,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,CITIES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

,TO LOOK AT \R 5ORM\S CITIES1 EXP&+ DAY BY DAY & ALMO/ H\R BY H\R1 5GULF+ YE> BY YE> FRE% COLONIES ( IMMIGRANTS1 & RUNN+ \T !IR SUCK]S1 LIKE GIANT OCTOPUSES1 9TO ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY1 ONE FEELS A SORT ( %UDD] COME OV] ONE1 AS IF 9 PRES5CE ( A SYMPTOM ( SOME /RANGE SOCIAL MALADY4 ,ONE C\LD ALMO/ TAKE UP ONE'S P>ABLE AGA9/ !SE PRODIGI\S AGGLOM]ATIONS ( HUMANITY & PROPHESY AGA9/ !M AS ,ISAIAH PROPHESI$ AGA9/ ,TIRE1 @<@<FULL ( WISDOM & P]FECT 9 BEAUTY@>@>1 OR AGA9/ ,BABYLON1 @<@<! SON ( ! MORN+@>@>4 ,YET IT IS EASY TO %[ ?AT ?IS MON/] GR[? ( ! CITY1 ! COMPLEX \TCOME ( A MULTIPLICITY ( CAUSES1 IS NOT ALTOGE!R A MORBID GR[?4 ,IF1 ON ! ONE H&1 IT CON/ITUTES 1 9 SOME ( IT IS 9CID5TS1 A =MIDABLE FACT = ! MORALI/1 IT IS1 ON ! O!R H&1 9 ITS NORMAL DEVELOPM5T1 A SIGN ( HEAL?Y & REGUL> EVOLUTION4 ,:]E ! CITIES 9CREASE1 HUMANITY IS PROGRESS+2 :]E !Y DIM9I%1 CIVILIZATION ITSELF IS 9 DANG]4 ,IT IS !RE=E IMPORTANT TO DI/+UI% CLE>LY ! CAUSES :I* HAVE DET]M9$ ! ORIG9 & GR[? ( CITIES1 ?OSE :I* LEAD TO !IR DECAY & DISAPPE>ANCES1 & ?OSE1 AGA91 :I* >E N[ TRANS=M+ !M LITTLE BY LITTLE1 9 ! PROCESS ( W$D+ !M1 SO TO SPEAK1 TO ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY4 

,EV5 9 ! E>LIE/ TIME1 :5 ! PRIMITIVE TRIBES ( M5 W]E /ILL W&]+ 9 WOODS & SAVANNAHS1 NASC5T SOCIETY WAS 5DEAVOR+ TO PRODUCE ! G]MS ( ! FUTURE T[N2 ALREADY ! %OOTS ?AT W]E DE/9$ TO EXP& 9TO SU* MI<TY BRAN*ES W]E BEG9N+ TO %[ !MSELVES >\ND ! \TL9E ( ! /EM4 ,IS IS NOT AMONG \R CIVILIZ$ POPULATIONS1 BUT 9 ! FULL HEYDAY ( PRIMITIVE B>B>ISM ?AT WE MU/ WAT* ! CREATIVE =CES AT WORK ON ! PRODUCTION ( ?OSE C5T]S ( HUMAN LIFE :I* W]E TO BE ! PRECURSORS ( ! T[N & ! METROPOLIS4 

,TO BEG9 )1 MAN IS SOCIABLE4 ,NO:]E DO WE F9D A PEOPLE :OSE IDEAL ( LIFE IS COMPLETE ISOLATION4 ,! CRAV+ = P]FECT SOLITUDE IS AN AB]RATION POSSIBLE ONLY 9 AN ADVANCE /AGE ( CIVILIZATION1 TO FAKIRS & AN*ORETS DI/RAU<T BY RELIGI\S DELIRIUM OR BROK5 BY ! SORR[S ( LIFE2 & EV5 !N !Y >E /ILL DEP5D5T ON ! SOCIETY >\ND !M1 :I* BR+S !M DAY BY DAY1 9 EX*ANGE = !IR PRAY]S OR B5$ICTIONS1 !IR DAILY BREAD4 ,IF !Y W]E REALLY RAPT 9 A P]FECT EC/ASY1 !Y W\LD EXHALE !IR SPIRITS ON ! SPOT2 OR IF !Y W]E DESP]ATE 9DE$1 !Y W\LD SL9K AWAY TO DIE LIKE ! W\ND$ ANIMAL ?AT HIDES ITSELF 9 ! BLACK %AD[S ON ! =E/4 

,BUT ! SANE MAN ( SAVAGE SOCIETY --HUNT]1 FI%]1 OR %EPH]D-- LOVES TO F9D HIMSELF AMONG HIS COMPANIONS4 ,HIS NE$ MAY OBLIGE HIM (T5 TO KEEP SOLIT>Y WAT* = ! GAME1 TO FOLL[ ! %OAL ALONE 9 A N>R[ SKIFF1 BEAT5 BY ! WAVES1 TO W&] F> FROM ! 5CAMPM5T 9 SE>* ( FRE% PA/URES = HIS FLOCKS2 BUT AS SOON AS HE CAN REJO9 HIS FRI5DS ) A FAIR SUPPLY ( PROVISIONS HE HIES BACK TO ! COMMON CAMP1 ! NUCLEUS ( ! CITY ?AT IS TO BE4 

,EXCEPT 9 C\NTRIES :]E ! POPULATION IS EXTREMELY SP>SE & SCATT]$ OV] IMM5SE DI/ANCES1 IT IS USUAL = SEV]AL TRIBES TO HAVE A COMMON TRY/+-PLACE1 G5]ALLY AT SOME *OS5 SPOT EASILY ACCESSIBLE BY NATURAL ROADWAYS --RIV]S1 DEFILES1 OR M\NTA9 PASSES4 ,H]E !Y HAVE !IR FEA/S1 !IR PALAV]S1 !IR EX*ANGE ( ! GOODS :I* SOME LACK & O!RS HAVE TO SP>E4 ,! ,R$SK9S1 :O 9 ! LA/ C5TURY /ILL OV]RAN ! =E/ TRACTS & PRAIRIES ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI1 PREF]R$ = !IR R5DEZV\S SOME P59SULA DOM9AT+ ! CONFLU5CE ( ! RIV]S --SU* AS ! TRIANGUL> /RIP ( L& ?AT SEP>ATES ! ,MONONGAHELA & ! ,ALLE<5Y2 OR B>E HILLS COMM&+ A WIDE & UN9T]RUPT$ VIEW1 :5CE !Y C\LD SEE !IR COMPANIONS TRAVEL+ OV] ! DI/ANT PRAIRIE OR R[+ ON ! RIV] OR ! LAKE --SU* AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! L>GE ISL& ( ,MANIT\1 BETWE5 ,LAKE ,MI*IGAN & ,LAKE ,HURON4 ,9 C\NTRIES RI* 9 GAME1 FI%1 CATTLE1 & CULTIVABLE L&1 ! GR\P+ BECOMES CLOS]1 O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 9 PROPORTION TO ! ABUNDANCE ( ! MEANS ( LIV+4 ,! SITES ( FUTURE T[NS >E 9DICAT$ ALREADY BY ! NATURAL MEET+-PLACE COMMON TO ! V>I\S C5T]S ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[ MANY MOD]N CITIES HAVE SPRUNG UP 9 ?IS WAY 9 PLACES :I* HAVE BE5 A RESORT FROM ALL ANTIQUITY6 

,! TRAFFIC 9 COMMODITIES C>RI$ ON AT !SE TRY/+-PLACES BECOMES AN ADDITIONAL 9C5TIVE1 OV] & ABOVE ! 9/9CTIVE SOCIAL NE$1 TO ! =MATION ( FRE% NUCLEI AMONG ! PRIMITIVE POPULATIONS2 & FUR!R1 SOME NASC5T 9DU/RY G5]ALLY ACCOMPANIES !SE BEG9N+S ( TRADE4 ,A B$ ( FL9T = CUTT+ & POLI%+ WEAPONS & O!R IMPLEM5TS1 A LAY] ( POTT]Y CLAY OR PIPE CLAY = VESSELS ( CALUMETS1 A VE9 ( METAL :I* MI<T BE CA/ OR HAMM]$ 9TO TR9KETS1 A HEAP ( BEAUTIFUL %ELLS SUITABLE = ORNAM5TS OR MONEY --ALL !SE >E ATTRACTIONS :I* DRAW M5 TOGE!R2 & IF AT ! SAME TIME ?IS PLACES >E FAVORABLE SITUAT$ AS C5T]S ( FOOD-SUPPLY1 ! COMB9E ALL ! REQUIREM5TS NECESS>Y = ! =MATION ( A T[N4 

,BUT MAN IS NOT GUIDE ONLY BY HIS 9T]E/ 9 ! CONDUCT ( HIS LIFE4 ,! FE> ( ! UNKN[N1 ! T]ROR ( MY/]Y1 T5DS ALSO TO FIX A C5T] ( POPULATION 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( PLACES REG>D$ ) SUP]/ITI\S DREAD4 ,! T]ROR ITSELF ATTRACTS4 ,IF VAPORS >E SE5 ASC5D+ FROM FISSURES 9 ! SOIL1 AS IF FROM ! FURNACE :]E ! GODS >E =G+ !IR ?UND]BOLTS2 IF /RANGE E*OES >E HE>D REV]B]AT+ AMONG ! M\NTA9S LIKE VOICES ( MOCK+ G5II2 IF SOME BLOCK ( IRON FALLS FROM HEAV51 OR SOME MY/]I\S Q AKES HUMAN =M & /ALKS ! AIR NO SOON] DOES SU* A PH5OM5ON M>K \T SOME SPECIAL SPOT1 ?AN RELIGION CONSECRATES IT1 TEMPLES RISE ABOVE IT1 ! FAI?FUL GA!R R\ND1 & WE HAVE ! BEG9N+S ( A ,MECCA OR A ,J]USALEM4 

,HUMAN HATR$1 EV51 HAS HAD ITS %>E 9 ! F\ND+ ( CITIES2 EV5 9 \R [N DAY IT F\NDS !M /ILL4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! CON/ANT C>ES ( ANCE/ORS TO GU>D !MSELVES FROM HO/ILE 9CURSIONS4 ,!RE >E VA/ REGIONS 9 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA :]E EV]Y VILLAGE IS SURR\ND$ BY ITS BREA/WORK & PALISADES2 & EV5 9 \R [N ,S\!RN ,EUROPE EV]Y GR\P ( DWELL+S SITUAT$ 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! SEA HAS ITS WALLS1 ITS WAT*-T[]1 & ITS KEEP OR =TIFI$ *UR*1 & ON ! LEA/ AL>M ! C\NTRY-FOLK TAKE %ELT] )9 ITS RAMP>TS4 ,ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( ! GR\ND W]E UTILIZ$ TO MAKE ! PLACE ( HABITATION A PLACE ALSO ( REFUGE4 ,AN ISLET AF=D$ AN ADMIRABLE SITE = A M>ITIME OR LACU/R9E CITY1 :I* MI<T AT ONCE OV]LOOK ITS 5EMIES1 & RECEIVE ITS FRI5DS 9 ! PORT CUT (F BY ITS CLU/] ( CAB9S FROM ! OP5 SEA4 ,/EEP ROCKS1 ) P]P5DICUL> SIDES1 FROM :I* BLOCKS ( /ONE C\LD BE ROLL$ D[N UPON ! ASSAILANT1 =M$ A SORT ( NATURAL =TRESS :I* WAS MU* APPRECIAT$4 ,?US ! ,ZUNI1 ! ,MOQUI1 & O!R CLIFF-DWELL]S POIS$ !MSELVES ON !IR L(TY T]RACES1 & DOM9AT$ SPACE LIKE EAGLES4 

