,*APT] #c 
,! ,REVOLUTIONS ( ,TODAY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c4 ,! ,REVOLUTIONS ( ,TODAY 

,AFT] DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! HI/ORICAL VICTORIES ( NONVIOL5CE HAVE NOT BE5 VICTORIES FROM A REVOLUTION>Y /&PO9T1 ?AT !Y DID NOT BR+ AN 5D TO OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION1 !Y DID NOT FUNDAM5TALLY *ANGE SOCIAL RELATIONS1 MU* LESS CREATE A CLASSLESS1 HORIZONTAL SOCIETY1 ONE (T5 HE>S ! REBUTTAL1 ,BUT VIOL5CE HAS NEV] WORK$6 

,MOV+ PA/ ! MORALI/IC SIMPLEM9D$NESS CONTA9$ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT 0VIOL5CE0 IS A ME?OD1 ?IS /ATEM5T CONCEALS AN IMPORTANT FACT4 
,UNLIKE ! PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE1 WE 7& H]E ,I ONLY MEAN TO SPEAK = AN>*I/S :O BELIEVE 9 REVOLUTION1 ?\< MANY O!R ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ANTICAPITALI/S AS WELL AS 9DIG5\S PEOPLE FI<T+ = !IR FRE$OM FROM COLONIALISM MAY ID5TIFY7 HAVE NEV] CLAIM$ VICTORY4 
,WE HAVE PO9T$ TO SPECIFIC BATTLES WON1 GR\ND GA9$1 OR SMALL /EPS AHEAD AS S\RCES ( 9SPIRATION & LE>N+1 BUT WE >E NOT TRY+ TO (F] EASY SOLUTIONS1 *EAP HOPES1 OR FALSE PROMISES TO ANYONE4 
,IF WE LIB]ATE \RSELVES 9 ONE >EA1 ALL WE GA9 WILL BE LO/ AGA9 UNLESS ! ,/ATE IS DEFEAT$ ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE4 

,! ,/ATE DOES NOT BROOK ANY 9DEP5D5CE OR EXT]NALITY TO ITS RULE1 & ?AT IS :Y IT HAS BRUTALLY COLONIZ$ ! 5TIRE GLOBE4 
,! T5D5CY ( NONVIOL5CE TO CLAIM SUP]FICIAL1 FALSE VICTORIES REVEALS ITS 9CL9ATION TO SEEK ACCOMMODATION ) RUL+ /RUCTURES BY ID5TIFY+ OPPRESSION ) ! SPECTACUL> VIOL5CE ( 0BAD GOV]NM5T01 !REBY COV]+ UP ! DEEP] ME*ANISMS ?AT 0GOOD GOV]NM5TS0 USE TO ACCOMPLI% ! SAME 5DS4 
,SUPPORT]S ( NONVIOL5CE CLAIM ,9DIAN 9DEP5D5CE AS A VICTORY = !IR ME?OD1 :]EAS AN>*I/S :O SUPPORT COMBATIVE ME?ODS DO NOT CLAIM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS A VICTORY4 
,:Y %\LD !Y8 
,AL?\< !Y P>TICIPAT$1 ALONG ) O!R CURR5TS ( /RUGGLE1 ! WORLD !Y TALK$ AB\T DID NOT COME AB\T1 & 9 FACT !Y W]E SLAU<T]$ AS O!R ELEM5TS TOOK OV] ! REVOLUTION4 
,?+S CLE>LY *ANG$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT IT WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ *ANGE4 

,H[EV]1 !SE EXACT SAME CRIT]IA APPLY TO ! NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T 9 ,9DIA4 
,!Y W]E BUT ONE ( MULTIPLE CURR5TS1 !IR LEAD]S W]E KILL$ (F1 & ! PEACEFUL1 JU/ SOCIETY !Y SPOKE AB\T NEV] CAME 9TO BE+4.<#a#i.> 
,NONE!LESS1 PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE JUMP AT ! *ANCE TO DECL>E VICTORY1 NO MATT] H[ MANY EMB>RASS+ DETAILS !Y HAVE TO IGNORE4 
,?IS IS NOT SIMPLE OPPORTUNISM1 BUT AN \TGR[? ( ! FUNCTIONAL COMPLICITY BETWE5 NONVIOL5CE & ! /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 
,! V]Y PHILOSOPHY ( NONVIOL5CE LEADS TO A MISLEAD+ DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOOD & BAD GOV]NM5T1 BAS$ ON :E!R A GOV]NM5T MU/ MAKE USE ( %OCK+1 VISIBLE =MS ( VIOL5CE OR :E!R IT CAN CONTROL SOCIETY ?R\< O!R1 9VISIBLE MEANS4 

,BY *ALK+ UP ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,SPA91 ,*9A1 ,CUBA1 & ELSE:]E TO ONE SIMPLE FACTOR1 ! REVOLUTION>IES' USE ( ?IS ?+ CALL$ 0VIOL5CE10 !Y SAVE !MSELVES ! NE$ = ANY NUANC$1 ?OR\< HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS4 
,NONVIOL5CE1 9 SUM1 5C\RAGES SUP]FICIALITY1 FALSE EXPECTATIONS1 DI%ONE/Y1 & SLOPPY ?9K+4 
,EV5 MORE TR\BLESOME1 IT CON=MS ) ! N>RATIVES ( ?OSE 9 P[]1 :O W\LD ALSO HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT A NONVIOL5T ,G&HI C>RI$ ! DAY 9 ,9DIA1 & ?AT ! WORK]S 9 ,RUSSIA OP5$ A ,P&ORA'S ,BOX BY RIS+ UP4 

,ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS :O SUPPORT A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS DO NOT CLAIM A VICTORY 9 ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,SPA91 ,HAITI1 & ELSE:]E4 
,!Y >E =C$1 !RE=E1 TO ANALYZE H[ PEOPLE EMP[]$ !MSELVES TO DEFEAT ! GOV]NM5T & BEG9 TO SELF-ORGANIZE SOCIETY1 :AT W5T WRONG1 & :AT WAS ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 DIFF]5T REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS4 
,TO MAKE S5SE ( !IR DEFEAT1 !Y HAVE TO 9VE/IGATE :E!R PEOPLE A*IEV$ A MEAN+FUL FRE$OM 9 ! ,M>OON VILLAGES1 ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS1 OR ! COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON.<#b.>2 & :E!R !SE LIB]AT$ ZONES W]E EFFECTIVE OR 9EFFECTIVE AT DEF5D+ !MSELVES4 
,?IS HAS L$ TO YE>S ( RESE>* & DEBATE TO HACK \T NUANC$ ANSW]S TO ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/IONS REG>D+ MOVEM5T UNITY & COORD9ATION1 VOLUNTE] MILITIAS1 GU]RILLA =CES1 CL&E/9E CELLS1 & LABOR UNIONS2 SOCIOECONOMIC QUE/IONS LIKE ! ROLE ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ PATRI>*Y )9 !SE REVOLUTIONS1 ! POSSIBILITY ( ALLIANCE BETWE5 WAGE SLAVES & UNWAG$ SLAVES1 :E!R ! PRODUCTIVE LOGIC ( ! FACTORY CAN EV] BE LIB]AT$1 :E!R 9T5SIFY+ ATTACKS ON CAPITALISM & EF=TS TO COLLECTIVIZE A SOCIETY'S RES\RCES /R5G!N OR WEAK5 ! ATTEMPT TO DEFEAT FASCI/ OR 9T]V5TIONI/ MILIT>IES1 & A LONG ET CET]A4 
,9 MOM5TS ( SOCIAL PEACE1 ?IS CAN SEEM LIKE AN OBSESSIVE ESCAPISM 9TO ! DI/ANT BATTLES ( HI/ORY1 BUT :5 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS REEM]GE 9 TIMES ( R5EW$ CONFLICT1 ! PEOPLE :O HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 !SE DEBATES HAVE BE5 ABLE TO APPLY HI/ORICAL LESSONS TO ONGO+ /RUGGLES & AVOID ! REPETITION ( OLD ]RORS4 

,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S ,]ICA ,*5[E? & ,M>IA ,/EPHAN >E ! AU?ORS ( A /UDY ?AT IS AMONG ! ONLY /ATI/ICAL ANALYZES ( ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( NONVIOL5CE4 
,LIKE MANY SOCIAL SCI5TI/S BE=E !M1 !Y USE /ATI/ICS TO OBSCURE MORE COMPLEX TRU?S4 
,!Y CLAIM TO HAVE COMPIL$ A LI/ ( #cbc MAJOR NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGNS OR VIOL5T CONFLICTS FROM #ai TO #b#f1 & !N SUP]FICIALLY RATE !SE AS 0SUCCESSFUL01 0P>TIALLY SUCCESSFUL01 OR 0FAIL$04 
,!Y DO NOT USE REVOLUTION>Y CRIT]IA = SUCCESS1 & 9 !IR M9D ! 0,COLOR ,REVOLUTIONS0 & MANY O!R RE=MI/1 DEAD-5D1 OR SELF-BETRAY+ MOVEM5TS W]E SUCCESSFUL4 
,AL?\< !Y RATE CAMPAIGNS AS OBJECTIVELY VIOL5T OR NONVIOL5T1 !Y DO NOT DEF9E VIOL5CE1 & !Y ALSO UNCRITICALLY USE LOAD$ T]MS LIKE 0! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY04 
,!Y CR$IT NONVIOL5CE ) VICTORY 9 CASES :]E 9T]NATIONAL PEACEKEEP+ =CES1 I4E4 >MIES1 HAD TO BE CALL$ 9 TO PROTECT PEACEFUL PROTE/]S1 AS 9 ,EA/ ,TIMOR1 & !Y DEF9E VICTORY SIMPLY AS ! A*IEVEM5T ( A MOVEM5T'S GOALS1 AS ?\< MOVEM5TS EV] HAD A CONS5SUS ON !IR GOALS4 

,!Y DO NOT PUBLI% ! LI/ ( CAMPAIGNS & CONFLICTS ) !IR ORIG9AL /UDY1 & AFT] EXT5SIVE SE>*+ ,I WAS UNABLE TO F9D IT4 
,!Y EXPLA9 ?AT ! LI/ ( MAJOR NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGNS WAS PROVID$ TO !M BY 0EXP]TS 9 NONVIOL5T CONFLICT01 9 O!R WORDS1 PEOPLE :O >E ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE4 
,GIV5 WIDESPREAD MANIPULATION BY SU* 0EXP]TS10 :O FREQU5TLY DESCRIBE HET]OG5E\S /RUGGLES AS 0NONVIOL5T10 SU* AS ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ,9DIA1 ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS MOVEM5T1 OR ! UPRIS+S ( ! ,>AB ,SPR+1 WE CAN ONLY ASSUME ?AT MANY ( SUCCESSFUL NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGNS ON ! LI/ 9CLUD$ >M$ & COMBATIVE ELEM5TS4 
,! VIOL5T CONFLICTS ?AT !Y 9CLUDE 9 !IR /UDY COME FROM A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T S\RCE3 LI/S ( >M$ CONFLICTS ) OV] #a1 COMBATANT DEA?S4 
,9 O!R WORDS1 W>S4 
,!Y >E COMP>+ APPLES & ORANGES1 L9+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS UP AGA9/ W>S1 AS ?\< !SE DIFF]5T K9DS ( CONFLICTS >OSE 9 ! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES & W]E M]ELY A PRODUCT ( ! *OICES ( !IR P>TICIPANTS4 

,ONE ME?ODOLOGICAL WEAKNESS !Y DO ADMIT TO1 9 A FOOTNOTE1 IS ?AT BY FOCUS+ ON 0MAJOR0 NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGNS1 !Y WE$ \T ! MANY 9EFFECTIVE NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGNS ?AT NEV] ASSUM$ L>GE PROPORTIONS4 
,BUT NONE ( ! MEASURES !Y TOOK1 O/5SIBLY TO CORRECT ?AT BIAS1 C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE ANY EFFECT4 
,CIRCULAT+ 0! DATA AMONG LEAD+ AU?ORITIES ON NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS TO MAKE SURE WE ACC\NT$ = FAIL$ MOVEM5TS0 IS USELESS S9CE !RE IS NO OBJECTIVE DI/9CTION BETWE5 MAJOR & M9OR CAMPAIGNS1 & ! BIGGE/ FAILURES NEV] BECOME MAJOR CAMPAIGNS4 
,RUNN+ 0MULTIPLE TE/S BO? ACROSS NONVIOL5T & VIOL5T CASES & )9 NONVIOL5T CASES ALONE TO 5SURE ROBU/NESS ON ALL RESULTS0 IS WOR?LESS IF ! /UDY SAMPLE IS /ACK$ FROM ! />T4.<#b#a.> 

,!IR 5TIRE ME?OD IS SUP]FICIAL TO ! PO9T ( BE+ USELESS4 
,!Y >E US+ /ATI/ICS TO OBSCURE COMPLEX REALITIES4 
,BUT EV5 9 ?IS FLAW$ 5DEAVOR1 !Y HAVE TO MANIPULATE ! /ATI/ICS 9 ORD] TO AFFIRM !IR PRECONCEIV$ CONCLUSIONS4 
,MO/ ( !IR PAP] C5T]S ON A DETAIL$ EXPLANATION ( !IR HYPO!SES1 & PSEUDO-LOGICAL >GUM5TS = :Y !IR HYPO!SES MU/ BE CORRECT4 
,= EXAMPLE1 !Y CITE PSY*OLOGICAL /UDIES ON 9DIVIDUAL DECISION-MAK+1 ) ! UNSPOK5 ASSUMPTION ?AT COMPLEX SOCIAL CONFLICTS BETWE5 9/ITUTIONS & HET]OG5E\S POPULATIONS WILL FOLL[ ! SAME PATT]NS4.<#b#b.> 
,!Y PROVIDE NO EVID5CE = KEY >GUM5TS LIKE 0! PUBLIC IS MORE LIKELY TO SUPPORT A NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGN0 7P4 #a#c7 NOR DO !Y 9T]ROGATE ! FIGURE ( 0! PUBLIC04 
,!Y ALSO MAKE CONV5I5T USE ( NON SEQUITURS1 AS 9 ! FOLL[+ P>AGRAPH3 

,SECOND1 :5 VIOL5T 9SURG5TS ?REAT5 ! LIVES ( REGIME MEMB]S & SECURITY =CES1 !Y GREATLY R$UCE ! POSSIBILITY ( LOYALTY %IFTS4 
,ABRAHMS F9DS ?AT T]RORI/ GR\PS T>GET+ CIVILIANS LOSE PUBLIC SUPPORT COMP>$ ) GR\PS ?AT LIMIT !IR T>GETS TO ! MILIT>Y OR POLICE4.<FOOTNOTE REMOV$.> 
,SURR5D]+ OR DEFECT+ TO A VIOL5T MOVEM5T .<444.> .<P4 #a#c.> 

,ALL ! SUBSEQU5T >GUM5TS 9 ! P>AGRAPH1 :I* >E RHETORICAL >GUM5TS LACK+ ANY DOCUM5TATION OR DATA1 REF] TO ! TOPIC S5T5CE ( ! P>AGRAPH4 
,ALL ( !M >E 9T5D$ TO CONV9CE READ]S ?AT SO-CALL$ VIOL5T MOVEM5TS >E LESS EFFECTIVE AT PROVOK+ DEFECTION OR 0LOYALTY %IFTS0 AMONG /ATE =CES4 
,! ONLY S5T5CE ?AT MAKES ANY REF]5CE TO EVID5CE IS ! SECOND ONE1 QUOT$ ABOVE4 
,BUT NOTICE H[ ! /UDY CIT$ ACTUALLY HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! TOPIC S5T5CE1 NO BE>+ ON ! QUE/ION ( DEFECTION NOR ! V>IABLE VIOL5CE_/NONVIOL5CE 7,ABRAHMS' /UDY ONLY ADDRESSES VIOL5T GR\PS1 DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 ?OSE ?AT DO & DO NOT T>GET CIVILIANS74 

,ELSE:]E 9 ! /UDY1 ! AU?ORS AMBIGU\SLY ADMIT ?AT ! /ATI/ICS DO NOT REVEAL MORE DEFECTIONS 9 ! FACE ( NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS1 BUT !Y /RUCTURE ! 5TIRE >TICLE TO HIDE ?AT 9CONV5I5CE & ADVANCE !IR PRECONCEIV$ >GUM5TS4 

,SU* OP]ATIONAL SUCCESSES OCCUR AMONG VIOL5T CAMPAIGNS OCCASIONALLY1 BUT NONVIOL5T CAMPAIGNS >E MORE LIKELY TO PRODUCE LOYALTY %IFTS4 
,AL?\< 9 ! QUANTITATIVE /UDY !SE F9D+S >E QUALIFI$ BY DATA CON/RA9TS1 \R CASE /UDIES REVEAL ?AT ?REE VIOL5T CAMPAIGNS W]E UNABLE TO PRODUCE MEAN+FUL LOYALTY %IFTS AMONG OPPON5T ELITES1 :]EAS SU* %IFTS DID OCCUR AS A RESULT ( NONVIOL5T ACTION 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES & ,EA/ ,TIMOR4 
.<P4 #d#b.> 

,TO PUT IT MORE PLA9LY1 !SE 0DATA CON/RA9TS0 >E A LACK ( DATA SUPPORT+ !IR >GUM5T1 OR 09SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS0 AS !Y ADMIT ON PAGE #b4 
,! ?REE CASE /UDIES !Y CALL 9 TO SAVE ! DAY >E ?REE EXAMPLES *]RY-PICK$ TO PROVE ! PO9T !Y >E TRY+ TO MAKE4 
,WE CAN DO BETT]3 ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 ! ,SOVIET 9VASION ( ,AF<ANI/AN1 P>TIZAN RESI/ANCE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & 9 ,ITALY1 & ! AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE 9 ,UKRA9E DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>4 
,FIVE EXAMPLES ( >M$ MOVEM5TS PROVOK+ MAJOR 
DEFECTIONS AMONG ! >MIES S5T TO CRU% !M1 ALL ( !M MORE DEF9ITIVE & ON A HI<] SCALE ?AN ! 0LOYALTY %IFTS0 PROVOK$ 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES & ,EA/ ,TIMOR4 

,9 ONE P>AGRAPH SUMM+ UP H] RESE>*1 ,*5[E? ACKN[L$GES ?AT ! IMPACT ( A 0VIOL5T W+0 ON ! SUCCESS RATES ( A MOVEM5T IS 0NOT /ATI/ICALLY SIGNIFICANT0 & !N 9 ! NEXT P>AGRAPH SAY ?AT 0! MO/ TR\BL+ POSSIBILITY IS ?AT ! >M$ W+ WILL R$UCE ! MOVEM5T'S *ANCES ( SUCCESS40 
,LAT]1 %E COMMITS ! MO/ BASIC ]ROR 9 /ATI/ICS1 CONFUS+ CORRELATION ) CAUSATION1 TO SAY ?AT 0AN >M$ W+ CAN R$UCE POPUL> P>TICIPATION .<H] EMPHASIS.>0 EV5 ?\< H] [N DATA DO NOT SUPPORT ?IS ASS]TION4.<#b#c.> 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT M5TION ( ?IS /UDY MADE ! R\NDS ON A NUMB] ( NONVIOL5T WEBSITES4 
,FROM :AT ,I SAW1 ! NONVIOL5CE ADVOCATES :O US$ ! /ATI/ICS TO PROVE ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR ME?OD NEV] L9K$ DIRECTLY TO ! /UDY4 
,!Y PROBABLY NEV] EV5 READ IT4 

,9 ORD] TO EVALUATE ! SUCCESSES & FAILURES ( ! MAJOR UPRIS+S ( ! LA/ TW5TY-ODD YE>S S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 WE NE$ A FAIR & S5SIBLE SET ( CRIT]IA4 
,WE CAN SET ASIDE ! SUP]FICIAL QUE/ION ( 0:O WON801 GIV5 ?AT NOBODY HAS WON1 EXCEPT = ?OSE :O CONT9UE TO RULE US4 

,WE %\LD ALSO AVOID ! CRIT]ION ( :E!R OR NOT A MOVEM5T LEADS TO 9CREAS$ REPRESSION4 
,I CAN REMEMB] C\NTLESS >GUM5TS 9 :I* SUPPORT]S ( NONVIOL5CE HAVE TRI$ TO PA9T A /RUGGLE AS A FAILURE ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT WAS HEAVILY REPRESS$4 
,! SEMI-EFFECTIVE NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/ ALL PROVOK$ AN 9CREASE 9 GOV]NM5T REPRESSION :5EV] !Y C\LD 5C\RAGE WIDESPREAD DISOB$I5CE4 
,! BELIEF ( MOD]N PACIFI/S1 :I* WAS NOT %>$ BY ,K+ OR ,G&HI1 ?AT PEACEFUL /RUGGLE CAN AVOID BRUTAL CONSEQU5CES AT ! H&S ( POLICE & MILIT>Y1 HAS BE5 EFFECTIVELY US$ AS A SELL+ PO9T TO FLOOD ! RANKS ( NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS ) OPPORTUNI/S1 WEEK5D]S1 FAIR-WEA!R FRI5DS1 C[>DS1 C>E]I/S1 & NAIVE CITIZ5S :O ?9K ?AT *ANG+ ! WORLD CAN BE EASY & HASSLE-FREE4 
,REPRESSION IS 9EVITABLE 9 ANY /RUGGLE AGA9/ AU?ORITY4 
,IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE ?IS REPRESSION1 BUT 9 ! WOR/ CASE1 A /RUGGLE ?AT IS COMPLETELY CRU%$ BY REPRESSION IS /ILL MORE EFFECTIVE--BECAUSE IT CAN 9SPIRE US TODAY--?AN A /RUGGLE ?AT ALL[S ITSELF TO BE RECUP]AT$ = FE> ( REPRESSION1 AS HAPP5S ) MANY NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS4 
,!RE=E1 BECAUSE ! LONG-T]M EFFECTS ( REPRESSION /ILL REMA9 TO BE SE51 WE WILL NOT 9CLUDE ?IS AS A CRIT]ION1 BUT WE WILL NOTE IF A P>TICUL> REBELLION WAS SUCCESSFULLY DEFEAT$ BY REPRESSION OR RECUP]ATION1 SO ?AT READ]S WILL NOTICE A PATT]N IF ! COMBATIVE MOVEM5TS TRULY >E UNABLE TO COPE ) REPRESSION1 AS !IR CRITICS CLAIM1 OR IF NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS >E FREQU5TLY RECUP]AT$1 AS WE CLAIM4 

,ONE CRIT]ION ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE IS :E!R A MOVEM5T SUCCE$S 9 SEIZ+ SPACE 9 :I* NEW RELATIONS CAN BE PUT 9 PRACTICE4 
,NEW RELATIONS MEAN3 DO PEOPLE %>E COMMUNALLY & 5JOY DIRECT ACCESS TO !IR MEANS ( SURVIVAL1 OR IS ! SOCIAL WEAL? ALI5AT$2 >E PEOPLE ABLE TO ORGANIZE !IR [N LIVES1 ACTIVITY1 & SURR\ND+S1 OR IS DECISION-MAK+ AU?ORITY MONOPOLIZ$ BY GOV]NM5T /RUCTURES2 DO WOM51 TRANS1 & QUE] PEOPLE 5JOY MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE & SELF-DET]M9ATION1 OR >E !Y FULLY EXPOS$ TO ! VIOL5CE ( PATRI>*Y2 DO PEOPLE ( COLOR & 9DIG5\S PEOPLE HAVE MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE & AUTONOMY1 OR >E !Y AT ! M]CY ( COLONIAL /RUCTURES LIKE ! M>KET & ! POLICE8 
,:ILE ! =MS >E DIFF]5T1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS >E FUNDAM5TALLY ! SAME BETWE5 ONE CAPITALI/ /ATE & ANO!R1 :]EAS !RE IS A M>K$ DIFF]5CE 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 A /ATELESS COMMUNE OR AN 9DEP5D5T 9DIG5\S T]RITORY4 
,EV5 ?\< AUTONOM\S SPACE WILL USUALLY BE RECONQU]$ BY ! ,/ATE1 WE TAKE ! EXP]I5CES ( SELF-ORGANIZATION AWAY ) US4 
,! MORE ( !SE EXP]I5CES WE W91 ! MORE P[]FUL \R /RUGGLES BECOME1 ! GREAT] \R CAPACITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION ON A HI<] LEVEL1 & ! MORE PEOPLE !RE >E :O KN[ ?AT OB$I5CE TO ! EXI/+ SY/EM IS NOT ! ONLY OPTION4 

,?IS SUGGE/S A SECOND CRIT]ION3 TO :AT EXT5T A MOVEM5T SPREADS AW>5ESS ( ITS IDEAS4 
,& ?IS1 9 TURN1 NE$S TO BE EVALUAT$ 9 T]MS ( :E!R ?OSE IDEAS >E SPREAD AS PASSIVE 9=MATION1 OR :E!R !Y >E COMMUNICAT$ AS IDEAS WOR? FI<T+ = 7OR 9 ! CASE ( ! NONVIOL5T1 TAK+ ACTION & MAK+ SACRIFICES =74 

,BECAUSE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( RECUP]ATION 9 DEFEAT+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ONE IMPORTANT CRIT]ION IS :E!R A MOVEM5T HAS ELITE SUPPORT4 
,IF A P>T ( ! ELITE SUPPORTS A MOVEM5T1 IT IS MU* MORE LIKELY ?AT ! MOVEM5T APPE>S TO A*IEVE A VICTORY1 :5 9 FACT ! VICTORY IS 9SUB/ANTIAL & ALL[S ! ELITE TO IMPROVE !IR [N SITUATION4 
,?IS CRIT]ION CAN ALSO %[ IF ! PACIFI/S >E RI<T :5 !Y SAY ! GOV]NM5T WANTS US TO BE VIOL5T1 OR IF ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE1 ?AT ! ELITE WANT US TO BE NONVIOL5T4 

,F9ALLY1 DID A MOVEM5T A*IEVE ANY CONCRETE GA9S ?AT IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES1 RE/ORE !IR DIGNITY1 OR DEMON/RATE ?AT /RUGGLE IS WOR? IT & ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS NOT OMNIPOT5T8 
,FROM ?IS CRIT]ION1 WE MU/ EXCLUDE /RICTLY =MALI/IC GA9S1 LIKE PRO-DEMOCRACY MOVEM5TS ?AT A*IEVE FREE & FAIR ELECTIONS1 BECAUSE ?IS IS A R$UNDANT VICTORY ?AT CAN ONLY MATT] TO ?OSE :O HAVE ALL[$ 
!MSELVES TO BELIEVE ?AT DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T IS SOMEH[ ANALOG\S TO FRE$OM OR A BETT] LIFE4 
,:5 ! ,SOVIET ,BLOC C\NTRIES TRANSITION$ FROM DICTATOR%IP TO DEMOCRACY1 CITIZ5S' FRE$OM ( ACTION DID NOT AT ALL 9CREASE1 :]EAS !IR QUALITY ( LIFE SUFF]$ DRAMATICALLY4 
,9 O!R WORDS1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( DEMOCRACY IS SOLELY A QUE/ION ( H[ P[] ORGANIZES ITSELF1 & NOT ONE ?AT NECESS>ILY IMPACTS H[ NORMAL PEOPLE LIVE4 
,IF1 H[EV]1 SUCCESSFUL RESI/ANCE TO A DICTATOR%IP MEANS ?AT PEOPLE CAN TAKE TO ! /REETS )\T FE> ( BE+ >RE/$ & TORTUR$1 !N WE CAN CLE>LY C\NT ?IS AS A CONCRETE GA94 
,HOPEFULLY1 ! CRITICAL DIFF]5CE IS OBVI\S4.<#b#d.> 

,9 SUM1 ! F\R BASIC CRIT]IA >E3 

:E!R A MOVEM5T SEIZ$ SPACE = NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS2 

