIII7 ?\< HE RECOGNIZ$ ITS 9EVITABILITY 9 SOME CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ACCEPTS ! IDEA ( EXPROPRIATION ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & ! F9AL AIM ( CONTROL BY COMMITTEES AT ! PLACES ( WORK1 AS AGA9/ P>LIAM5T>Y RE=M OR NATIONALIZATION4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 AGREE+ ) ?IS1 HAS GONE FUR!R1 TO ! IDEA ( FULL P>TICIPATION BY ALL )9 A FREE COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY4 

,! USE ( ! T]M COMMUNISM IMPLI$ ?AT ! BASIC UNIT ( SOCIETY %\LD BE ! COMMUNE1 ! LOCAL COMMUNITY 9 :I* ALL =MS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE %\LD M]GE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 COMMUNISM DID NOT JU/ H>K BACK TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g1 AS ,L59 DID :5 HE AB&ON$ ! USE ( ! NAME SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT BECAUSE ( ITS PRO-W> CONNOTATIONS4 ,FREE COMMUNISM IS AN IDEA ALI5 TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,A LIB]AL CRITICISM ( FREE COMMUNISM HAS BE5 EXPRESS$ AS BE+ ?AT 0EV]YONE W\LD BE GO+ BACKW>DS & =W>DS 9 COMMITTEES TO MAKE SURE AGREEM5TS W]E G5]ALLY 9 COMMON04 ,LIB]ALISM BY DEF9ITION DOES NOT SEE F>!R ?AN ACCEPT$ CAPITALI/ VALUES4 ,! PURPOSE ( 5DLESS COMMITTEE MEET+S1 :I* MI<T WELL BE A FEATURE ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T1 IS TO GA9 CONTROL4 ,:ILE ! ECONOMIC PRESSURES ( CAPITALISM >E ON1 ! SY/EM NE$S TO BE SABOTAG$4 ,9 A FREE SOCIETY ITSELF1 ! NE$ = CON/ANT REF]5CE-BACK BECOMES LESS4 ,PEOPLE DO+ A JOB 9 :I* !Y >E 9T]E/$ HAVE LESS NE$ ( COMMITTEE DISCUSSION4 ,NO D\BT ! DOCTOR REF]S TO HIS HOSPITAL COMMITTEES1 BUT HE DOES NOT REF] BACK BE=E EV]Y OP]ATION4 ,HE IS 9DEP5D5T 9 HIS [N SPH]E4 ,! WORK] CAN ATTA9 EQUAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON1 P]HAPS1 ?AT AN>*I/-COMMUNISM G5]ALLY APPE>$ MORE FEASIBLE :]E !RE WAS AN 9DEP5D5T PEASANTRY1 OR A WORK+ CLASS AT ONE REMOVE FROM ! PEASANTRY4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,M>XISM 9 \R TIME HAS FL\RI%$ 9 ! PEASANT C\NTRIES1 LIKE ,RUSSIA & ,*9A1 & 9 ! 0COLONIAL0 L&S MORE 9 DEPLOYM5T ( MILIT>Y /RATEGY ?AN ?R\< ANY SYMPA?Y ) ! PEASANTS AS SU*4 ,) ! ,*E ,GUEV>A CULT1 IT ALMO/ REV]TS TO ! IDEAS ( ! SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>IES ( ,RUSSIA1 & ! GU]RILLA W>F>E APPROPRIATE TO A PEASANT C\NTRY IS SE5 AS A UNIV]SALLY VALID CONCEPTION EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO ! CAMPUS ( ,BONN OR ! MAQUIS H9T]L& ( ,*RI/'S ,PIECES 9 ,CAMBRIDGE4 

,CLASSICAL ,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 REG>DS ! PEASANTRY AS A FEUDAL SURVIVAL 9 CAPITALISM1 JU/ AS ! SMALL %OPKEEP] IS CONSID]$ A M$IEVAL SURVIVAL 9 A MONOPOLY SOCIETY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>IES LOOK$ ON ! PEASANTRY AS ! CLASS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DID ! PROLET>IAT4 ,NEI!R ( !SE CONCEPTIONS WAS AN>*I/IC1 BUT AN 9DEP5D5T PEASANTRY C\LD DISP5SE ) AU?ORITY4 ,SO TOO C\LD A FREELY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNE1 :E!R 9 CITY OR C\NTRY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! COMMUNE COLLECTIVIZ$ FROM ABOVE4 

,! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZ IS AN EXAMPLE ( A FREELY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNE1 ?\< COMPOS$ ( SETTL]S ) AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDES ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,IT C\LD NOT BE CALL$ AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM1 S9CE ?AT T]M HAS BECOME SO DEBAS$ BY ITS NOM9AL ASSOCIATION ) /ATE COMMUNISM AS TO BE TOTALLY MISLEAD+4 ,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNES BAS$ UPON CONSCI\SLY LIB]T>IAN ATTITUDES C\LD HAVE BE5 SE5 ON ! OPPOSITE SIDE ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 9 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,CATALONIA DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,!SE ATTITUDES HAVE BE5 IMPLANT$ BY ,SPANI% AN>*ISM OV] MANY YE>S1 & TIME & AGA91 :5 IT WAS A *OICE ( />VATION OR HOPELESS REBELLION1 ! PEASANTS *OSE ! LATT] & E/ABLI%$ ! FREE COMMUNE1 KN[+ ! >MY 7MON>*I/1 REPUBLICAN OR FASCI/7 W\LD SUPPRESS IT1 BUT PREF]R+ TO GO D[N FI<T+4.<#i.> 

,:51 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! L&LORDS FL$1 ! WAY WAS OP5 TO FREE COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA94 ,IT WAS A POLITICAL NE$ = ,SOVIET IMP]IALISM TO BREAK UP ! ,REVOLUTION1 BY MAK+ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY /RONG 5\< TO DO IT4 ,IT WAS ALSO FE> ( EXAMPLE1 = !Y DREAD$ COMP>ISON ( FREE COMMUNISM ) !IR [N4 

,IT WAS NOT ! PEASANTRY ?AT GAVE BIR? TO MODEM AN>*ISM1 ?\< MANY PEASANT MOVEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHN[ 7XXIX7 HAVE T5D$ ?AT WAY4 ,BUT IT WAS C]TA9LY 0! PEASANTRY AT ONE REMOVE01 ! 9DEP5D5T >TISAN OR CRAFTSMAN ?REAT5$ AS A CLASS1 & F9ALLY DISPLAC$ AS A VIABLE SECTION ( SOCIETY BY ! LAT] MONOPOLI/IC DEVELOPM5TS ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS AN 9DEP5D5T & PRODUCTIVE CLASS IT HAD ALWAYS BE5 9 ! =EFRONT ( RESI/ANCE AGA9/ OPPRESSION BECAUSE IT NEI!R /OOD 9 L9E = ,/ATE B5EFITS NOR NE$$ TO BEG = EMPLOYM5T FROM MA/]S4 ,:5 ,/ATE RE/RICTIONS C\LD BE BYPASS$ IT DID NOT EV5 HAVE TO AVAIL ITSELF ( ! PAP] WEAL? ( F9ANCE CAPITAL4 ,IT HAD BE5 9 ! RADICAL VANGU>D TO DE/ROY OPPRESSIVE FEUDALISM & (T5 REMA9$ SO1 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! 0A!I/ BLACKSMI?0 OR ! 0RADICAL COBBL]0 W]E TRADITIONAL 0VILLAGE ,HAMPD5S01 RALLY+ ! VILLAGE LABOR]S1 LESS ABLE TO EXPRESS !IR OP9IONS FREELY1 TO )/& ! LOCAL G5TRY OR CL]GY4 ,NOT 5TIRELY 9 D]ISION1 ,M>X CALL$ ?IS CLASS 0PETIT-B\RGEOIS04 ,IT CON/ITUT$ ! DEC5TRALIZ+ F$]ALI/S )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & IS ! REASON :Y ,M>XI/S CALL AN>*ISM A 0PETIT B\RGEOIS TR5D0 EV5 TODAY1 :5 ! T]M HAS COME TO MEAN SOME?+ 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 

,9 ITS ORIG9AL S5SE1 ! 0SMALL CITIZ5S0 W]E ! BACKBONE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,FR5* 9DU/RY WAS /ILL 9 ! ONE-MAN /AGE & WAS ?REAT5$1 UND] ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I1 BY ! FLUCTUATIONS ( EX*ANGE BY :I* HE PLANN$ TO 5ABLE F9ANCE CAPITAL TO GR[1 & TO /R5G!N HIS EMPIRE'S W> POT5TIAL4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! COLLAPSE BO? ( ,FRANCE ITSELF & ( !IR MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD1 !Y E/ABLI%$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,IT WAS ! HI<-WAT] M>K ( ,PR\DHONI/ DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,9 PRACTICE IT BEGAN TO M]GE ) ! ,/ATELESS SOCIALISM ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,BAKUN9I/ W+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AFT] ! ,COMMUNE WAS CRU%$1 ! AMALGAM ( !SE IDEAS REV]B]AT$ >\ND ! WORLD4 ,?IS WAS ! BIR? ( ! MOD]N AN>*I/ MOVEM5T PROP]4.<#a.> 