,PRIMITIVE MAN1 !N1 LOOK$ \T ! SITE2 CIVILIZ$ MAN F\ND$ & BUILT ! CITY4 ,AT ! E>LIE/ BEG9N+S ( WRITT5 HI/ORY1 AMONG ! ,*ALDEANS & ! ,EGYPTIANS1 ON ! BORD]S ( ! ,EUPHRATES & ! ,NILE1 ! CITY HAD LONG EXI/$1 & IT APPE>S BY ?AT TIME TO HAVE NUMB]$ ITS 9HABITANTS BY T5S & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S4 ,! CULTIVATION ( !SE RIV]-VALLEYS REQUIR$ AN IMM5SE AM\NT ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 ! DRA9+ ( SWAMPS1 ! DEFLECT+ ( RIV]-B$S1 ! CON/RUCTION ( EMBANKM5TS1 ! DIGG+ ( CANALS = IRRIGATION2 & ! COMPLETION ( !SE WORKS NECESSITAT$ ! BUILD+ ( CITIES 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ! /REAM1 ON AN >TIFICIAL PLAT=M ( BEAT5 E>? RAIS$ WELL ABOVE ! LEVEL ( 9UNDATION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 !SE F>-DI/ANT TIMES1 SOV]EIGNS :O HAD ?AT LIVES ( 9NUM]ABLE SLAVES AT !IR DISPOSAL HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO *OOSE ! SITES ( !IR PALACES AT !IR [N CAPRICE2 BUT P]SONAL AS !IR P[] WAS1 !Y C\LD BUT C>RY ON ! NORMAL MOVEM5T 9ITIAT$ BY ! POPULATIONS !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS ! C\NTRY FOLK1 AFT] ALL1 :O GAVE BIR? TO ! CITIES :I* 9 LAT] TIMES HAVE SO (T5 TURN$ AGA9/ !IR =GOTT5 CREATORS4 

,NEV] WAS ! NORMAL & SPONTANE\S BIR? ( CITIES MORE /RIK+LY ILLU/RAT$ ?AN 9 ! ,GREEK ]A1 :5 ,A!NS1 ,MEG>A1 ,SICYON SPRANG UP AT ! FOOT ( !IR HILLS LIKE FL[]S 9 ! %ADE ( ! OLIVES TREES4 ,! :OLE C\NTRY --! FA!RL& ( ! CITIZ5-- WAS CONTA9$ )9 A N>R[ SPACE4 ,FROM ! HEI<TS ( ITS ACROPOLIS HE C\LD FOLL[ ) HIS EYE ! LIMITS ( ! COLLECTIVE DOMA91 N[ ALONG ! L9E ( ! SEA-%ORE1 TRAC$ BY ! :ITE SELVAGE ( ! WAVES1 !N ACROSS ! DI/ANT BLUE ( WOOD5 HILL1 & PA/ RAV9ES & GORGES TO ! CRE/S ( ! %9+ ROCKS4 ,! SON ( ! SOIL C\LD NAME EV]Y BROOKLET1 EV]Y CLUMP ( TREES1 EV]Y LITTLE H\SE 9 SI<T4 ,HE KNEW EV]Y FAMILY ?AT %ELT]$ UND] ?OSE ?AT*$ RO(1 EV]Y SPOT MADE MEMORABLE BY ! EXPLOITS ( HIS NATIONAL H]OES1 OR BY ! FALL5 ?UND]BOLTS ( HIS GODS4 ,! PEASANT1 ON !IR P>T1 REG>D$ ! CITY AS PECULI>LY !IR [N4 ,!Y KNEW ! BEAT5 PA?S ?AT HAD GR[N TO BE ITS /REETS1 ! BROAD ROADS & SQU>ES ?AT /ILL BORE ! NAMES ( ! TREES ?AT US$ TO GR[ !RE2 !Y C\LD REMEMB] PLAY+ R\ND ! SPR+ :I* N[ MIRROR$ ! /ATUES ( ! NYMPHUS4 ,HI< ON ! SUMMIT ( ! PROTECT+ HILL ROSE ! TEMPLE ( ! SCULPTUR$ DEITY :OM !Y 9VOK$ 9 H\RS ( PUBLIC DANG]1 & BEH9D ITS RAMP>TS !Y ALL TOOK REFUGE :5 ! 5EMY WAS 9 POSSESSION ( ! OP5 C\NTRY4 ,NO:]E DID ANY O!R SOIL BEGET A PATRIOTISM ( SU* 9T5SITY1 A LIFE ( EA* SO B\ND UP ) ! PROSP]ITY ( ALL4 ,! POLITICAL ORGANISM WAS AS SIMPLE1 AS %>PLY DEF9$1 AS ONE & 9DIVISIBLE1 AS ?AT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF4 

,F> MORE COMPLEX TO BEG9 ) WAS ! COMM]CIAL CITY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :I* LIV$ BY ITS 9DU/RIES OR ITS =EIGN TRADE1 & :I* WAS (T5 SURR\ND$ ONLY BY A LITTLE BELT ( G>D5S4 ,IT SAW >\ND IT 9 DI/URB+ PROXIMITY ! =TRESSES ( ITS FEUDAL FRI5DS OR ADV]S>IES1 CLASP+ ! WRET*$ HOVELS ( ! VILLAG]S BETWE5 !IR FEET1 LIKE EAGLES PLANT+ !IR TALONS 9 !IR PREY4 ,9 ?IS M$IEVAL SOCIETY ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY SPRANG UP AS ! RESULT ( =EIGN CONQUE/2 R$UC$ TO M]E S]FDOM UND] ! B>ON1 ! LABOR] --A FIXTURE ( ! SOIL1 9 ! 9SULT+ LANGUAGE ( ! LAW-- WAS FLUNG LIKE A WEAPONS AGA9/ ! T[NS1 BY NO WILL ( HIS [N2 :E!R AS WORKMAN OR AS >M$ RETA9]1 HE WAS =C$ 9TO OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! BOR\< ) ITS RIS+ 9DU/RIAL CLASS4 

,( ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 ,SICILY IS ! ONE 9 :I* ! PRI/9E H>MONY BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY HAS MO/ NE>LY SURVIV$4 ,! OP5 C\NTRY IS UN9HABIT$ EXCEPT BY DAY1 DUR+ ! H\RS ( FIELD-LABOR4 ,!RE >E NO VILLAGES4 ,9 ! EV5+ LABOR]S & H]DSM5 RETURN TO ! CITY ) !IR FLOCKS2 PEASANTS 9 ! DAYTIME1 !Y BECOMES CITIZ5S AT NI<T4 ,!RE IS NO SWEET] OR MORE T\*+ SI<T ?AN ?AT ( ! PROCESSIONS ( TOIL]S RETURN+ TO ! T[NS AT ! MOM5T :5 ! SUN S9KS BEH9D ! M\NTA9S1 CA/+ UP ! VA/ %AD[ ( ! E>? AGA9/ ! EA/]N HORIZON4 ,! UNEQUAL GR\PS FOLL[ EA* O!R AT 9T]VALS UP ! ASC5D+ ROAD --=1 ) ! VIEW TO SECURITY1 ! T[NS >E ALMO/ ALWAYS P]*$ ON ! SUMMIT ( SOME CLIFF1 :]E !IR :ITE WALLS CAN BE SE5 = T5 LEAGUES R\ND4 ,FAMILIES & FRI5D JO9 EA* O!R = ! CLIMB1 & ! *ILDR5 & ! DOGS RUN ) JOY\S CRIES FROM GR\P TO GR\P4 ,! CATTLE PAUSE FROM TIME TO TIME TO CROP A BIT ( *OICE H]BAGE BY ! ROADSIDE4 ,! Y\NG GIRLS SIT A/RIDE ON ! BEA/1 :ILE ! LADS HELP !M OV] ! DIFFICULT PLACES1 & S+ & LAU< & SOMETIMES :ISP] S(TLY ) !M4 

,BUT IT IS NOT ONLY 9 ,SICILY --! ,SICILY ( ,!OCRITUS-- ?AT ONE MEETS !SE GRACI\S EV5+ GR\PS4 ,R\ND ! :OLE ON ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/1 ,ASIA ,M9OR TO ,&ALUSIA1 ! ANTIQUE CU/OMS >E P>TIALLY RETA9$1 OR AT LEA/ HAVE LEFT !IR TRACES4 ,ALL ! LITTLE =TIFI$ T[NS ?AT L9E ! %ORES ( ,ITALY & ,PROV5CE BELONG TO ! SAME TYPE ( M9IATURE REPUBLIC1 ! NI<TLY RESORT ( ALL ! PEASANTS ( ! AGRICULTURAL \TSKIRTS4 

,IF ! E>? W]E P]FECTLY UNI=M 9 ! %APE ( ITS RELIEF & ! QUALITIES ( ITS SOIL1 ! T[NS W\LD OCCUPY1 SO TO SPEAK1 & ALMO/ GEOMETRICAL POSITION4 ,MUTUAL ATTRACTION1 ! SOCIAL 9/9CT1 ! CONV5I5CE ( TRADE1 W\LD HAVE CAUS$ !M TO SPR+ UP AT PRETTY NE>LY EQUAL DI/ANCES4 ,GIV5 A FLAT PLA9 )\T NATURAL OB/ACLES1 )\T RIV]S OR FAVORABLY SITUAT$ PORTS1 & ) NO POLITICAL DIVISIONS C>V+ ! T]RITORY 9TO DI/9CT ,/ATES1 ! *IEF CITY W\LD HAVE BE5 PLANT$ FULL 9 ! C5T] ( ! C\NTRY2 ! L>GE T[NS W\LD HAVE BE5 DI/RIBUT$ AT EQUAL DI/ANCES R\ND IT1 RHY?MICALLY SPAC$ \T AMONG !MSELVES1 & EA* POSSESS+ ITS PLANET>Y SY/EM ( SMALL] T[NS1 ! NORMAL DI/ANCE BE+ ! DI/ANCE ( A DAY'S M>* --=1 9 ! BEG9N+1 ! /EP ( MAN AS ! NATURAL MEASURE BETWE5 PLACE & PLACE1 & ! NUMB] ( MILES ?AT CAN BE COV]$ BY & AV]AGE WALK] BETWE5 DAWN & DUSK WAS1 UND] ORD9>Y CONDITIONS1 ! REGUL> /AGE BETWE5 ONE T[N & ! NEXT4 ,! DOME/ICATION ( ANIMALS1 &1 LAT]1 ! 9V5TION ( ! :EEL1 MODIFI$ !SE PRIMITIVE MEASUREM5TS2 ! /RIDE ( ! HORSE1 & !N ! TURN ( ! AXLE-TREE1 BECAME ! UNIT ( CALCULATION 9 RECKON+ ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! URBAN 9HABIT$ C\NTRIES --9 ,*9A1 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ! ,GANGES1 9 ! PLA9S ( ! ,PO1 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA & EV5 9 ,FRANCE ITSELF-- ONE MAY DISC]N B5EA? ! APP>5T DISORD] A REAL ORD] ( DI/RIBUTION1 :I* WAS EVID5TLY REGULAT$ LONG AGO BY ! /EP ON ! TRAVEL]4 