:E!R IT SPREAD AN AW>5ESS ( NEW IDEAS 7& SECOND>ILY IF ?IS AW>5ESS WAS PASSIVE OR :E!R IT 9SPIR$ O!RS TO FI<T72 

:E!R IT HAD ELITE SUPPORT2 

:E!R IT A*IEV$ ANY CONCRETE GA9S 9 IMPROV+ PEOPLE'S LIVES4 

,BECAUSE ALL ( US >E /ILL AT ! M]CY ( AN OPPRESSIVE SY/EM1 \R FOCUS MU/ BE ON ! /R5G!N+ ( \R /RUGGLES = FRE$OM1 DIGNITY1 & WELL-BE+4 
,! ABOVE CRIT]IA MEASURE ! HEAL? ( \R /RUGGLES1 & :E!R DIFF]5T ME?ODS AVAIL US ( :AT WE NE$ TO HAVE ANY *ANCE ( CREAT+ A NEW WORLD4 

,! ,OKA ,CRISIS 

,9 #a#i#i1 ,MOHAWK W>RIORS TOOK UP >MS TO PREV5T A DEVELOPM5T PROJECT ON !IR L&S4 
,ACCORD+ TO ,W>RIOR ,PUBLICATIONS3 

,! ,OKA ,CRISIS ( #aii 9VOLV$ ! ,MOHAWK T]RITORIES ( ,KANEHSATAKE_/,OKA @& ,KAHNAWAKE1 BO? LOCAT$ NE> ,MONTREAL1 ,QUEBEC4 
,! /&(F BEGAN ) AN >M$ POLICE ASSAULT ON A BLOCKADE AT ,KANEHSATAKE ON ,JULY #a#a1 #a#i#i1 :I* SAW ONE POLICE (FIC] %OT DEAD 9 A BRIEF EX*ANGE ( GUNFIRE4 
,FOLL[+ ?IS1 #b1 POLICE W]E MOBILIZ$1 LAT] REPLAC$ BY #d1#e SOLDI]S ) TANKS @& ,A,P,C'S1 ALONG ) NAVAL @& AIR SUPPORT444 
,! >M$ W>RIORS AT BO? ,KANEHSATAKE @& ,KAHNAWAKE 9SPIR$ WIDESPREAD SUPPORT @& SOLID>ITY FROM ,9DIG5\S PEOPLE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,PROTE/S1 OCCUPATIONS1 BLOCKADES1 @& SABOTAGE ACTIONS W]E C>RI$ \T1 AN 9DICATION ( ! GREAT POT5TIAL = REBELLION AMONG ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES4 

,?IS MANIFE/ATION ( UNITY @& SOLID>ITY S]V$ TO LIMIT ! USE ( LE?AL =CE BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 5D+ ! /&(F4 
,OV]ALL1 ,OKA HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES & WAS ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 RE-9SPIR+ \R W>RIOR SPIRIT4 
,! #g#g-DAY /&(F ALSO S]V$ AS AN EXAMPLE ( ,9DIG5\S SOV]EIGNTY1 & ! NECESSITY ( >M$ =CE TO DEF5D T]RITORY @& PEOPLE AGA9/ VIOL5T AGGRESSION BY EXT]NAL =CES4.<#b#e.> 

,! ,OKA ,CRISIS WAS AN >M$ CONFLICT4 

,IT SUCCE$$ 9 SEIZ+ SPACE4 

,IT SPREAD IDEAS ( 9DIG5\S SOV]EIGNTY & 9SPIR$ MANY O!RS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA TO FI<T BACK4 

,IT DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT4 

,! GOLF C\RSE EXPANSION ON !IR L&S WAS DEFEAT$1 & ! CONFLICT CAME TO A DIGNIFI$ CONCLUSION = ! ,MOHAWK4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS 

,9 #a#i#i#d1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 AN 9DIG5\S >MY BAS$ 9 ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO1 ROSE UP AGA9/ ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,FREE ,TRADE ,AGREEM5T & NEOLIB]ALISM 9 G5]AL4 
,!Y >E AN >M$ MOVEM5T1 ?\< !Y HAVE ALSO C>RI$ \T A L>GE NUMB] ( PEACEFUL ACTIONS4 
,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y HAVE EMPLOY$ A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS4 
,AL?\< CRITIQUES EXI/ ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION1 NATIONALISM1 & O!R PROBLEMS AMONG ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 = ! TIME BE+ !Y SEEM TO HAVE DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES CONSID]ABLY FROM O!R GU]RILLA MOVEM5TS ?AT PROV$ TO BE AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE SEIZ$ SPACE = NEW RELATIONS1 LIB]AT+ A NUMB] ( VILLAGES1 & HOLD+ ASSEMBLIES & 5CU5TROS = OV] A DECADE4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS DID MORE ?AN MO/ ANY O!R GR\P 9 ! '#iS 9 SPREAD+ CRITICAL AW>5ESS ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 & 9SPIR+ PEOPLE TO TAKE ACTION4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS DO NOT HAVE ANY SIGNIFICANT ELITE SUPPORT 9 ,MEXICO4 
,!Y DO RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM ACADEMICS & F>-LEFT POLITICAL P>TIES1 BUT 9 REC5T COMMUNIQUES !Y SEEM TO HAVE REJECT$ ?IS SUPPORT = ITS PAT]NALISM OR AU?ORIT>IANISM4 

,AL?\< BLOCKADES & PUNITIVE ACTIONS BY ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T HAVE MADE LIFE DIFFICULT = ,ZAPATI/AS1 !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM P>AMILIT>IES1 SELF-ORGANIZE TO MEET BASIC NE$S1 & BY MANY 9DICATIONS RECLAIM !IR DIGNITY4 

,! ,PRO-,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T 9 ,9DONESIA 

,9 ,MAY #a#i#i#h1 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9 ,9DONESIA PROTE/$ & RIOT$ AGA9/ ! ,SUH>TO REGIME & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 
,SOLDI]S CRACK$ D[N1 & MORE ?AN A ?\S& PEOPLE W]E KILL$4 
,! MILIT>Y NEGOTIAT$ ) A PROTE/ LEAD] TO CANCEL A MAJOR RALLY4 
,:5 ! PRO-DEMOCRACY POLITICAL GR\PS DEMON/RAT$ !Y HAD CONTROL OV] ! MOVEM5T BY SUCCESSFULLY CANCEL+ ! RALLY1 ,SUH>TO /EPP$ D[N4 
,9 SUM1 ! MOVEM5T WAS NOT PEACEFUL1 BUT ITS LEAD]%IP T5D$ T[>DS NONVIOL5CE4 

,! MOVEM5T SEIZ$ ! /REETS1 & /UD5T PROTE/]S HELD ASSEMBLIES 9 ! UNIV]SITIES4 
,H[EV]1 MU* ( ! RIOT+ HAD AN 9T]NEC9E *>ACT]1 9CLUD+ ATTACKS ON WOM5 & E?NIC M9ORITIES4 

,AL?\< ! MOVEM5T SUCCE$$ 9 \/+ ,SUH>TO1 IT WAS NOT L9K$ TO ANY SOCIAL CRITIQUES ?AT SPREAD BEYOND ,9DONESIA4 

,SUH>TO /EPP$ D[N AFT] RECEIV+ A CALL FROM ! ,U,S ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 & PRO-DEMOCRACY GR\PS RECEIV$ GOV]NM5T SUPPORT 9 PU%+ = A DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION4 
,IT WAS ALSO ALLEG$ ?AT ELEM5TS ( ! MILIT>Y R$IRECT$ CR[D VIOL5CE AWAY FROM GOV]NM5T BUILD+S & AGA9/ E?NIC M9ORITIES4 
,9 SUM1 PRO-DEMOCRACY ELEM5TS ( ! MOVEM5T DID HAVE ELITE SUPPORT4 

,! MOVEM5T DID SUCCE$ 9 GETT+ RID ( A P>TICUL>LY BRUTAL DICTATOR%IP4 
,H[EV] IT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 *ANG+ ! UND]LY+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ?AT WAS ! MA9 GRIEVANCE ( MANY P>TICIPANTS4 

,! ,SECOND ,9TIFADA 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] #b1 ,PALE/9IANS ROSE UP AGA9/ ! ,ISRAELI OCCUPATION & AP>!ID SY/EM1 IMM$IATELY 9 RESPONSE TO A VISIT BY !N ,ISRAELI OPPOSITION LEAD] ,>IEL ,%>ON 7! HI<E/ (FICIAL RESPONSIBLE = ! ,SABRA & ,%ATILA MASSACRES ( #a#i#h#b7 TO ! SITE ( ! AL-,AQSA MOSQUE1 ! ?IRD HOLIE/ PLACE 9 ,ISLAM1 ANNEX$ BY ,ISRAEL 9 #a#i#h4 
,9 ! FIR/ FIVE DAYS ( FI<T+1 ,ISRAELI SECURITY =CES KILL$ #dg ,PALE/9IANS1 :ILE ,PALE/9IAN RIOT]S KILL$ FIVE ,ISRAELIS4 
,! UPRIS+1 OR 9TIFADA1 SPREAD ACROSS ! C\NTRY & LA/$ SOME FIVE YE>S4 
,PALE/9IANS US$ MASS PROTE/S1 G5]AL /RIKES1 SL+%OTS1 SUICIDE BOMB+S1 & HOMEMADE ROCKETS1 :ILE ! ,ISRAELIS TRI$ TO CRU% ! UPRIS+ ) TANKS1 9FANTRY1 HELICOPT] GUN%IPS1 SNIP]S1 MISSILES1 />VATION1 & MASS IMPRISONM5T4 
,OV] #c1 ,PALE/9IANS & >\ND #a1 ,ISRAELIS LO/ !IR LIVES4 
,! 9TIFADA 5D$ 9 AN IMPASSE4 

,BECAUSE ( ! NATURE ( ! CONFLICT1 IT IS EXTREMELY H>D TO EVALUATE ! RESULTS ( ! 9TIFADA 9 LIB]ATORY T]MS4 
,MO/ ( ! LOSSES SUFF]$ BY ! ,PALE/9IANS1 BO? TO !IR QUALITY ( LIFE & 9 T]MS ( ! DEGREE ( OPPRESSION & DISPOSSESSION !Y 
SUFF]1 CAN ONLY BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! VICI\SNESS ( ,ISRAELI REPRESSION4 
,SOME PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE W\LD BLAME ! REPRESSIVE CONDITIONS ON ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,PALE/9IAN /RUGGLE BUT ?IS HIDES ! FACT ?AT ! IDEA ( ,ZIONISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 PR$ICAT$ ON ! OBLIT]ATION ( :ATEV] PEOPLE HAPP5$ TO ALREADY BE LIV+ 9 ! 0PROMIS$ L&01 & ?AT 9 MOM5TS :5 ,PALE/9IAN RESI/ANCE HAS BE5 RELATIVELY PEACEFUL1 ! ,ISRAELI GOV]NM5T HAS ONLY BE5 MORE AGGRESSIVE 9 /EAL+ ,PALE/9IAN L&S4 
,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ?ANKS ONLY TO COMBATIVE ,PALE/9IAN RESI/ANCE & 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 IS !RE /ILL A ,PALE/9IAN PEOPLE LEFT TO SPEAK (4 
,BUT BECAUSE WE >E DEAL+ ) HI/ORICAL HYPO!TICALS1 ?IS >GUM5T CANNOT BE PROV54 

,IT IS NOT )\T MEAN+1 ?\<1 ?AT ! 9TIFADA WAS A POPUL> & SPONTANE\S /RUGGLE ?AT HAD ! OV]:ELM+ SUPPORT ( ,PALE/9IANS4 
,PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 O!R SITUATIONS & >E NOT FI<T+ = !IR [N SURVIVAL--BO? 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE--CANNOT MAKE ! >GUM5T )\T A GREAT DEAL ( >ROGANCE & PAT]NALISM AB\T :E!R OR NOT ! /RUGGLE WAS WOR? IT4 
,AS \TSID]S1 IF WE RESPECT !IR CAUSE ! BE/ ?+ WE CAN DO IS RESPECT ! *OICES !Y MAKE = H[ TO /RUGGLE4 

,FROM A DI/ANCE1 ,I CANNOT V5TURE TO SAY :E!R ! /RUGGLE OP5$ UP MORE LIB]ATORY SPACES ?AN ! REACTION CLOS$ D[N4 
,WE CAN /ATE ) C]TA9TY ?AT A GREAT] P>T ( ! GLOBAL ELITE OPPOS$ ! 9TIFADA1 ?\< IT DID HAVE ! SUPPORT ( A FEW GOV]NM5TS SU* AS ,IRAN1 & ?AT DOME/ICALLY1 ! MU* MORE P[]FUL ,ISRAELI ELITE UNI=MLY OPPOS$ ! UPRIS+ :ILE ONE W+ ( ! ,PALE/9IAN ELITE 7,FATAH7 TRI$ TO MOD]ATE ! UPRIS+ & ! O!R W+ 7,HAMAS7 SUPPORT$ IT4 
,AS = ! SPREAD+ ( IDEAS1 ! ,SECOND ,9TIFADA IS PROBABLY DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = BR++ ! PLI<T ( ! ,PALE/9IANS BACK TO ! ATT5TION ( PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD1 G5]ALIZ+ CRITIQUES ( ,ISRAELI AP>!ID1 & SPREAD+ !ORIES & DEBATES AB\T NEOCOLONIALISM1 /ATEHOOD1 URBAN COMBAT1 & SOCIAL CONTROL4 

,IT W\LD BE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO TALK AB\T CONCRETE GA9S 9 SU* A BLOODY /RUGGLE1 BUT A FEW ?+S CAN BE PO9T$ \T ) CL>ITY4 
,ISRAEL WAS UNABLE TO DECISIVELY CRU% ! UPRIS+1 DESPITE 5JOY+ :AT MAY BE ! MO/ COMPET5T MILIT>Y_/SECURITY APP>ATUS 9 ! WORLD1 9 T]MS ( BE+ ABLE TO PROJECT =CE ON A DOME/IC & LOCALIZ$ LEVEL4 
,NOT ONLY ?AT1 IT PROV$ UNABLE TO GU>ANTEE ! SECURITY ( ITS PRIVILEG$ CITIZ5S1 TO RESCUE HO/AGES1 OR TO PROTECT ITS [N ECONOMY4 
,ACCORD+ TO ! ,ISRAELI ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE1 9 #bb ! 9TIFADA CAUS$ AS MU* AS @s#d#e BILLION 9 DAMAGE1 MO/LY 9 T\RISM LOSSES4 
,?IS CON/ITUTES A :OPP+ ONE-?IRD ( ! TOTAL ,G,D,P4 

,BECAUSE ! ,PALE/9IAN RESI/ANCE RAIS$ ! CO/S ( OCCUPATION1 
! ,ISRAELI GOV]NM5T CANNOT AVOID ! CONSEQU5CES4 
,! CO/LY IMPASSE 9 ! ,SECOND ,9TIFADA CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ,ISRAEL'S SUBSEQU5T FAILURES 9 ITS #bf 9VASION ( ,LEBANON & ITS #bi 9VASION ( ,GAZA1 NOR FROM ITS DECISION NOT TO 9VADE ,GAZA 9 #b#a#b1 NOR FROM ITS BUDGET CRISIS 9 #b#a#c4 

,9 ! NE> 9VASION ( ,GAZA 9 #b#a#b1 MANY M$IA ANALY/S DECL>$ ! CONFLICT A VICTORY = ,HAMAS1 ! >M$ ,PALE/9IAN GR\P ?AT WAS ABLE TO />E D[N ! ,ISRAELI MILIT>Y4 
,ONE MA9/REAM J\RNALI/1 ,*RIS ,HAYES1 W5T FUR!R TO SAY ?AT ! CONFLICT WAS A VICTORY = VIOL5T TACTICS4 
,9 HIS ANALYSIS1 ,HAMAS HAD POLICY VICTORIES TO %[ = !IR USE ( ROCKET ATTACKS4 
,MAHM\D ,ABBAS ( ,FATAH1 :O = YE>S HAVE BE5 C\NSEL+ NONMILITANT1 NON-CONFLICTIVE =MS ( RESI/ANCE1 ALONG ) ! NONVIOL5T PROTE/]S TRY+ TO /OP ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,AP>!ID ,WALL1 HAVE NO?+ TO %[4 
,!IR NONVIOL5CE HAS FAIL$4 
,HAYES GOES ON TO ADVISE ,U,S POLICY MAK]S TO REW>D NONVIOL5T ACTION SO ?AT ! VIOL5T CURR5TS ( ! ,PALE/9IAN RESI/ANCE DO NOT CONT9UE W9N+ SUPPORT4 
,9 ,HAYES' ANALYSIS1 ,PALE/9IANS >E /ILL ! T]RORI/S1 ! ONES :O HAVE TO PROVE !Y >E NOT VIOL5T1 :ILE ,ISRAEL IS LET (F ! HOOK4 
,HAYES' ADVOCACY = NONVIOL5T ,PALE/9IAN RESI/ANCE IS CLE>LY PR$ICAT$ ON A VIEW ?AT PRIVILEGES ,ISRAELI P[] & ?AT SEES VIOL5T ACTION AS ! GREAT] ?REAT TO EXI/+ HI]>*IES4 
,BECAUSE ,HAYES IS NOT AN IDEOLOGUE ( NONVIOL5CE1 HE CAN BE HONE/ AB\T ITS TOTAL 9EFFECTIV5ESS4 
,:AT HE >GUES = IS ! MODIFICATION ( ! CURR5T POLITICAL SY/EM TO CREATE ! ILLUSION ?AT NONVIOL5CE IS EFFECTIVE1 A PHILOSOPHY ( P[] ?AT REW>DS NONVIOL5T ACTION & 5C\RAGES A PRACTICE ( DIALOGUE 9 :I* ! NE$S ( ?OSE 9 P[] WILL ALWAYS BE HONOR$ FIR/ & =EMO/1 BUT A GREAT] NUMB] ( WELL PLAC$ CRUMBS >E ALL[$ TO FALL TO ! FLOOR1 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID :O PROTE/ 9 ! WAYS ! P[]FUL DICTATE !Y %\LD PROTE/4.<#b#f.> 
,! LESSON IS CLE>3 NONVIOL5CE IS 9EFFECTIVE1 :I* IS :Y ?OSE 9 P[] WANT US TO USE IT4 

,AL?\< APPLY+ SU* /RAI<T=W>D CRIT]IA TO SU* A COMPLEX SITUATION IS NECESS>ILY R$UCTIONI/1 WE CAN ASS]T 9 BROAD /ROKES ?AT3 

,! 9TIFADA SEIZ$ & DEF5D$ SPACES4 

,IT GLOBALLY SPREAD A CRITIQUE ( ,ISRAELI AP>!ID1 MILIT>IZATION1 & URBANIZATION1 !RE=E L9K+ TO GLOBAL HI/ORIES ( OCCUPATION & RESI/ANCE2 IT 9SPIR$ SOLID>ITY MOVEM5TS & WAS ALSO A MAJOR 9SPIRATION = ! LAT] REVOLTS 9 ,TUNISIA1 ,EGYPT1 & ELSE:]E4 

,! 9TIFADA RECEIV$ SUPPORT FROM ! ,PALE/9IAN ELITE AS WELL AS M9ORITY SECTORS ( A GLOBAL ELITE1 AL?\< ?IS SUPPORT WAS L>GELY DIRECT$ T[>DS ! BROK]+ ( A PEACE SETTLEM5T4 

,! 9TIFADA E/ABLI%$ A LIMIT+ FACTOR 9 ,ISRAELI MILIT>Y ACTIONS OV] ! NEXT SEV]AL YE>S4 

,! ,BLACK ,SPR+ 9 ,KABYLIE 

,KABYLIE1 A ,B]B] T]RITORY OCCUPI$ BY ! /ATE ( ,ALG]IA1 WAS ! SITE ( A MAJOR UPRIS+ 9 #b#a4 
,! POLICE MURD] ( ,GU]MAH ,MASS9ISSA1 A ,KABYLE Y\?1 PROVOK$ MON?S ( 9T5SE RIOT+ ?AT POLICE & MILIT>Y W]E UNABLE TO SUPPRESS4 
,9 FACT1 RIOT+ ,B]B]S PU%$ GOV]NM5T =CES \T ( !IR T]RITORY1 :I* REMA9$ L>GELY AUTONOM\S YE>S LAT]4 
,>\ND #a Y\? W]E KILL$ :ILE FI<T+ ) GOV]NM5T =CES1 & #e1 9JUR$4 

,9 ! SPACE ( ! UPRIS+1 PEOPLE BR\<T BACK ! ,>\*1 A TRADITIONAL ASSEMBLY-BAS$ =M ( DIRECT1 COMMUNAL SELF-ORGANIZATION1 & !Y ALSO REV]S$ MU* ( ! ]OSION ( ,B]B] CULTURE BY ! ,ALG]IAN GOV]NM5T4 

,! 9ITIAL RIOTS1 CONDUCT$ BY A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 QUICKLY SPREAD UNTIL HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE W]E P>TICIPAT+1 9CLUD+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,B]B]S 9 ,ALGI]S4 
,! UPRIS+ BR\<T ,B]B] DEM&S = AUTONOMY 9 ,KABYLIE TO ! WORLD'S ATT5TION1 & !IR PRACTICE ( COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES EV5 9FLU5C$ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE & ELSE:]E4 

,! UPRIS+ DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT1 NOT EV5 )9 ,KABYLIE4 
,9 FACT1 ! UPRIS+ P]MAN5TLY *ANG$ ! POLITICS ( ! ,KABYLIE LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 LEAD+ TO ! GRASSROOTS CREATION ( ! ,>\* MOVEM5T & COMPLETELY UND]M9+ ! EXI/+ ,KABYLE POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,! UPRIS+ WON A L>GE MEASURE ( AUTONOMY = ,KABYLIE1 L$ TO ! )DRAWAL ( ! G5D>M]IE1 & TO ! (FICIAL RECOGNITION ( ,TAMAZI<T1 ! ,B]B] LANGUAGE4 

,! ,CORRALITO 9 ,>G5T9A 

,9 ,DECEMB] #b#a1 ! ,>G5T9E GOV]NM5T FROZE ALL BANK ACC\NTS & FLOAT$ ITS CURR5CY 9 RESPONSE TO A M\NT+ DEBT CRISIS4 
,AS A RESULT1 MANY PEOPLE LO/ !IR SAV+S :ILE PRIVATE BUS9ESSES W]E ABLE TO DECREASE !IR DEBTS & BUY UP SUDD5LY *EAP PROP]TIES4 
,A MASSIVE SOCIAL UPRIS+ FOLL[$ ON ! HEELS ( ! CORRALITO1 =C+ \T ONE GOV]NM5T AFT] ANO!R 9 A FEW %ORT WEEKS4 
,MANY P>TICIPANTS HAVE NOT$ ?AT ! RIOT+1 9 :I* T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE TOOK TO ! /REETS1 SMA%$ BANKS1 LOOT$ SUP]M>KETS1 & F\<T ) ! POLICE1 F9ALLY %ATT]$ ! T]ROR ?AT ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( #a#i#g#f-#a#i#h#c1 :I* MURD]$ >\ND #c1 DISSID5TS1 HAD LEFT 9 ITS WAKE3 ONLY BY RIS+ UP W]E PEOPLE ABLE TO CONQU] !IR FE>1 & S9CE !N ,>G5T9E POLITICS HAVE NOT BE5 ! SAME4 
,:]EAS PREVI\SLY1 ! C\NTRY HAD REMA9$ 9 ! MILIT>Y'S %AD[1 ) ! GOV]NM5T CONTROLL$ BY ! RI<TW+ & ! NEOLIB]ALS1 S9CE #bc ,>G5T9A HAS HAD A LEFTW+ GOV]NM5T ?AT HAS SUPPORT$ ! PROSECUTION ( FIGURES FROM ! DICTATOR%IP & OPPOS$ ! ,FREE ,TRADE ,>EA ( ! ,AM]ICAS 7,F,T,A,A7 & O!R FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS ) ! ,U,S4 

,9 ! /REETS1 MANY ?+S ALSO *ANG$4 
,NEI<BORHOODS 9 ALL ! MAJOR CITIES =M$ ASSEMBLIES TO FACILITATE !IR SELF-ORGANIZATION ON ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL LEVELS1 UPGRAD+ NEI<BORHOOD 9FRA/RUCTURE1 ORGANIZ+ S\P KIT*5S1 FOOD & CLO?+ BANKS1 LIBR>IES1 & !AT]S1 & COORD9AT+ PROTE/S4 
,WORK]S TOOK OV] FACTORIES & O!R WORKPLACES ?AT HAD BE5 P>ALYZ$ BY DEBT1 (T5 L9K+ !SE OCCUPI$ FACTORIES 9 A PRODUCTIVE NETWORK1 & DEF5D+ !M FROM POLICE ) ! HELP ( NEI<BORS4 

,! UPRIS+ HAD DIV]SE ROOTS ?AT PR$AT$ ! CORRALITO BY MANY YE>S4 
,ONE ROOT WAS ! /RUGGLE ( PEOPLE FROM POOR SUBURBS :O SEIZ$ UNUS$ L& & BUILT !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 OR BLOCKAD$ HI<WAYS TO W9 !IR DEM&S4 
,!SE W]E ! PEOPLE :O MADE UP ! BULK ( ! REVOLT1 UNTIL IT WAS TAK5 OV] BY MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILIES :O G5]ALLY ONLY GOT 9VOLV$ ONCE !IR BANK ACC\NTS W]E FROZ54 

,ANO!R ROOT WAS ! ASSOCIATION ( ,MO!RS ( ! ,PLAZA DE ,MAYO1 A GR\P ( MO!RS :OSE *ILDR5 HAD BE5 DISAPPE>$ BY ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 :O BEGAN GA!R+ WEEKLY 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,MAYO 9 C5TRAL ,BU5OS ,AIRES 9 #a#i#g#g1 DEM&+ TO KN[ :AT HAD HAPP5$ TO !IR *ILDR54 
,! ,MO!RS >E L>GELY CR$IT$ ) DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! ATROCITIES ( ! DICTATOR%IP & CREAT+ PRESSURE = ! TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY4 
,PACIFI/S SEIZE ON ?IS AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! =CE ( NONVIOL5CE1 BUT !Y LEAVE \T ! BIGG] PICTURE4 
,MANY ( ! PEOPLE DISAPPE>$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP1 :OSE DISAPPE>ANCE ! ,MO!RS W]E PROTE/+1 W]E MEMB]S ( >M$ LEFTW+ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT MADE UP A L>G] ANTICAPITALI/ MOVEM5T4 
,! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,MO!RS ONLY MAKES S5SE 9 ! CONTEXT ( !IR /RUGGLE & SACRIFICE4 
,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,MO!RS W]E NOT ABLE TO PUT AN 5D TO ! DICTATOR%IP4 
,! DEMOCRACY ?AT FOLL[$ CONT9U$ ! EXACT SAME POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT ! MILIT>Y HAD PURSU$ ) AN IRON FI/ DUR+ ! ,DIRTY ,W>4 
,MANY ( ! EXACT SAME PEOPLE /AY$ 9 P[] & ! DOM9ANCE ( ! MILIT>Y REMA9$ UNQUE/ION$4 
,IT WAS NOT UNTIL PEOPLE F\<T ! POLICE 9 ! /REETS & TOPPL$ ONE GOV]NM5T AFT] ANO!R 9 #b#a1 ?AT ! MILIT>Y'S IMMUNITY WAS F9ALLY REVOK$4 
,! ,MO!RS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ?IS PROCESS1 BUT 9 ALL FAIRNESS IT WAS A PROCESS ?AT US$ A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS1 FROM BLOCKADES TO RIOTS TO PEACEFUL VIGILS4 