,! MA/] CRAFTSMAN1 SMALL TRADESMAN -- COBBL]1 BOOKB9D]1 SMI? -- :O WAS ! TYPICAL 0SMALL CITIZ50 ?IS OLD] ECONOMY1 MI<T SOMETIMES HAVE UTILIZ$ AN APPR5TICE4 ,HE MI<T HAVE GONE ON TO EMPLOY LABOR1 EXP&$ & BECOME AN EXPLOIT]4 ,BUT :ILE HE REMA9$ AN 9DEP5D5T UNIT HE WAS /ILL A PRODUCTIVE WORK]4 ,AS ! HI/ORY ( ! TAILOR+ 9DU/RY 9 ?IS C\NTRY DEMON/RATES QUITE CLE>LY1 ! SMALL] ! DEGREE ( ! EMPLOY+ UNIT1 ! GREAT] ! DEGREE ( EXPLOITATION4 ,!RE IS H[EV] A WORLD ( DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! OLD-TIME CRAFTSMAN AS AN 9DEP5D5T MAN1 & ! MA/] TAILOR :O MI<T ORIG9ALLY BE A CRAFTSMAN1 BUT :OM ! SY/EM OBLIG$ TO GO D[NW>D TO S]VE 9 A FACTORY OR UPW>DS TO BECOME A CAPITALI/ HIMSELF4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 A PEASANT MI<T ALSO BECOME A L>GE F>M]1 UNLESS1 AS HAPP5$ 9 MO/ C\NTRIES ) AN 9DEP5D5T PEASANTRY1 ! ,/ATE1 ON BEHALF ( ! L&[N]S1 =CIBLY PREV5T$ HIM FROM DO+ SO4 ,! CAPITALI/ DILEMMA IS EXP& OR P]I%4 ,?IS IS :Y ! PETIT-B\RGEOISIE HAS BECOME AN EXPLOIT+ CLASS1 BUT IT HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! OLD] CLASS GIV5 ?AT NAME BY ,M>X4 ,9DE$ ! T]M N[ EV5 9CLUDES ! CIVIL S]VANT4 

,9 ! E>LI]1 ,PR\DHONIAN S5SE1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( ! 9DEP5D5T CRAFTSMAN1 ON ! L9ES ( ! M$IEVAL CITY4 ,! DEC5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 ONCE ! WORK]S CAME TO CONTROL !IR [N DE/9IES 9 ! =M ( GUILD SOCIALISM1 MI<T MAKE SU* A VISION A REALITY4 ,! CONCEPT ( 9DEP5D5T CRAFTSM5 9 GUILDS1 & COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS1 WAS EXP\ND$ SCI5TIFICALLY BY ,KROPOTK91 & DESCRIB$ LOV+LY BY ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 7XXX74 ,IT HAS NEV] BE5 F> FROM ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ VIEW ( ,UTOPIA1 :]EAS CLASSICAL ,M>XISM SAW NO F>!R ?AN A SUCCESSFUL PROLET>IAT CONTROLL+ 9DU/RY EV5 :]E IT REALIZ$ ?AT P>TY CONTROL1 & ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A ,/ATE MA*9E1 WAS DE/RUCTIVE ( ?AT AIM4 ,TO IT ! AN>*I/ ,UTOPIA WAS A 0PETTY B\RGEOIS0 ILLUSION1 A T]M BECOME ! MORE 9SULT+ N[ ?AT IT HAS ALT]$ ITS MEAN+4 

,= TODAY ! T]M C\LD NEV] SIGNIFY BAK]S OR COMPOSITORS OR :EELWRI<TS WORK+ ON !IR [N4 ,SOME ( ! OLD CRAFTS HAVE DISAPPE>$ ANYWAY1 A *ANGE NOT ALWAYS = ! BETT]4#a#b ,PROCESSES >E N[ 9DU/RIALIZ$ & ! RUL+ MOTIVE IS PR(IT1 NOT PLEASURE 9 CRAFTSMAN%IP4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ :O DOES NOT HAVE ! LUCK OR POSSESS ! RU?LESSNESS TO BECOME AN EFFICI5T BUS9ESSMAN1 IS DRIV5 9TO MASS 9DU/RY OR REMA9S ON ! V]Y $GE ( ! ECONOMY4 