,A LITTLE PAMPHLET 9 #a#h#e1 OR !REAB\TS1 BY ,GOB]T1 AN +5I\S MAN & AN 9V5TOR1 LIV+ AS A REFUGEE 9 ,LONDON1 DREW ATT5TION TO ! A/ONI%+ REGUL>ITY ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L>GE T[NS 9 ,FRANCE BE=E M9+ & O!R 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS CAME 9 TO UPSET ! NATURAL BALANCE ( ! POPULATION4 ,?US ,P>IS IS SURR\ND$1 T[>DS ! FRONTI]S ( ! C\NTRY1 BY A R+ ( GREAT BUT SUBORD9ATE CITIES --,LILLE1 ,BOREAUX1 ,LYONS4 ,! DI/ANCE FROM ,P>IS TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BE+ AB\T D\BLE ! ORD9>Y RADIUS1 ANO!R GREAT CITY HAD TO >ISE AT ! EXTREMITY ( ?IS L9E1 & ,M>SEILLES1 ! OLD ,PHO5ICIAN & ,GREEK COLONY1 DEVELOP$ ITSELF SPL5DIDLY4 ,BETWE5 ,P>IS & !SE SECOND>Y C5T]S >OSE1 AT FAIRLY EQUAL DI/ANCES1 A NUMB] ( SMALL]1 BUT /ILL CONSID]ABLE CITIES1 SEP>ATES FROM EA* O!R BY A D\BLE DI/ANCE1 SAY1 ( AB\T EI<TY MILES --,ORLEANS1 ,T\RS1 ,POITI]S1 ,ANG\LEME4 ,F9ALLY1 HALFWAY BETWE5 !SE T]TI>Y C5T]S1 9 A POSITION SUGGE/IVE ( ! AV]AGE DI/ANCE1 !RE GREW UP ! MODE/ T[NS ( ,ETAMPES1 ,AMBOISE1 ,*ATELL]AULT1 ,RUFFEC1 ,LIB\RNE4 ,?US ! TRAVEL]1 9 HIS J\RNEY ?R\< ,FRANCE1 W\LD F9D1 AS IT W]E1 ALT]NATELY A HALT+-PLACE & A RE/+-PLACE1 ! FIR/ ADEQUATE = ! FOOT-PASS5G] & ! SECOND CONV5I5T = ! HORSEMAN & ! COA*4 ,ON ALMO/ ALL ! HI< ROADS ! RHY?M ( CITIES FOLL[S ! SAME PLAN --A SORT ( NATURAL CAD5CE REGULAT+ ! PROGRESS ( M51 HORSES1 & C>RIAGES4 

,! IRREGUL>ITIES ( ?IS NETWORK ( /ATIONS >E ALL EXPLICABLE BY ! FEATURES ( ! C\NTRY1 ITS UPS & D[NS1 ! FL[ ( ITS RIV]S1 ! ?\S& PO9TS ( GEOGRAPHICAL V>IATION4 ,! NATURE ( ! SOIL1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9FLU5CES M5 9 !IR SPONTANE\S *OICE ( A SITE = !IR DWELL+S4 ,:]E ! BLADE CANNOT GR[ ! T[N CANNOT GR[ EI!R4 ,IT TURNS AWAY FROM ! /]ILE HEA?1 FROM ! H>D GRAVELS & ! HEAVY CLAYS1 & EXP&S FIR/ 9 SU* ( ! MORE F]TILE DI/RICTS AS >E EASY ( CULTIVATION --= ! S(T ALLUVIUM ( ! M>%ES1 F]TILE 5\< 9 ITS WAY1 IS NOT ALWAYS EASILY ACCESSIBLE1 & CANNOT BE BR\<T UND] CULTURE )\T AN ORGANIZATION ( LABOR :I* IMPLIES A V]Y ADVANC$ /AGE ( PROGRESS4 

,AGA91 ! UNEV5NESS ( ! L&1 AS WELL AS ! NIGG>DL9ESS ( ! SOIL1 T5DS TO REPEL POPULATION1 & PREV5TS1 OR AT LEA/ RET>DS1 ! GR[? ( CITIES4 ,! PRECIPICES1 ! GLACI]S1 ! SN[S1 ! BITT] W9DS1 ?RU/ M5 \T1 SO TO SPEAK1 FROM ! RUGG$ M\NTA9 VALLEYS2 & ! NATURAL T5D5CY ( ! T[NS IS TO CLU/] IMM$IATELY \TSIDE ! =BIDD5 REGION1 ON ! FIR/ FAVORABLE SPOT ?AT PRES5TS ITSELF AT ! 5TRANCE ( ! VALLEYS4 ,EV]Y TORR5T HAS ITS RIV]SIDE T[N 9 ! L[L&1 JU/ :]E ITS B$ SUDD5LY WID5S & IT BREAKS 9TO A MULTITUDE ( BRAN*ES AMONG ! GRAVELS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY EV]Y D\BLE1 TRIPLE1 OR QUADRUPLE CONFLU5T ( ! VALLEY HAS ITS IMPORTANT T[N1 A T[N SO MU* ! MORE CONSID]ABLE1 O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 AS ! BRAN*ES ( ! DELTA C>RY A GREAT] ABUNDANCE ( WAT]4 ,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ! GEOGRAPHY ( ! ,PYR5EES & ( ! ,ALPS4 ,C\LD ANY SITUATION BE MORE NATURALLY 9DICAT$ ?AN ?AT ( ,Z>AGOZA1 PLAC$ ON ! MID C\RSE ( ! ,EBRO1 AT ! CROSS+ ( ! D\BLE ( ! ,GALLEGO & ! ,HU]VA8 ,! CITY ( ,T\L\SE1 AGA91 ! METROPOLIS ( ,S\!RN ,FRANCE1 /&S ON A SPOT :I* A *ILD MI<T HAVE PO9T$ \T BE=EH& AS A NATURAL SITE1 JU/ :]E ! RIV] BECOMES NAVIGABLE BEL[ ! CONFLU5CE ( ,UPP] ,G>ONNE1 ! ,>IEGE & ! ,]S4 ,AT ! OPPOSITE CORN]S ( ,SWITZ]L&1 ,BASLE & ,G5EVA /& AT ! GREAT CROSS-ROADS FOLL[$ BY ! ANCI5T MIGRATIONS ( PEOPLES2 & ON ! S\!RN SLOPE ( ! ,ALPS EV]Y VALLEY )\T EXCEPTION HAS ITS W>D5 T[N AT ITS GATES4 ,GREAT CITIES LIKE ,MILAN & SO MANY O!RS M>K ! *IEF PO9TS ( CONV]G5CE2 & ! :OLE UPP] VALLEY ( ! ,PO1 =M+ ?REE-QU>T]S ( AN IMM5SE CIRCLE1 HAS = ITS NATURAL C5T] ! CITY ( ,TUR94 

,BUT ! RIV]S MU/ NOT BE REG>D$ AS SIMPLY ! M$IAN >T]Y ( ! VALLEYS2 !Y >E ESS5TIALLY MOVEM5T & LIFE4 ,N[ LIFE APPEALS TO LIFE2 & MAN ) HIS EV]-W&]+ SPIRIT1 CONT9UALLY IMPELL$ T[>DS ! DI/ANT HORIZON1 LOVES TO L+] BESIDE ! FL[+ /REAM :I* BE>S AT ONCE HIS VESSELS & HIS ?\<TS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE WILL NOT SETTLE 9DIFF]5TLY ON EI!R SIDE ! /REAM1 MAK+ NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! \T] & ! 9N] CURVE1 ! RAPID & ! LAZY CURR5T4 ,HE TRIES HI!R & ?I!R BE=E HE F9DS ! SITE ?AT PLEASES HIM4 ,HE *OOSES BY PREF]5CE ! PO9TS ( CONV]G5CE OR RAMIFICATION1 :]E HE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! ?REE OR F\R NAVIGABLE WAYS ?AT (F] !MSELVES AT />T+1 9/EAD ( TWO DIRECTIONS ONLY1 UP /REAM & D[N /REAM4 ,OR HE PLANTS HIMSELF AT ! NECESS>Y PO9T ( /OPPAGE --RAPIDS1 WAT]FALLS1 ROCKY DEFILES1 :]E VESSELS COME TO AN*OR & ! M]*&ISE IS TRAN%IPP$2 OR :]E ! RIV] N>R[S & IT BECOMES EASY TO CROSS FROM SIDE TO SIDE4 ,F9ALLY1 9 EA* RIV] BAS9 ! VITAL PO9T IS F\ND TO BE ! HEAD ( ! E/U>Y1 :]E ! RIS+ TIDE *ECKS & BE>S UP ! D[NW>D CURR5T1 & :]E ! BOATS BORNE D[N BY ! FRE% WAT] MEET ! OCEAN VESSELS COM+ 9 ) ! TIDE4 ,?IS PLACE ( MEET+ ( ! WAT]1 9 ! HYDROGRAPHIC SY/EM1 MAY BE LIK5$ TO ! POSITION HELD BY ! /OCK ( A TREE BETWE5 ! SY/EM ( S]IAL VEGETATION ABOVE & ?AT ( ! DEEP-SPREAD+ ROOTS BEL[4 

,! DEVIATIONS ( ! COA/-L9E ALSO AFFECT ! DI/RIBUTION ( T[NS4 ,/RAI<T S&Y %ORE1 ALMO/ UNBROK51 9ACCESSIBLE TO L>GE VESSELS EXCEPT ON ! R>E DAYS ( DEAD CALM1 >E AVOID$ BY ! 9HABITANTS ( ! 9T]IOR AS WELL AS BY ! SEAF>+ MAN4 ,?US1 ! #acf MILES ( COA/ :I* RUN 9 A /RAI<T L9E FROM ! M\? ( ! ,GIRONDE TO ?AT ( ! ,AD\R HAVE NO T[N AT ALL EXCEPT ,>CA*ON1 :I* IS SIMPLY A SMALL WAT]+-PLACE1 SET WELL BACK FROM ! SEA BEH9D ! DUNES ( ! ,CAP ,F]RE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! =MIDABLE S]IES ( LITTORAL B>RI]S ?AT FLANKS ! ,C>OL9AS ALONG !IR ,ATLANTIC %ORE GIVES ACCESS1 = ! :OLE DI/ANCE BETWE5 ,NORFOLK & ,WILM+TON1 ONLY TO A FEW PETTY T[NS C>RY+ ON ) DIFFICULTY A DANG]\S TRAFFIC4 ,9 O!R SEA-COA/ REGIONS1 ISLETS & ISLETS1 ROCKS1 PROMONTORIES1 P59SULAS 9NUM]ABLE1 ! ?\S& JAGS & SNIPP+S ( ! CLIFFS1 EQUALLY PREV5T ! =MATION ( T[NS 9 SPITE ( ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( DEEP & %ELT]$ WAT]S4 ,! VIOL5CE ( A TOO TEMPE/U\S COA/ =BIDS ! SETTLEM5T ( MORE ?AN V]Y SMALL GR\PS ( P]SONS4 ,! MO/ FAVORABLE SITUATIONS >E ?OSE :I* AF=D A TEMP]ATE CLIMATE & A COA/ ACCESSIBLE BO? BY L& & SEE1 ALIKE TO %IPS & :EEL$ VEHICLES4 