,BY RIOT+1 TAK+ ! /REETS1 OCCUPY+ L& OR FACTORIES1 & DEF5D+ !IR GA9S AGA9/ POLICE1 PEOPLE 9 ,>G5T9A W]E ABLE TO SEIZE SPACE 9 :I* SELF-ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES1 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 & SELF-MANAG$ WORKPLACES C\LD FL\RI%4 
,?IS MOVEM5T1 ANY?+ BUT PACIFI/1 CON/ITUT$ A MAJOR EXP]IM5T 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION & SELF-MANAGEM5T4 
,MANY PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ MYSELF1 HAVE >GU$ ?AT AUTONOM\S FACTORIES PRODUC+ = A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY REPRODUCE ! SAME ALI5AT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS AS A TRADITIONALLY MANAG$ FACTORY4 
,NONE!LESS1 ! WORKPLACE OCCUPATIONS 9 ,>G5T9A CON/ITUTE AN EXP]IM5T 9 NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS1 EV5 IF !Y PROVIDE A NEGATIVE EXAMPLE1 ONE PROV+ ?AT ! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS LEAD BACK TO ! OLD ONES2 BECAUSE NEGATIVE EXAMPLES SU* AS ?IS ONE HELP ILLUM9ATE ! WAY = FUTURE /RUGGLES4 
,& ?IS CRITICISM IS NOT TO MUTE ! 9SI/5CE ( MANY P>TICIPANTS ( !SE WORKPLACE OCCUPATIONS ?AT !IRS HAS 9DE$ BE5 A LIB]ATORY EXP]I5CE4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! UPRIS+ 9 ,>G5T9A SPREAD AN AW>5ESS ( NEW IDEAS & 9SPIR$ O!R PEOPLE TO FI<T4 
,! EXP]I5CES 9 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES & ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( WORKPLACES W]E TRANSMITT$ DIRECTLY TO SIMIL> EXP]IM5TS 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 
,! UPRIS+ 9 G5]AL /R5G!N$ ! ANTIGLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T & HELP$ SPREAD CRITIQUES ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM ACROSS ! GLOBE4 

,UNTIL ! POPUL> MOVEM5T WAS CO-OPT$ BY ,NE/OR ,KIR*N]1 REPRES5T+ ! LEFTW+ ( ! ,P]ONI/ P>TY1 & CONDUCT$ 9TO SUPPORT+ ! *>ITY PROGRAMS ( A POPULI/ GOV]NM5T & ACCEPT+ A *AUV9I/IC1 ,S\? ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM 79 REJECTION ( ! DOM9ANT1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN MODEL ( CAPITALISM71 IT DID NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANT ELITE SUPPORT1 AL?\< ! ,MO!RS ( ! ,PLAZA DE ,MAYO 5JOY$ IMPORTANT SUPPORT FROM ,N,G,OS & 9T]NATIONAL LEGAL ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! REVOLT PROBABLY L$ TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,F,T,A,A 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 :I* IS DEF9ITELY A CONCRETE GA91 AL?\< IT W\LD BE H>D TO >GUE ?AT ,KIR*N]'S ,M]COSUR IS ANY BETT] = PEOPLE OR ! PLANET 9 ! LONG RUN4 
,MORE IMM$IATELY1 IT %ATT]$ ! PSY*OLOGICAL RESIDUES ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 & ALL[$ POOR PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE !IR [N =M ( EM]G5CY ECONOMIC RELIEF1 ?R\< ! LOOT+ ( SUP]M>KETS4 

,! ,DAY ! ,WORLD ,SAID ,NO TO ,W> 

,?AT IS H[ MANY PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE REF] TO ! MULTITUD9\S--& ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY PEACEFUL--GLOBAL PROTE/S ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #b#c1 AGA9/ ! !N-UPCOM+ 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 
0,\R MOVEM5T *ANG$ HI/ORY10 WRITES PROGRESSIVE J\RNALI/ ,PHYLLIS ,B5NIS = ! ,9/ITUTE = ,POLICY ,/UDIES ON ! T5-YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( ! PROTE/S4 
,%E NOTES ?AT ! PROTE/S MADE IT 9TO ! ,GU9NESS ,BOOK ( ,WORLD ,RECORDS = !IR UNPREC$5T$ SIZE4 
,BUT :AT ! PROTE/S DID NOT ACCOMPLI% WAS TO /OP ! W>4 
,! PEACEFUL PROTE/]S DEMON/RAT$ ?AT 0MILLIONS W]E N[ WILL+ TO %[ !IR OPPOSITION BY M>*+ 9 ! /REETS01.<#b#g.> BUT ! DOZ5S ( GOV]NM5TS PREP>+ ! W> %ORTLY PROV$ ?AT PEOPLE M>*+ 9 ! /REETS DID NOT MATT]4 

,DID MEMB]S ( ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T TAKE ?AT AS A LESSON TO *ANGE !IR TACTICS8 
,NOT AT ALL4 
,PROTE/ LEAD]S & PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE DECL>$ 0VICTORY0 :ILE CONT9U+ TO EXCLUDE NON-PACIFI/S & TO SIL5CE ! DEBATE AB\T TACTICS4 
,! VA/ MAJORITY ( P>TICIPANTS W\LD QUICKLY DISAPPE>1 UNMOTIVAT$ TO CONT9UE PROTE/+ 9 ! FACE ( ITS APP>5T USELESSNESS1 AL?\< T5 YE>S LAT] NONVIOL5T ACTIVI/S W\LD REF] TO ! DAY AS 09SPIR+04 

,9 ! ,U,S1 RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB]S ( AN>*I/S W\LD C>RY \T ACTS ( SABOTAGE AGA9/ MILIT>Y RECRUIT+ C5T]S & 9FRA/RUCTURE US$ 9 ! W> MOBILIZATION1 :ILE ALSO P>TICIPAT+ 9 OP5 PROTE/S & C\NT]-RECRUIT+ DRIVES1 SOMETIMES TOGE!R ) W> VET]ANS4 
,PROPON5TS ( A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS WORK$ TOGE!R ) PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE TO BLOCKADE ! PORTS ( ,OLYMPIA & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 /OPP+ MILIT>Y %IPM5TS4 
,H[EV]1 ON ! :OLE ! LATT] EXCLUD$ ! =M] FROM BROAD] MOVEM5T SPACES1 D5I$ !M SUPPORT1 & LEFT !M TO F5D = !MSELVES :5 !Y W]E T>GET$ BY REPRESSION4 
,PRACTICALLY ! ONLY CASE ( A BROAD MOVEM5T US+ A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS WAS ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO PORT BLOCKADE1 ?\< 9 A TYPICAL BETRAYAL NONVIOL5T ORGANIZ]S LAT] DESCRIB$ ! ACTION AS A VICTORY = PEACEFUL ME?ODS4 

,! MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO /OP ! W>4 
,! PEOPLE 9 ,IRAQ HAD TO RESI/ ! 9VASION & OCCUPATION AS BE/ AS !Y C\LD1 & ! ME?ODS !Y *OSE OV]:ELM+LY 9VOLV$ ! USE ( >MS4 
,SOME ( !SE GR\PS W]E FUNDAM5TALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN 9 IDEOLOGY1 MANY W]E LEFTI/1 & A FEW W]E ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 
,NONE!LESS1 PACIFI/S & PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE :O W]E O/5SIBLY OPPOS$ TO ! W> NEV] SPOKE ( ,IRAQI RESI/ANCE4 
,= !M1 ,IRAQIS ONLY GA9$ M5TION :5 !Y BECAME VICTIMS4 
,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ! ,U,S DID NOT TURN AGA9/ ! W> & OCCUPATION--EV5TUALLY BECOM+ A MAJOR ELECTION ISSUE ?AT HELP$ ,OBAMA W9 ON A PLAT=M ( TROOP )DRAWAL--UNTIL ,U,S CASUALTIES />T$ PIL+ UP ?ANKS TO ! EFFECTIVE >M$ RESI/ANCE ( ! ,IRAQIS4 
,?IS %\LD NOT BE A SURPRISE1 AS ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ 9 ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 

,! >M$ RESI/ANCE ( ! ,IRAQIS & ! GLOBAL PROTE/ AGA9/ ! W> W]E SEP>AT$ BY A BROAD GULF4 
,FOCUS+ ON ! PROTE/ MOVEM5T1 WE HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT IT WAS OV]:ELM+LY NONVIOL5T4 

,ON ! :OLE1 ?IS WAS EXCLUSIVELY A MOVEM5T ( PROTE/1 & DID NOT PROPOSE OR PRACTICE ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,:AT ! MOVEM5T COMMUNICAT$ WAS A SIMPLE WORD1 0,NO01 :I* CAN H>DLY CON/ITUTE AN IDEA 9 A WORLD 9 :I* COLONIZATION1 DOM9ATION1 & MASS MURD] CAN BE C>RI$ \T ) MANY MEANS ASIDE FROM MILIT>Y 9VASION1 MEANS :I* W]E ALREADY BE+ US$ AGA9/ ,IRAQ4 
,& GIV5 ! FACT ?AT ! MOVEM5T VANI%$ ALMO/ OV]NI<T1 ?IS PEACEFUL 0,NO0 CANNOT BE CONSID]$ 9SPIR+1 NOT EV5 TO ! BULK ( ! MOVEM5T'S P>TICIPANTS4 

,! PROTE/ MOVEM5T WAS SUPPORT$ BY CULTURAL ELITES 7ACTORS & O!R CELEBRITIES71 PROGRESSIVE RI* PEOPLE1 A P>T ( ! MASS M$IA1 & NUM]\S POLITICAL P>TIES & O!R ELITE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,! MOVEM5T ACCOMPLI%$ NO?+4 
,IT DID NOT /OP OR LIMIT ! W>1 IT DID NOT 5D ! OCCUPATION1 & IF IT MADE ANY REAL DIFF]5CE 9 ITS P>TICIPANTS' LIVES1 IT DID SO )\T A TRACE1 S9CE !Y SO PROMPTLY AB&ON$ IT4 

,! ,COLOR ,REVOLUTIONS 

,9 #b1 ! CIVIC Y\? ORGANIZATION ,OTPOR 9 ,S]BIA L$ A MOVEM5T ?AT BR\<T AB\T ! \/] ( ,PRESID5T ,SLOBADAN ,MILOSEVIC4 
,?IS BECAME KN[N AS ! 0,BULLDOZ] ,REVOLUTION04 
,! MOVEM5T WAS NONVIOL5T1 ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! SAME MODEL ?AT LAT] BR\<T AB\T REGIME *ANGE 9 ,GEORGIA'S 0,ROSE ,REVOLUTION0 9 #b#c1 & ,UKRA9E'S 0,ORANGE ,REVOLUTION0 9 #b#d4 

,BECAUSE ( !IR OV]:ELM+ SIMIL>ITY1 ,I WILL DEAL ) !SE ?REE MOVEM5TS SIMULTANE\SLY4 
,ALL ( !M W]E NONVIOL5T1 ALL ( !M SUCCE$$ 9 \/+ ! POLITICAL P>TY 9 P[]1 & ALL ( !M DO RA!R POORLY :5 EVALUAT$ BY ! CRIT]IA = AN EFFECTIVE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,*APT] #d IS D$ICAT$ TO A MORE ?OR\< /UDY ( !SE MOVEM5TS4 

,!SE MOVEM5TS DID NOT PUT NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE4 
,AL?\< !Y (T5 OCCUPI$ C5TRAL >EAS 9 CAPITAL CITIES1 !Y DID NOT 9ITIATE PRACTICES ( SELF-ORGANIZATION1 BECAUSE !IR C5TRAL PO9T ( UNITY WAS TO DISPUTE FRAUDUL5T ELECTIONS & TO BR+ ! OPPOSITION P>TY 9TO P[]4 

,!SE MOVEM5TS DID NOT SPREAD NEW IDEAS4 
,!Y MOBILIZ$ PEOPLE ON ! BASIS ( ! L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( POLITICS4 
,9 ,UKRA9E1 = EXAMPLE1 !IR SLOGAN WAS 0,YES60 & !IR SYMBOL WAS ! COLOR ORANGE4 
,!IR SOCIAL CRITIQUES REMA9$ AT A SUP]FICIAL LEVEL4 

,!SE MOVEM5TS NOT ONLY RECEIV$ ELITE SUPPORT1 !Y ?RIV$ ON IT4 
,9 EV]Y CASE1 !Y HAD M$IA SUPPORT1 FUND+ FROM ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T &_/OR WEAL?Y BACK]S LIKE BILLIONAIRE ,GEORGE ,SOROS1 & A DIRECT RELATION%IP ) ! MAJOR OPPOSITION POLITICAL P>TY 9 !IR C\NTRY4 
,IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT !SE MOVEM5TS W\LD EV5 HAVE BE5 NOTIC$ )\T ALL ! ELITE SUPPORT !Y GOT4 

,!SE MOVEM5TS DID NOT IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( LIFE 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E !Y SUCCE$$4 
,!Y USUALLY DID NOT EV5 IMPROVE ! TRANSP>5CY ( GOV]NM5T4 
,9 EV]Y CASE1 A YE>1 OR TWO1 OR ?REE YE>S AFT] ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION1 BASIC ECONOMIC CONDITIONS W]E UN*ANG$1 & POLITICAL CORRUPTION & ELITISM CONT9U$4 

,KUWAIT'S 0,BLUE ,REVOLUTION0 & ,LEBANON'S 0,C$> ,REVOLUTION0 

,9 #b#e1 NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS 9SPIR$ BY ! ME?ODS ( ! ,COLOR ,REVOLUTIONS SPRANG UP TO W9 WOM5 ! RI<T TO VOTE 9 ,KUWAIT1 & TO 5D ,SYRIAN MILIT>Y OCCUPATION 9 ,LEBANON4 

,! MOVEM5T 9 ,KUWAIT DID *ANGE SOCIAL RELATIONS BY GIV+ WOM5 FULL CITIZ5%IP1 AL?\< ! RELATIONS REPRODUC$ BY VOT]S >E /ILL M>K$ BY ALI5ATION & PASSIVITY1 RA!R ?AN SELF-ORGANIZATION OR COLLECTIVE WELL-BE+4 
,! MOVEM5T 9 ,LEBANON1 SIMIL> TO ! O!R ,COLOR ,REVOLUTIONS1 DID NOT *ANGE SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,NEI!R ( !SE MOVEM5TS SPREAD NEW IDEAS OR SOCIAL CRITIQUES4 
,! IDEA ?AT WOM5 %\LD BE ABLE TO VOTE WAS ALREADY A =EGONE CONCLUSION1 & QUICKLY ACCEPT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 
,! IDEA ?AT WOM5 %\LD BE EQUAL1 OR AUTONOM\S FROM MALE CONTROL1 HAS /ILL NOT TAK5 HOLD 9 ,KUWAIT4 

,BO? ( !SE MOVEM5TS RECEIV$ ELITE SUPPORT4 
,KUWAIT WAS SOME?+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL EMB>RASSM5T = NOT ALL[+ WOM5 SUFFRAGE1 & MU* ( ! ,LEBANESE GOV]NM5T FAVOR$ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,SYRIA4 

,VOT+ DOES NOT USUALLY IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES1 AL?\< BE+ CONSID]$ AN EQUAL CITIZ5 CAN IMPROVE PEOPLE'S PSY*OLOGICAL WELL-BE+4 
,9 ! CASE ( ,LEBANON1 5D+ A MILIT>Y OCCUPATION CAN IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES1 AL?\< ,SYRIA /ILL MA9TA9$ HEAVY 9FLU5CE4 
,9 BO? CASES1 ! IMPROVEM5TS >E NOT /EPS T[>DS A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 SOCIETY1 AS !Y LEAVE /ATE & CAPITALISM COMPLETELY UNT\*$1 & PATRI>*Y ONLY SLI<TLY ALT]$4 

,! #be ,BANLIEUE ,UPRIS+S 

,9 ,OCTOB] #b#e1 Y\? 9 ! BANLIEUE1 OR URBAN SLUMS1 9 CITIES ACROSS ,FRANCE BEGAN A MON? ( RIOT+1 TRIGG]$ BY A POLICE KILL+4 
,!Y BURN$ C>S1 GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 & S*OOLS1 & ATTACK$ POLICE4 
,! M$IA1 GOV]NM5T1 & ! ,LEFT TREAT$ ! RIOTS AS AN 5TIRELY IRRATIONAL PH5OM5ON1 & REPRESS$ !M 9 A S]IES ( POLICE & POLITICAL OP]ATIONS4 
,! RIOT]S MADE NO DEM&S1 NOR C\LD ANYONE CLAIM TO LEAD !M4 

,! RIOT]S SEIZ$ ! /REETS2 H[EV]1 ! UNRE/ C5T]$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY >\ND ATTACKS & >SONS1 RA!R ?AN ASSEMBLIES OR O!R ACTIVITIES4 
,NONE!LESS1 ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( M>G9ALIZ$ Y\? 9 IMMIGRANT NEI<BORHOODS1 = ! PURPOSE ( FI<T+ BACK AGA9/ A SY/EM ?AT HAS ONLY GIV5 !M RACISM & PREC>ITY1 %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$4 
,& W9N+ ! CAPACITY = SELF-DEF5SE CON/ITUTES A *ANGE 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,?IS PO9T IS ALSO 9CONCLUSIVE4 
,! RIOT]S MADE IT OBVI\S ?AT RACISM1 POV]TY1 & POLICE VIOL5CE W]E HUGE PROBLEMS 9 ! HE>T ( A WEAL?Y C\NTRY AT ! PEAK ( ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY4 
,!IR ATTACKS CON/ITUT$ A %>P CONDEMNATION ( DEMOCRACY & CAPITALISM4 
,BUT !Y G5]ALLY DID NOT TRY TO COMMUNICATE ) ! \TSIDE WORLD1 LEAV+ EV]YONE TO 9T]PRET IT AS !Y W\LD4 
,!IR 9FLU5CE HAS P]HAPS BE5 MO/ PRES5T 9 ! M$IUM ( HIP-HOP4 

,!Y RECEIV$ ABSOLUTELY NO ELITE SUPPORT4 

,AL?\< ! BANLIEUE RESID5TS W]E CYNICALLY CRITICIZ$ BY ! WELL-TO-DO = BURN+ D[N !IR [N NEI<BORHOODS1 !Y DEF9ITELY CAUS$ ! POLICE TO ?9K TWICE BE=E ABUS+ !M4 

,BOLIVIA'S ,WAT] ,W> & ,GAS ,W> 

,9 #b#c1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( RESID5TS ( ! ,BOLIVIAN CITY ( ,CO*ABAMBA ROSE UP AGA9/ ! POLICE & ! MILIT>Y TO TAKE OV] ! CITY & PREV5T ! PRIVATIZATION ( ! WAT] SUPPLY4 
,= YE>S1 POOR] NEI<BORHOODS1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO WAT] COMMITTEES1 HAD ALREADY BE5 US+ DIRECT ACTION TO BUILD !IR [N WAT] 9FRA/RUCTURE1 PROVID+ !MSELVES DR9K+ WAT] )\T ! 9T]F]5CE ( GOV]NM5T OR PRIVATE CORPORATIONS4 
,9 #b#e1 ! :OLE C\NTRY ROSE UP1 BLOCK+ HI<WAYS & FI<T+ ) ! MILIT>Y TO PREV5T ! PRIVATIZATION ( ! NATURAL GAS RES]VES4 
,DOZ5S ( PEOPLE DI$ 9 ! FI<T+1 BUT !Y HELD !IR GR\ND & DEFEAT$ GOV]NM5T =CES4 
,9 ! MEANTIME1 9 NUM]\S 9DIG5\S VILLAGES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 RESID5TS W\LD LYN* ! MAYOR--(T5 ! ONLY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 !IR VILLAGE--AS A DIRECT ACTION = ! PRES]VATION ( 9DIG5\S AUTONOMY & AGA9/ NEOCOLONIAL 9T]F]5CE4 

,! CUMULATIVE EFFECT ( !SE ACTIONS WAS TO DEFEAT ! LEGACY ( DECADES ( DICTATOR%IP & MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T1 PRES]VE 9DIG5\S AUTONOMY 9 ! FACE ( ONGO+ COLONIALISM1 & REV]SE ! ADVANCE ( NEOLIB]ALISM AT A TIME :5 ! EXP]TS 9SI/$ !RE W]E NO ALT]NATIVES4 

,!SE VIOL5T MOVEM5TS SUCCESSFULLY SEIZ$ & DEF5D$ SPACES = SELF-ORGANIZATION1 = MORE COMMUNAL =MS ( LIV+1 & = 9DIG5\S CULTURE4 

,! E>LI] BATTLES ( A LOCAL *>ACT] 9SPIR$ ! LAT] BATTLES ( A C\NTRYWIDE *>ACT]1 & ALL ( !SE 9 TURN 9SPIR$ MOVEM5TS AGA9/ CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION ACROSS ! WORLD4 

,UP UNTIL #b#e1 ! MOVEM5T DID NOT HAVE SUB/ANTIAL ELITE SUPPORT4 ,AFT] ?AT PO9T1 A POLITICAL P>TY =M$ \T ( ! UNIONS & O!R MOVEM5T 9/ITUTIONS WAS SUDD5LY 0TAK5 S]I\SLY01 GIV5 ELITE SUPPORT1 & ELECT$ 9TO P[]4 
,?AT POLITICAL P>TY HAS SUCCE$$ :]E ! MILIT>Y FAIL$1 RECUP]AT+ ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & PUTT+ NEOLIB]AL DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS BACK ON TRACK4 

,!SE V>I\S UPRIS+S A*IEV$ MULTIPLE CONCRETE GA9S1 9 PEOPLE'S QUALITY ( LIV+1 9 !IR PSY*OLOGICAL ABILITY TO /& UP TO ! GOV]NM5T1 & 9 !IR CULTURAL RESI/ANCE TO COLONIALISM4 

,KYRGYZ/AN'S ,TULIP ,REVOLUTION 

,! ,TULIP ,REVOLUTION WAS 9T5D$ TO BE ANO!R NONVIOL5T ,COLOR ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! OPPOSITION WAS NEI!R UNIT$ NOR DISCIPL9$ SUFFICI5TLY TO 5=CE /RICT NONVIOL5CE OR H]D ! MASSES 9TO A S+LE /RATEGY4 
,9 FACT1 !Y HAD NOT EV5 AGRE$ ON A SLOGAN & A COLOR1 & ! SAME UPRIS+ WAS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS ,LEMON1 ,SILK1 ,P9K1 OR ,DAFFODIL4 
,! NAME 0,TULIP ,REVOLUTION0 ACTUALLY COMES FROM ! ,KYRGYZ PRESID5T :O WAS \/$4 

,9 ,M>* #b#e1 :5 POLICE TRI$ TO SUPPRESS A PROTE/ AGA9/ A DISPUT$ ELECTION1 RA!R ?AN RESPOND+ NONVIOL5TLY1 CR[DS ?REW ROCKS & MOLOTOV COCKTAILS1 BEAT UP COPS1 & SEIZ$ GOV]NM5T BUILD+S4 
,! REGIME *ANGE WAS CONSUMMAT$ :5 HUGE PROTE/S 9 ! CAPITAL F\<T PA/ POLICE & SOLDI]S1 SEIZ$ NUM]\S GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 & =C$ ,PRESID5T ,AKAYEV TO FLEE ! C\NTRY BY HELICOPT]4 

,H[EV]1 AS !IR DEM&S W]E PURELY ELECTORAL1 !Y PROCLAIM$ VICTORY ONCE AN OPPOSITION POLITICIAN WAS 9/ALL$ 9 P[]4 
,!Y DID NOT ATTEMPT TO PUT NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE OR SPREAD SOCIAL CRITIQUES1 & )9 A FEW YE>S !Y W]E ALL ?OR\<LY DISILLUSION$ ) ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 UND] :I* ALL ! SAME PROBLEMS CONT9U$4 
,NO?+ HAD *ANG$4 

,!Y DID NOT PUT NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE4 

,!Y DID NOT SPREAD SOCIAL CRITIQUES1 BEYOND COMPLA9TS ( CORRUPTION4 

,!Y 5JOY$ P>TIAL ELITE SUPPORT4 

,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 \/+ A GOV]NM5T BUT NOT 9 *ANG+ ! UND]LY+ SY/EM4 

,! ,OAXACA ,REBELLION 

,9 #b#f1 9DIG5\S PEOPLE1 TEA*]S1 & WORK]S 9 ! S\!RN ,MEXICAN /ATE ( ,OAXACA ROSE UP AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 
,!Y SET UP B>RICADES1 KICK$ \T ! POLICE1 HELD ASSEMBLIES & 9DIG5\S CULTURAL FE/IVALS1 & LIB]AT$ VILLAGES4 
,MU* ( ,OAXACA WAS AUTONOM\S = SIX MON?S4 
,AT ! V]Y 5D ( ! REBELLION1 MOVEM5T POLITICIANS :O HAD SUCCE$$ 9 TAK+ OV] ! C5TRAL ASSEMBLY CONV9C$ PEOPLE NOT TO FI<T BACK AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y 9VASION1 AL?\< AS A :OLE ! MOVEM5T WAS NOT NONVIOL5T1 & = MON?S HAD F\<T ) /ONES1 FIREWORKS1 SL+%OTS1 & MOLOTOV COCKTAILS4 

,! REBELLION WAS ONE ( ! MO/ DRAMATICALLY SUCCCESSFUL 9 REC5T YE>S AT SEIZ+ SPACE & PUTT+ NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE1 QUE/ION+ GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY1 CAPITALISM & PRIVATIZATION1 SEXISM1 & ! RACISM ( COLONIZATION4 
,!Y PUT 9TO PRACTICE HORIZONTAL =MS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION1 & !Y EMPLOY$ COMMUNAL OR COLLECTIVE WAYS ( FE$+ & TAK+ C>E ( !MSELVES4 
,MANY ( !SE =MS W]E 9DIG5\S 9 ORIG94 

,! REBELLION SPREAD IDEAS & S]V$ AS AN EXAMPLE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION = MOVEM5TS 9 ! RE/ ( ,MEXICO & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 
,TEXTS FROM ! MOVEM5T OR 9T]VIEWS ) MOVEM5T P>TICIPANTS W]E TRANSLAT$ & DI/RIBUT$ 9 SEV]AL O!R LANGUAGES4 

,! MOVEM5T DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT4 ,IT WAS SL&]$ 9 ! M$IA1 & ATTACK$ BY POLICE1 P>AMILIT>IES1 & ! >MY4 

,:ILE IT LA/$1 ! REBELLION GREATLY IMPROV$ PEOPLE'S QUALITY ( LIFE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY4 
,>GUABLY1 SOME ( ! EXP]I5CES WON 9 ! REBELLION /ILL =M A BASIS = ONGO+ SOCIAL /RUGGLES 9 ,OAXACA4 

,! #bf ,C,P,E ,PROTE/S 

,?R\<\T ,FRANCE 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 ,M>*1 & ,APRIL ( #b#f1 MILLIONS ( Y\NG PEOPLE ROSE UP AGA9/ ! NEW ,C,P,E LAW1 AN AU/]ITY MEASURE :I* W\LD UNDO DECADES ( H>D-WON LABOR PROTECTIONS1 ALL[+ BOSSES TO FIRE Y\NG] WORK]S ) H>DLY ANY RE/RICTIONS & GREATLY 9CREAS+ WORK]S' PREC>ITY4 
,!Y OCCUPI$ UNIV]SITIES & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 BLOCK$ /REETS & HI<WAYS1 PROTE/$ PEACEFULLY1 RIOT$1 BURN$ C>S1 W5T ON /RIKE1 & F\<T ) POLICE4 
,9 ! OCCUPI$ UNIV]SITIES1 /UD5TS HELD ASSEMBLIES & DEBAT$ TOPICS ?AT W5T F> BEYOND ! P>TICUL>ITIES ( ! ,C,P,E LAW1 TO TALK AB\T WAGE LABOR1 CAPITALISM1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( LIFE 9 G5]AL4 
,9 ! 5D1 !Y DEFEAT$ ! LAW4 

,! /RIK]S1 PROTE/]S1 & RIOT]S SEIZ$ SPACE 9 :I* !Y C\LD PRACTICE SELF-ORGANIZATION & DISCUSS NEW VISIONS ( LIFE4 

,?R\<\T ,FRANCE1 ?IS MOVEM5T HELP$ REG5]ATE ANTICAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS & SPREAD SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CRITIQUES4 

,IT DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT1 & WAS G5]ALLY 9FANTILIZ$ OR MUT$ BY ! M$IA4 

