,9TRODUCTION 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,?IS BOOK WAS WRITT5 TO SATISFY ! NE$ = A CONSI/5TLY RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY3 AN ECOLOGY ( FRE$OM4 ,IT HAD BE5 MATUR+ 9 MY M9D S9CE #aieb :5 ,I FIR/ BECAME ACUTELY CONSCI\S ( ! GR[+ 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS ?AT WAS TO ASSUME SU* MONUM5TAL PROPORTIONS A G5]ATION LAT]4 ,9 ?AT YE>1 ,I PUBLI%$ A VOLUME-SIZ$ >TICLE1 0,! ,PROBLEMS ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD0 7LAT] TO BE REPUBLI%$ 9 BOOK =M 9 ,G]MANY AS ,LEB5SGEFIIHRLI*E ,LEB5SMITTEL74 ,[+ TO MY E>LY ,M>XIAN 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+1 ! >TICLE EXAM9$ NOT M]ELY 5VIRONM5TAL POLLUTION BUT ALSO ITS DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL ORIG9S4 ,5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES HAD DEVELOP$ 9 MY M9D AS SOCIAL ISSUES1 & PROBLEMS ( NATURAL ECOLOGY HAD BECOME PROBLEMS ( 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY0 -- AN EXPRESSION H>DLY 9 USE AT ! TIME4 

,! SUBJECT WAS NEV] TO LEAVE ME4 ,9 FACT1 ITS DIM5SIONS W]E TO WID5 & DEEP5 IMM5SELY4 ,BY ! E>LY SIXTIES1 MY VIEWS C\LD BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 A FAIRLY CRISP =MULATION3 ! V]Y NOTION ( ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE BY MAN /EMS FROM ! V]Y REAL DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,= ME1 ?IS WAS A F>-REA*+ REV]SAL ( CONCEPTS4 ,! MANY >TICLES & BOOKS ,I PUBLI%$ 9 ! YE>S AFT] #a#i#e#b1 BEG9N+ ) ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 7#a#i#f#c7 & CONT9U+ ) ,T[>D AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 7#a#i#h71 W]E L>GELY EXPLORATIONS ( ?IS FUNDAM5TAL !ME4 ,AS ONE PREMISE L$ TO ANO!R1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT A HI<LY COH]5T PROJECT WAS =M+ 9 MY WORK3 ! NE$ TO EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION & TO ELUCIDATE ! MEANS1 S5SIBILITY1 & PRACTICE ?AT C\LD YIELD A TRULY H>MONI\S ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,MY BOOK ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#g#a7 PIONE]$ ?IS VISION4 ,COMPOS$ ( ESSAYS DAT+ FROM #a#i#f#d1 IT ADDRESS$ ITSELF MORE TO HI]>*Y ?AN CLASS1 TO DOM9ATION RA!R ?AN EXPLOITATION1 TO LIB]ATORY 9/ITUTIONS RA!R ?AN ! M]E ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 TO FRE$OM RA!R ?AN JU/ICE1 & PLEASURE RA!R ?AN HAPP9ESS4 ,= ME1 !SE *ANG+ EMPHASES W]E NOT M]E C\NT]CULTURAL RHETORIC2 !Y M>K$ A SWEEP+ DEP>TURE FROM MY E>LI] COMMITM5T TO SOCIALI/ OR?ODOXIES ( ALL =MS4 ,I VISUALIZ$ 9/EAD A NEW =M ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL ECOLOGY -- OR :AT ,VICTOR ,F]KISS1 9 DISCUSS+ MY SOCIAL VIEWS1 SO APPROPRIATELY CALL$ 0ECO-AN>*ISM40 