,ALL ! O!R FEATURES ( ! SOIL1 PHYSICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 CLIMATIC1 CONTRIBUTE 9 ! SAME WAY TO ! BIR? & GR[? ( CITIES4 ,EV]Y ADVANTAGE AUGM5TS !IR P[] ( ATTRACTION2 EV]Y DISADVANTAGE DETRACTS FROM IT4 ,GIV5 ! SAME 5VIRONM5T & ! SAME /AGE ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 ! SIZE ( ! CITES IS MEASUR$ EXACTLY BY ! SUM ( !IR NATURAL PRIVILEGES4 ,AN ,AFRICAN CITY & A ,EUROPEAN CITY1 EXI/+ UND] SIMIL> NATURAL CONDITION1 WILL BE V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ONE ANO!R1 BECAUSE !IR HI/ORICAL 5VIRONM5T IS SO TOTALLY DIFF]5T2 BUT !RE WILL1 NEV]!LESS1 BE A C]TA9 P>ALLELISM 9 !IR DE/9IES4 ,BY A PH5OM5ON ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( ! DI/URBANCE ( PLANETS1 TWO NEI<BOR+ URBAN C5T]S EX]CISE A MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ON EA* O!R1 & EI!R PROMOTE EA* O!R'S DEVELOPM5T BY SUPPLY+ COMPLEM5T>Y ADVANTAGES --AS 9 ! CASE ( ,MAN*E/]1 ! MANUFACTUR+ T[N1 & ,LIV]POOL1 ! COMM]CIAL T[N-- OR 9JURE EA* O!R BY COMPETITION :]E !IR ADVANTAGES >E ( ! SAME K9D4 ,?US ! T[N ( ,LIB\RNE1 :I* /&S ( ! ,DORDOGNE1 ONLY A LITTLE DI/ANCE FROM ,BORDEAUX1 BUT JU/ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! NECK ( L& ?AT SEP>ATES ! ,DORDOGNE FROM ! ,G>ONNE1 MI<T HAVE R5D]$ ! SAME S]VICES TO TRADE & NAVIGATION ?AT ,BORDEAUX ACTUALLY R5D]S2 BUT ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,BORDEAUX HAS BE5 H] RU92 %E HAS BE5 EAT5 UP1 SO TO SPEAK1 BY H] RIVAL1 HAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY LO/ H] M>ITIME IMPORTANCE1 & IS LITTLE ELSE BUT A HALT+-PLACE = TRAVEL]S4 

,!RE IS ANO!R REM>KABLE FACT :I* MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT --! WAY 9 :I* ! GEOGRAPHIC =CE1 LIKE ?AT ( HEAT OR ELECTRICITY1 CAN BE TRANSPORT$ TO A DI/ANCE1 CAN ACT AT A PO9T REMOTE FROM ITS C5T]1 & MAY EV5 GIVE BIR?1 SO TO SPEAK1 TO A SECOND>Y CITY MORE FAVORABLY PLAC$ ?AT ! FIR/4 ,WE MAY 9/ANCE ! PORT ( ,ALEX&RIA1 :I*1 9 SPITE ( ITS DI/ANCE FROM ! ,NILE1 IS NEV]!LESS ! EMPORIUM ( ! :OLE ,NILE BAS91 9 ! SAME WAY AS ,V5ICE 9 ! PORT ( ! ,PADUAN PLA91 & ,M>SEILLES ?AT ( ! VALLEY ( ! ,RHONE4 

,NEXT TO ! ADVANTAGES ( CLIMATE & SOIL COME ! SUBT]RANEAN RI*ES :I* SOMETIMES EX]T A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ! POSITION ( T[NS4 ,A T[N RISES SUDD5LY ON AN OBVI\SLY UNFAVORABLE SITE1 :]E ! GR\ND IS NEV]!LESS RI* 9 QU>RY+ /ONE1 9 POTT]Y CLAY OR M>BLES1 9 *EMICAL SUB/ANCES1 9 METALS1 9 COMBU/IBLE M9]ALS4 ,?US ,POTOSI1 ,C]RO DO ,PASCO1 ,VIRG9IA ,CITY1 HAVE SPRUNG UP 9 REGIONS :]E1 BUT = ! PRES5CE ( VE9S ( SILV]1 NO CITY C\LD EV] HAVE BE5 F\ND$4 ,M]?YR ,TYDVIL1 ,CEUZOT1 ,ESS51 ,SCRATON1 >E CREATIONS ( ! COAL MEASURES4 ,ALL ! HI!RTO UNUS$ NATURAL =CES >E GIV+ RISE TO NEW CITIES 9 PRECISELY ! PLACES :I* W]E =M]LY AVOID$1 N[ AT ! FOOT ( ! CAT>ACT1 AS AT ,OTTAWA1 N[ AMONG ! HI< M\NTA9S1 )9 REA* ( ! NATURAL CONDUITS ( ELECTRICITY1 AS 9 MANY ,SWISS VALLEYS4 ,EA* NEW ACQUISITION ( MAN CREATES A NEW PO9T ( VITALITY1 JU/ AS EA* NEW ORGAN =MS = ITSELF NEW N]V\S C5T]S4 

,9 PROPORTION AS ! DOMA9 ( CIVILIZATION EXP&S & !SE ATTRACTIONS MAKE !MSELVES FELT OV] A WID] >EA1 ! T[NS1 BELONG+ !MSELVES TO A L>G] ORGANISM1 MAY ADD TO ! SPECIAL ADVANTAGES :I* HAVE GIV5 !M BIR? ADVANTAGES ( A MORE G5]AL K9D1 :I* MAY SECURE !M AN HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! FIR/ IMPORTANCE4 ,?US ,ROME1 ALREADY OCCUPY+ A C5TRAL POSITION 9 RELATION TO ! C\NTRY 5CLOS$ )9 ! SEMICIRCLE ( ! VOLCANIC ,LAT9 HILLS1 F\ND H]SELF ALSO PLAC$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! OVAL =M$ BY ! ,AP5N9ES2 & LAT]1 AFT] ! CONQUE/ ( ,ITALY1 H] T]RITORY OCCUPI$ ! M$IAN PO9T ( ! :OLE P59SULA B\ND$ BY ! ,ALPS1 & M>K$ ALMO/ EXACTLY ! HALFWAY /ATION BETWE5 ! TWO EXTREMITIES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 ! M\?S ( ! ,NILE & ! ,/RAITS ( ,GIBRALT>4 ,P>IS1 AGA91 SO F9ELY SITUAT$ NE> A TRIPLE CONFLU5CE ( ! WAT]1 AT ! C5T] ( AN ALMO/ 9SUL> RIV]-BAS91 & T[>DS ! MIDDLE ( A CONC5TRIC S]IES ( GEOLOGICAL =MATIONS1 EA* CONTA9+ ITS SPECIAL PRODUCTS1 HAS ALSO ! GREAT ADVANTAGE ( /&+ AT ! CONV]G5CE ( TWO HI/ORIC ROAD --! ROAD FROM ,SPA9 BY ,BAYONNE & ,BORDEAUX1 & ! ROAD FROM ,ITALY BY ,LYONS1 ,M>SEILLES1 & ! ,CORNICE2 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT EMBODIES & 9DIVIDUALIZES ALL ! =CES ( ,FRANCE 9 RELATION TO H] ,WE/]N NEI<BORS --,5GL&1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 & ,NOR!RN ,G]MANY4 ,A M]E FI%+-/ATION AT FIR/ BETWE5 TWO N>R[ >MS ( ! ,SE9E1 ! OPPORTUNITIES ( ,P>IS W]E LIMIT$ TO H] NETS1 H] B>GES1 & H] F]TILE PLA9 ?AT /RET*ES FROM ! ,MONT DES ,M>TYRS TO ,MONT ,G5EVIEVE4 ,NEXT1 H] CONFLU5CE ( RIV]S & /REAM --,! ,SE9E1 ! ,M>NE1 ! ,\REQ1 ! ,BIEVRE-- TURN$ H] 9TO A FAIR OR M>KET2 & ! CONV]G5T VALLEY ( ! ,OISE ADD$ ITS TRAFFIC TO ! RE/4 ,! CONC5TRIC =MATIONS DEVELOP$ >\ND ! ANCI5T SEA-BOTTOM GRADUALLY GAVE AN ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE TO !IR NATURAL C5T]1 & ! HI/ORIC ROAD BETWE5 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & ! OCEAN MADE H] ! NUCLEUS ( ITS TRAFFIC4 

,( ! LOCAL ADVANTAGES ( ,LONDON1 SEAT$ AT HE HEAD ( ! M>ITIME NAVIGATION ( ! ,?AMES1 !RE IS LITTLE NE$ TO SPEAK2 = HAS %E NOT ! FUR!R PRIVILEGE ( BE+ ( ALL CITIES ( ! WORLD ! MO/ C5TRAL --! ONE MO/ READILY ACCESSIBLE1 ON ! :OLE1 FROM ALL P>TS ( ! GLOBE8 