,IT DEFEAT$ A LAW ?AT W\LD HAVE GREATLY WORS5$ LABOR CONDITIONS = WORK]S4 

#bg ,SAFFRON ,REVOLUTION 

,:5 ! DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,BURMA REMOV$ FUEL SUBSIDIES 9 ,AUGU/ #b#g1 LEAD+ TO A #f#f.0 PRICE 9CREASE1 /UD5TS1 POLITICAL ACTIVI/S1 WOM51 & ,BUDDHI/ MONKS TOOK TO ! /REETS 9 NONVIOL5T PROTE/ & CIVIL DISOB$I5CE4 
,!Y W]E C>EFUL NOT TO DIRECTLY *ALL5GE ! MILIT>Y REGIME1 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! #aihh C\P :5 A MO/LY PEACEFUL PRO-DEMOCRACY MOVEM5T WAS UTT]LY CRU%$1 ) #c1 KILL$ & MANY ?\S&S MORE TORTUR$4 
,)9 A FEW MON?S1 ! MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T HAD GOTT5 ! PROTE/S UND] CONTROL1 >RE/+ ?\S&S & KILL+ BETWE5 #ac & HUNDR$S1 DEP5D+ ON ! S\RCE4 

,! PROTE/ MOVEM5T WAS UNABLE TO HOLD ! /REETS OR OP5 UP SPACE = ! ORGANIZATION ( NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & IT WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( ITS ABILITY TO DEF5D ITSELF AGA9/ ! POLICE4 

,! PROTE/ MOVEM5T SUCCE$$ 9 EXPRESS+ OPPOSITION TO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 BUT DOME/ICALLY IT %I$ AWAY FROM EXPRESS+ IDEAS ( OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T OR VISIONS = NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 
,?IS CONT5T WAS 9S]T$ BY 9T]NATIONAL COMM5TATORS & SUPPORT]S1 ?\< IT MAY HAVE CON/ITUT$ ! TRUE ASPIRATIONS ( AT LEA/ P>T ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,IT IS RUMOR$ ?AT ! ,BURMESE MILIT>Y WAS DIVID$ ON ITS RESPONSE TO ! PROTE/ MOVEM5T4 
,:AT IS C]TA9 IS ?AT ! MOVEM5T 5JOY$ WIDESPREAD ELITE SUPPORT ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 C\NT+ ON NO LESS AN 9/ITUTION ?AN ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS4 
,:ATEV] MESSAGE OR IDEAS MI<T BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! MOVEM5T W]E SPREAD ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! 9T]NATIONAL CORPORATE M$IA 7CREAT+ A PROBLEMATIC DYNAMIC1 & =C+ A CRITICAL OBS]V] TO QUE/ION :Y PROTE/]S W]E MAK+ ECONOMIC DEM&S AB\T ! CO/ ( LIV+ :ILE M$IA *>ACT]IZ$ IT EXCLUSIVELY AS A PRO-DEMOCRACY MOVEM5T74 

,! MOVEM5T WAS A FAILURE 9 RE/OR+ GOV]NM5T FUEL SUBSIDIES OR L[]+ ! CO/ ( LIV+1 ITS PR9CIPAL DEM&S4 
,IF1 ONE DAY1 ! MILIT>Y JUNTA IS REPLAC$ BY A DEMOCRACY1 ?IS MOVEM5T WILL NO D\BT RECEIVE A P>T ( ! CR$IT1 :]EAS >M$ REBEL MOVEM5TS LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,K>5 E?NIC M9ORITY WILL BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! HI/ORY BOOKS4 
,BUT IF SU* A *ANGE COMES AB\T1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PRESSURE WILL HAVE COME FROM 9T]NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS & 9/ITUTIONS4 
,MILIT>Y GOV]NM5TS >\ND ! WORLD HAVE %[N A T5D5CY TO TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY ON !IR [N BECAUSE DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T T5DS TO BE MORE /ABLE & ALL[S ! ELITE TO 5RI* !MSELVES MORE ?AN !Y CAN UND] A DICTATOR%IP4 
,IF ,BURMA ONE DAY A*IEVES SU* A VICTORY1 !Y WILL /ILL FACE POV]TY1 A HI< CO/ ( LIV+1 & ALL ! O!R VAG>IES ( A GLOBAL CAPITALI/ M>KET4 

,! #bh 9SURRECTION 9 ,GREECE 

,ON ! #f? ( ,DECEMB]1 #b#h1 ,A!NS POLICE %OT & KILL$ A TE5AG] 9 ! L>GELY AN>*I/ NEI<BORHOOD ( ,EX>*IA4 
,?AT SAME NI<T1 RIOTS BEGAN 9 SEV]AL MAJOR CITIES1 QUICKLY TRANS=M+ 9TO AN 9SURRECTION ?AT GRIPP$ ! 5TIRE C\NTRY = A MON?4 
,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$1 Y\NG & OLD1 IMMIGRANTS & CITIZ5S4 
,! >SON ATTACKS ON BANKS & POLICE /ATIONS ?AT 9 ! PREVI\S YE>S HAD BE5 ! SOLE PRACTICE ( AN>*I/S 9/ANTLY G5]ALIZ$ TO ! PO9T ( BECOM+ COMMON4 
,BY SOME ACC\NTS FEW POLICE /ATIONS 9 ! :OLE C\NTRY ESCAP$ ATTACK4 
,! 9SURRECTION MADE A JOKE ( ! PACIFI/ CLAIM ?AT 0VIOL5CE ALI5ATES PEOPLE0 BY BR++ TOGE!R PEOPLE FROM ACROSS ,GREECE & 9SPIR+ PEOPLE ALL OV] ! WORLD4 
,! MOM5TUM ( ! UPRIS+ GALVANIZ$ SOCIAL /RUGGLES 9 ! C\NTRY & BR\<T !M TO A NEW LEVEL4.<#b#h.> 

,! MOM5TUM CREAT$ BY ! 9SURRECTION L$ DIRECTLY TO ! OCCUPATION ( NUM]\S AB&ON$ BUILD+S1 GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 & VACANT LOTS = ! CREATION ( SOCIAL C5T]S1 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 COMMUNITY G>D5S1 & ASSEMBLIES ( >TI/S1 CRITICAL J\RNALI/S1 M$ICAL WORK]S1 & SO =?4 
,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ! FIR/ ,A!NS NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY WAS CREAT$ 9 ! MID/ ( A PRIOR /RUGGLE 9 :I* DIRECT ACTION1 CONFRONTATION ) ! POLICE1 & SABOTAGE PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE4 

,! 9SURRECTION 9 ,GREECE G5]AT$ A P[]FUL NEW CYCLE ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 C\NTRIES >\ND ! WORLD1 IT DISSEM9AT$ ! IDEA ( AN>*ISM & HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ !ORIES ( 9SURRECTION1 R5EW$ DEBATES AB\T CL&E/9ITY & DISCRETE >M$ GR\PS1 & ALSO SPREAD CONCEPTS ?AT W\LD BE REPLICAT$ ELSE:]E AS SPECIFIC COMPON5TS ( A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 SU* AS PUBLIC OR TEMPORAL OCCUPATIONS1 BASE UNIONS1 & ! ATTACK4 
,! 9SURRECTION W\LD EV5 9SPIRE PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE SU* AS ,*RIS ,H$GES1 :O LAT] W\LD RUN BACK TO ! SIDE ( LAW & ORD] AS SOON AS W9D[S />T$ %ATT]+ CLOS] TO HOME 7SEE ,*APT] #h74 

,! 9SURRECTION 5JOY$ Z]O ELITE SUPPORT4 
,! MO/ LEFTW+ P>TIES TRI$ TO CO-OPT & PACIFY IT1 & W]E REBUFF$4 
,! POLICE TRI$ TO SUPPRESS IT1 & W]E SET ON FIRE1 TR\NC$1 & S5T RUNN+4 
,! MILIT>Y TRI$ TO ?REAT5 IT1 & ITS [N SOLDI]S CIRCULAT$ A LETT] SAY+ !Y W\LD H& !IR >MS TO ! 9SURG5TS4 
,! ACADEMICS TRI$ TO EXPLA9 IT AWAY1 & W]E IGNOR$4 
,! M$IA SL&]$ IT1 & ! 9SURG5TS COV]$ ! WALLS ) !IR [N WORDS4 
,! M$IA1 H[EV]1 W]E ! MO/ EFFECTIVE ( ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( CONTROL4 
,AFT] A MON?1 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 TURN+ A L>GE P>T ( ! P>TICIPANTS BACK 9TO HELPLESS SPECTATORS1 & !N !Y BEGAN A MAJOR CAMPAIGN ( OP5LY 5C\RAG+ RI<TW+1 FASCI/ IDEOLOGIES1 :I* OV] ! YE>S BEGAN TO WEAK5 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 

,! 9SURRECTION MADE IT CLE> TO ! POLICE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT GET AWAY ) MURD] 7AT LEA/1 NOT )\T DO+ A BETT] JOB ( COV]+ IT UP72 & MADE IT CLE> TO EV]YONE ?AT ! POLICE C\LD BE DEFEAT$1 NOT)/&+ ! 9SI/5CE ( PACIFI/S ?AT WE CANNOT HOPE TO OV]COME ! >M$ MI<T ( ! ,/ATE4 
,! 9SURRECTION ALSO SAW A FL\RI%+ ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 SOCIAL C5T]S1 COMMUNITY G>D5S1 >SONS ?AT DE/ROY$ DEBT & TAX RECORDS1 & ORGANIZ$ LOOT+ ?AT PUT EXP5SIVE FOOD/UFFS AT ! FREE DISPOSAL ( PEOPLE )\T A LOT ( MONEY4 
,9 %ORT1 9 ! MON?S DUR+ & AFT] ! 9SURRECTION1 PEOPLE 7NOT 9CLUD+ COPS1 POLITICIANS1 & ! WEAL?Y7 W]E LOOK+ A LOT HAPPI] ?AN NORMAL4 

,B]SIH ,RALLIES 

,! ,B]SIH RALLIES W]E A S]IES ( DEMOCRACY PROTE/S 9 ,MALAYSIA1 OCCURR+ 9 #b#g1 #b#i1 & #b#a#b4 
,! DEM&S ( ! MOVEM5T >E PURELY =MALI/IC1 ALL RELAT$ TO ELECTORAL RE=M & MOTIVAT$ BY ! DESIRE TO SEE AN 5D TO ! DECADES-LONG RULE ( ! ,B>ISIAN ,NASIONAL POLITICAL COALITION4 
,! FIR/ TWO RALLIES1 NUMB]+ 9 ! T5S ( ?\S&S1 W]E EXCLUSIVELY PEACEFUL1 :]EAS ! SO-CALL$ ,B]SIH #c4 RALLY WAS PREC$$ BY A FATWA1 A CALL = REVOLT1 ISSU$ BY ONE ( ! ,MUSLIM ORGANIZATIONS P>TICIPAT+4 
,?IS RALLY WAS MU* L>G]1 DRAW+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( P>TICIPANTS & 9CLUD+ SOME RIOT+1 SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ POLICE1 & ! 9JURY ( SOME #b COPS 7PROVID+ ANO!R EXAMPLE ?AT BELIES ! CLAIM ?AT VIOL5T MOVEM5TS WILL SC>E AWAY SUPPORT]S74 
,AS ( #b#a#c1 BECAUSE ( CONT9U$ M$IA SUPPORT = ! MOVEM5T1 ! ,MALAYSIAN GOV]NM5T HAS S(T5$ ITS CRACKD[N ON ! MOVEM5T & ALL[$ RALLIES )\T C>RY+ \T >RE/S4.<#b#i.> 

,AS A =MALI/IC DEMOCRACY MOVEM5T1 ! ,B]SIH RALLIES CON/ITUTE NO *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ,MALAYSIA4 

,! ,B]SIH RALLIES >E NOT CONNECT$ TO ANY SOCIAL CRITIQUE OR ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE A DIRECT *ANGE 9 SOCIETY1 ONLY A DIFF]5T SET ( REPRES5TATIVES4 
,!Y HAVE NOT SPREAD NEW IDEAS4 

,! RALLIES >E SUPPORT$ & ORGANIZ$ BY M$IA ORGANIZATIONS1 ,N,G,OS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 RELIGI\S ORGANIZATIONS1 & A SECTION ( ! [N+ CLASS4 
,AMONG !SE1 ! M$IA ORGANIZATIONS & ,N,G,OS CONSI/5TLY TRY TO DISCIPL9E IT AS AN EXCLUSIVELY NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T1 :ILE SOME ( ! RELIGI\S ORGANIZATIONS >E AMBIGU\S 9 ?IS RESPECT4 

,AS A PURELY DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T1 IT IS 9T5TIONALLY SUB/ITUT+ QUE/IONS ( REPRES5TATION = QUE/IONS ( QUALITY ( LIFE1 & HAS NOT MADE ANY CONCRETE GA9S4 

,GUADEL\PE ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 

,9 ,JANU>Y #b#i1 A G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T 9 ! ,FR5* COLONIES ON ! ,C>IBBEAN ISL&S ( ,GUADEL\PE & ,M>T9IQUE4 
,! /RIKES W]E TRIGG]$ BY POOR LIV+ CONDITIONS1 ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+1 & L[ WAGES1 ?\< RACIAL T5SIONS & ANTICOLONIAL S5TIM5TS W]E ALSO MAJOR ELEM5TS1 AS ! POPULATION ( !SE ,FR5* COLONIES1 RES]V$ AS VACATION RESORTS = RI* :ITE T\RI/S1 >E PRIM>ILY BLACK DESC5DANTS ( ,AFRICAN SLAVES4 
,DUE TO =C$ ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE ON T\RISM1 ISL& RESID5TS HAD TO DEAL ) HI< PRICES1 L[ WAGES1 %ORT-T]M1 PREC>I\S EMPLOYM5T1 & EXOTIFICATION 9 !IR [N HOMES = ! AMUSEM5T ( =EIGN VACATION]S4 

,BECAUSE UNEMPLOYM5T ALREADY TOPP$ #e.01 ! /RIK]S WISELY *OSE TO COMPLEM5T !IR ATTEMPT$ ECONOMIC %UTD[N ) MORE =CEFUL TACTICS4 
,AFT] F\R WEEKS ( FAIL$ NEGOTIATION1 ISL&]S BEGAN RIOT+1 BURN+ C>S & BUS9ESSES1 ?R[+ ROCKS & EV5TUALLY OP5+ FIRE ON ! POLICE4 

,AFT] JU/ ?REE DAYS1 ! ,FR5* AU?ORITIES CAME BACK TO ! NEGOTIAT+ TABLE ) A MU* BETT] (F]3 RAIS+ ! L[E/ SAL>IES BY A :OPP+ #b EUROS A MON?1 & ACC$+ TO ALL ( ! /RIK]S' TOP #b DEM&S4 
,PRESID5T ,S>KOZY1 A H>DL9] & LAW-&-ORD] POLITICIAN ?R\< & ?R\<1 TOOK ON AN APOLOGETIC TONE ) RIOT]S & PROMIS$ TO REVIEW ,FR5* POLICY 9 ALL ITS OV]SEAS POSSESSIONS4 

,AL?\< SELF-ORGANIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION W]E NOT PRIM>Y COMPON5TS ( ! UPRIS+1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! PROTE/S1 ISL& RESID5TS QUE/ION$ & DIRECTLY *ALL5G$ ! DOM9ANCE ( ! :ITE ELITE1 & !Y =C$ ! COLONIZ+ C\NTRY TO HUMBLE ITSELF AT ! NEGOTIAT+ TABLE4 

,! /RIKE 9 ,GUADAL\PE & ,M>T9IQUE 9SPIR$ SOLID>ITY /RIKES 9 O!R ,FR5* COLONIES ACROSS ! WORLD1 FROM ,REUNION 79 ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN7 TO ,FR5* ,GUIANA4 

,! /RIKES & ! RIOTS W]E OPPOS$ BO? BY ! ISL& ELITE & ! ,FR5* MA9L& ELITE4 

,AS /AT$1 ! ACTIONS A*IEV$ /RIK]S' DEM&S & *ANG$ ! RACIAL & CLASS P[] BALANCE ON ! ISL&S4 
,9 JU/ A MATT] ( DAYS1 RIOT+ GOT ! GOODS4 

,U,K ,/UD5T ,MOVEM5T 

,9 ! AUTUMN ( #b#a1 T5S ( ?\S&S ( /UD5TS 9 ! ,U,K BEGAN TO PROTE/ A NEW LAW ?AT W\LD SLA% FUND+ = HI<] $UCATION & RAISE UNIV]SITY TUITION CAPS TO MORE ?AN D\BLE ! CURR5T AM\NT4 
,! MAJOR PROTE/S ( ! MOVEM5T1 HELD 9 ,NOVEMB]1 W]E JO9TLY ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,/UD5TS & ! ,UNIV]SITY & ,COLLEGE ,UNION1 :I* CALL$ = NONVIOL5CE4 
,9 ! BEG9N+1 MO/ /UD5TS W]E PEACEFUL1 C>RY+ \T SIT-9S OR SIMPLE PROTE/S4 
,O!R /UD5TS COMMITT$ PROP]TY DAMAGE1 F\<T ) POLICE1 & OCCUPI$ GOV]NM5T BUILD+S4 
,F> FROM A 0SMALL M9ORITY10 SEV]AL ?\S& PROTE/]S PU%$ PA/ POLICE DUR+ ! ,NOVEMB] #a M>*1 SURR\ND$ & OCCUPI$ ! ,CONS]VATIVE ,P>TY CAMPAIGN HEADQU>T]S1 SMA%+ W9D[S1 LI<T+ FIRES1 SPRAYPA9T+1 ?R[+ OBJECTS AT POLICE1 & *ANT+ 0,GREECE6 ,FRANCE6 ,N[ H]E TOO60 

,9 ITS ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! PROTE/S1 ,LONDON POLICE BRUTALIZ$ PEACEFUL & ILLEGAL PROTE/]S ALIKE4 
,! LEAD]S ( ! ,N,U,S & ! ,U,C,U1 ALONG ) ! MASS M$IA1 POLITICIANS1 & SPOKESP]SONS = ! POLICE1 ALL SPOKE UP 9 FAVOR ( NONVIOL5CE1 CONDEMN$ ! ACTS ( PROP]TY DAMAGE1 & ATTEMPT$ TO BLAME IT ALL ON AN \TSIDE M9ORITY4 
,H[EV]1 DESPITE EXTRA POLICE PREP>ATION1 ?IS TROIKA ( GOV]NM5T1 M$IA1 & W\LD-BE PROTE/ LEAD]S WAS NOT ABLE TO 5=CE NONVIOL5CE AT LAT] PROTE/S1 AS RIOT+1 ATTACKS ON POLICE1 V&ALISM1 & PROP]TY DE/RUCTION OCCURR$ ) 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY4 
,:5 ! GOV]NM5T APPROV$ ! PROPOS$ AU/]ITY MEASURES ON ,DECEMB] #i1 /UD5T PROTE/]S 5GAG$ 9 ANO!R WAVE ( RIOT+1 SMA%+ \T ! W9D[S ( ,H] ,MAJE/Y'S ,TREASURY1 TRY+ TO BREAK ?R\< POLICE KETTLES1 & LI<TLY ATTACK+ ! MOTORCADE ( ,PR9CE ,*>LES & ,DU*ESS ,CAMILLA4 

,! POPUL>ITY ( /UD5T UNION LEAD]S SUFF]$ DRAMATICALLY AS A RESULT ( !IR COLLABORATION ) POLICE & D5UNCIATION ( ! RIOT]S4 
,AT ONE PO9T1 /UD5TS BOO$ & RU%$ ! /AGE TO 9T]RUPT A SPEE* BY ,N,U,S PRESID5T ,LIAM ,BYRNE4 
,\TSIDE ( ! VIRTUAL MAJORITY CREAT$ BY ! M$IA1 EV] 9 FAVOR ( PEOPLE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID /AY+ PEACEFUL1 IT W\LD BE H>D TO SAY ?AT ! PROP]TY DAMAGE1 OCCUPATIONS1 & FI<T+ ) POLICE W]E NOT A P>T ( ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! /UD5T MOVEM5T4 
,AS ALWAYS1 ! FIR/ TO BREAK \T ( ! LEGALLY SANCTION$ =MS ( PROTE/ W]E A M9ORITY & !IR ACTIONS G5]AT$ GREAT CONTROV]SY1 BUT ?IS M9ORITY QUICKLY GREW & HAD A DYNAMIC EFFECT ON ! MOVEM5T4 

,:ILE NONVIOL5CE ADVOCATES W]E QUICK AS ALWAYS TO CLAIM ?AT VIOL5T PROTE/ WAS ! DOMA9 ( Y\NG1 :ITE MALES 7(T5 ACCOMPANI$ BY ! ADJECTIVES 0SPOIL$0 OR 0MIDDLE-CLASS071 ! ,DAILY ,MAIL EXPRESS$ ITS SURPRISE 7ON ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #b#a7 ?AT MANY ( ! MO/ AGGRESSIVE RIOT]S 0LEAD+ ! *>GE0 W]E Y\NG WOM54 

,! /UD5T MOVEM5T WAS FOCUS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON PRES5T+ DEM&S AGA9/ AU/]ITY MEASURES1 RA!R ?AN ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( $UCATION1 ! SEIZ+ ( SPACE1 OR ! PRACTICE ( NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,9 G5]AL1 ! /UD5T MOVEM5T DID NOT COMMUNICATE ANY SOCIAL CRITIQUES BEYOND !IR OPPOSITION TO ! AU/]ITY MEASURES4 
,H[EV]1 AFT] ! RIOTS ( ,NOVEMB] #a1 A DEBATE OP5$ UP )9 ! MOVEM5T AB\T ACCEPTABLE TACTICS1 ) MANY PEOPLE >GU+ 9 FAVOR ( OCCUPATIONS4 
,SUBSEQU5TLY1 OCCUPATIONS ( UNIV]SITIES & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S OCCURR$ AT O!R M>*ES & 9 O!R CITIES4 

,! NONVIOL5T W+ ( ! /UD5T MOVEM5T 5JOY$ L>GELY SYMBOLIC ELITE SUPPORT1 AL?\< ! GOV]NM5T ACROSS ! SPECTRUM WAS 9 FAVOR ( SOME =M ( AU/]ITY MEASURES4 

,AL?\< ! AU/]ITY MEASURES W]E PASS$ 9 ,5GL&1 ! ,WEL% ,ASSEMBLY ANN\NC$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! PROTE/S ?AT IT W\LD NOT ALL[ TUITION HIKES4 

,TUNISIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,! ,TUNISIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS ! FIR/ REVOLUTION ( ! SO-CALL$ ,>AB ,SPR+1 SP>K$ BY ! SELF-IMMOLATION ( ,MOHAM$ ,B\AZIZI ON ,DECEMB] #a#g1 #b#a4 
,B\AZIZI1 A VEGETABLE V5DOR1 HAD BE5 ABUS$ & ROBB$ BY A COP1 DEPRIV$ ( HIS SOLE S\RCE ( 9COME4 
,9 RESPONSE1 HE W5T TO ! POLICE /ATION & SET HIMSELF ON FIRE4 
,HIS DEA? SP>K$ SMALL PROTE/S1 :I* POLICE TRI$ TO QUA% ) TE> GAS4 
,A C\PLE O!R DE/ITUTE PROTE/]S KILL$ !MSELVES1 & POLICE BULLETS KILL$ A FEW MORE4 
,DAY AFT] DAY1 SMALL GR\PS ( PROTE/]S RETURN$ TO ! /REETS1 F$ UP ) POLICE HUMILIATIONS & BRUTALITY1 POV]TY1 & LACK ( FREE SPEE*4 
,TRADE UNIONS & /UD5TS BEGAN TO GET 9VOLV$4 
,ON ,JANU>Y #c1 :5 A POLICE TE> GAS CANI/] L&$ 9 A MOSQUE1 PROTE/]S BURN$ TIRES & ATTACK$ ! (FICES ( ! RUL+ P>TY4 
,FROM ?AT PO9T ON1 ! UPRIS+ EXPLOD$ 7:I* ONCE AGA91 TO BEAT A HORSE ?AT %\LD HAVE DI$ LONG AGO1 DISPROVES ! PACIFI/ CLI*E ?AT 0VIOL5CE ALI5ATES PEOPLE01 & %[S H[ RIOT+ & FI<T+ BACK AGA9/ AU?ORITY GALVANIZES SOCIAL /RUGGLES & W9S SUPPORT FROM ?OSE :O DO NOT SEE ! SY/EM AS !IR FRI5D74 
,PROTE/S1 /RIKES1 & RIOTS SPREAD ACROSS ,TUNISIA4 
,ELEV5 DAYS LAT]1 ,PRESID5T ,B5 ,ALI1 9 P[] S9CE #a#i#h#g1 HAD TO FLEE ! C\NTRY4 
,PROTE/]S CONT9U$ TO HOLD ! /REETS 9 DEFIANCE ( A MILIT>Y CURFEW1 UNTIL ! RUL+ P>TY CRUMBL$ 5TIRELY4 
#c* PEOPLE HAD DI$1 MO/LY KILL$ BY COPS4 

,IT DOES NOT SEEM ?AT SELF-ORGANIZ$ SPACES PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ,TUNISIA AS !Y DID SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ,EGYPT4 
,H[EV]1 ! P[] RELATIONS BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ! GOV]NM5T HAVE *ANG$ DRAMATICALLY4 
,PEOPLE HAVE RECONQU]$ !IR ABILITY TO PROTE/ & TO SPREAD CRITICAL IDEAS4 
,LABOR /RUGGLES HAVE ALSO GR[N 9 /R5G? & NUMB]1 AS PEOPLE N[ REGUL>LY C>RY \T BLOCKADES & PROTE/S TO PRESS HOME !IR DEM&S AGA9/ EMPLOY]S4 
,!RE HAVE BE5 NO %ORTAGE ( F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & 9VE/ORS' MAGAZ9ES BEMOAN+ ! REVOLUTION'S EFFECTS ON ,TUNISIA'S 0COMPETITIVITY0 & 0LABOR FLEXIBILITY0 - %OR?& = ! VULN]ABILITY ( WORK]S VIS-A-VIS BOSSES4 

,AL?\< ! ,WE/]N M$IA TRI$ H>D TO PORTRAY ! ,NOR? ,AFRICAN UPRIS+S AS NONVIOL5T & SOLELY DEMOCRATIC 9 *>ACT]1 9 ,>AB-SPEAK+ C\NTRIES ! REVOLUTION SP>K$ AN EXPON5TIAL EXPANSION 9 ! CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM & GOV]NM5T1 & IT IS SELF-EVID5T ?AT ! REVOLUTION 9SPIR$ O!RS TO ALSO TAKE ACTION4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! ,TUNISIAN REVOLUTION DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT4 
,ITS PRIM>Y PROTAGONI/S W]E ! POOR & M>G9ALIZ$4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 TRADE UNIONS BEGAN TO TAKE P>T1 & !N PR(ESSIONAL WORK]S4 
,BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ M$IA OPPOS$ IT & TRI$ TO SIL5CE IT1 REBELS HAD TO RELY ON ! =MS ( M$IA !Y C\LD ORGANIZE4 
,9T]NATIONALLY1 ELITE SUPPORT BEGAN ONCE ! REVOLUTION WAS UND5IABLE1 BUT ?IS WAS A MANIPULATIVE & DISCONNECT$ =M ( SUPPORT ?AT HELP$ ISOLATE ,B5 ,ALI 9 ! HOPES ( CONTA9+ ! SPREAD ( ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ HIM4 
,9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT WAS DESIGN$ TO PRESSURE ,TUNISIANS 9TO ADOPT+ A PEACEFUL & SOLELY POLITICAL =M ( /RUGGLE4 
,T[>DS ! V]Y 5D1 :5 ! REVOLUTION'S TRIUMPH WAS ALREADY ASSUR$1 ! SAME POLICE :O HAD BE5 KILL+ REBELS TRI$ TO JO9 !M1 9 TYPICAL RAT-LIKE FA%ION4 