,9 CIVIL-S]VICE-CONTROLL$ ,RUSSIA1 ! /ALLHOLD] IS A DESPIS$ SUB-/RATUM1 G5]ALLY SOMEONE :O HAS 0GONE D[N 9 LIFE0 BY BE+ A REBEL 7BY NATURE IF NOT BY POLITICS7 & HAS LO/ HIS ALL-IMPORTANT 0PAP]S0 -- HIS P>TY C>D OR HIS P]MIT TO WORK1 MISCALL$ A UNION C>D4 ,HE HAS 0DEG5]AT$0 TO BECOME A FRUIT]] OR P$DL]4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 ! CO/]MONG]1 NEWSPAP] SELL]1 TAXI DRIV]1 ALL REPRES5T A H>DY SOCIAL TRADITION ( ! 0TRADESMAN04 ,9 ! OLD] 7,PR\DHONIAN7 S5SE1 !Y >E 0B\RGEOIS04 ,!Y >E UNMI/AKABLY WORK+ -- CLASS 9 ! SOCIAL S5SE4 

,! GAU*E MI/RANSLATION -- 0PETTY B\RGEOIS0 7PETIT-B\RGEOIS1 ,KLE9BURG]1 SMALL CITIZ57 HAS CAU<T ON BECAUSE IT IS APT 5\< TO DESCRIBE ?IS CLASS 9 ITS NEW S5SE4 ,= ITS MO/ NOTICEABLE FEATURE IS ITS PETT9ESS4 ,9 G5]AL J>GON ! T]M IS APPLI$ TO ! ,CITY BUS9ESSMAN1 ! CIVIL S]VANT1 ! MULTIPLE %OPKEEP]1 ! PR(ESSIONAL MAN OR WOMAN1 ! (FICE EXECUTIVE4 ,! SOCIALLY PETTY-M9D$1 IRRESPECTIVE ( OCCUPATION1 REG>D !MSELVES AS MIDDLE-CLASS4 ,! SMALL] %OPKEEP]'S ASPIRATIONS MAKE AN ATTRACTIVE >*ETYPAL MY? 70! SMALL MAN07 = ! ,BEAV]BROOK ,PRESS4 ,IT CONCEALS ! REALITY ?AT CAPITALISM HAS R$UC$ HIM TO ! /ATUS ( AN \TWORK+ CONTRACTOR 9 ?OSE TRADES :]E !RE IS 9SUFFICI5T 9C5TIVE = EMPLOYES4 ,?AT IS :Y ! SIDE /REET GROC] GIVES WAY TO ! SUP]M>KET1 :OSE CUT-D[N ( LABOR MAKES RETAIL TRAD+ PR(ITABLE4 

,!RE IS /ILL A PLACE 9 ! RAT-RACE = ! TOBACCONI/ PREP>$ TO /& 9 A KIOSK = ALL H\RS ( ! DAY1 SMIL+ AT HIS CIVIL S]VICE CU/OM]S 9 B[L] HAT & /RIP$ TR\S]S1 P]HAPS ?9K+ ( HIMSELF AS MIDDLE-CLASS & ( !M AS (FICE WORK]S1 :ILE !Y REG>D !MSELVES AS MIDDLE-CLASS & HIM AS A TRADESMAN4 ,HIS TAK+S SIPHON$ (F TO ! ,/ATE BY WAY ( TAX & TO ! MANUFACTUR] & :OLESAL] BY WAY ( PR(IT1 HIS M>G9 IS B>ELY VIABLE TO ALL[ ! PAYM5T ( WAGES1 :I* IS :Y ! DI/RIBUTIVE 5D WAS LEFT TO HIM 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,PROVID+ HE 9TRODUCES SUFFICI5T CAPITAL1 IT MAY RETURN TO HIM BY 9/ALLM5TS )\T HIS REALIZ+ ! NATURE ( ! CON GAME1 OR HE MAY ATTRIBUTE ! SL[NESS ( RE-ACCUMULATION TO ! FAULTS ( ! CURR5T GOV]NM5T OR POSSIBLY TO ! UN(FICIAL /RIK]S OR EV5 ! LONG HAIR ( MOD]N Y\?4 

,?IS REPRES5TS ! ANTI!SIS ( ! 9DEP5D5CE TO :I* HE LAYS CLAIM4 ,IT IS A =M ( LIB]TY )\T COOP]ATION :I* F9ALLY CEASES TO BE LIB]TY4 ,FRE$OM IS NOT POSSIBLE )\T COOP]ATION4 ,COOP]ATION )\T FRE$OM IS ANO!R =M ( EXPLOITATION4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifi 3 ,*APT] #c - ,! ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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