,9 HIS 9T]E/+ WORK ON 0,! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,POSITION ( ! ,CAPITALS ( ,EUROPE10 ,J4 ,G4 ,KOHL %[S H[ ,B]L9 --LONG A M]E VILLAGE1 )\T O!R M]IT ?AN ?AT ( AF=D+ TO ! NATIVES AN EASY PASSAGE BETWE5 ! M>%ES & A SOLID FOOT+ ON AN ISLET ( ! ,SPREE-- CAME1 9 ! PROCESS ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ON ! C\NTRY1 TO OCCUPY1 UPON AN NAVIGABLE WAT]WAY ( LAKES & CANALS1 ! HALFWAY /ATION BETWE5 ! ,OD] & ! ,ELBE1 :]E ALL ! GREAT DIAGONAL HI<ROADS ( ! C\NTRY NATURALLY MEET & CROSS1 FROM ,LEIPZIG TO ,/ETT91 FROM ,BRESLAU TO ,HAMBURG4 ,9 E>LI] TIMES ! ,OD]1 :]E IT REA*ES ! PO9T AT :I* ,FRANK=T N[ /&S1 DID NOT TURN (F %>PLY TO ! RI<T TO FALL 9TO ! ,BALTIC1 BUT CONT9U$ ITS C\RSE 9 A NOR?-EA/]LY DIRECTION1 & EMPTI$ ITSELF 9TO ! ,NOR? ,SEA4 ,?IS IMM5SE RIV]1 MORE ?AN SIX HUNDR$ MILES LONG1 PASS$ ! V]Y SPOT N[ OCCUPI$ BY ,B]L91 :I* /&S ALMO/ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ITS ANCI5T VALLEY4 ,! ,SPREE1 ) ITS POOLS & M>%ES1 IS BUT ! VE/IGE ( ?AT MI<TY WAT]C\RSE4 ,! ,G]MAN CAPITAL1 DOM9AT+1 AS IT DOES1 ! C\RSE ( BO? RIV]S1 COMM&S ALSO ! TWO SEAS1 FROM ,MEMEL TO ,EMBD52 & IT IS ?IS POSITION1 F> MORE ?AN ANY >TIFICIAL C5TRALIZATION1 :I* GIVES IT ITS P[] ( ATTRACTION4 ,BESIDES1 LIKE ALL ! GREAT CITIES ( ! MOD]N WORLD1 ,B]L9 HAS MULTIPLI$ H] NATURAL ADVANTAGES T5FOLD1 BY ! CONV]G+ RAILWAY L9ES :I* DRAW ! COMM]CE OR H] [N & O!R C\NTRIES TO H] M>TS & W>EH\SES4 

,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITAL IS1 AFT] ALL1 FACTITI\S TO A GREAT EXT5T2 ! ADM9I/RATIVE FAVORS BE/[$ ON IT1 ! CR[D ( C\RTI]S1 FUNCTION>IES1 POLITICIANS1 & ALL ! 9T]E/$ MOB ?AT PRESSES R\ND !M1 GIVE IT TOO DI/9CTIVE *>ACT] TO ADMIT ( ITS BE+ /UDI$ AS A TYPE4 ,IT IS SAF] REASON+ FROM ! LIFE ( CITIES :I* [E !IR OSCILLATIONS TO PURELY GEOGRAPHICAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,!RE IS NO MORE FRUITFUL /UDY = ! HI/ORIAN ?AN ?AT ( A CITY :OSE ANNALS1 TOGE!R ) ! ASPECT ( ! PLACE ITSELF1 P]MIT HIM TO V]IFY ON ! SPOT ! HI/ORICAL *ANGES :I* HAVE ALL TAK5 PLACE 9 ACCORDANCE ) A C]TA9 RHY?MIC RULE4 

,UND] SU* CONDITIONS ONE SEES ! SC5E EVOLVE BE=E ONE'S EYES2 ! FI%]'S HUT2 ! G>D5]'S HUT CLOSE BY2 !N A FEW F>MS DOTT+ ! C\NTRY-SIDE1 A MILL-:EEL TURN+ 9 ! /REAM2 LAT] ON1 A WAT*-T[] HANG+ ON ! HILL4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! RIV]1 :]E ! PR[ ( ! F]RY-BOAT HAS JU/ GRAZ$ ! BANK1 SOME ONE IS BUILD+ A NEW HUT2 AN 9N1 A LITTLE %OP CLOSE TO ! BOATMAN'S H\SE1 9VITE ! PASS5G] & ! BUY]2 !N ON ITS LEVEL$ T]RACE ! M>K$-PLACE SPR+S UP1 CONSPICU\S AMONG ! RE/4 ,A BROAD5+ TRACK1 BEAT5 BY ! FEET ( M5 & ANIMALS1 RUNS D[N FROM ! M>KET-PLACE TO ! RIV]2 A W9D+ PA? BEG9S TO CLIMB ! HILL2 ! ROADWAYS ( ! FUTURE BECOME DI/+UI%ABLE 9 ! TRODD5 GRASS ( ! FIELDS1 & H\SE TAKE POSSESSION ( ! GRE5 WAYSIDE :]E ! CROSS-ROADS MEET4 ,! LITTLE ORATORY BECOMES A *UR*2 ! OP5 SCAFFOLD+ ( ! WAT*-T[] GIVES PLACE TO ! =TRESS1 ! B>RACK1 OR ! PALACE2 ! VILLAGE GR[S 9TO A T[N1 & ! T[N 9TO A CITY4 ,! TRUE WAY TO VISIT ONE ( !SE URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS :I* HAS LIV$ A LONG HI/ORIC LIFE1 IS TO EXAM9E IT 9 ! ORD] ( ITS GR[?1 BEG9N+ ) ! SITE --G5]ALLY CONSECRAT$ BY SOME LEG5D-- :I* HAS S]V$ IT AS A CRADLE1 & 5D+ ) ITS LA/ IMPROVEM5TS 9 FACTORIES & W>EH\SES4 ,EV]Y T[N HAS ITS 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]1 ITS P]SONAL LIFE1 A COMPLEXION ( ITS [N4 ,ONE IS GAY & ANIMAT$2 ANO!R KEEPS A P]VAD+ MELAN*OLY4 ,G5]ATION AFT] G5]ATION1 AS IT PASSES1 LEAVES BEH9D IT ?IS 9H]ITANCE ( *>ACT]4 ,!RE >E CITIES ?AT FREEZE Y\ AS Y\ 5T] ) !IR LOOK ON /ONY HO/ILITY2 !RE >E O!R :]E Y\ >E BLI! & BUOYANT AS AT ! SI<T ( A FRI5D4 

,O!R CONTRA/S PRES5T !MSELVES 9 ! MODES ( GR[? ( DIFF]5T CITIES4 ,FOLL[+ ! DIRECTION & IMPORTANCE ( ITS OV]L& COMM]CE1 ! T[N PROJECTS ITS SUBURBS LIKE T5TACLES ALONG ! C\NTRY ROADS2 IF IT /& ON A RIV] IT SPREADS F> D[N ! BANK NE> ! PLACES ( AN*ORAGE & EMB>KATION4 ,ONE IS (T5 /RUCK BY ! M>K$ 9EQUALITY ( TWO RIV]SIDE P>TS ( A CITY :I* SEEM EQUALLY WELL SITUAT$ TO ATTRACT ! POPULATION2 BUT H]E ! CAUSE MU/ BE S\<T 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! CURR5T4 ,?US ! PLAN ( ,BORDEAUX SUGGE/S AT ONCE ?AT ! TRUE C5T] ( ! 9HABIT$ CIRCLE %\LD HAVE BE5 ON ! RI<T BANK ( ! RIV]1 AT ! PLACE OCCUPI$ BY ! SMALL SUBURB ( ,LA ,BA/IDE4 ,BUT H]E ! ,G>ONNE DESCRIBES A MI<TY CURVE1 & SWEEPS ITS WAT]S ALONG ! QUAYS ( ! LEFT BANK2 & :]E ! LIFE ( ! RIV] FL+S ITS =CE1 ! LIFE ( COMM]CE IS NECESS>ILY C>RI$ ) IT4 ,! POPULATION FOLL[S ! DEEP] CURR5T1 & AVOIDS ! OOZY BANKS ( ! OPPOSITE %ORE4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SUGGE/$ ?AT T[NS HAVE A CON/ANT T5D5CY TO GR[ WE/W>D4 ,?IS FACT --:I* IS TRUE 9 MANY CASES-- IS EASILY EXPLA9$1 SO F> AS ! C\NTRIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & O!RS ( SIMIL> CLIMATE >E CONC]N$1 S9CE ! WE/]N SIDE IS ! SIDE DIRECTLY EXPOS$ TO ! PUR] W9DS4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( !SE QU>T]S HAVE LESS TO FE> FROM DISEASE ?AN ?OSE AT ! O!R FROM ITS PASSAGE OV] 9NUM]ABLE *IMNEYS1 M\?S ( SEW]S1 & ! LIKE1 & ) ! BREA? ( ?\S&S OR MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,BESIDES1 IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ! RI*1 ! IDLE1 & ! >TI/1 :O HAVE LEISURE TO TAKE 9 ! FULL DELI<T ( ! OP5 SKY1 >E MU* MORE APT TO 5JOY ! BEAUTIES ( ! TWILI<T ?AN ?OSE ( ! DAWN2 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 !Y FOLL[ ! MOVEM5T ( ! SUN FROM EA/ TO WE/1 & LOVE TO SEE IT DISAPPE> AT LA/ 9 ! RESPL5D5T CL\DS ( EV5+4 ,BUT !RE >E MANY EXCEPTIONS TO ?IS NORMAL GR[? 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! SUN4 ,! =M & RELIEF ( ! SOIL1 ! *>M ( ! L&SCAPE1 ! DIRECTION ( ! RUNN+ WAT]S1 ! ATTRACTION ( LOCAL 9DU/RIES & COMM]CE1 MAY SOLICIT ! ADVANCE ( M5 T[>DS ANY PO9T ( ! HORIZON4 

,BY ! V]Y FACT ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ! CITY1 LIKE ANY O!R ORGANISM1 T5DS TO DIE4 ,SUBJECT LIKE ! RE/ ! CONDITIONS ( TIME1 IT F9DS ITSELF ALREADY OLD :ILE O!R T[NS >E SPR++ UP >\ND IT1 IMPATI5T TO LIVE !IR LIFE 9 !IR TURN4 ,BY =CE ( HABIT1 9DE$ BY ! COMMON WILL ( ITS 9HABITANTS1 & BY ! ATTRACTION ?AT EV]Y SU* C5T] EX]TS UPON ! SURR\ND+ NEI<BORHOOD1 IT TRIES TO LIVE ON2 BUT --NOT TO SPEAK ( ! MORTAL ACCID5TS :I* MAY HAPP5 TO CITIES AS TO M5-- NO HUMAN GR\P CAN 9CESSANTLY REPAIR ITS WA/E & R5EW ITS Y\? )\T A HEAVI] & HEAVI] EXP5DITURE ( EF=T2 & SOMETIMES IT GETS TIR$4 ,! CITY MU/ WID5 ITS /REETS & ITS SQU>ES1 REBUILD ITS WALLS1 & REPLACE ITS OLD & N[ USELESS BUILD+S ) /RUCTURES ANSW]+ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! TIME4 ,:ILE ! ,AM]ICAN T[N SPR+S 9TO BE+ FULL->M$ & P]FECTLY ADAPT$ TO ITS SURR\ND+S1 ,P>IS --OLD1 5CUMB]$1 DIRT-5CRU/$-- MU/ KEEP UP A LABORI\S PROCESS ( RECON/RUCTION1 :I* 1 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 PLACES H] AT A GREAT DISADVANTAGE 9 COMP>ISON ) Y\NG CITIES LIKE ,NEW ,YORK & ,*ICAGO4 ,= ! SELFSAME REASONS ! HUGE CITIES ( ! ,EUPHRATES & ! ,NILE1 ,BABYLON & ,N9EVEH1 ,MEMPHIS & ,CAIRO1 F\ND !MSELVES SUCCESSIVELY DISPLAC$4 ,EA* ( !SE CITIES --:ILE1 ?ANKS TO ! ADVANTAGES ( ITS POSITION1 IT RETA9$ ITS HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE-- WAS =C$ TO AB&ON ITS SUP]ANNUAT$ QU>T]S & %IFT ITS BASIS FUR!R ON1 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE FROM ITS [N RUBBI%1 OR EV5 FROM ! PE/IL5CE >IS+ FROM ITS HEAPS TO REFUSE4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! AB&ON$ SITE ( A T[N :I* HAS MOV$ ON IS F\ND TO BE COV]$ ) GRAVES4 