,! ,TUNISIAN REVOLUTION OP5$ A NEW RANGE ( POSSIBILITIES = PEOPLE TO /RUGGLE = A BETT] LIFE3 PROTE/S1 FREE EXPRESSION1 BLOCKADES1 /RIKES1 ! ABILITY TO FACE D[N ! POLICE4 
,BECAUSE SO F> !IR MA9 A*IEVEM5T HAS BE5 DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 ! ECONOMIC PREC>ITY ?AT CON/ITUT$ A MAJOR MOTIVATION = ! REVOLUTION HAS NOT BE5 ADDRESS$4 
,DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T IS ALSO UNABLE TO ADDRESS ! PROBLEM ( POLICE VIOL5CE & HUMILIATION1 BUT AS LONG AS ! COPS REMEMB] ! UPRIS+ & REMA9 AFRAID ( ! PEOPLE1 !Y WILL NOT ACT AS 9SULT+LY AS !Y HAD BE=E4 

,! ,EGYPTIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #baa 

,SP>K$ BY ! ,TUNISIAN REVOLUTION1 ! ,EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION BEGAN ON ,JANU>Y #b#e1 #b#a#a1 & AS 9 ,TUNISIA1 IT CONT9U$ AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y #aa \/] ( ,PRESID5T ,MUB>AK4 
,ALSO LIKE ! ,TUNISIAN REVOLUTION1 ! MOVEM5T 9 ,EGYPT ADDRESS$ MANY ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT W]E C5SOR$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL M$IA1 :I* WI%$ TO D[NPLAY ! L>GELY ANTICAPITALI/ NATURE ( ! UPRIS+4 
,& 9 ANO!R SIMIL>ITY1 PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE 79CLUD+ ANYONE FROM ,G5E ,%>P TO ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T7 BLATANTLY FALSIFI$ ! REALITY ( ! /RUGGLE TO PORTRAY IT AS A NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T4 

,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE ACROSS ,EGYPT P>TICIPAT$ 9 /RIKES1 BLOCKADES1 PEACEFUL PROTE/S1 RIOTS1 ATTACKS ON POLICE1 SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ GOV]NM5T P>AMILIT>IES1 H&+ \T FLI]S1 RUNN+ BLOGS1 & ORGANIZ+ ! OCCUPATIONS ( C5TRAL PLAZAS4 
,!Y W]E PRIM>ILY 9FLU5C$ BY ! 7VIOL5T7 /RUGGLES 9 ,TUNISIA & ,PALE/9E1 ?\< :ITE NONVIOL5CE GURU ,G5E ,%>P %AMELESSLY TRI$ TO TAKE CR$IT4 
,PROTE/]S 9 ,EGYPT BURN$ D[N MORE ?AN #i POLICE /ATIONS1 !Y S5T ! POLICE RUNN+ TIME & AGA91 !Y DEF5D$ !MSELVES FROM GOV]NM5T ?UGS ) CLUBS & ROCKS1 & 9 ,TAHRIR ,SQU>E Y\NG VOLUNTE]S W5T >\ND TAK+ UP COLLECTIONS TO BUY GASOL9E = ! MOLOTOV COCKTAILS ?AT W]E A /APLE ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,AS A RESULT ( !IR DIRECT EXP]I5CES 9 ! ASSEMBLIES & MA9T5ANCE ( ! ,TAHRIR ,SQU>E OCCUPATION1 GR[+ P>TS ( ! REVOLUTION /OPP$ TALK+ AB\T ELECTIONS & />T$ TALK+ AB\T SELF-ORGANIZATION4 
,MANY ( ! SAME PEOPLE HAVE SE5 ! REVOLUTION AS ! BEG9N+ ( A MOVEM5T AGA9/ CAPITALISM & AGA9/ PATRI>*Y1 & !Y HAVE /AY$ 9 ! /REET TO OPPOSE ! AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! NEW ,ISLAMIC GOV]NM5T4 
,DIRECTLY AS A RESULT ( !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! REVOLUTION1 ! POSITION ( WOM5 9 SOCIETY HAS ALSO BEGUN TO *ANGE4 

,EV5 MORE ?AN ! ,TUNISIAN REVOLUTION1 ! UPRIS+ 9 ,EGYPT SPREAD CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM1 AS WELL AS SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ IDEAS1 ?R\<\T NEI<BOR+ ,>ABIC C\NTRIES1 9SPIR+ FUR!R UPRIS+S4 
,! ,TAHRIR ,SQU>E OCCUPATION WAS ALSO ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE = ! PLAZA OCCUPATION MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 

,AS 9 ,TUNISIA1 ! MOVEM5T LACK$ ELITE SUPPORT 9 ! BEG9N+1 BUT LAT] SAW 9T]NATIONAL M$IA & GOV]NM5TS1 AS WELL AS DOME/IC POLITICAL P>TIES1 JUMP ON ! B&WAGON TO TRY TO /E] ! MOVEM5T 9 RE=MI/ & NONVIOL5T DIRECTIONS4 

,PEOPLE EMP[]$ !MSELVES1 NEGAT$ ! ABILITY ( ! GOV]NM5T TO 9TIMIDATE !M1 OP5$ UP NEW POSSIBILITIES = /RUGGLE1 & BEGAN TO *ANGE ! POSITION ( WOM51 WORK]S1 & ,MUSLIMS )9 ,EGYPTIAN SOCIETY4 

,! ,LIBYAN ,CIVIL ,W> 

,?\< ! #baa REVOLUTION 9 ,LIBYA />T$ \T AS A SPONTANE\S UPRIS+1 BECAUSE IT 5D$ 9 L>GE P>T DUE TO =EIGN MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION IT IS DIFFICULT TO ANALYZE AS A SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 
,! MILIT>IZATION ( ! CONFLICT & A LACK ( DIRECT COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ! P>TICIPANTS & SOCIAL REBELS 9 ,EUROPE OR ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 7:I* WAS NOT ! CASE ) ,TUNISIA OR ,EGYPT1 :]E WE W]E 9 DIRECT CONTACT ) P>TICIPANTS AS ! UPRIS+S UNFOLD$7 MAKES IT V]Y H>D = ME1 FROM MY VANTAGE PO9T1 TO KN[ AB\T ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! UPRIS+4 
,FROM :AT ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ASC]TA91 IT SEEMS ?AT :ATEV] SOCIAL CONT5T ! REVOLUTION MI<T HAVE CONTA9$ WAS L>GELY ]OD$ BY MILIT>Y CONC]NS & REALPOLITIK4 
,HOPEFULLY ,I AM WRONG1 BUT IT SEEMS ! W> HAD AN EXCLUSIVELY MILIT>Y *>ACT]4 
,?IS IS NOT AN 9TR9SIC PROBLEM ( COMBATIVE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 AS ! NONVIOL5T ,COLOR ,REVOLUTIONS W]E EV5 MORE DEVOID ( SOCIAL CONT5T1 BUT A PROBLEM ( MOVEM5TS ?AT FOCUS PRIM>ILY ON ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 :E!R PEACEFUL OR >M$1 DEMOCRATIC OR MILIT>Y4 
,REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT ACTUALLY WI% TO 5D OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS MU/ NEV] ALL[ QUE/IONS ( POLITICAL P[] OR MILIT>Y VICTORY TO TAKE PREC$5CE4 
,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS CANNOT TAKE UP >MS1 ONLY ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 :ATEV] TOOLS OR WEAPONS IT F9DS ITSELF OBLIG$ TO USE1 MU/ ALWAYS FOCUS ON CREAT+ EMANCIPATORY SOCIAL RELATIONS RA!R ?AN SEIZ+ POLITICAL P[]4 
,9 ANY CASE1 ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,LIBYAN ,CIVIL ,W> IS ANO!R REM9D] ?AT :5 ! ,/ATE DECIDES TO UNLEA% ITS FULL MILIT>Y =CE1 MOVEM5TS CANNOT MA9TA9 ANY PRET5SE ( NONVIOL5CE4 
,!Y MU/ EI!R FI<T BACK1 OR DISAPPE>4 

,DUE TO A LACK ( 9=MATION & ! WAY ! CONFLICT 9 ,LIBYA BECAME A PROXY W> BETWE5 EXT]NAL P[]S1 IT W\LD BE ESPECIALLY R$UCTIONI/ TO APPLY CRIT]IA MEASUR+ ITS EFFECTIV5ESS AS A /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION4 

,! ,SYRIAN ,CIVIL ,W> 

,9 ,M>* #b#a#a1 AN UPRIS+ BEGAN 9 ,SYRIA AFT] POLICE >RE/$ S*OOL*ILDR5 PA9T+ REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS ON A WALL 9 ! CITY ( ,D]AA4 
,A RELATIVELY SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE TOOK TO ! /REETS 9 PEACEFUL PROTE/1 & SOLDI]S OP5$ FIRE ) LIVE AMMUNITION4 
,! NEXT DAY PEOPLE RETURN$ TO ! /REETS1 & AGA9 SOLDI]S TRI$ TO CRU% ! PROTE/S4 
,! REVOLUTION SPREAD FROM !RE4 
,PEACEFUL ME?ODS PROV$ 9CAPABLE ( HOLD+ ! /REETS AGA9/ BULLETS & TANKS4 
,GOV]NM5T =CES EV5 MURD]$ ,<AI? ,MAT>1 ! ACTIVI/ :O BEGAN H&+ FL[]S TO SOLDI]S1 DEMON/RAT+ ! UNSU/A9ABILITY ( ?AT TACTIC 7AS ,I /AT$ 9 ,H[ ,NONVIOL5CE ,PROTECTS ! ,/ATE1 A FL[] DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY IMP$E ! ABILITY ( ! GUN TO FIRE74 
,PEOPLE BEGAN TO >M !MSELVES1 & GRADUALLY ! UPRIS+ TURN$ 9TO A CIVIL W>4 
,ACCORD+ TO ,L9A ,S9JAB1 WRIT+ = ! ,B,B,C3 

,BUT AMID ! VIOL5CE1 !RE IS A GREAT S5SE ( HOPE4 
,AMONG CIVILIANS1 !RE IS AN UNPREC$5T$ S5SE ( SOLID>ITY4 
,PEOPLE >E %>+ HOMES1 CLO!S & FOOD - NOTABLY ) ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S DISPLAC$ BY ! FI<T+4 
,! S5SE ( FRE$OM IS PALPABLE1 ) OPPOSITION VOICES SPEAK+ \T4 
,MORE ?AN #c NEW ONL9E PUBLICATIONS >E PROMOT+ DEMOCRACY1 DESPITE ! CRACKD[N4 
,9 SOME OPPOSITION-CONTROLL$ >EAS1 CIVILIANS & REBELS >E E/ABLI%+ LOCAL C\NCILS TO GET ! S]VICES WORK+4 
,& AS PEOPLE />T TO LOOK PA/ ! CIVIL W>1 SOME >E PROTE/+ AGA9/ REBEL GR\PS ?AT HAVE COMMITT$ ABUSES OR :I*1 LIKE ! ,NUSRA ,FRONT1 >E SEEK+ TO ,ISLAMIZE SOCIETY4 
,SYRIA HAS RIS5 AGA9/ TYRANNY & WILL NEV] BE ! SAME AGA94.<#c.> 

,BY #b#a#d1 IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT ! ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/S ( ,I,S,I,S HAD BECOME A DOM9ANT =CE )9 ! UPRIS+ & TAK5 CONTROL ( A L>GE P>T ( ! ,SYRIAN T]RITORY4 
,! FUNDAM5TALI/S C\LD MAKE AN EXCELL5T >GUM5T AGA9/ VIOL5T REBELLION1 S9CE !Y CON/ITUTE EV]Y?+ ?AT PEOPLE FI<T+ = FRE$OM ) TO AVOID3 TOTALIT>IANISM2 BRUTALITY2 9TOL]ANCE2 & G5OCIDAL1 MISOGYNI/ PRACTICES4 
,9CID5TALLY1 !Y >E ALSO ! ONE SECTOR ( ! REBELLION ?AT IS RECEIV+ SIGNIFICANT ELITE SUPPORT1 GETT+ FUND+ OR O!R AID FROM ,TURKEY1 ! CONS]VATIVE ,GULF /ATES1 & EV5 FROM ! ,SYRIAN GOV]NM5T ITSELF4 
,!RE >E REPORTS ?AT ! ,ASSAD REGIME HAS L>GELY TOL]AT$ ,I,S,I,S1.<#c#a.> ALL[+ ! FUNDAM5TALI/S FREE RE9 TO GO AFT] ! MORE HUMANI/IC ELEM5TS ( ! RESI/ANCE1 LIKE ! ,KURDS 9 ,ROJAVA1 :O WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 A LAT] 5TRY4 
,JU/ AS ! ,U,S OCCUPATION 9 ,IRAQ 5ACT$ POLICIES ?AT ALL[$ ! FUNDAM5TALI/S TO DOM9ATE :AT HAD BE5 A MULTIFACET$ RESI/ANCE1 ! ,SYRIAN GOV]NM5T CAN RE/ORE ITS 9T]NATIONAL IMAGE IF ! REBELLION COMES TO BE SE5 AS MON/R\S1 :I* WAS NOT POSSIBLE :5 ! RESI/ANCE GR\PS W]E DEMOCRATS & SOCIALI/S4 

,HAV+ LIB]AT$ A L>GE P>T ( ! C\NTRY1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! ,SYRIAN REBELS HAVE SEIZ$ SPACE3 :E!R !Y >E PUTT+ NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE IS ANO!R QUE/ION4 
,SEGM5TS ( ! REBEL MOVEM5T >E FI<T+ = A MORE EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY2 H[EV] MU* REBEL T]RITORY HAS BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ,I,S,I,S1 :I* IS 9/ITUT+ SOCIAL RELATIONS M>K$ BY AU?ORIT>IANISM1 9TOL]ANCE1 & PATRI>*Y4 

,ALONG ) ! O!R ,>AB REVOLTS ( #b#a#a1 ! ,SYRIAN UPRIS+ HAS 9SPIR$ O!R PEOPLE TO FI<T = !IR FRE$OM1 H[EV] IT DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ AS MU* AS ! ,EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION TO SPREAD NEW IDEAS & SOCIAL CRITIQUES4 
,! EXCEPTION IS 9 ,ROJAVA1 OR ,SYRIAN ,KURDI/AN4 

,9 ! BEG9N+1 ! UPRIS+ DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT1 ?\< IT GRADUALLY GA9$ SUPPORT FROM SOME SECTORS ( ! DOME/IC ELITE NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ! RUL+ GOV]NM5T1 & AN 9CREAS+ AM\NT ( SUPPORT FROM ,WE/]N M$IA & ,N,A,T,O GOV]NM5TS4 
,MEAN:ILE1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 FUNDAM5TALI/ W+ ( ! REBELLION WON MASSIVE FUND+ & SUPPORT FROM SEV]AL REGIONAL GOV]NM5TS4 

,9 ! MID/ ( A BLOODY CIVIL W>1 :I* HAS CLAIM$ #b1 LIVES & C\NT+1 IT IS H>D TO TALK AB\T GA9S1 AL?\< ! >TICLE CIT$ ABOVE IS NOT )\T ITS S5SE ( OPTIMISM4 

#a#e,M ,MOVEM5T & ,G5]AL ,/RIKES 

,ON ! #b#i? ( ,SEPTEMB]1 #b#a1 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE ACROSS ,SPA9 P>TICIPAT$ 9 A G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ! FIR/ R\ND ( AU/]ITY MEASURES1 PROTE/+1 C>RY+ \T BLOCKADES1 SABOTAG+ TRANSPORTATION 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & 9 A FEW CITIES1 RIOT+1 LOOT+1 & FI<T+ ) POLICE4 
,AN>*I/ LABOR F$]ATIONS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! PREP>ATION1 AS DID HORIZONTAL NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 
,! =CE ( ! DAY'S EV5TS 9ITIAT$ AN 9T5SE CYCLE ( O!R PROTE/S & /RIKES1 ) A L>GELY ANTICAPITALI/ *>ACT]4 
,FUR!R G5]AL /RIKES W]E HELD ! #b#g? ( ,JANU>Y #b#a#a1 & 9 #bab ON ! #b#i? ( ,M>*1 ! #c#a/ ( ,OCTOB]1 & ! #a#d? ( ,NOVEMB]4 
,CONCURR5TLY1 !RE WAS HEAVY RIOT+ ON ,MAY ,DAY1 #b#a#a1 & TWO WEEKS LAT]1 ON ,MAY #a#e1 PLAZA OCCUPATIONS DIRECTLY 9SPIR$ BY ! UPRIS+ 9 ,EGYPT SPREAD TO HUNDR$S ( CITIES & T[NS ACROSS ! C\NTRY1 W9N+ ! P>TICIPATION ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE4 
,9 ! PLAZA OCCUPATIONS1 PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ PROTE/S & MATT]S ( DAILY SURVIVAL 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES4 
,! MOVEM5T ALSO L$ TO ! EXPANSION ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 ! OCCUPATION ( EMPTY BUILD+S BY PEOPLE :O HAD LO/ !IR HOMES TO =ECLOSURES1 ! OCCUPATION ( HOSPITALS1 ! BLOCKADE ( HI<WAYS & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 & COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE AGA9/ EVICTIONS1 LAY(FS1 & ! PRIVATIZATION ( HEAL?C>E & $UCATION4 

,! #a#e,M MOVEM5T 7! PLAZA OCCUPATIONS BEG9N+ ON ! #a#e? ( ,MAY7 WAS AN ATTEMPT BY NONVIOL5T ACTIVI/S 9 ,MADRID TO REFOCUS ! GR[+ ANTICAPITALI/ MOVEM5T ON /RICTLY POLITICAL DEM&S1 PRIM>ILY ! RE=M ( ! ELECTORAL LAWS4 
,?IS ATTEMPT WAS BAS$ ON A MANIPULAT$ V]SION ( ! ,EGYPTIAN UPRIS+ ?AT PORTRAY$ IT AS A NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T CON/RUCT$ >\ND EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL1 ELECTORAL DEM&S4 
,!RE WAS A MAJOR DEBATE >\ND NONVIOL5CE )9 ?IS MOVEM5T 7?\< W\LD-BE LEAD]S G5]ALLY TRI$ TO SUPPRESS ! DEBATE74 
,! MASS M$IA1 POLITICIANS1 & POLICE CONSI/5TLY WEI<$ 9 ON ! SIDE ( NONVIOL5CE4 
,AFT] ! PLAZA OCCUPATIONS BEGAN 9 ,MAY #b#a#a1 :AT HAD BE5 AT LEA/ A P>TIALLY COMBATIVE ANTICAPITALI/ MOVEM5T SUDD5LY BECAME AN OV]:ELM+LY NONVIOL5T DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T4 
,BUT ?IS BEGAN TO /EADILY *ANGE4 
,! CRITICAL P>TICIPATION ( LABOR UNIONS1 AN>*I/S1 & O!RS1 & ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ MORTGAGE EVICTIONS & HOSPITAL PRIVATIZATIONS SOON REPLAC$ NAIVE DEM&S = ELECTORAL RE=M ) F>-REA*+ CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM & GOV]NM5T4 
,& 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! BRUTAL POLICE EVICTION ( ,PLACA ,CATALUNYA & ! ABSOLUTE 9ABILITY ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE TO DEF5D ! PLAZA WAS A FIR/ /EP 9 ]OD+ ! /RANGLEHOLD ( NONVIOL5CE ON ! MOVEM5T'S /RATEGIC DISC\RSE4 
,SIMIL> EXP]I5CES 9 O!R CITIES HAD ! SAME EFFECT4 

,)9 MON?S1 MORE & MORE PEOPLE OP5LY SUPPORT$ A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS4 
,PACIFI/S 9 ! MOVEM5T TRI$ TO CRIM9ALIZE AN>*I/S :O ASSAULT$ POLITICIANS 9 ! BLOCKADE ( ! ,CATALAN P>LIAM5T 9 ,JUNE #b#a#a1 BUT :5 ?OSE AN>*I/S W]E ID5TIFI$ & >RE/$ LAT] ?AT YE>1 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE CAME \T TO PROTE/ 9 SOLID>ITY ) !M4 
,BY ! TIME ( ! ,M>* #b#i1 #bab G5]AL /RIKE1 PEOPLE W]E F$ UP ) NONVIOL5CE1 & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S P>TICIPAT$ 9 RIOTS ?AT ROCK$ CITIES ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 
,! LABOR UNIONS1 PRESSUR$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 TOOK /EPS TO PREV5T RIOTS 9 ! SUBSEQU5T G5]AL /RIKES1 SU* AS ORGANIZ+ !IR [N VOLUNTE] PEACE POLICE TO HELP COPS MA9TA9 ORD] 9 ! PROTE/S4 
,?\< MANY PEOPLE DID NOT GO TO WORK ?AT DAY1 POLICE CONTROLL$ ! /REETS1 & PEOPLE G5]ALLY LEFT ) A S5SE ( DEFEAT & P[]LESSNESS4 
,! PACIFI$ /RIKES >E UNIV]SALLY RECOGNIZ$ TO BE LESS SIGNIFICANT ?AN ! E>LI]1 COMBATIVE /RIKES4 
,! RIOT\S G5]AL /RIKE ( ,M>* #b#i1 #bab CREAT$ A PALPABLE S5SE ( FRE$OM 9 ! /REETS1 ) PEOPLE SMIL+1 PLAY+ AMID ! FIRES1 & LAU<+ ) /RANG]S2 & IT SP>K$ A :OLE NEW CYCLE ( ACTIVITY1 ) AN 5]GETIC ANTICAPITALI/ ,MAY ,DAY PROTE/ & ANO!R R\ND ( G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB]4 
,BUT ?OSE PACIFI$ /RIKES1 EV5 ?\< !Y A*IEV$ A SIMIL> LEVEL ( P>TICIPATION 9 T]MS ( WORK /OPPAGE1 FAIL$ TO 9SPIRE MANY PEOPLE TO ?R[ !MSELVES 9TO ORGANIZ+ AFT] ! SMALL]1 RADICAL UNIONS ANN\NC$ !Y W\LD JO9 ! MAJOR UNIONS 9 E/ABLI%+ PEACE POLICE & WORK+ ) ! POLICE TO PREV5T RIOTS2 ! MOOD 9 ! /REETS WAS MORE (T5 ONE ( DESP]ATION1 FE>1 OR DEFEAT2 & ! EXP]I5CE DID NOT 9SPIRE A NEW WAVE ( ACTIVITY 9 ITS AFT]MA?1 BUT MON?S ( /AGNATION1 DIRECTIONLESSNESS1 & SOCIAL PEACE4 
,! GOV]NM5T REACTION ALSO %[S H[ MU* LESS ?REAT5+ !Y CONSID]$ ! PEACEFUL /RIKES4 
,AFT] ! ,M>* /RIKE1 !Y W]E ON ! DEF5SIVE1 TRY+ TO PLACE BLAME & JU/IFY !IR LOSS ( CONTROL1 US+ ! M$IA TO VILLIFY ! /RIK]S & ANN\NC+ NEW REPRESSIVE MEASURES 7SOME ( :I* W]E REPEAL$ AFT] G5]AT+ HEAVY RESI/ANCE74 
,AFT] ! RELATIVELY PEACEFUL ,NOVEMB] /RIKE1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS MU* MORE CALM & COMPOS$4 
,!Y DID NOT HAVE TO DEAL ) A *ALL5GE TO !IR RULE1 NOR REVEAL !IR ANTAGONI/IC RELATION%IP ) SOCIETY 9 SU* CLE> T]MS4 

,! DIV]SE MOVEM5T :I* 9 REALITY 9CLUDES ! #a#e,M MOVEM5T1 ! G5]AL /RIKES1 & ! V>I\S MOVEM5TS AGA9/ AU/]ITY1 HAS PROBABLY DONE MORE TO W9 SPACE ?AN ANY O!R MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 S9CE ! 5D ( DICTATOR%IP4 
,PEOPLE HAVE NEGAT$ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE TO DEM& P]MITS = ! USE ( PUBLIC SPACE1 !Y HAVE WON ! ABILITY TO TAKE OV] ! /REETS 9 PROTE/ OR TO TAKE OV] PLAZAS = MEET+S1 !Y HAVE ORGANIZ$ NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 WORKPLACE ASSEMBLIES1 HOSPITAL OCCUPATIONS1 ! 0AUTOGE/ION0 OR HORIZONTAL SELF-GUID$ DIRECTION ( PRIM>Y C>E C5T]S1 URBAN G>D5S1 COLLECTIVE H\S+1 & O!R ANTICAPITALI/ PROJECTS4 

,!Y HAVE SPREAD ANTICAPITALI/ & AN>*I/ IDEAS ?R\<\T ,SPANI% SOCIETY & TO NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES1 SPREAD CRITIQUES ( DEMOCRACY )9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 & 9SPIR$ O!R PEOPLE TO TAKE ACTION4 
,! PLAZA OCCUPATION MOVEM5T WAS A MAJOR 9SPIRATION = SIMIL> MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,GREECE4 

,9 G5]AL1 ! ONLY P[]FUL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SUPPORT$ ! MOVEM5T W]E ! MAJOR LABOR UNIONS1 :OSE P>TICIPATION AIM$ AT BR++ PEACEFUL MASSES 9TO ! /REETS TO HOLD !IR SIGNS1 LI/5 TO !IR SPEE*ES1 & DUTIFULLY ACCEPT ! COMPROMISES !Y SIGN$ ) ! GOV]NM5T4 
,:5 ! #a#e,M MOVEM5T WAS JU/ A NONVIOL5T GA!R+1 ! MASS M$IA GAVE IT A HUGE AM\NT ( ATT5TION1 BUT :5 IT BECAME A MORE COMPLEX MOVEM5T ?AT DID NOT ISSUE DEM&S & ?AT BEGAN PU%+ AT ! CON/RA9TS ( NONVIOL5CE1 ! M$IA TURN$ AGA9/ IT4 

,! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES ALL[$ MANY PEOPLE TO MEET !IR NEI<BORS & GAVE !M PRACTICE 9 DIRECT DECISION-MAK+4 
,! PLAZA OCCUPATION ASSEMBLIES GAVE PEOPLE PRACTICE 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION 7IF NOT 9 DECISION-MAK+1 DUE TO !IR UNWIELDY SIZE7 & !Y ALSO CREAT$ POLICE-FREE ZONES :]E IMMIGRANTS & O!RS C\LD BE SAFE = OV] A MON?4 
,! RELAT$ MOVEM5T AGA9/ HOME EVICTIONS HAS SAV$ MANY PEOPLE FROM =ECLOSURE & HOMELESSNESS1 ! SUP]M>KET SACK+S HAVE GIV5 WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE FREE FOOD1 & ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! PRIVATIZATION ( HEAL?C>E HAS MA9TA9$ PRIM>Y C>E ACCESS = SEV]AL NEI<BORHOODS ?AT O!RWISE W\LD HAVE LO/ IT4 

#baa ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM ,ANTI-,AU/]ITY ,PROTE/S 

,AL?\< ! #baa ANTI-AU/]ITY PROTE/S H>DLY CON/ITUTE AN UPRIS+ OR A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ,I AM 9CLUD+ !M TO MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ,I AM NOT WE$+ \T NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS4 
,AFT] ALL1 MANY PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE BELIEVE ?AT SIMPLY BY BE+ L>GE & PEACEFUL1 AN EV5T BECOMES IMPORTANT4 

,?IS MOVEM5T WAS M>K$ BY A MAJOR DAY ( PROTE/ ON ,M>* #b#f1 ) #e1 PEOPLE M>*+ 9 ,LONDON1 A PROTE/ & DAY ( /RIKE ON ,JUNE #c1 & ANO!R ONE-DAY /RIKE 9 ,NOVEMB]4 
,! PROTE/ MOVEM5T WAS 5TIRELY PEACEFUL4 
,ACCORD+ TO POLLS1 #e#b.0 ( ! POPULATION SUPPORT$ ! PROTE/S1 ?\< #e#e.0 BELIEV$ ! GOV]NM5T SP5D+ CUTS W]E NECESS>Y4 
,H[EV]1 WE %\LD BE CLE> ?AT 9 POLLS1 0SUPPORT0 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT SOMEONE W\LD P>TICIPATE 9 A MOVEM5T1 ONLY ?AT !Y LIKE ! IDEA ( ! MOVEM5T 5\< TO SAY OR CLICK 0,YES01 DEP5D+ ON :E!R ! POLL IS V]BAL OR WRITT54 
,?IS IS DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT1 :]E IDEAS >E ALI5AT$ FROM ACTIONS4 
,! RESULTS ( ! MOVEM5T %[ EXACTLY H[ P[]FUL A PASSIVE MAJORITY CAN BE1 & H[ WISE >E ?OSE ACTIVI/S :O SEEK ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY OV] ?AT ( A COMMITT$ M9ORITY4 

,! MOVEM5T NEI!R ATTEMPT$ NOR MANAG$ TO SEIZE SPACE = NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,! MOVEM5T DID NOT TALK AB\T IDEAS1 ONLY AB\T BUDGET CUTS1 & ITS PRACTICE DID NOT SP>K SIMIL> MOVEM5TS 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 

,! MOVEM5T WAS ORGANIZ$ PRIM>ILY BY MAJOR TRADE UNIONS & ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & SUPPORT$ BY A P>T ( ! M$IA4 

,! MOVEM5T A*IEV$ Z]O *ANGES 9 GOV]NM5T POLICY1 Z]O R$UCTIONS TO ! AU/]ITY MEASURES1 & Z]O *ANGES 9 PEOPLE'S DAILY LIVES4 

#baa ,5GL& RIOTS 

,9 ,AUGU/ #b#a#a1 PEOPLE 9 CITIES ACROSS ,5GL& RIOT$ AFT] POLICE %OT & KILL$ ,M>C ,DUGGAN1 AN UN>M$ BLACK MAN1 9 A TRAFFIC /OP4 
,AS P] ! /&>D PROC$URE1 POLICE 9ITIALLY LI$ TO ! M$IA1 CLAIM+ ?AT ,DUGGAN HAD OP5$ FIRE ON !M1 & M$IA UNCRITICALLY REPEAT$ ! LIE AS !Y ALWAYS WILL4 
,:5 FRI5DS & FAMILY SPREAD ! TRU? ( ! 9CID5T1 RIOT+ & LOOT+ BROKE \T 9 ,TOTT5HAM1 SPREAD+ TO O!R NEI<BORHOODS 9 ,LONDON & !N ACROSS ,5GL&4 
,P>TICIPANTS W]E MULTIRACIAL1 & !IR T>GETS 9CLUD$ ! POLICE1 GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 PUBLIC 9FRA/RUCTURE1 /ORES1 & PEOPLE P]CEIV$ TO BE RI* OR MIDDLE-CLASS4 
,! RIOT+1 :I* WAS DESCRIB$ BY MANY AS AN ALL-\T 9SURRECTION1 ALSO 9CLUD$ A SIGNIFICANT AM\NT ( POOR-ON-POOR VIOL5CE OR SIMPLE OPPORTUNISM4 
,REG>DLESS ( A P]CEIV$ LACK ( SOCIAL ANALYSIS OR POLITICAL CRITICISM ON ! P>T ( ! RIOT]S1 SOME ( ! BASIC CAUSES W]E OBVI\S1 & ! IMM5SE CO/S TO GOV]NM5T & POLICE CON/ITUTE AN EFFECTIVE PUNI%M5T = ! POLICE MURD]4 
,! 9SURRECTION ALSO DIVID$ ,5GLI% SOCIETY 9TO ONE CAMP ?AT /OOD ON ! SIDE ( LAW-&-ORD]1 ATTEMPT+ TO CRIM9ALIZE OR PA?OLOGIZE ! RIOT]S & FAVOR+ H>% MEASURES LIKE ! V]Y /OP-&-SE>* POLICIES ?AT TRIGG]$ ! RIOT+ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 & ANO!R CAMP ?AT REJECT$ ! GOV]NM5T DISC\RSE ( SECURITY & SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! RIOT]S1 :ILE P]HAPS TRY+ TO 5C\RAGE A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 

,AS F> AS ,I CAN TELL1 ! MOVEM5T DID NOT SEIZE SPACE = NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS1 AL?\< IT DID ALL[ GR\PS ( NEI<BORS TO ORGANIZE TOGE!R 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T ATTACKS ON ! POLICE1 REV]S+ ! USUAL ALI5ATION & /ATE ( FE>4 

,AL?\< ! 9SURRECTION MADE A REJECTION ( ! POLICE1 ! REALITY ( SOCIAL EXCLUSION1 & ! FAILURE ( T\<-ON-CRIME POLICIES OBVI\S1 IT DID NOT 9 ITS [N WORDS SPREAD SOCIAL CRITIQUES4 
,H[EV]1 ! V]Y ACT ( RIOT+ PROV$ ELOQU5T 5\< TO BE REPLICAT$ BY T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! 9SURRECTION DID NOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ BIT ( ELITE SUPPORT4 
,EV5 ! H&FUL ( LEFTI/S :O D>$ EXPRESS ANY SYMPA?Y TREAT$ ! PH5OM5ON LIKE SOME POOR1 RABID ANIMAL4 

,I HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO ASC]TA9 :E!R ! RIOT+ L$ TO A G5TL] APPROA* BY POLICE OR O!R CONCRETE *ANGES4 
,BUT AT ! LEA/1 IT TEMPOR>ILY 9T]RUPT$ ! SOCIAL 9VISIBILITY ( ?OSE :O RIOT$ & ALL[$ !M TO PUT ! POLICE ON ! DEF5SIVE = A *ANGE4 
,LOOT]S ALSO TOOK DIRECT ACTION TO IMPROVE !IR ECONOMIC POSITION4 

,OCCUPY 

,SIMIL> TO ! PLAZA OCCUPATION MOVEM5T1 BUT ON A SMALL] SCALE & ) MORE W+NUTS1 ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9 ! ,U,S SPREAD TO CITIES ACROSS ! C\NTRY & C5T]$ >\ND ASSEMBLIES 9 PUBLIC P>KS & ! 9EVITABLE CONFRONTATIONS ) AU?ORITIES4 
,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 ! ORIG9AL FRAN*ISE1 BEGAN ) A COMMITM5T TO NONVIOL5CE1 BUT ,OCCUPY 9 A FEW O!R CITIES RESPECT$ A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS4 
,OCCUPY ,BO/ON1 ONE GR\P ?AT SUPPORT$ A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS & ?AT US$ SOME LI<T =MS ( SELF-DEF5SE TO RESI/ AN ATTEMPT$ POLICE EVICTION1 \TLA/$ ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET BY A :OLE MON?4 
,OCCUPY ,OAKL&1 :I* WAS F> FROM NONVIOL5T1 TRIGG]$ A G5]AL /RIKE1 SPREAD CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM ?AT SURPASS$ ,[,S'S POPULI/ RHETORIC1 & DISRUPT$ ! FUNCTION+ ( ! GOV]NM5T & ECONOMY F> MORE ?AN ANY O!R ,OCCUPY4 

,9 A HYP]ALI5AT$ SOCIETY1 ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T GAVE PEOPLE 79 MANY CASES = ! FIR/ TIME 9 !IR LIVES7 AN EXP]I5CE ) COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+ & SELF-ORGANIZATION4 
,?\S&S ( PEOPLE HELD ASSEMBLIES1 LE>N$ H[ TO LIVE TOGE!R1 F$ ONE ANO!R1 ORGANIZ$ PROTE/S & O!R ACTIONS TOGE!R1 & TRI$ TO CREATE A COLLECTIVE ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* PATRI>*AL & RACI/ BEHAVIORS W]E QUE/ION$ & OV]COME 7! EXT5T TO :I* !Y ADVANC$ ON ?IS FRONT IS A TRICKI] QUE/ION1 BUT 9 MANY CITIES ! ATTEMPT WAS !RE74 
,GIV5 ! ADVANC$ DEGREE ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL DIS9TEGRATION1 SU* ?AT MANY OCCUPI]S HAD NEV] P>TICIPAT$ 9 A REAL DEBATE BE=E1 MU* LESS AN ASSEMBLY OR AN 5CAMPM5T1 ,OCCUPY WAS FILL$ ) AN 9NUM]ABLE QUANTITY ( UGLY1 MIS]ABLE1 OR JU/ PLA9 ABSURD EXP]I5CES4 
,BUT BECAUSE ?AT UGL9ESS WAS AN EV]-PRES5T P>T ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 ,OCCUPY CON/ITUT$ A /EP T[>DS OV]COM+ IT4 
,9 SUM1 9 ! SPACES SEIZ$ BY ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T1 LIB]ATORY SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E EXP]IM5T$ )1 IF ONLY 9 A V]Y NASC5T WAY4 

,IT IS SAD ?AT ! WAT]$-D[N1 POPULI/ CONCEPT ( ! #i#i.01 A WEAK /&-9 = CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 C\LD C\NT AS A RADICAL IDEA1 BUT SOCIAL AW>5ESS 9 ! ,U,S WAS SO WI!R$ AT ! GET-GO ?AT EV5 ?IS SLOGAN MI<T BE C\NT$ AS AN ACCOMPLI%M5T4 
,:AT IS BEYOND QUE/ION IS ?AT MANY RADICAL IDEAS & SOCIAL CRITIQUES W]E DEBAT$ & SPREAD 9 ! SPACE ( ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T1 IDEAS ?AT W]E NEW TO MANY P>TICIPANTS4 
,! EXAMPLE ( ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET 9SPIR$ PEOPLE TO TAKE SIMIL> ACTION 9 O!R CITIES >\ND ! C\NTRY4 

,NUM]\S ACADEMICS1 M$IA \TLETS1 & EV5 SOME CITY GOV]NM5TS PRES5T$ ,OCCUPY 9 A POSITIVE LI<T1 TRY+ TO CURRY ITS FAVOR & 9FLU5CE ITS C\RSE4 
,?IS ELITE 9T]V5TION ALWAYS PU%$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( MA9TA9+ /RICT NONVIOL5CE & ISSU+ DEM&S4 

,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ,OCCUPY1 HUNDR$S ( HOMELESS PEOPLE C\LD SLEEP A LITTLE S\ND]1 KN[+ !Y HAD A PLACE TO /AY ?AT WAS RELATIVELY SAFE FROM POLICE4 
,PEOPLE ALSO %>$ FOOD & O!R RES\RCES4 
,H[EV]1 ,OCCUPY PROBABLY DID NOT LEAD TO ANY LA/+ GA9S4 

,! #b#a#a-#b#a#d ,*ILI /UD5T PROTE/S 

,MILLIONS ( HI< S*OOL & UNIV]SITY /UD5TS TOOK TO ! /REETS ( CITIES ACROSS ,*ILI />T+ 9 ,MAY #b#a#a1 PROTE/+ ! UND]FUND+ ( $UCATION & ! LACK ( PUBLIC UNIV]SITIES4 
,/UD5TS C>RI$ \T MASSIVE PROTE/S1 /RIKES1 & RIOTS4 
,!Y ]ECT$ B>RICADES1 F\<T ) POLICE--SOMETIMES S5D+ !M RUNN+--ATTACK$ BANKS1 & EV5 BURNT D[N A DEP>TM5T /ORE4 
,AN>*I/S HAVE PLAY$ AN 9FLU5TIAL P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T1 & MANY /UD5TS HAVE BEGUN ADOPT+ AN>*I/ TACTICS4 
,AS ( ?IS WRIT+1 ! MOVEM5T IS /ILL ONGO+1 ) MAJOR PROTE/S OCCURR+ 9 ,AUGU/ & ,OCTOB] ( #b#a#d4 

,! /UD5TS HAVE OCCUPI$ S*OOLS & PUBLIC PLACES1 ?\< COMMUNAL SPACES REMA9$ 9 AN 9CIPI5T /ATE4 

,! FIR/ /UD5T PROTE/S QUICKLY 9SPIR$ O!RS & SPREAD ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 
,/UD5TS BEGAN DISCUSS+ & CIRCULAT+ CRITICAL ANALYZES ( ! ROLE ( $UCATION1 PUBLIC OR PRIVATE1 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 
,AS ( #b#a#e1 !SE CONV]SATIONS W]E /ILL GO+ ON4 
,BO? ! ,F,E,L--! ,/UD5T ,LIB]T>IAN ,F$]ATION.<#c#b.>--& ! PRACTICE ( ,BLACK ,BLOCS )9 ! /UD5T PROTE/S1 HAVE EXP&$ EXPON5TIALLY ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,! /UD5TS DID NOT HAVE SIGNIFICANT ELITE SUPPORT1 AL?\< SOME SMALL POLITICAL P>TIES & UNIONS HAD 9FLU5CE 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,AL?\< /RUCTURAL *ANGES HAVE NOT BE5 WON AT ! TIME ( ?IS WRIT+ & ! /UD5TS REPEAT$LY REJECT$ GOV]NM5T COMPROMISES1 ! MOVEM5T =C$ ! GOV]NM5T TO (F] MULTIPLE CONCESSIONS1 & TO RETURN TO ! NEGOTIAT+ TABLE AGA9 & AGA91 EA* TIME ) A BETT] (F]4 
,! GOV]NM5T ( ,MI*ELLE ,BA*ELET HAS PROMIS$ SWEEP+ RE=MS1 BUT /UD5TS CONT9UE TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! LACK ( TRANSP>5CY & !IR 9ABILITY TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! PROCESS4 

,! ,QUEBEC ,/UD5T ,MOVEM5T 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #b#a#b1 /UD5TS 9 ,QUEBEC1 FIR/ AT ONE UNIV]SITY1 !N O!RS1 VOT$ TO GO ON /RIKE 9 RESPONSE TO A GOV]NM5T PROPOSAL TO 9CREASE TUITION4 
,! /RIKE SOON 9VOLV$ #c1 /UD5TS1 & 9CLUD$ PROTE/ M>*ES ) OV] #d1 P>TICIPANTS1 A QU>T] ( ! POPULATION ( ,MONTREAL4 
,! MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ ITSELF 9 ASSEMBLIES & ALSO 5GAG$ 9 HEAVY CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE1 ) MANY 9JUR$ ON BO? SIDES4 
0,PREV5T$ FROM OCCUPY+ BUILD+S AS IT HAD 9 #b#e1 ! /UD5T MOVEM5T %IFT$ TO A /RATEGY ( ECONOMIC DISRUPTION3 BLOCKAD+ BUS9ESSES1 9T]RUPT+ CONF]5CES1 & SPREAD+ *AOS 9 ! /REETS40.<#c#c.> 

,! ,QUEBEC /UD5T MOVEM5T GAVE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( Y\NG PEOPLE DIRECT EXP]I5CE 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION ?R\< DEBATE & ASSEMBLIES4 
,MANY ( ! PROCESSES ( ORGANIZATION 9 ! MOVEM5T W]E ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< COLLECTIVE DIRECT ACTION1 )\T REPRES5TATIVES4 
,/UD5TS *ANG$ ! BALANCE ( P[] SO MU* ?AT ELECT$ /UD5T LEAD]S1 DESPITE SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT FROM MAJOR LABOR UNIONS ?AT PU%$ !M TO ACCEPT A COMPROMISE1 C\LD NOT AGREE TO A DEAL ) ! GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE LEFT ! TUITION 9CREASE 9TACT4 

,! MOVEM5T SPREAD CRITIQUES ( DEBT1 AU/]ITY1 & CAPITALISM ?R\<\T ,QUEBECOIS & ,CANADIAN SOCIETY4 
,IT ALSO 9SPIR$ ! ANGLOPHONE UNIV]SITIES 9 ,MONTREAL TO BEG9 US+ ASSEMBLIES1 :]EAS BE=E ?IS WAS ONLY A *>ACT]I/IC ( ! FRANCOPHONE UNIV]SITIES4 
,! /UD5TS L9K$ !IR MOVEM5T ) ONGO+ 9DIG5\S & 5VIRONM5TAL /RUGGLES1 D5\NC+ & ATTACK+ ELITE /RUCTURES AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN ONLY ?OSE /RUCTURES EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) UNIV]SITY TUITION DECISIONS4.<#c#d.> 

,! /UD5T MOVEM5T RECEIV$ SUPPORT & FUND+ FROM MAJOR LABOR UNIONS1 BUT WAS UNI=MLY D5\NC$ & SL&]$ BY RUL+ POLITICIANS & ! M$IA4 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#b1 ! PRESSURE & DISRUPTION CREAT$ BY ! /UD5T MOVEM5T CAUS$ ! NEW GOV]NM5T 7! OLD ONE HAD BE5 VOT$ \T1 9 P>T ?ANKS TO ! /RIKE7 TO SCRAP ! AU/]ITY BILL & DECL>E A TUITION FREEZE4 
,FIR/ SOME & !N ! RE/ ( ! UNIV]SITIES VOT$ TO 5D ! /RIKE4 
,MANY /UD5TS SAW ?IS AS A WEAKNESS ( ! MOVEM5T1 AS ! /RUGGLE WAS AB\T MORE ?AN A SIMPLE TUITION HIKE4 
,BY 5D+ ! /RIKE1 !Y ALSO D]AIL$ ! SPREAD+ >TICULATION ( ! DEEP] ISSUES ( /ATE VIOL5CE1 ELITISM1 & CAPITALISM AS A :OLE4 
,H[EV]1 9 ,M>* #b#a#c1 ,QUEBEC /UD5TS W]E AGA9 BEG9N+ TO TAKE TO ! /REETS & RIOT 9 RESPONSE TO NEW GOV]NM5T ATTEMPTS TO RAISE TUITION4 

,! ,GEZI ,P>K ,UPRIS+ ( #bac 

,9 ,MAY1 #b#a#c1 A SMALL GR\P ( 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 AN>*I/S1 & O!R ACTIVI/S OCCUPI$ ,GEZI ,P>K1 ONE ( ! LA/ GRE5 SPACES 9 ,I/ANBUL1 ,TURKEY4 
,9 DO+ SO1 !Y W]E OPPOS+ ! MODEL ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT WAS BE+ AGGRESSIVELY PU%$ BY ! NEOLIB]AL1 SOCIALLY CONS]VATIVE ,A,K,P 7,JU/ICE & ,DEVELOPM5T7 ,P>TY UND] PRIME M9I/] ,RECEP ,TAYYIP ,]DOGAN4 
,:5 POLICE BRUTALLY EVICT$ ! OCCUPATION ON ,MAY #c#a1 RIOT+ FOLL[$4 
,T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE TOOK TO ! /REETS1 OCCUPY+ NE>BY ,TAKSIM ,SQU>E1 AN IMPORTANT LOCATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLES 9 ,TURKEY4 
,!Y DEF5D$ ! SQU>E ) B>RICADES1 FI<T+ AGA9/ POLICE TOO? & NAIL1 US+ ROCKS & MOLOTOVS1 FAC+ RUBB] BULLETS1 WAT] CANNONS1 & TE> GAS4 
,PROTE/S1 OCCUPATIONS1 & RIOTS SPREAD TO MO/ CITIES ?R\<\T ,TURKEY4 
,FI<T+ LA/$ ?R\< ! FIR/ HALF ( ,JUNE1 ) SEV]AL PEOPLE KILL$ & ?\S&S 9JUR$4 
,ANTI-CAPITALI/ POLITICAL P>TIES1 AN>*I/S1 ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S1 FOOTBALL HOOLIGANS1 & RESID5TS ( WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS ALL P>TICIPAT$4 

,GEZI ,P>K WAS A BEAUTIFUL COMMUNE = ALMO/ TWO WEEKS4 
,SPONTANEITY & AUTONOMY W]E ! RULES ( ! GAME2 AFT] ! P>K WAS RETAK51 ! FIR/ T5TS W5T UP ) ! 9ITIATIVE ( SMALL GR\PS ( FRI5DS4 
,! :OLE P>K RAPIDLY FILL$ ) T5TS TO SLEEP 9 & DOZ5S ( L>G] /RUCTURES HO/+ ALMO/ EV]Y S+LE LEFTI/ OR ACTIVI/ GR\P4 
,MUTUAL AID WAS ! ORD] ( ?IS UTOPIA4 
,/>RY-EY$ OLD-TIM]S & FRE% MILITANTS W]E LIV+ A DREAM COME TRUE4 
,LEAV+ !IR NORMAL EXI/5CE BEH9D = ! FIR/ TIME1 PEOPLE :O HAD NEV] IMAG9$ A WORLD )\T ! POLICE W]E IMPRESS$ TO DISCOV] A MORE H>MONI\S SOCIETY 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! /ATE4.<#c#e.> 

,SIMIL> TO O!R MOVEM5TS 9 ! PREC$+ YE>S1 ! UPRIS+ 9 ,TURKEY WAS PR$ICAT$ ON OCCUPY+ SPACE & FI<T+ TO DEF5D IT4 
,9 ! LIB]AT$ SPACE1 PEOPLE GA9$ EXP]I5CE 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION & SELF-DEF5SE4 
,POL>IZATION ALONG RELIGI\S L9ES WAS ]OD$ 9 ?OSE SPACES1 & WOM5 IMPROV$ !IR POSITION 9 A G5]ALLY CONS]VATIVE SOCIETY4 
,! MAJOR FOOTBALL CLUB ,C>SI REA*$ \T TO A MAJOR ,L,G,B,T ORGANIZATION & APOLOGIZ$ = ITS PRIOR USE ( SEXI/ & HOMOPHOBIC *ANTS4 
,! ,PRIDE M>* & ! ,TRANS M>* 9 ,I/ANBUL ?AT ,JUNE W]E L>G] ?AN !Y HAD EV] BE5 9 ! PA/1 RECEIV+ DIRECT SUPPORT FROM ! ,GEZI ,P>K MOVEM5T4 

,GIV5 ?AT ,TURKEY WAS EXP]I5C+ ECONOMIC GR[? AT ! TIME ( ! REBELLION1 ! UPRIS+ COMMUNICAT$ A PR(\ND REJECTION ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS1 NEOLIB]AL POLICIES1 & ! K9D ( GR[? & DEVELOPM5T !Y PROMOTE4 
,! OCCUPATION ( ,GEZI ,P>K & ! PRACTICE ( B>RICADES & /REET-FI<T+ SP>K$ A MOVEM5T ?AT SPREAD ACROSS ! 5TIRETY ( ,TURKEY1 & 9SPIR$ PEOPLE 9 SIMIL> MOVEM5TS ACROSS ! WORLD4 

,! MOVEM5T RECEIV$ SOME SUPPORT FROM OPPOSITION POLITICAL P>TIES & UNIONS2 H[EV] ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! F> LEFT P>TIES1 NONE ( ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS DIRECTLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 OR IMPACT$ ! MOVEM5T4 
,! M$IA 9 ,TURKEY OPPOS$ OR IGNOR$ ! MOVEM5T1 & SUBSEQU5TLY FAC$ ATTACKS4 
,C,N,N ,TURKEY FAM\SLY BROADCA/ A DOCUM5T>Y AB\T P5GU9S RA!R ?AN COV]+ ! 9ITIAL RIOT+1 & HAD SEV]AL VEHICLES SET ON FIRE BY PROTE/]S4 
,SOME COMPANIES1 LIKE ! ,/>BUCKS 9 ,I/ANBUL1 EXPRESS$ SUPPORT = ! MOVEM5T1 ?\< IT WAS 9 A CLE> BID TO AVOID SMA%+ & LOOT+4 

,! OCCUPI$ SPACES W]E RETAK5 BY POLICE1 & ! ,A,K,P REMA9$ 9 P[]1 ABLE TO CONT9UE ITS DEVELOPM5T PLANS1 BUT N[ ! GOV]NM5T WILL HAVE TO MOD]ATE ITS /EPS1 KN[+ ?AT IT CAN C\NT ON RESI/ANCE4 
,ALSO1 MU* ( ! FE> & ! PSY*OLOGICAL RESIDUES LEFT OV] FROM ! DICTATOR%IP 9 ,TURKEY HAVE BE5 PURG$1 AS PEOPLE F\ND !IR C\RAGE BY FI<T+ BACK 9 ! /REETS4 
,ADDITIONALLY1 SOME FIR/ /EPS T[>DS A RECONCILIATION W]E REA*$ :5 ,KURDS & ,KEMALI/S TOOK ! /REETS TOGE!R1 SIDE BY SIDE4 
0,ONE ,KURDI% /UD5T COMM5T$ ?AT ?IS WAS ! REAL PEACE PROCESS AS OPPOS$ TO ! OPPORTUNI/IC PROCESS PUT 9TO PLACE BY ,]DOGAN OV] ! PA/ YE>4 
,IT IS TELL+ ( ! NATURE ( ! CONFLICT ) ! ,KURDS ?AT ! ABS5CE ( ! /ATE FROM ! /REETS ( ,TAKSIM HAS NURTUR$ ! SPACE = PEOPLE TO ACTUALLY TALK & LI/5 TO EA* O!R40 

,! ,BRAZILIAN ,PASSO ,LIVRE ,PROTE/S 

,BETWE5 ,M>* & ,JULY ( #b#a#c1 ) ADDITIONAL \TBUR/S 9 #b#a#d1 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE ?R\<\T ,BRAZIL TOOK TO ! /REETS TO PROTE/ = FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION4 
,! FIR/ PROTE/S OCCURR$ 9 ,PORTO ,ALEGRE1 MODEL$ ON A MOVEM5T 9 ,NATAL ?AT SUCCESSFULLY R$UC$ BUS F>ES 9 #b#a#b4 
,9 ,MAY1 E>LY PROTE/S 9 ,GOIANIA & ,SAO ,PAULO QUICKLY TURN$ TO RIOT+1 SP>K+ A MOVEM5T ?AT SOON SPREAD TO OV] A HUNDR$ CITIES ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 
,! BACKDROP TO ! PROTE/S W]E F>E HIKES COM+ AT A TIME :5 ,BRAZIL WAS SP5D+ BILLIONS ( DOLL>S1 PREP>+ A HI<LY MILIT>IZ$ POLICE =CE1 & EVICT+ FAVELAS = ! UPCOM+ #bad ,WORLD ,CUP4 

,PROTE/]S F\<T ) POLICE1 :O US$ RUBB] BULLETS1 TE> GAS1 & EV5 LIVE AMMUNITION1 KILL+ AB\T T5 PEOPLE & 9JUR+ & >RE/+ HUNDR$S4 
,A NUMB] ( POLICE W]E ALSO 9JUR$1 ?\<1 & RIOT]S ATTACK$ GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 TOOK OV] /REETS1 & BURN$ BUSSES4 
,! PROTE/S M>K$ ! WIDESPREAD USE ( ! ,BLACK ,BLOC 9 ,BRAZIL4 

,AL?\< ! REBELLION WAS BAS$ MORE 9 PROTE/S ?AN 9 OCCUPATIONS1 ! ,PASSO ,LIVRE OR ,FREE ,PASS ,MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ ASSEMBLIES & CREAT$ NUM]\S OPPORTUNITIES = SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,! MOVEM5T COMMUNICAT$ A RADICAL REJECTION ( ! CAPITALI/ CITY1 POPUL>IZ$ ! IDEA ( FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION1 & L9K$ 9 ) SIMIL> MOVEM5TS OCCURR+ 9 C\NTRIES >\ND ! WORLD1 LIKE ! ,GEZI ,P>K RESI/ANCE 9 ,TURKEY4 
,(T5 CALL$ ! ,MOVIM5TO ,V DE ,V9AGRE 9 REF]5CE TO ! V9EG> PEOPLE C>RI$ TO W>D (F POLICE TE> GAS1 ! COMBATIVE MOVEM5T 9SPIR$ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO TAKE TO ! /REETS & CONFRONT POLICE4 

,AS ! LEFT-W+ POPULI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY WAS ALREADY 9 P[] & 9 FACT !Y W]E ! T>GET ( MU* ( ! PROTE/S1 ! ,FREE ,PASS MOVEM5T DID NOT 5JOY SIGNIFICANT ELITE SUPPORT1 & WAS L>GELY SELF-ORGANIZ$4 

,! ,BRAZILIAN /ATE1 FE>+ AN UNCOMPROMIS+ 9SURRECTION1 TRI$ TO CALM ! VIOL5T PROTE/S ) A VA/ >RAY ( RE=MS4 
,AL?\< ! MORE RADICAL GOALS W]E NOT MET1 LIKE FREE TRANSPORTATION OR ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM1 MANY %ORT-T]M GRIEVANCES W]E RESOLV$4 
,PUBLIC TRANSPORT PRICES W]E R$UC$1 TAXES ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT ABOLI%$1 LAWS W]E *ANG$ TO PROMOTE A CRACKD[N ON GOV]NM5T CORRUPTION1 PETROLEUM REV5UES W]E D$ICAT$ TO HEAL?C>E & $UCATION1 & HOMOPHOBIC LAWS W]E REVOK$4 