,O!R CAUSES ( DECAY1 MORE S]I\S ?AN !SE1 BECAUSE >IS+ \T ( ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( HI/ORY1 HAVE OV]TAK5 MANY A ONCE FAM\S CITY2 CIRCUM/ANCES ANALOG\S TO ?OSE ( ITS BIR? HAVE R5D]$ ITS DE/RUCTION 9EVITABLE4 ,?US ! SUP]S$+ ( AN OLD HI<ROAD OR CROSSWAY BY SOME IMPROV$ MODE ( CONVEYANCE MAY DE/ROY AT ONE BL[ A T[N CREAT$ BY ! NECESSITIES ( TRANSPORT4 ,ALEX&RIA RU9$ ,PELUSIUM2 ,C>?AG5A 9 ! ,WE/ ,9DIES GAVE ,PU]TO ,BELLO BACK TO ! SOLITUDE ( ITS =E/4 ,! DEM&S ( COMM]CE & ! SUPPRESSION ( PIRACY HAVE *ANG$ ! SITES ( ALMO/ ALL ! T[NS BUILT ON ! ROCKY %ORES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,=M]LY !Y W]E P]*$ ON RUGG$ HILLS & GIRT ) ?ICK WALLS1 TO DEF5D !M FROM ! SEIGNEURS & ! CORSAIRS2 N[ !Y HAVE COME D[N FROM !IR =TRESSES & SPREAD !MSELVES \T ALONG ! SEA%ORE4 ,EV]Y:]E ! CITADEL IS EX*ANG$ = ! ESPLANADE2 ! ,ACROPOLIS HAS COME D[N TO ! ,PIRAEUS4 

,9 \R SOCIETIES1 :]E POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS HAVE (T5 GIV5 A PREPOND]AT+ 9FLU5CE TO ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON1 IT HAS FREQU5TLY HAPP5$ ?AT ! CAPRICE ( ! SOV]EIGN HAS F\ND$ A CITY 9 A SPOT :]E IT C\LD NEV] HAVE SPRUNG UP ( ITSELF4 ,?US PLANT$ ON AN UNNATURAL SITE1 ! NEW CITY HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP )\T A TREM5D\S WA/E ( LIV+ =CE4 ,MADRID & ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 = EXAMPLE1 :OSE PRIMITIVE HUTS & HAMLETS W\LD NEV] HAVE GR[N 9TO ! POPUL\S CITIES ( TO-DAY BUT = ,*>LES ! ,FIF? & ,PET] ! ,FIR/1 W]E BUILT AT AN 5ORM\S CO/4 ,YET1 IF !Y [E !IR CREATION TO DESPOTISM1 IT IS TO ! ASSOCIAT$ TOIL ( M5 ?AT !Y [E ! ADVANTAGES :I* HAVE 5ABL$ !M TO LIVE ON AS IF !Y HAD HAD A NORMAL ORIG92 & ?\< ! NATURAL RELIEF ( ! SOIL HAD NEV] DE/9$ !M TO BECOME C5T]S ( HUMAN LIFE1 C5T]S !Y >E1 ?ANKS TO ! CONV]G5CE ( >TIFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS --ROADS1 RAILWAYS & CANALS-- & ! 9T]*ANGE ( ?\<T4 ,= GEOGRAPHY IS NOT AN IMMUTABLE ?+2 IT MAKES & REMAKES ITSELF DAY BY DAY2 IT IS MODIFI$ EV]Y H\R BY ! ACTION ( M54 

,BUT N[ADAYS WE HE> NO MORE ( ,CAES>S BUILD+ CITIES = !MSELVES2 ! CITY-BUILD]S ( TO-DAY >E ! GREAT CAPITALI/1 ! SPECULATORS1 ! PRESID5TS ( F9ANCIAL SYNDICATES4 ,WE SEE NEW T[NS SPR+ UP 9 A FEW MON?S1 COV]+ A WIDE SURFACE1 M>VEL\SLY LAID \T1 SPL5DIDLY FURNI%$ ) ALL ! IMPLEM5TS ( MOD]N LIFE2 ! S*OOL & ! MUSEUM1 EV51 >E NOT WANT+4 ,IF ! SPOT IS WELL *OS51 !SE NEW CREATIONS >E SOON DRAWN 9TO ! G5]AL MOVEM5T ( ! LIFE ( ! NATIONS1 & ,CREUZOT1 ,CREWE1 ,B>R[-9-,FURNESS1 ,D5V]1 ,LA ,PLATA1 TAKE RANK AMONG ! RECOGNIZ$ C5T]S ( POPULATION4 ,BUT IF ! SITE IS A BAD ONE1 ! NEW T[NS DIE ) ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ?AT GAVE !M BIR?4 ,*YEY5NE ,CITY1 CEAS+ TO BE A RAILWAY T]M9US1 S5DS ITS COTTAGES =W>D1 SO TO SPEAK1 BY NEXT TRA92 & ,C>SON ,CITY DISAPPE>S ) ! EXHAU/$ SILV] M9ES :I* ALONE HAD PEOPL$ ?AT HIDE\S DES]T4 

,BUT IF ! CAPRICE ( CAPITAL SOMETIMES ATTEMPTS TO F\ND CITIES :I* ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( SOCIETY CONDEMN TO P]I%1 ON ! O!R H& IT DE/ROYS MANY SMALL C5T]S ( POPULATION :I* ONLY ASK TO LIVE4 ,9 ! \TSKIRTS ( ,P>IS ITSELF1 DO WE NOT SEE A GREAT BANK] & L&$ PROPRIETOR ADD+ YE> BY YE> ANO!R TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ ACRES TO HIS DOMA91 SY/EMATICALLY *ANG+ CULTIVAT$ L& 9TO PLANTATIONS1 & DE/ROY+ :OLE VILLAGES TO REPLACE !M BY KEEP]S' LODGES BUILT AT CONV5I5T DI/ANCES8 

,AMONG ! T[NS ( :OLLY OR P>TIALLY >TIFICIAL ORIG91 :I* ANSW] TO NO REAL NE$ ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 MU/ BE M5TION$ ALSO ?OSE :I* EXI/ = PURPOSES ( W>1 AT ANY RATE ?OSE :I* HAVE BE5 BUILT 9 \R [N DAY BY ! GREAT C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATES4 ,IT WAS NOT SO 9 ! DAYS :5 ! CITY WAS CAPABLE ( CONTA9+ ! :OLE NATION1 :5 IT WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = PURPOSES ( DEF5SE TO BUILT RAMP>TS FOLL[+ ! EXT]IOR \TL9E ( ALL QU>T]S ( ! T[N1 TO CON/RUCT WAT*-T[]S AT ! ANGLES1 & TO ]ECT ALONGSIDE ! TEMPLE1 ON ! SUMMIT ( ! PROTECT+ HILL1 A CITADEL :]E ! :OLE BODY ( ! CITIZ5S C\LD TAKE REFUGE 9 CASE ( DANG]2 & :51 IF ! T[N W]E SEP>AT$ FROM ITS PORT BY A /RIP ( 9T]V5+ C\NTRY --AS AT ,A!NS4 ,MEG>A1 OR ,COR9?-- ! ROAD FROM ! ONE TO ! O!R MU/ ITSELF BE PROTECT$ BY LONG WALLS4 ,! :OLE PILE ( =TIFICATIONS EXPLA9$ ITSELF BY ! NATURE ( ?+S1 & TOOK A NATURAL & PICTURESQUE PLACE 9 ! L&SCAPE4 ,BUT 9 \R DAYS ( EXTREME DIVISION ( LABOR1 :5 ! MILIT>Y P[] HAS BECOME PRACTICALLY 9DEP5D5T ( ! NATION1 & NO CIVILIAN D>E ADVISE OR M$DLE 9 MATT]S ( /RATEGY1 MO/ =TIFI$ T[NS HAVE A QUITE UNNATURAL =M1 9 NO SORT ( AGREEM5T ) ! UNDULATIONS ( ! SOIL2 !Y CUT ! L&SCAPE ) AN \TL9E (F5SIVE TO ! EYE4 ,SOME ( ! OLD ,ITALIAN 5G9E]S AT LEA/ ATTEMPT$ TO GIVE A SYMMETRICAL \TL9E TO !IR =TIFICATIONS BY %AP+ !M LIKE AN IMM5SE ,CROSS OR ,/> ( ,HONOR1 ) ITS RAYS1 ITS JEWELS1 ITS 5AMELS2 ! :ITE WALLS ( ITS BA/IONS & R$ANS CONTRA/+ REGUL>LY ) ! CALM & L>GE PLACIDITY ( ! OP5 FIELDS4 ,BUT \R MOD]N =TRESSES HAVE NO AMBITION TO BE BEAUTIFUL2 ! ?\<T NEV] 5T]S ! HEAD ( ! /RATEGI/2 & A M]E GLANCE AT ! PLAN ( ! =TIFICATIONS REVEALS !IR MON/R\S UGL9ESS1 !IR TOTAL WANT ( H>MONY ) !IR SURR\ND+S4 ,9/EAD ( FOLL[+ ! NATURAL \TL9ES ( ! C\NTRY & /RET*+ !IR >MS FREELY 9TO ! FIELDS BEL[1 !Y SIT ALL ( A HEAP1 LIKE CREATURES ) CROPP$ E>S & AMPUTAT$ LIMBS4 ,LOOK AT HE MELAN*OLY =M ?AT MILIT>Y SCI5CE HAS GIV5 TO ,LILLE1 TO ,METZ1 TO ,/RASBURG6 ,EV5 ,P>IS1 ) ALL ! BEAUTY ( H] BUILD+S1 ! GRACE ( H] PROM5ADES1 ! *>M ( H] PEOPLE1 IS SPOIL BY H] BRUTAL SETT+ 9 A FRAMEWORK ( =TIFICATIONS4 ,RELEAS$ FROM ?AT UNPLEASANT OVAL 9 BROK5 L9ES1 ! CITY MI<T HAVE EXP&$ 9 A NATURAL & ES!TIC MANN]1 & TAK5 ! SIMPLE & GRACI\S =M SUGGE/$ BY NATURAL & LIFE4 