,! ,BURGOS ,UPRIS+ 

,9 ,JANU>Y #b#a#d1 9 ! ,SPANI% CITY ( ,BURGOS1 ! LOCAL GOV]NM5T & A CABAL ( REAL E/ATE DEVELOP]S W]E PU%+ AHEAD ) A PROJECT TO G5TRIFY A WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOOD BY CON/RUCT+ A FANCY NEW B\LEV>D4 
,! NEI<BORS ( ,GAMONAL HELD A PROTE/ & ! POLICE ATTACK$1 SP>K+ F\R CONSECUTIVE NI<TS ( RIOT+ 9 :I* PEOPLE DE/ROY$ BANKS & CON/RUCTION EQUIPM5T1 & F\<T ) POLICE4 
,AFT]W>DS1 !Y CONT9U$ HOLD+ PROTE/S DEM&+ ! UNCONDITIONAL RELEASE ( ?OSE >RE/$1 & !Y ORGANIZ$ BLOCKADES TO PREV5T CON/RUCTION4 
,! MAYOR 9ITIALLY ANN\NC$ ?AT ! PROJECT W\LD CONT9UE UNABAT$4 
,SOLID>ITY PROTE/S W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 DOZ5S ( O!R CITIES ACROSS ! C\NTRY1 LEAD+ TO RIOTS OR CLA%ES 9 ,MADRID1 ,B>CELONA1 ,Z>AGOZA1 & ! COLONY ( ,MELILLA4 
,9 ,B>CELONA1 MULTIPLE BANKS W]E SMA%$1 ,T[N ,HALL WAS ATTACK$1 & A C5TRAL POLICE /ATION WAS ATTACK$1 =C+ POLICE TO TEMPOR>ILY RETREAT4 
,! G5TRIFICATION PROJECT WAS SUBSEQU5TLY CANCEL$4.<#c#f.> 

,! RIOT]S WON A DEGREE ( FLEET+ AUTONOMY 9 !IR NEI<BORHOOD1 & MORE IMPORTANTLY !Y NEGAT$ ! ABILITY ( ! POLICE TO PROJECT =CE & ALL[ ! CITY GOV]NM5T TO IMPLEM5T :ATEV] PLANS IT WI%$4 
,:5 ! SOCIAL PEACE REIGNS1 A NEI<BORHOOD IS SIMPLY A REAL E/ATE M>KET ?AT EXI/S TO G5]ATE PR(IT FROM PEOPLE'S LIV+ >RANGEM5TS4 
,ONCE PEOPLE />T$ RIOT+ & KICK+ \T ! COPS1 ! NEI<BORHOOD BECAME HOME1 A PLACE CONFIGUR$ BY ! DESIRES ( ! PEOPLE :O ACTUALLY LIVE !RE4 

,?\< ! UPRIS+ WAS NOT WIDELY REPORT$ ON \TSIDE ( ,SPA91 IT WAS 9FLU5TIAL ACROSS ! C\NTRY & %[$ ?AT PEOPLE C\LD ACTUALLY /OP G5TRIFICATION & DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS4 
,T5S ( ?\S&S ( O!R PEOPLE TOOK TO ! /REETS 9 SOLID>ITY1 & ! EXP]I5CE 9 ,GAMONAL PROBABLY 9=M$ O!R SIMIL> BATTLES ?AT W\LD OCCUR 9 ! FOLL[+ MON?S4 

,! RIOT]S 9 ,BURGOS DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT4 

,! UPRIS+ SUCCE$$ 9 /OPP+ ! DEVELOPM5T PROJECT4 

,! ,CAN ,VIES ,REVOLT 

,ON ,MAY #b#f1 ! POLICE 9 ,B>CELONA EVICT$ ! SEV5TE5-YE>-OLD SQUATT$ SOCIAL C5T]1 ,B>CELONA4 
,! EVICTION WAS ONE SMALL P>T ( AN ONGO+1 AGGRESSIVE G5TRIFICATION CAMPAIGN DESIGN$ TO REMAKE ,B>CELONA = T\RI/S & TE*-SECTOR YUPPIES1 PUTT+ AN 5D TO FREE1 NONCOMM]CIAL SPACES & SPACES 9T5D$ = ! AUTONOM\S USE ( NEI<BORS4 
,?AT EV5+1 A ?\S& PEOPLE GA!R$ 9 ! RA9 TO PROTE/1 & A SMALL GR\P ( A FEW HUNDR$ MASK$ AN>*I/S SET FIRE TO A M$IA VAN1 SMA%$ BANKS1 & ATTACK$ POLICE4 
,! NEXT DAY1 PEOPLE RETURN$ TO ! /REETS1 SETT+ FIRE TO AN EXCAVATOR ?AT HAD BEGUN TO DEMOLI% ! ,CAN ,VIES BUILD+4 
,>SONS & ATTACKS W]E C>RI$ \T ACROSS ! CITY4 
,! ?IRD DAY1 OV] T5 ?\S& PEOPLE TOOK TO ! /REETS1 SMA%+ BANKS1 SETT+ UP B>RICADES1 & FI<T+ ) POLICE UNTIL LATE 9 ! NI<T4 
,RIOIT+ LA/$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ! WEEK4 
,! ,CAN ,VIES COLLECTIVE REFUS$ TO NEGOTIATE ) ! CITY GOV]NM5T4 
,! MAYOR ACCURATELY SUMM$ UP ! SITUATION ) ! PHRASE1 0,AS LONG AS !IR IS VIOL5CE1 !RE CAN BE NO DIALOGUE10 UND]SCOR+ EXACTLY :Y SO MANY PEOPLE SUPPORT$ ! VIOL5CE4 
,:5 IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT ! POLICE W]E UNABLE TO W9 9 ! /REETS & ?AT ! REVOLT MI<T SPREAD TO O!R NEI<BORHOODS OR EV5 ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ,CATALUNYA 7!RE HAD BE5 SOLID>ITY PROTE/S 9 DOZ5S ( O!R T[NS & CITIES1 ) ! (FICES ( ! RUL+ POLITICAL P>TY FREQU5TLY ATTACK$71 ! MAYOR AB&ON$ HIS 9SI/5CE ON PEACEFULNESS & BEGAN PLEAD+ = DIALOGUE 9 ANY =M4 
,:5 ! PROTE/]S /ILL REFUS$1 HE UNILAT]ALLY BEGAN TO ?R[ \T CONCESSIONS1 9CLUD+ CANCEL+ ! EVICTION ( ,CAN ,VIES4 
,BUT ?ANKS TO ! RIOT]S1 ?IS WAS ALREADY FAIT ACCOMPLI4 
,RIOT]S HAD RETAK5 ! ,CAN ,VIES BUILD+ & PU%$ \T POLICE1 & W]E N[ ANN\NC+ !IR 9T5TIONS TO REBUILD1 G>N]+ WIDESPREAD SUPPORT & A HUNDR$ ?\S& EUROS 9 CR[D-FUND+ DONATIONS4 
,RIOT+ & PROTE/+ LA/$ ?R\< ! 5D ( ! WEEK1 DRAW+ 9 P]HAPS A HUNDR$ ?\S& PEOPLE & DEMON/RAT+ ! POPUL>ITY ( ! TACTICS US$4 

,! ,CAN ,VIES REVOLT WAS A RES\ND+ SUCCESS 9 T]MS ( TAK+ OV] SPACE & ALL[+ NEI<BORS TO DEF9E :AT K9D ( CITY !Y WANT$ TO LIVE 91 AGA9/ ! PLANS ( ! POLITICIANS & !IR POLICE 5=C]S4 

,! REVOLT HELP$ SPREAD RADICAL CRITIQUES ( URBAN PLANN+1 G5TRIFICATION1 & T\RISM1 & G5]AT$ ACTIVE SUPPORT = AUTONOM\S SPACES ACROSS ,SPA9 & BEYOND4 

,! MOVEM5T DID NOT HAVE ELITE SUPPORT4 
,! M$IA & POLITICIANS W]E CONT9U\SLY SL&]+ ! MOVEM5T OR URG+ IT TO BE NONVIOL5T4 
,ONE SMALL LEFTW+ ,CATALAN POLITICAL P>TY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! MOVEM5T1 ?\< !Y W]E CRITICIZ$ BY O!R MOVEM5T P>TICIPANTS = !IR OPPORTUNISM4 
,!Y ALSO C\NSEL$ NONVIOL5CE4 

,! MOVEM5T SUCCE$$ 9 /OPP+ & REV]S+ ! EVICTION ( ,CAN ,VIES4 

,AUTONOM\S ,ROJAVA 

,:5 ! ,>AB ,SPR+ ]UPT$ 9 #b#a#a1 IT SOON SP>K$ A CIVIL W> 9 ,SYRIA4 
,BUT 9 ,ROJAVA1 OR ,WE/ ,KURDI/AN1 ! P>T ( ,KURDI/AN OCCUPI$ BY ! ,SYRIAN /ATE1 ?+S TOOK A DIFF]5T TURN4 
,9SPIR$ BY ! DECADES-LONG ,KURDI% /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM & 9DEP5D5CE1 PEOPLE 9 ,ROJAVA =M$ ! ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 7,TEV-,DAM71 :I* EV5TUALLY CON/ITUT$ ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SELF-,ADM9I/RATION 7,D,S,A74 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,>AB ,SPR+ 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 :]E MO/ PROTE/]S AIM$ TO SET UP NEW GOV]NM5TS1 

,9 ,SYRIAN ,KURDI/AN ! PEOPLE W]E PREP>$ & KNEW :AT !Y WANT$4 
,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION MU/ />T FROM ! BOTTOM ( SOCIETY & NOT FROM ! TOP4 
,IT MU/ BE A SOCIAL1 CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL AS WELL AS POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 
,IT MU/ BE AGA9/ ! /ATE1 P[] & AU?ORITY4 
,IT MU/ BE PEOPLE 9 ! COMMUNITIES :O HAVE ! F9AL DECISION-MAK+ RESPONSIBILITIES4 
,!SE >E ! F\R PR9CIPLES ( ! ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,DEMOCRACY ,SOCIETY 7,TEV-,DAM74.<#c#g.> 

,OP]AT+ )9 ! ,D,S,A1 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,UNION ,P>TY 7,P,Y,D71 A DOM9ANT ,KURDI% P>TY L9K$ AT LEA/ LOOSELY TO ! ,P,K,K1 =M$ V>I\S MILITIAS1 9CLUD+ ,WOM5'S ,DEF5SE ,UNITS & ! ,ASAI%1 A MIX$ =CE ( M5 & WOM54 
0,9 ADDITION TO !SE =CES1 !RE IS A SPECIAL UNIT = WOM5 ONLY1 TO DEAL ) ISSUES ( RAPE & DOME/IC VIOL5CE40 
,! ,KURDI% FI<T]S HAVE TAK5 ! BRUNT ( ! ASSAULT FROM ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE1 :I* WAS BE+ TACITLY SUPPORT$ ! ,SYRIAN & ,TURKI% GOV]NM5TS 9 ! HOPES ?AT ! FUNDAM5TALI/S C\LD ELIM9ATE ! ,KURDS4 
,! ,KURDI% MILITIAS PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 RESCU+ L>GE NUMB]S ( E?NIC M9ORITIES FROM ! ONSLAU<T ( ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE4 

,AL?\< POLITICAL P>TIES PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! MOVEM5T1 9 ANY CASE IT IS F> MORE HORIZONTAL & P>TICIPATORY ?AN ! ,U,S-BACK$ ,KURDI% ,REGIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN1 :I* HAS ATTEMPT$ NUM]\S TIMES TO ISOLATE1 SUBV]T1 OR CO-OPT ! ,D,S,A4 
,ACCORD+ TO A ,KURDI% AN>*I/ :O VISIT$ ,ROJAVA 9 #b#a#d1 ! MOVEM5T IS AN 9SPIR+ EXAMPLE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,MANY PEOPLE FROM ! RANK & FILE & FROM DIFF]5T BACKGR\NDS1 9CLUD+ ,KURDI%1 ,>AB1 ,MUSLIM1 ,*RI/IAN1 ,ASSYRIAN & ,YAZIDIS1 HAVE BE5 9VOLV$4 
,! FIR/ TASK WAS TO E/ABLI% A V>IETY ( GR\PS1 COMMITTEES & COMMUNES ON ! /REETS 9 NEI<BORHOODS1 VILLAGES1 C\NTIES & SMALL & BIG T[NS EV]Y:]E4 
,! ROLE ( !SE GR\PS WAS TO BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ALL ! ISSUES FAC+ SOCIETY4 
,GR\PS W]E SET UP TO LOOK AT A NUMB] ( ISSUES 9CLUD+3 WOM5'S1 ECONOMIC1 5VIRONM5TAL1 $UCATION & HEAL? & C>E ISSUES1 SUPPORT & SOLID>ITY1 C5T]S = ! FAMILY M>TYRS1 TRADE & BUS9ESS1 DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ) =EIGN C\NTRIES & MANY MORE4 
,!RE >E EV5 GR\PS E/ABLI%$ TO RECONCILE DISPUTES AMONG DIFF]5T PEOPLE OR FACTIONS TO TRY TO AVOID !SE DISPUTES GO+ TO C\RT UNLESS !SE GR\PS >E 9CAPABLE ( RESOLV+ !M4 

,!SE GR\PS USUALLY HAVE !IR [N MEET+ EV]Y WEEK TO TALK AB\T ! PROBLEMS PEOPLE FACE :]E !Y LIVE4 
,!Y HAVE !IR [N REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! MA9 GR\P 9 ! VILLAGES OR T[NS CALL$ ! 0,H\SE ( ! ,PEOPLE04 

,! MOVEM5T ALSO BOA/S AGRICULTURAL & URBAN COMMUNES ?AT >E V]Y ACTIVE1 FUNCTION+ AUTONOM\SLY FROM MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS OR HI<] ORGANS ( SELF-GOV]NANCE4 
,! ,TEV-,DAM HAS ALSO PRIORITIZ$ ! ROLE ( WOME 9 SOCIETY1 PROHIBIT+ FEMALE CIRCUMCISION1 ! M>RIAGE ( GIRLS Y\NG] ?AN #a#h1 & POLYGAMY4 
,! MOVEM5T HAS ALSO >M$ & TRA9$ ?\S&S ( Y\NG WOM5 TO FI<T = !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,SYRIAN OR ,ISLAMIC /ATES1 RADICALLY *ANG+ !IR SOCIAL POSITION 9 ! PROCESS4 
,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT WOM5 & !IR ROLES HAVE BE5 GREATLY ACCEPT$ & !Y HAVE FILL$ BO? HI< & L[ POSITIONS 9 ! ,TEV-,DAM1 ,P,Y,D & ,D,S,A4 .<444.> IF WOM5 /OP WORK+ OR )DRAW FROM ! ABOVE GR\PS1 ,KURDI% SOCIETY MAY WELL COLLAPSE4 
,!RE >E MANY PR(ESSIONAL WOM5 9 POLITICS & ! MILIT>Y :O W]E ) ! ,P,K,K 9 ! M\NTA9S = A LONG TIME4 
,!Y >E V]Y T\<1 V]Y DET]M9$1 V]Y ACTIVE1 V]Y RESPONSIBLE & EXTREMELY BRAVE4 
,ROJAVA HAS BE5 FREQU5TLY ROMANTICIZ$1 & EV5 DESCRIB$ AS AN AN>*IC OR ANTI-CAPITALI/ HAV54 
,& :ILE SOME ( !IR ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLES >E EXPLICITLY ANTI-/ATE OR ANTI-CAPITALI/1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !Y FUNCTION ) /RUCTURES ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T 7! ,D,S,A IS L$ BY A C\NCIL ( #bb REPRES5TATIVES7 & !Y /ILL MA9TA9 PRISONS & O!R /ATE FEATURES4 
,BEYOND ?AT1 9=MATION IS SORELY LACK+ AB\T ! DEGREE ( HI]>*Y 9 !IR MILITIAS1 & :AT MEASURES IF ANY !Y HAVE TAK5 TO ABOLI% CAPITALI/ RELATIONS4 
,9 ANY CASE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 CAPITAL1 & COMMODITY EX*ANGES SEEM TO BE 9TACT1 & ! ,/AL9I/ P$IGREE ( ! ,P,K,K W\LD SUGGE/ CIRCUMSPECTION AT ! LEA/ BE=E RUNN+ (F & DECL>+ ,ROJAVA A UTOPIA4 

,NONE!LESS1 ! MOVEM5T = DEMOCRACY & AUTONOMY 9 ,ROJAVA HAS )\T A D\BT *ANG$ ! POSITION ( WOM5 9 SOCIETY1 IMPROV$ ! CONDITION ( E?NIC & RELIGI\S M9ORITIES1 & OP]AT$ 9 A WAY ?AT IS F> LESS AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ANY ( ! SURR\ND+ /ATES4 
,& !Y HAVE DONE IT ALL >M$4 

,! MOVEM5T HAS SUCCE$$ 9 SEIZ+ A L>GE SWA? ( ! ,SYRIAN /ATE--! ?REE CANTONS ( ,ROJAVA--9 :I* !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PRACTICE AUTONOM\S =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,! 0,ROJAVA ,EXP]IM5T0 HAS RE9VIGORAT$ ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T ACROSS ,KURDI/AN & 9 ! EXILE COMMUNITIES ( ,EUROPE1 AS WELL AS 9SPIR+ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS ACROSS ! WORLD1 MANY ( :OM MOBILIZ$ 9 SOLID>ITY OR S5T AID :5 ! CITY ( ,KOBANE WAS BESIEG$ BY ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE =CES4 

,LOCALLY1 IT APPE>S ?AT MO/ ELITES SUPPORT$ POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT W]E EI!R OPPOS$ TO ! ,D,S,A OR REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE4 
,! ELITES ( ALL ! SURR\ND+ GOV]NM5TS >E /AUN*LY OPPOS$ TO AUTONOM\S ,ROJAVA4 
,AFT] MU* 9T]NATIONAL PRESSURE1 ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T BEGAN C>RY+ \T AIR/RIKES AGA9/ ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE1 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,PEOPLE'S & ,WOM5'S ,DEF5SE ,UNITS4 
,?IS WAS ONLY AFT] ! FAILURE ( ,U,S POLICY 9 ,IRAQ & ,SYRIA BECAME ABUNDANTLY CLE>1 & ! ,KURDI% FI<T]S HAD WON 9T]NATIONAL FAME AS ! FI]CE/ OPPON5TS ( ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE4 
,SOME SUGGE/ ?AT ! ,U,S & ! ,K,R,G ( ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN >E US+ !IR SUPPORT TO CONTROL OR CO-OPT ! ,D,S,A4 

,= ! TIME BE+1 ! MOVEM5T HAS WON AUTONOMY = ,ROJAVA1 CULTURAL & RELIGI\S FRE$OM = ALL ! E?NIC GR\PS ?AT 9HABIT ! REGION1 A NUMB] ( =MS ( EQUALITY & AUTONOMY = WOM51 & 9CREAS$ POSSIBILITIES = SELF-ORGANIZATION = ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 

,! ,F]GUSON ,UPRIS+S 

,ON ,AUGU/ #i1 #b#a#d1 :ITE POLICE (FIC] ,D>R5 ,WILSON %OT & KILL$ #a#h-YE>-OLD ,MI*AEL 0,MIKE ,MIKE0 ,BR[N 9 ,F]GUSON1 A POOR SUBURB ( ,/4 ,L\IS4 
,T5 DAYS ( 9T5SE RIOT+ FOLL[$1 ) PEOPLE LOOT+1 BURN+1 & ATTACK+ POLICE ) ROCKS1 MOLOTOVS1 & EV5 GUNS4 
,! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D W]E CALL$ 9 & ! POLICE MILIT>IZ$1 BUT !Y W]E UNABLE TO /OP ! PROTE/S4 
,BY MANY ACC\NTS1 IT WAS PR(ESSIONAL ACTIVI/S1 CELEBRITY M9I/]S FROM BLACK *UR*ES1 & ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,NATION ( ,ISLAM & ! ,NEW ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY 7:I* HAS NO CONNECTION ) ! ORIG9AL ,B,P,P7 ?AT F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ PEOPLE TO SURR5D] ! /REETS1 US+ A COMB9ATION ( H>ASSM5T1 ?REATS1 & SEXI/ COMM5TS AB\T H[ ! REAL M5 NE$$ TO /EP =W>D & TAKE CONTROL ( ! SITUATION4 

,9 ,NOVEMB]1 %ORTLY BE=E ,?ANKSGIV+1 ! RIOTS KICK$ (F AGA9 :5 ! GR& JURY DECID$ NOT TO 9DICT ,D>R5 ,WILSON4 
,?IS TIME1 PROTE/S & RIOTS SPREAD ALL ACROSS ! C\NTRY 9 A WAVE ( ANG] & SOLID>ITY UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 MANY YE>S4 
,! SITUATION WAS EX>C]BAT$ BY FRE% POLICE MURD]S & ! NON-9DICTM5T ( ! COPS :O W]E CAU<T ON CAM]A /RANGL+ ,]IC ,G>N] TO DEA? 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 
,9 DOZ5S ( CITIES L>GE & SMALL1 PROTE/]S BLOCK$ HI<WAYS1 & 9 CITIES LIKE ,NEW ,YORK & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 !Y F\<T ) POLICE4 
,9 ,SEATTLE1 ,BO/ON1 & ELSE:]E1 PROTE/]S 9T5TIONALLY DISRUPT$ HOLIDAY %OPP+ C5T]S4 
,9 ,/4 ,L\IS & ,F]GUSON1 RIOT+ WAS 9T5SE1 & 9CLUD$ A NEW SPATE ( %OOT+S AGA9/ POLICE4 
,9 ,OAKL& & ,B]KELEY1 PROTE/]S F\<T ) POLICE1 SET FIRES1 & CALMLY LOOT$1 PIL+ /OL5 GOODS 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! /REET = EV]YONE TO %>E4 
,PROTE/S CONT9U$ UNTIL %ORTLY BE=E ,*RI/MAS4 

,:]EV] ! ADVOCATES ( NONVIOL5CE DID NOT C>RY ! DAY1 PROTE/]S W]E ABLE TO SEIZE SPACE1 DISRUPT+ ! NORMAL FL[S ( COMM]CE & CREAT+ >EAS :]E NORMALLY ISOLAT$ PEOPLE C\LD %>E !IR EXP]I5CES ) POLICE VIOL5CE & BEG9 TO DEF5D !MSELVES4 
,MULTIPLE ACC\NTS UND]SCORE ! COMMUNAL ATMOSPH]E ?AT >OSE AT ! SITE ( ! ,Q,T1 A CONV5I5CE /ORE ?AT WAS LOOT$ & BURN$ = CALL+ ! COPS ON ,MI*AEL ,BR[N4 

,! RIOTS SP>K$ A MAJOR CONV]SATION ON ! PROBLEM ( POLICE 9 \R SOCIETY1 GIV+ ROOM TO P]SPECTIVES ?AT >E USUALLY SIL5C$4 

,! RIOTS DID NOT 5JOY ELITE SUPPORT1 ?\< A NUMB] ( 9FLU5TIAL ,N,G,OS & PROTE/ ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORT$ PEACEFUL PROTE/S4 
,A NUMB] ( M$IA \TLETS LIKE ,N,P,R EFFECTIVELY ADVOCAT$ PEACEFUL PROTE/4.<#c#h.> 

,! PROTE/S OBVI\SLY DID NOT PUT AN 5D TO POLICE MURD]S 9 ! ,U,S1 BUT !Y MADE ! PROBLEM UND5IABLE1 HELP$ C\NT] SOME ( ! TYPICAL RE=MI/ FALSE SOLUTIONS 7! DEA? ( ,]IC ,G>N]1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS CAU<T ON TAPE1 DISCR$IT+ ! IDEA ?AT =C+ ! POLICE TO WE> CAM]AS WILL SOLVE ! PROBLEM71 & REVEAL$ NEW WAYS =W>D1 LIKE COLLECTIVE SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ ! POLICE4 

,! ,HONG ,KONG ,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T 

,FROM ,SEPTEMB] TO ,DECEMB]1 #b#a#d1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9 ,HONG ,KONG BEGAN PROTE/+ & TAK+ OV] PUBLIC SPACE1 DEM&+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & FREE ELECTIONS4 
,! PROTE/S W]E OV]:ELM+LY PEACEFUL1 ) ATTACKS ON GOV]NM5T BUILD+S & CLA%ES ) POLICE OCCURR+ ON A FEW ISOLAT$ OCCASIONS4 
,EA* TIME1 PROTE/ M>%ALLS HELP$ >RE/ ?OSE ID5TIFI$ ) ! ATTACKS1 OR O!R PROTE/ ORGANIZATIONS D5\NC$ ! ORGANIZATION BELIEV$ RESPONSIBLE = ! CONFLICT4 
,! ,*9ESE AU?ORITIES W]E PRAGMATICALLY RE/RA9$ 9 !IR RESPONSE TO ! MOVEM5T1 C>RY+ \T >RE/S BUT AVOID+ BLOOD%$ & L>GELY LETT+ ! MOVEM5T DIE \T4 
,AU?ORITIES ALSO PAID = PRO-GOV]NM5T PROTE/]S TO C\NT] & SOMETIMES TO ATTACK ! DEMOCRACY PROTE/]S4 

,! MOVEM5T DID SUCCE$ 9 TAK+ OV] SPACE1 L>GELY BECAUSE ! POLICE REFRA9$ 9 MO/ CASES FROM C>RY+ \T MASS >RE/S4 
,H[EV]1 GIV5 ! HI]>*ICAL NATURE ( ! MOVEM5T & ITS LACK ( EMPHASIS ON SELF-ORGANIZATION1 BE+ EXCLUSIVELY A DEMOCRATIC RE=M MOVEM5T1 OCCUPI$ SPACES HAVE ONLY BE5 US$ = SYMBOLIC PROTE/1 & NOT = EXP]IM5T+ ) NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,! MOVEM5T WAS V]Y EFFECTIVE 9 COMMUNICAT+ SUPPORT = DEMOCRATIC RE=M1 BUT DID NOT POPUL>IZE ANY DEEP] CRITIQUES ( P[] OR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,9SIDE ,*9A1 ! MOVEM5T DID NOT 5JOY ELITE SUPPORT1 BUT GOV]NM5T & M$IA ORGANIZATIONS ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ! WORLD W]E OV]:ELM+LY FAVORABLE TO ! MOVEM5T4 

,AS ( ?IS WRIT+1 ! PROTE/]S HAVE NOT A*IEV$ ANY ( !IR DEM&S4 

,! ,MAPU*E /RUGGLE 

,! ,MAPU*E1 AN 9DIG5\S NATION :OSE T]RITORY IS OCCUPI$ BY ! /ATES ( ,*ILI & ,>G5T9A1 HAVE BE5 FI<T+ BACK S9CE ! >RIVAL ( ! ,SPANI% COLONIZ]S1 :O W]E NEV] ABLE TO CONQU] !M4 
,! ,MAPU*E1 A HORIZONTAL OR 0CIRCUL>0 7MEAN+ RECIPROCAL1 NON-HI]>*ICAL7 SOCIETY1 EFFECTIVELY US$ >M$ RESI/ANCE TO DEF5D !IR 9DEP5D5CE LONG AFT] MO/ O!R ,S\? ,AM]ICAN 9DIG5\S POPULATIONS HAD BE5 CONQU]$ OR EXT]M9AT$4 
,!Y W]E F9ALLY OCCUPI$ DUR+ A JO9T 9VASION BY ,*ILI & ,>G5T9A1 BACK$ BY ,GREAT ,BRITA91 AT ! TIME ! MO/ P[]FUL /ATE 9 ! WORLD4 