,ANO!R CAUSE ( UGL9ESS 9 \R MOD]N T[NS SPR+S FROM ! 9VASION ( ! GREAT MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y T[N WE HAVE IS 5CUMB]$ ) ONE OR MORE SUBURBS BRI/L+ ) /9K+ *IMNEYS1 :]E IMM5SE BUILD+S SKIRT ! BLACK5$ /REETS ) WALLS EI!R B>E & BL9D1 OR PI]C$1 9 SICK5+ SYMMETRY1 ) 9NUM]ABLE W9D[S4 ,! GR\ND TREMBLES UND] ! GROAN+ MA*9]Y & B5EA? ! WEI<T ( WAGONS1 DRAYS & LUGGAGE TRA9S4 ,H[ MANY T[NS !RE >E1 ESPECIALLY 9 Y\NG ,AM]ICA1 :]E ! AIR IS ALMO/ UNBREA?ABLE1 & :]E EV]Y?+ )9 SI< --! GR\ND1 ! WALLS1 ! SKY-- SEEMS TO SWEAT MUD & SOOT6 ,:O CAN RECALL )\T A HORROR ( DISGU/ A M9+ COLONY LIKE ?AT S9U\S & 9T]M9ABLE ,SCRANTON1 :OSE SEV5TY ?\S& 9HABITANTS HAVE NOT SO MU* AS A FEW ACRES ( F\L TURF & BLACK5$ FOLIAGE TO CLE> !IR LUNGS8 ,& ?AT 5ORM\S ,PITTSBURG ) ITS SEMI-CIRCUL> CORONET ( SUBURBS FUM+ & FLAM+ OV]HEAD1 H[ IS IT POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E IT UND] A FIL?I] ATMOSPH]E ?AN N[1 ?\< ! 9HABITANTS AV] ?AT IT HAS GA9$ BO? 9 CLEANL9ESS & LI<T S9CE ! 9TRODUCTION ( NATURAL GAS 9TO ITS FURNACES8 ,O!R T[NS1 LESS BLACK ?AN !SE1 >E SC>CELY LESS HIDE\S1 FROM ! FACT ?AN ! RAILWAY COMPANIES HAVE TAK5 POSSESSIONS ( /REETS1 SQU>ES1 & AV5UES1 & S5D !IR LOCOMOTIVES SNORT+ & HISS+ ALONG ! ROAD1 & SCATT]+ ! PEOPLE RI<T & LEFT FROM !IR C\RSE4 ,SOME ( ! LOVELIE/ SITES ON ! E>? HAVE BE5 ?US DESECRAT$4 ,AT ,BUFFALO1 = 9/ANCE1 ! PASS5G] /RIVES 9 VA9 TO FOLL[ ! BANK ( ! WOND]FUL ,NIAG>A ACROSS A WILD]NESS1 ( RAILS & QUAGMIRES & SLIMY CANALS1 ( GRAVEL HEAPS & DUN<ILLS1 & ALL ! O!RS IMPURITIES ( ! CITY4 

,ANO!R B>B>\S SPECULATION IS ?AT :I* SACRIFICES ! BEAUTY ( ! /REETS BY LETT+ ! GR\ND 9 LOTS1 ON :I* ! CONTRACTORS BUILD :OLE DI/RICTS1 DESIGN$ BE=EH& BY >*ITECTS :O HAVE NEV] SO MU* AS VISIT$ ! SPOT1 F> LESS TAK5 ! TR\BLE TO CONSULT ! FUTURE 9HABITANTS4 ,!Y ]ECT H]E A ,GO?IC *UR* = ! ,EPISCOPALIANS1 !RE A ,NORMAN /RUCTURE = ! ,PRESBYT]IANS1 & A LITTLE FUR!R ON A SORT ,PAN!ON = ! ,BAPTI/2 !Y MAP \T !IR /REETS 9 SQU>ES & LOZ5GES1 V>Y+ GROTESQUELY ! GEOMETRICAL DESIGNS ( ! 9T]SPACES & ! /YLE ( ! H\SES1 :ILE RELIGI\SLY RES]V+ ! BE/ CORN]S = ! GROG-%OPS4 ,! ABSURDITY ( ! :OLE HET]OG5E\S MIXTURE IS AGGRAVAT$ 9 MO/ ( \R CITIES BY ! 9T]V5TION ( (FICIAL >T1 :I* 9SI/S ON ! TYPES ( >*ITECTURE FOLL[+ A GIV5 PATT]N4 

,BUT EV5 IF ! RI* CONTRACTOR & ! (FICIAL ,MAEC5AS W]E ALWAYS M5 ( CULTIVAT$ TA/E1 ! T[NS W\LD /ILL PRES5T A PA9FUL CONTRA/ BETWE5 LUXURY & SQUALOR1 BETWE5 ! SUMPTU\S & 9SOL5T SPL5DOR ( SOME QU>T]S1 & ! SORDID MIS]Y ( ! O!RS1 :]E ! L[ & CROOK$ WALLS HIDE C\RTS OOZ+ ) DAMP1 & />V+ FAMILIES CR\*$ UND] TUMBLE-D[N /YES ( LA? OR /ONE4 ,EV5 9 T[NS :]E ! AU?ORITIES SEEK TO VEIL ALL ?IS BEH9D A DEC5T MASK ( :ITEWA%$ 5CLOSURES1 MIS]Y /ILL /ALKS \TSIDE1 & ONE KN[S ?AT DEA? IS C>RY+ ON ITS CRUEL WORK )94 ,:I* ( \R CITIES HAS NOT ITS ,:ITE*APEL & ITS ,MILE ,5D ,ROAD8 ,H&SOME & IMPOS+ AS !Y MAY BE TO ! \TW>D EYE1 EA* HAS ITS SECRET OR APP>5T VICES1 ITS FATAL DEFECT1 ITS *RONIC MALADY :I* MU/ 5D BY KILL+ IT1 UNLESS A FREE & PURE CIRCULATION CAN BE REE/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE ORGANISM4 ,BUT FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ! QUE/ION ( PUBLIC BUILD+S 9VOLVES ! :OLE SOCIAL QUE/ION ITSELF4 ,WILL ! TIME EV] COME :5 ALL M51 )\T EXCEPTION1 %ALL BREA! FRE% AIR 9 ABUNDANCE1 5JOY ! LI<T & SUN%9E1 TA/E ! COOLNESS ( ! %ADE & ! SC5T ( ROSES1 & FE$ !IR *ILDR5 )\T FE> ?AN ! BREAD WILL RUN %ORT 9 ! B98 ,AT ANY RATE1 ALL ?OSE ( US :O HAVE NOT RES]V$ !IR IDEAL = A FUTURE LIFE1 BUT ?9K A LITTLE ALSO ( ! PRES5T EXI/5CE ( MAN1 MU/ REG>D AS 9TOL]ABLE ANY IDEAL ( SOCIETY :I* DOES NOT 9CLUDE ! DELIV]ANCE ( HUMANITY FROM M]E HUNG]4 

,= ! RE/1 ?OSE :O GOV]N ! CITIES >E MO/LY GOV]N$ !MSELVES --(T5 AGA9/ !IR WILL-- BY ! V]Y JU/ IDEA ?AT ! T[N IS A COLLECTIVE ORGANISM1 ( :I* EV]Y SEP>ATE CELLULE HAS TO BE KEPT 9 P]FECT HEAL?4 ,! GREAT BUS9ESS ( MUNICIPALITIES IS ALWAYS ?AT :I* RELATES TO SANITATION4 ,HI/ORY W>NS !M ?AT DISEASE IS NO RESPECT] ( P]SONS1 & ?AT IT IS DANG]\S TO LEAVE ! PE/IL5CE TO DEPOPULATE ! HOVELS AT ! BACK DOOR ( ! PALACE4 ,9 SOME PLACES !Y GO SO F> AS TO DEMOLI% ! 9FECT$ QU>T]S ALTOGE!R1 NOT CONSID]+ ?AT ! FAMILIES !Y EXPEL CAN ONLY REBUILT !IR HABITATIONS A LITTLE FUR!R ON1 & P]HAPS C>RY ! POISON 9TO MORE :OLESOME REGIONS4 ,BUT1 EV5 :]E !SE S9KS ( DISEASE >E LEFT UNT\*$1 EV]YBODY AGREES AS TO ! IMPORTANCE ( A ?OR\< G5]AL SANITATION --! CLEANS+ ( ! /REETS1 ! OP5+ ( G>D5S & GRASSY SPACES %AD[$ BY TALL TREES1 ! 9/ANT REMOVAL ( REFUSE1 & ! SUPPLY ( PURE & ABUNDANT WAT] TO EV]Y DI/RICT & EV]Y H\SE4 ,9 MATT]S ( ?IS K9D A PEACEFUL COMPETITION IS GO+ ON AMONG ! T[NS ( ! MORE ADVANC$ NATIONS1 & EA* IS TRY+ ITS P>TICUL> EXP]IM5TS 9 ! WAY ( CLEANL9ESS & COM=T4 ,! DEF9ITIVE =MULA1 9DE$1 HAS NOT YET BE5 F\ND2 = ! URBAN ORGANISM CANNOT BE MADE TO C>RY ON ITS PROVISION+1 ITS SANGU9E & N]V\S CIRCULATION1 ! REPAIR ( ITS =CES & ! EXPULSION ( ITS WA/E1 BY AN AUTOMATIC PROCESS4 ,BUT AT LEA/1 MANY T[NS HAVE BE5 SO F> IMPROV$ ?AT LIFE !RE IS :OLESOM] ON ! AV]AGE ?AN ?AT ( MANY C\NTRY PLACES :]E ! 9HABITANTS BREA! DAY BY DAY ! REEK ( ! DUN<ILL1 & LIVE 9 PRIMITIVE IGNORANCE ( ! SIMPLE/ LAWS ( HYGI5E4 

,! CONSCI\SNESS ( A COLLECTIVE URBAN LIFE IS %[N1 AGA91 BY ! >TI/ EF=TS ( ! MUNICIPALITIES4 ,LIKE ANCI5T ,A!NS1 LIKE ,FLOR5CE & ! O!R FREE CITIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 EV]Y ONE ( \R MOD]N T[NS IS B5T ON BEAUTIFY+ ITSELF2 H>DLY ! HUMBLE/ VILLAGE IS )\T ITS BELL-T[]1 ITS COLUMN1 OR ITS SCULPTUR$ F\NTA94 ,DISMALLY BAD >T IT IS1 MO/ ( IT1 ?IS WORK DESIGN$ BY QUALIFI$ PR(ESSORS UND] ! SUP]VISION ( A COMMITTEE2 & ! MORE IGNORANT1 ! MORE C]TA9 IT IS TO BE PRET5TI\S4 ,REAL >T W\LD GO ITS COMMITTEE4 ,!SE LITTLE G5TLEM5 ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS >E LIKE ! ,ROMAN ,G5]AL ,MUMMIUS1 :O WAS QUITE WILL+ TO GIVE ORD]S ?AT HIS SOLDI]S %\LD REPA9T EV]Y PICTURE !Y 9JUR$2 !Y MI/AKE SYMMETRY = BEAUTY1 & ?9K ?AT ID5TICAL REPRODUCTIONS WILL GIVE !IR T[NS A ,P>!NON OR A ,/4 ,M>K'S4 

,& EV5 IF !Y C\LD 9DE$ RECREATE SU* WORKS AS !Y REQUIRE ! >*ITECTS TO COPY1 IT W\LD BE NONE ! LESS AN \TRAGE ON NATURE2 = NO BUILD+ IS COMPLETE )\T ! ATMOSPH]E ( TIME & PLACE ?AT GAVE IT BIR?4 ,EV]Y T[N HAS ITS [N LIFE1 ITS [N FEATURES1 ITS [N =M1 ) :AT V5]ATION %\LD ! BUILD] APPROA* IT6 ,IT IS A SORT ( (F5SE AGA9/ ! P]SON TO TAKE AWAY ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( A T[N1 & OV]LAY IT ) CONV5TIONAL BUILD+S & CONTRADICTORY MONUM5TS \T ( ALL RELATION TO ITS ACTUAL *>ACT] & HI/ORY4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT 9 ,$9BUR<1 ! LOVELY ,SCOTTI% CAPITAL1 PI\S H&S >E AT WORK 9 QUITE ANO!R WAY2 BREAK+ 9 UPON ITS PICTURESQUE BUT UNCLEAN WYNDS1 & TRANS=M+ !M GRADUALLY1 H\SE BY H\SE --LEAV+ EV]Y 9HABITANT AT HOME AS BE=E1 BUT 9 A CLEAN] & MORE BEAUTIFUL HOME1 :]E ! AIR & LI<T COME ?R\<2 GR\P+ FRI5DS ) FRI5DS1 & GIV+ !M PLACES ( REUNION = SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE & ! 5JOYM5T ( >T4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE A :OLE /REET1 RETA9+ ITS ORIG9AL *>ACT]1 ONLY )\T ! DIRT & SMELLS1 COMES \T FRE% & CRISP1 LIKE ! FL[] SPR++ CLEAN B5EA? ! FOOT )\T A S+LE SOD BE+ /IRR$ >\ND ! MO!R PLANT4 

,?US1 BY DE/RUCTION OR BY RE/ORATION1 ! T[NS >E = EV] BE+ R5EW$ :]E !Y /&2 & ?IS PROCESS WILL D\BTLESS GO ON ACCEL]AT+ UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! 9HABITANTS !MSELVES4 ,AS M5 MODIFY !IR [N IDEAL ( LIFE1 !Y MU/ NECESS>Y *ANGE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) IT1 ?AT AMPL] CORPOREITY :I* CON/ITUTES !IR DWELL+4 ,! T[N REFLECTS ! SPIRIT ( ! SOCIETY :I* CREATES IT4 ,IF PEACE & GOODWILL E/ABLI% !MSELVES AMONG M51 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! DISPOSITION & ASPECT ( ! CITIES WILL RESPOND TO ! NEW NE$S :I* WILL SPR+ \T ( ! GREAT RECONCILIATION4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! HOPELESSLY SORDID & UNHEAL?Y P>TS ( ! CITY WILL BE IMPROV$ (F ! FACE ( ! E>?1 OR WILL BE REPRES5T$ ONLY BY GR\PS ( H\SES FREELY PLANT$ AMONG TRESS1 PLEASANT TO LOOK AT1 FULL ( LI<T & AIR4 ,! RI*] QU>T]S1 N[ H&SOME TO ! EYE1 BUT (T5 BO? 9CONV5I5T & 9SANIT>Y NEV]!LESS1 WILL BE SIMIL>LY TRANS=M$4 ,! HO/ILE OR EXCLUSIVE *>ACT] :I* ! SPIRIT ( 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP N[ GIVES TO PRIVATE DWELL+S WILL HAVE DISAPPE>$2 ! G>D5S WILL NO LONG] BE HIDD5 \T ( SI<T BY 9HOSPITABLE WALLS2 ! LAWNS & FL[]-B$S & PLANTATIONS :I* SURR\ND ! H\SE WILL RUN D[N BY %ADY WALKS TO ! PUBLIC PROM5ADES \TSIDE1 AS !Y DO ALREADY 9 SOME ,5GLI% & ,AM]ICAN ,UNIV]SITY T[NS4 ,! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! COMMON LIFE OV] A /RICTLY 5CLOS$ & JEAL\SLY GU>D$ PRIVATE WILL HAVE ATTA*$ MANY A PRIVATE H\SE TO AN ORGANIC GR\P ( S*OOLS OR PHALAN/]IES4 ,H]E ALSO L>GE SPACES WILL BE ?R[N OP5 TO ADMIT ! AIR & GIVE A BETT] APPE>ANCE TO ! :OLE4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! T[NS :I* >E ALREADY GR[+ SO FA/ WILL GR[ YET FA/]1 OR RA!R !Y WILL MELT GRADUALLY 9TO ! DI/ANT C\NTRY1 & ?R\<\T ! L5G? & BREAD? ( ! L& ! PROV9CES WILL BE SCATT]$ ) H\SES :I*1 9 SPITE ( ! DI/ANCE1 REALLY BELONG TO ! T[N4 ,LONDON1 COMPACT AS IT IS 9 ITS C5TRAL DI/RICTS1 IS A SPL5DID EXAMPLE ( ?IS DISP]SION ( ! URBAN POPULATION AMONG ! FIELDS & =E/S = A HUNDR$ MILES R\ND1 & EV5 D[N TO ! SEASIDE4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE :O HAVE !IR BUS9ESS 9 T[N1 & :O1 AS F> AS !IR WORK IS CONC]N$1 >E ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 PASS !IR H\RS ( REPOSE & DOME/IC FELL[%IP UND] ! %AD[ ( TALL TREES1 BY RUNN+ BROOKS1 OR )9 S\ND ( ! DA%+ WAVES4 ,! V]Y HE>T ( ,LONDON1 ! ,CITY PROP]LY SO-CALL$1 IS LITTLE BUT A GREAT ,EX*ANGE BY DAY1 DEPOPULAT$ BY NI<T2 ! ACTIVE C5T]S ( GOV]NM5T1 ( LEGISLATION1 ( SCI5CE & >T1 CLU/] R\ND ?IS GREAT FOCUS ( 5]GY1 9CREAS+ YE> BY YE>1 & ELB[+ \T ! RESID5T POPULATION 9TO ! SUBURBS4 ,IT IS ! SAME1 AGA91 9 ,P>IS1 :]E ! C5TRAL NUCLEUS1 ) ITS B>RACKS1 ITS TRIBUNALS1 & ITS PRISONS1 PRES5TS A MILIT>Y & /RATEGICAL RA!R ?AN A RESID5TIAL ASPECT4 

,! NORMAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT T[NS1 ACCORD+ TO \R MOD]N IDEAL1 CONSI/S1 !N1 9 COMB9+ ! ADVANTAGES ( T[N & C\NTRY LIFE1 --! AIR & SC5]Y & DELI<TFUL SOLITUDE ( ! ONE ) ! FACILE COMMUNICATION & ! SUBT]RANEAN S]VICE ( =CE1 LI<T1 & WAT] :I* BELONG TO ! O!R4 ,:AT WAS ONCE ! MO/ D5SELY 9HABIT$ P>T ( ! CITY IS PRECISELY ! P>T :I* IS N[ BECOM+ DES]T$1 BECAUSE IT IS BECOM+ COMMON PROP]TY1 OR AT LEA/ A COMMON C5T] ( 9T]MITT5T LIFE4 ,TOO USEFUL TO ! MASS ( ! CITIZ5S TO BE MONOPOLIZ$ BY PRIVATE FAMILIES1 ! HE>T ( ! CITY IS ! PATRIMONY ( ALL4 ,IT IS ! SAME1 = ! SAME REASONS1 ) ! SUBORD9ATE NUCLEI ( POPULATION2 & ! COMMUNITY CLAIMS1 BESIDES1 ! USE ( ! OP5 SPACES ( ! CITY = PUBLIC MEET+S & OP5-AIR CELEBRATIONS4 ,EV]Y T[N %\LD HAVE ITS AGORA1 :]E ALL :O >E ANIMAT$ BY A COMMON PASSION CAN MEET TOGE!R4 ,SU* AN AGORA IS ,HYDE ,P>K1 :I*1 ) A LITTLE PACK+1 C\LD HOLD A MILLION P]SONS4 

,= O!R REASONS1 AGA91 ! CITY T5DS TO BECOME LESS D5SE1 & TO OP5 \T A LITTLE 9 ITS C5TRAL REGIONS4 ,MANY 9/ITUTIONS ORIG9ALLY PLANT$ 9 ! HE>T ( ! T[N >E MOV+ \T 9TO ! C\NTRY4 ,S*OOLS1 COLLEGES1 HOSPITALS1 ALM%\SES1 CONV5TS1 >E \T ( PLACE 9 A CITY4 ,ONLY ! DI/RICT S*OOLS %\LD BE RETA9$ )9 ITS LIMITS1 & !SE SURR\ND$ ) G>D5S2 & ONLY SU* HOSPITALS AS >E ABSOLUTELY 9DISP5SABLE = ACCID5TS OR SUDD5 ILLNESS4 ,! TRANSF]R$ E/ABLI%M5TS >E /ILL DEP5D5CIES ( ! T[N1 DETA*$ FROM IT 9 PO9T ( PLACE1 BUT CONT9U+ !IR VITAL RELATION ) IT2 !Y >E SO MANY FRAGM5TS ( ! CITY PLANT$ \T 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! ONLY OB/ACLE TO ! 9DEF9ITE EXT5SION ( ! T[NS & !IR P]FECT FUSION ) ! C\NTRY COMES NOT SO MU* FROM ! DI/ANCE AS ! CO/L9ESS ( COMMUNICATION1 =1 9 LESS TIME ?AT IT TAKES TO WALK FROM ONE 5D ( ! T[N TO ! O!R1 ONE MAY REA* BY RAIL ! SOLITUDE ( ! FIELDS OR ! SEA AT A DI/ANCE ( SIXTY OR SEV5TY MILES4 ,BUT ?IS LIMITATION TO ! FREE USE ( ! RAILROAD BY ! POOR IS GRADUALLY GIV+ WAY BE=E ! ADVANCE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 

,?US ?IS TYPE ( ! ANCI5T T[N1 %>PLY \TL9$ BY WALLS & FOSSES1 T5DS MORE & MORE TO DISAPPE>4 ,:ILE ! C\NTRYMAN BECOMES MORE & MORE A CITIZ5 9 ?\<T & MODE ( LIFE1 ! CITIZ5 TURNS HIS FACE TO ! C\NTRY & ASPIRES TO BE A C\NTRYMAN4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS V]Y GR[?1 ! MOD]N T[N LOSES ITS ISOLAT$ EXI/5CE & T5DS TO M]GE ITSELF ) O!R T[NS1 & TO RECOV] ! ORIG9AL RELATION ?AT UNIT$ ! RIS+ M>KET-PLACE ) ! C\NTRY FROM :I* IT SPRANG4 ,MAN MU/ HAVE ! D\BLE ADVANTAGE ( ACCESS TO ! DELI<TS ( ! T[N1 ) ITS SOLID>ITY ( ?\<T & 9T]E/1 ITS OPPORTUNITIES ( /UDY & ! PURSUIT ( >T1 &1 ) ?IS1 ! LIB]TY ?AT LIVES 9 ! LIB]TY ( NATURE & F9DS SCOPE 9 ! RANGE ( H] AMPLE HORIZON4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,CITIES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,CITIES -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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