,MAPU*E RESI/ANCE CONT9UES TO ! PRES5T DAY1 ) SABOTAGE ACTIONS AGA9/ MULT9ATIONAL M9+ & LOGG+ COMPANIES AS WELL AS AGA9/ MAJOR L&LORDS :O HAVE USURP$ !IR L&S4 
,!Y ALSO C>RY \T PROTE/S1 ROAD BLOCKADES1 SKIRMI%ES ) POLICE1 HUNG] /RIKES1 CULTURAL ACTIVITIES1 RELIGI\S C]EMONIES1 RIOTS1 & ! =CEFUL RETAK+ ( USURP$ L&S4 
,9 ,JANU>Y #b#a#c1 ON ! FIVE-YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( ! UNPUNI%$ POLICE MURD] ( ,MATIAS ,CATRILEO1 A Y\NG ,MAPU*E WEI*AFE1 OR W>RIOR1 ,MAPU*E Y\? RIOT$ 9 ,SANTIAGO1 ! ,*ILEAN CAPITAL4 
,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 UNKN[N PEOPLE SET FIRE TO ! MANSION ( MAJOR L&LORD & USURP] ( ,MAPU*E T]RITORY1 ,W]N] ,LU*S+]1 :OSE C\S9 [N$ ! E/ATE POLICE W]E PROTECT+ :5 !Y %OT ,CATRILEO 9 ! BACK4 
,W]N] & HIS WIFE W]E KILL$ 9 ! FIRE4 
,AT ! TIME ( ?IS WRIT+1 ! ,MAPU*E HAVE RESI/$ ! ATTEMPT$ CRIM9ALIZATION ( !IR /RUGGLE4 

,)9 ! AUTONOM\S ,MAPU*E COMMUNITIES1 COMMUNITY MEMB]S REVIVE !IR TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE1 CULTURE1 & SPIRITUALITY1 !Y PRACTICE ! TRADITIONAL HORIZONTAL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION2 & ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( COLLECTIVE AGRICULTURE1 & PROP]TY RI<TS1 IMPOS$ BY COLONIALISM1 NO LONG] HOLD SWAY4 
,9 ,MAPU*E COMMUNITIES1 ! L& IS COLLECTIVIZ$ & 9H]ES TO ! COMMUNITY4 

,! ,MAPU*E /RUGGLE HAS POPUL>IZ$ ME?ODS ( RESI/ANCE TO COLONIALISM ?AT DO NOT RELY ON ! SAME LEFTI/ FRAMEWORK ?AT WAS ALSO IMPORT$ VIA COLONIALISM4 
,! ,MAPU*E HAVE 9SPIR$ O!R 9DIG5\S /RUGGLES ACROSS ! WORLD1 & HAS ALSO 9SPIR$ AN>*I/S & O!R ANTICAPITALI/S :O >E WILL+ TO GIVE UP !IR LEFTISM.<#c#i.>4 

,AL?\< ! ,MAPU*E /RUGGLE IS HET]OG5E\S & 9CLUDES RE=MI/ ELEM5TS1 ! P>T ( ! /RUGGLE ?AT FI<TS = FULL 9DEP5D5CE & DOES NOT ADH]E TO NONVIOL5CE RECEIVES NO ELITE SUPPORT2 QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS BR&$ AS T]RORI/ BY ! M$IA & GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,MAPU*E /RUGGLE HAS MADE AN IMPRESSIVE NUMB] ( CONCRETE GA9S 9 LIB]AT+ L>GE TRACTS ( L&1 REMOV+ 5VIRONM5TALLY DE/RUCTIVE EXOTIC TREE SPECIES PLANT$ BY TIMB] COMPANIES1 PROTECT+ !IR T]RITORY FROM 5VIRONM5TALLY H>MFUL DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS1 & A*IEV+ FOOD SOV]EIGNTY 9 MULTIPLE AUTONOM\S VILLAGES4 

,A ,CUMULATIVE ,EVALUATION 

,! =EGO+ EVALUATIONS >E NEI!R P]FECT NOR 9DISPUTABLE4 
,SUBJECT+ ! SUCCESSES & DEFEATS ( SOCIAL REBELLIONS & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS TO A RIGOR\S SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY DE/ROYS :AT IS MO/ VALID 9 !M & PRODUCES ONLY ! ILLUSION ( KN[L$GE4 
,MY GOAL WAS NOT TO PRODUCE A FRAMEWORK ) ! PRET5SION ( OBJECTIVITY OR 9SI<T 9TO SU* MOVEM5TS1 BUT TO TAKE A MOM5T TO COMP>E 9 A SIMPLE WAY1 ) CLE> CRIT]IA & )\T D\BLE /&>DS1 ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( NONVIOL5CE & ?OSE ( HET]OG5E\S /RUGGLES4 
,ALL ( ! REBELLIONS M5TION$ ABOVE >E MORE COMPLEX ?AN A S+LE BOOK C\LD DO JU/ICE TO1 MU* LESS A FEW P>AGRAPHS1 BUT BY HI<LI<T+ C5TRAL FEATURES & OBVI\S A*IEVEM5TS1 WE BEG9 TO SEE A NUMB] ( PATT]NS4 

,SOME ( MY *>ACT]IZATIONS C\LD DEF9ITELY BE DISPUT$3 ,I DO NOT CLAIM TO BE AN EXP]T ON ! /RUGGLES PRES5T$ ABOVE4 
,H[EV]1 AFT] A FAIR EVALUATION BAS$ ON ! READILY AVAILABLE 9=MATION1 :AT BECOMES 9DISPUTABLE IS ?AT S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS HAVE HAD !IR GREATE/ SUCCESSES 9 EFFECT+ REGIME *ANGE1 HELP+ TO 9AUGURATE NEW GOV]NM5TS ?AT SUBSEQU5TLY DISAPPO9T & EV5 BETRAY ?OSE MOVEM5TS4 
,!Y HAVE NOT SUCCE$$ 9 R$I/RIBUT+ P[] 9 ANY MEAN+FUL WAY1 OR PUTT+ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE1 DESPITE CLAIM+ VICTORY NUM]\S TIMES4 
,ON ! O!R H&1 HET]OG5E\S MOVEM5TS US+ CONFLICTIVE ME?ODS & A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS HAVE BE5 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE AT SEIZ+ SPACE & PUTT+ NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE4 

,I W\LD ALSO >GUE ?AT !SE MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 MO/ EFFECTIVE AT 9SPIR+ O!R PEOPLE & SPREAD+ NEW IDEAS1 BUT DIFF]5T PEOPLE >E 9SPIR$ BY DIFF]5T ACTS4 
,A PACIFI/ C\LD >GUE ?AT BE+ PEACEFUL IS A NEW SOCIAL RELATION4 
,TO AN ANTICAPITALI/ ?AT >GUM5T %\LD BE 5TIRELY UNSATISFACTORY AS IT DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY ADDRESS ! QUE/ION ( P[] OR ALI5ATION 9 SOCIETY4 
,NONE!LESS1 IF ONE BELIEVES 9 REVOLUTION AS ! 5D ( ALL VIOL5CE1 & UND]/&S OPPRESSION AS A CYCLE ( VIOL5CE1 SIMPLY BE+ PEACEFUL IS A WAY TO BREAK ! CYCLE & SPREAD AN IMPORTANT NEW SOCIAL RELATION4.<#d.> 
,BUT ONE C\LD MAKE ! OPPOSITE >GUM5T ?AT FI<T+ BACK SPREADS A NEW SOCIAL RELATION1 S9CE \R RELATION%IP ) AU?ORITY IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ONE ( OB$I5CE & PASSIVITY4 

,9 AN ATTEMPT TO BE FAIR1 ,I HAVE NOT 9CLUD$ A R$UNDANT SPREAD+ ( IDEAS4 
,A NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T ?AT M]ELY 9SPIRES O!R PEOPLE TO BE NONVIOL5T1 OR A COMBATIVE MOVEM5T ?AT JU/ 9SPIRES O!R PEOPLE TO FI<T BACK IS DO+ NO?+ MORE ?AN SPREAD+ ITS [N ME?ODS4 

,!RE=E1 ,I HAVE ONLY 9CLUD$ ! SPREAD ( PRACTICES ( SELF-DEF5SE 7EI!R VIOL5T OR NONVIOL5T7 AS AN A*IEVEM5T :]E !Y DIRECTLY CONFLICT ) O!R RUL+ /RUCTURES1 = EXAMPLE :5 M>G9ALIZ$ & OPPRESS$ PEOPLE :OM \R SOCIETY TRA9S TO BE DEF5SELESS & TO ACCEPT !IR VICTIMIZATION REJECT ?IS ROLE4 
,NONE!LESS1 ,I HAVE NOT 5C\NT]$ ANY MOVEM5T 9 ! LA/ TWO DECADES ?AT HAS SPREAD AN EFFECTIVE PRACTICE ( NONVIOL5T SELF-DEF5SE4 

,! =MS ( SELF-DEF5SE ?AT HAVE BE5 SPREAD BY M>G9ALIZ$ PEOPLE 9 ! REBELLIONS M5TION$ ABOVE HAVE OV]:ELM+LY T5D$ T[>DS ! DECID$LY NOT PACIFI/4 
,?IS MAY BE BECAUSE ! EXCLUSIVELY NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS HAVE T5D$ TO BE MOVEM5TS ( CITIZ5S1 A NORMATIVE ID5TITY ?AT FUR!R M>G9ALIZES ! M>G9ALIZ$4 

,MOV+ BEYOND ! EXT5SION ( PEACEFUL OR COMBATIVE ME?ODS1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT HET]OG5E\S1 CONFLICTIVE MOVEM5TS HAVE CONSI/5TLY BE5 CONNECT$ TO ! PROLIF]ATION ( PR(\ND SOCIAL CRITIQUES & IDEAS ( NEW WAYS TO LIVE1 :ILE EXCLUSIVELY NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 SY/EMATICALLY L9K$ TO SUP]FICIAL1 POPULI/1 L[E/-COMMON-D5OM9ATOR POLITICS4 
,9 FACT1 SU* POLITICS >E A KEY FEATURE ( ! MO/ 0SUCCESSFUL0 NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS ( ! LA/ TWO DECADES1 ! ,COLOR ,REVOLUTIONS1 :I* WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 MORE DETAIL 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 

,9 SUM1 A REVIEW ( REVOLUTIONS & SOCIAL UPRIS+S S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W> DEMON/RATES ! FOLL[+3 

,MOVEM5TS ?AT USE A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS >E OV]:ELM+LY MORE EFFECTIVE AT SEIZ+ & DEF5D+ SPACE1 & US+ ?AT AUTONOMY TO PUT NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9TO PRACTICE1 :E!R ?R\< PRACTICES ( SELF-ORGANIZATION1 COLLECTIVE SELF-DEF5SE1 ! REANIMATION ( 9DIG5\S WAYS ( LIFE1 OR COLLECTIVIZATION & COMMUNIZATION 75D+ ! ALI5ATION ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY1 :I* DICTATES ?AT EV]Y?+ CAN BE B\<T & SOLD1 & PUTT+ \R RES\RCES 9 COMMON 9 A SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID RA!R ?AN PR(IT74.<#d#a.> 

,MOVEM5TS ?AT USE A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS >E MORE LIKELY TO SPREAD1 TO 9SPIRE O!R PEOPLE TO TAKE ACTION1 & !Y >E MU* MORE LIKELY ?AN NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS TO SPREAD RADICAL IDEAS & SOCIAL CRITIQUES1 :]EAS ! MAJORITY ( NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS >E CONNECT$ TO POPULI/ COMPLA9TS & WAT]$-D[N SLOGANS EI!R LACK+ 9 SOCIAL CONT5T OR RELY+ ON ! SAME SOCIAL ANALYSIS DISSEM9AT$ BY ! MASS M$IA4 

,NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS >E EXPON5TIALLY MORE LIKELY TO RECEIVE SUB/ANTIAL ELITE SUPPORT4 
,! PRIM>Y CASE 9 :I* COMBATIVE MOVEM5TS RECEIVE ELITE SUPPORT IS :5 !Y CROP UP 9 OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5TS ?AT >E AT ODDS ) RUL+ /ATES 7AS :5 ,N,A,T,O WILL SUPPORT PEOPLE REBELL+ AGA9/ ! ,LIBYAN GOV]NM5T74 

,EXCLUD+ ! A*IEVEM5T ( FREE ELECTIONS1 :I* BO? COMBATIVE & PEACEFUL MOVEM5TS HAVE PROV5 EFFECTIVE AT W9N+1 MOVEM5TS ?AT USE A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS HAVE A BETT] TRACK RECORD ( A*IEV+ CONCRETE GA9S4 

,BEYOND !SE F\R CRIT]IA1 WE HAVE SE5 ?AT PEACEFUL MOVEM5TS >E MU* MORE LIKELY TO FADE AWAY AFT] W9N+ A TOK5 GA9 LIKE ELECTORAL RE=M1 :]EAS COMBATIVE MOVEM5TS >E MORE LIKELY TO CONT9UE 9 ! PURSUIT ( DEEP]1 MORE MEAN+FUL SOCIAL *ANGES2 COMBATIVE MOVEM5TS >E MORE LIKELY TO BE CONNECT$ TO A CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & /ATE AU?ORITY :]EAS NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS HOLD DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 REG>DLESS ( ACTUAL CONDITIONS1 AS ! ABSOLUTE GOOD2 MOVEM5TS ) ! GREATE/ P>TICIPATION T5D TO DISPLAY A DIV]SITY ( TACTICS1 :]EAS /RICTLY NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS T5D TO BE SMALL] OR %ORT]-LIV$ 7BR++ HUGE CR[DS TOGE!R = A PROTE/1 BUT R>ELY = MORE EXT5D$ ACTION72 )9 ! TIME P]IOD UND] EXAM9ATION1 NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS HAVE NEV] BE5 ABLE TO /& UP TO MILIT>Y =CE1 :]EAS UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 COMBATIVE MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DEFEAT ! POLICE & MILIT>Y2 DEMOCRATIC AS WELL AS DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5TS SOMETIMES DO USE LE?AL =CE AGA9/ PEACEFUL PROTE/]S1 CONTR>Y TO PACIFI/ CLAIMS ?AT GOV]NM5TS CANNOT EFFECTIVELY REPRESS NONVIOL5T MOVEM5TS BECAUSE PUBLIC OP9ION W\LD PREV5T !M4 

,& ASIDE FROM ! DRAMATIC EXAMPLES ( REVOLUTIONS & UPRIS+S1 WE CAN ALSO P]CEIVE A SIMIL> PATT]N 9 SIMPLE PROTE/S & MOVEM5TS ?AT HAVE NOT A*IEV$ ! SAME DIM5SIONS4 

,AL?\< NONVIOL5T ORGANIZ]S FREQU5TLY CLAIM ?AT PROTE/]S :O USE COMBATIVE OR ILLEGAL TACTICS RU9 0!IR0 PROTE/S--CLE>LY DEMON/RAT+ AN [N]%IP ISSUE--ANTICAPITALI/ PROTE/S 9 :I* PEOPLE DAMAGE CORPORATE PROP]TY1 FI<T ) POLICE1 & 9T]RUPT ! SPECTACLE ( SOCIAL PEACE OR DISRUPT :ATEV] ELITE SUMMIT WORLD LEAD]S HAVE PLANN$1 >E CLE>LY MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN PROTE/S 9 :I* PEOPLE GET >RE/$1 C>RY \T CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 HOLD WITTY PLAC>DS1 BUT DO NOT GO ON ! ATTACK4 

,COMP>E ! V>I\S ANTIGLOBALIZATION PROTE/S 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C OR ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY BETWE5 #b & #b#d--:]E !RE W]E HUGE CR[DS BUT LITTLE OR NO RIOT+--) ! ! #aiii ,SEATTLE ,W,T,O PROTE/S4 
,NO ONE EV5 REMEMB]S ! =M] ANYMORE1 :]EAS ! LATT] IS (T5 REF]R$ TO 79CORRECTLY1 BUT CAPITALISM T5DS TO HAVE A CORROSIVE EFFECT ON MEMORY7 AS ! BIR? ( ! ANTIGLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4 
,H>DLY ANYONE DISPUTES ?AT ,SEATTLE DID MORE TO SPREAD AN AW>5ESS ( ! ANTIGLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T ?AN ANY O!R SUMMIT PROTE/ 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA OR ,EUROPE1 & NO ONE NOM9ATES ! /RICTLY PEACEFUL PROTE/S SU* AS ! ONES 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C = ?AT HONOR4.<#d#b.> 
,9 ! HE>T ( ! EMPIRE1 AT ! P9NACLE ( ,CL9TONIAN PEACE & PROSP]ITY1 PEOPLE W]E RIOT+4 
,SOME PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE HAVE CLAIM$ ?AT ! RESONANCE ( ,SEATTLE WAS CAUS$ BY ! MAJOR P>TICIPATION ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 OR BY ! NONVIOL5T LOCKD[NS ( ACTIVI/S4 
,NONVIOL5T ORGANIZ]S ,REBECCA & ,DAVID ,SOLNIT HAVE WRITT5 CRITICALLY AB\T ! M$IA & ,HOLLYWOOD PORTRAYALS ( ! PROTE/]S1 BUT ) AN EVID5T DESIRE TO ]ASE ! P>TICIPATION ( ?OSE :O RIOT$4 
,DAVID WRITES AB\T 0#e1 ORD9>Y PEOPLE0 & 0T5S ( ?\S&S0 :O 0JO9$ ! NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION BLOCKADE0 BUT TAKES A BIG ]AS] TO ! ,BLACK ,BLOC & ! MANY O!RS :O PRACTIC$ =MS ( PROP]TY DE/RUCTION & SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ POLICE4.<#d#c.> 
,WRIT+ ON ! ,/U>T ,T[NS5D MOVIE1 ,BATTLE 9 ,SEATTLE1 HE OBJECTS TO ! PORTRAYAL ( ! PROTE/]S AS PR(ESSIONAL ACTIVI/S 7IRONIC1 REALLY7 LACK+ 0EV]YDAY GRIEVANCES %>$ BY MO/ ,AM]ICANS01 BUT EXPRESSES NO PROBLEM ) ! PORTRAYAL ( ,BLACK ,BLOC AN>*I/S AS UNSYMPA!TIC ?UGS OR POLICE 9FILTRATORS4 
,9 HIS 0,PEOPLE'S ,HI/ORY10 IDEOLOGICAL COMPETITORS EVID5TLY DES]VE TO BE :IT$-\T1 & 9 ?IS REG>D M$IA LIES SUDD5LY BECOME ACCEPTABLE4 
,ONE SEEM+LY 9T5TIONAL EFFECT ( ! ,SOLNITS' 9T]V5TION 9 HI/ORICAL REVISIONISM IS TO PORTRAY ! ,BLACK ,BLOC AS A M]E BLIP1 A FEW DOZ5 PEOPLE :O SMA%$ A FEW W9D[S DUR+ ! SPACE ( A FEW M9UTES4 
,SPEAK+ ) O!R PEOPLE :O W]E 9 ,SEATTLE1 9CLUD+ ONE :O ALSO ORGANIZ$ ) ,D,A,N 7! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,NETWORK ?AT HAD E/ABLI%$ NONVIOL5T GUIDEL9ES1 ?\< IT WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE = ALL ! BLOCKADES1 MU* LESS ALL ! =MS ( PROTE/71 WE GET A V]Y DIFF]5T PICTURE ( ! DAY'S PROTE/S4 
,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ,BLACK ,BLOC LA/$ ! :OLE DAY1 C>RY+ \T DEC5TRALIZ$ ATTACKS 9 ! MORN+1 & CONV]G+ ON ,NIKE ,T[N 9 ! AFT]NOON = ANO!R B\T ( WELL-JU/IFI$ SMA%+4 
,:5 ! UNION LEAD]S REFUS$ TO M>* D[NT[N 9 AN EF=T TO HELP POLICE RE/ORE ORD] & SEGREGATE !IR SUPPORT]S FROM ! RIOT]S1 A L>GE CONT+5T ( ! LABOR M>* BROKE AWAY & CAME D[NT[N4 
,?\< LABOR LEAD]S & SUPPORT]S ( NONVIOL5CE >E LOA! TO ADMIT ?IS1 0!Y W]E MAD .<444.> & SOME ( !M W]E ALSO SMA%+ /UFF - W9D[S & NEWSPAP] BOXES4 
,& !N JU/ A LOT ( PEOPLE NOT 9 BLACK JO9+ 9 AS (T5 HAPP5S40 

,MY RECOLLECTION1 ?\< IT WAS A LONG TIME AGO N[1 WAS ?AT AS ! DAY DESC5D$ 9TO :AT FELT LIKE AN APOCALYPTIC W>1 NONVIOL5CE WAS NOT ! MA9 S5TIM5T 9 ! AIR - ANG] & %OCK W]E4 
,?AT DOES NOT MEAN PEOPLE W]E 'VIOL5T'1 :ATEV] ?AT MEANS1 BUT SOME W]E DEF9ITELY ANGRY & DEF5D+ !MSELVES 9 ! /REET ) DUMP/]S & RUBBI%4.<#d#d.> 

,IT IS ABSOLUTELY TRUE ?AT ! M>*+ WORK]S & ! LOCK$-D[N ACTIVI/S W]E IMPORTANT P>TS ( ! ,SEATTLE PROTE/S1 & ! CANCELLATION ( ! FIR/ DAY ( ,W,T,O MEET+S W\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$ )\T !M4 
,EQUAT+ ,SEATTLE ) ! ,BLACK ,BLOC IS N>CISSI/IC AT BE/4 
,BUT IT IS H>D TO TRU/ PEOPLE :O COMPLA9 AB\T M$IA MANIPULATIONS & POLICE BRUTALITY & !N JO9 SIDES ) ! M$IA & POLICE 9 CRIM9ALIZ+ PEOPLE 9 ! MOVEM5T :OSE TACTICS !Y DISAGREE )4 

,?IS IS ESPECIALLY ! CASE :5 IT IS SELF-EVID5T ?AT ?OSE TACTICS DES]VE ! LION'S %>E ( CR$IT = ! VICTORY ACTIVI/ LEAD]S SUBSEQU5TLY WI% TO MANAGE4 
,IF IT WAS ! UNION M>* ?AT WAS ! MO/ DECISIVE1 IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! ,SEATTLE PROTE/S1 ! ELEM5T ?AT 9SPIR$ ! MO/ PEOPLE ACROSS ! C\NTRY & 5]GIZ$ A NEW CYCLE ( /RUGGLE1 :Y DID UNION ACTIVITY ONLY CONT9UE TO /AGNATE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,SEATTLE PROTE/S8 
,IF IT WAS ! NONVIOL5T CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 WAS !RE A BOOM 9 SU* PRACTICES AFT] ! :OPP+ SUCCESS \TSIDE ! ,K+DOME8 
,9 ! YE>S AFT] #a#i#i#i1 !RE WAS 9 FACT A MAJOR UPSURGE 9 0NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION0 TRA9+S ALL ACROSS ! C\NTRY1 ?\< ! POOL ( PEOPLE CONDUCT+ !SE TRA9+S WAS DECID$LY SMALL1 SU* ?AT ONE SAW ! SAME FACES COA/ TO COA/4 
,AS TO ! ACTUAL PRACTICE ( :AT SOME SE$ILY REF]R$ TO AS ,N,V,D,A1 IT SEEMS ?AT ! UPSURGE WAS M9OR AT ! MO/4 
,P>T ( ?IS IS PROBABLY DUE TO SEV]AL FACTS3 ?AT ?OSE :O LE>N$ !SE TACTICS ON ! FLY1 RA!R ?AN ?R\< YE>S ( EXP]I5CE BLOCK+ CLE>CUTS1 DID NOT T5D TO USE !M V]Y WELL2 ! POLICE QUICKLY LE>N$ TO DISMANTLE SU* BLOCKADES ) EASE2 9 PRACTICE1 FEW PEOPLE W]E ACTUALLY 9SPIR$ BY ! EXP]I5CE ( SUBMITT+ !MSELVES TO ! M]CY ( ! POLICE & SUBSEQU5TLY HAV+ !IR EYELIDS SWABB$ ) PEPP]SPRAY1 SU* ?AT = MO/ PEOPLE1 ONCE WAS 5\<2 PEOPLE W]E ALSO DISILLUSION$ BY ,N,V,D,A BECAUSE ( H[ FREQU5TLY !Y W]E TREAT$ LIKE %EEP OR CANNON FODD] BY ! PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZ]S GIV+ ! TRA9+S OR CONDUCT+ ! MEET+S4 
,I HAVE SE5 ) MY [N EYES H[ WELL ,DAVID ,SOLNIT CAN MANIPULATE A L>GE CONS5SUS MEET+ TO GET A BUN* ( HYP$-UP COLLEGE /UD5TS EXCIT$ AB\T LOCK+ D[N & GO+ TO JAIL TO SATISFY A /RATEGY PLAN =MULAT$ 9 ADVANCE4.<#d#e.> 

,9 %ORT1 AFT] ,SEATTLE !RE WAS A MODE/ UPSURGE 9 NONVIOL5T ACTIONS ?AT QUICKLY FIZZL$ \T ON ITS [N %ORTCOM+S4 
,& H[ AB\T ! ,BLACK ,BLOC8 

,CURI\SLY1 ! ,BLACK ,BLOC TACTIC EXPLOD$1 BECOM+ A COMMONPLACE AT PROTE/S ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 
,IF ! TACTIC REALLY W]E UNIMPORTANT1 IF ! RESONANCE ( ,SEATTLE TRULY HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ITS MASK$ RIOT]S1 :Y IS IT ?AT ?IS TACTIC MORE ?AN ANY O!R HAS RESONAT$ ) PEOPLE ACROSS ! C\NTRY S9CE #a#i#i#i8 
,EV5 N[1 ?IRTE5 YE>S LAT]1 ! USE ( ,BLACK ,BLOCS HAS CONT9U$ TO EXP&4 
,?IRTE5 YE>S LAT]1 PROPON5TS ( NONVIOL5CE1 9CLUD+ ! ,SOLNITS1 /ILL HAVE TO USE ! SAME TIR$ LIES & MANIPULATIONS TO TRY TO M9IMIZE OR CRIM9ALIZE A PRACTICE ?AT CONT9UES TO LEAVE !IR ,N,V,D,A 9 ! DU/4 

,! LESSON IS CLE>1 = ?OSE WILL+ TO FACE ! MUSIC4 
,9 ORD] TO %[ PEOPLE ?AT WE >E S]I\S1 ?AT WE >E COMMITT$1 ?AT WE >E FI<T+ = \R LIVES1 IT IS BETT] TO EXPRESS UNAMBIGU\SLY ?AT WE >E ! 5EMIES ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 ?AT WE NEGATE !IR LAWS1 !IR (F]S ( DIALOGUE1 & !IR FALSE SOCIAL PEACE1 IT IS BETT] TO ATTACK 7& TO COME DRESS$ = ! OCCASION7 ?AN TO DRESS UP AS CL[NS1 TOTE AB\T GIANT PUPPETS1 PLAY+ UP A !ATRICAL CONFLICT ) ! POLICE1 LOCK+ D[N & EXPECT+ !M TO TREAT US HUMANELY1 OR WAIT = ! CAM]AS TO GIVE \R WITTY PROTE/ SIGNS A CLOSE-UP4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT WE MU/ BE EV] GRIM & S]I\S1 NOR ?AT \R ONLY ACTIVITY IS TO SMA%4 
,JU/ AS WE NE$ ! FULL RANGE ( TACTICS1 WE WILL EXPRESS A ?\S& EMOTIONS 9 \R REBELLION1 FROM /REET FE/IVALS TO FUN]AL M>*ES TO RIOTS4 
,BUT IT IS \R NEGATION ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ?AT GIVES EV]Y?+ ELSE ITS MEAN+4 
,ONLY BECAUSE WE DO NOT FRAME ?IS AS A POPUL>ITY CONTE/1 BUT AS A REVOLUTION1 AS A /RUGGLE TO DE/ROY ! PRES5T SY/EM & CREATE SOME?+ :OLLY NEW1 DO ALL ! FE/IVE & CREATIVE ASPECTS ( \R /RUGGLE BREAK \T ( ! USUAL CYCLES ( LOYAL DISS5T & C\NT]CULTURE ?AT >E CO-OPT$ FROM ! BEG9N+4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/