,AS REC5TLY AS ! SIXTIES1 WORDS LIKE HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION W]E R>ELY US$4 ,TRADITIONAL RADICALS1 P>TICUL>LY ,M>XI/S1 /ILL SPOKE ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 T]MS ( CLASSES1 CLASS ANALYZES1 & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS2 !IR CONCEPTS ( OPPRESSION W]E PRIM>ILY CONF9$ TO MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION1 GR9D+ POV]TY1 & ! UNJU/ ABUSE ( LABOR4 ,LIKEWISE1 OR?ODOX AN>*I/S PLAC$ MO/ ( !IR EMPHASIS ON ! ,/ATE AS ! UBIQUIT\S S\RCE ( SOCIAL CO]CION4.<#a.> ,JU/ AS ! EM]G5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY BECAME SOCIETY'S 0ORIG9AL S90 9 ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY1 SO ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,/ATE BECAME SOCIETY'S 0ORIG9AL S90 9 AN>*I/ OR?ODOXY4 ,EV5 ! E>LY C\NT]CULTURE ( ! SIXTIES ES*EW$ ! USE ( ! T]M HI]>*Y & PREF]R$ TO 0,QUE/ION ,AU?ORITY0 )\T EXPLOR+ ! G5ESIS ( AU?ORITY1 ITS RELATION%IP TO NATURE1 & ITS MEAN+ = ! CREATION ( A NEW SOCIETY4 

,DUR+ !SE YE>S ,I ALSO CONC5TRAT$ ON H[ A TRULY FREE SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES1 C\LD M$IATE HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) NATURE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,I BEGAN TO EXPLORE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW TE*NOLOGY SCAL$ TO COMPREH5SIBLE HUMAN DIM5SIONS4 ,SU* A TE*NOLOGY W\LD 9CLUDE SMALL SOL> & W9D 9/ALLATIONS1 ORGANIC G>D5S1 & ! USE ( LOCAL 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 WORK$ BY DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES4 ,?IS VIEW QUICKLY GAVE RISE TO ANO!R -- ! NE$ = DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 = URBAN DEC5TRALIZATION1 = A HI< MEASURE ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 = SELF-EMP[]M5T BAS$ ON COMMUNAL =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE -- 9 %ORT1 ! NONAU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNE COMPOS$ ( COMMUNES4 

,AS ,I PUBLI%$ !SE IDEAS OV] ! YE>S -- ESPECIALLY 9 ! DECADE BETWE5 ! E>LY SIXTIES & E>LY SEV5TIES -- :AT BEGAN TO TR\BLE ME WAS ! EXT5T TO :I* PEOPLE T5D$ TO SUBV]T !IR UNITY1 COH]5CE1 & RADICAL FOCUS4 ,NOTIONS LIKE DEC5TRALIZATION & HUMAN SCALE1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E DEFTLY ADOPT$ )\T REF]5CE TO SOL> & W9D TE*NIQUES OR BIOAGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ?AT >E !IR MAT]IAL UND]P9N+S4 ,EA* SEGM5T WAS P]MITT$ TO PLUMMET (F ON ITS [N1 :ILE ! PHILOSOPHY ?AT UNIFI$ !M 9TO AN 9TEGRAT$ :OLE WAS P]MITT$ TO LANGUI%4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION 5T]$ CITY PLANN+ AS A M]E /RATEGEM = COMMUNITY DESIGN1 :ILE ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY BECAME A N>R[ DISCIPL9E1 9CREAS+LY CONF9$ TO ! ACADEMY & TO A NEW BRE$ ( TE*NOCRATS4 ,9 TURN1 EA* NOTION BECAME DIVORC$ FROM A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY -- FROM A RADICAL !ORY ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,IT HAS BECOME CLE> TO ME ?AT IT WAS ! UNITY ( MY VIEWS -- !IR ECOLOGICAL HOLISM1 NOT M]ELY !IR 9DIVIDUAL COMPON5TS -- ?AT GAVE !M A RADICAL ?RU/4 ,?AT A SOCIETY IS DEC5TRALIZ$1 ?AT IT USES SOL> OR W9D 5]GY1 ?AT IT IS F>M$ ORGANICALLY1 OR ?AT IT R$UCES POLLUTION -- NONE ( !SE MEASURES BY ITSELF OR EV5 9 LIMIT$ COMB9ATION ) O!RS MAKES AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,NOR DO PIECEMEAL /EPS1 H[EV] WELL-9T5D$1 EV5 P>TIALLY RESOLVE PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE REA*$ A UNIV]SAL1 GLOBAL1 & CATA/ROPHIC *>ACT]4 ,IF ANY?+1 P>TIAL 0SOLUTIONS0 S]VE M]ELY AS COSMETICS TO CONCEAL ! DEEP-SEAT$ NATURE ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,!Y !REBY DEFLECT PUBLIC ATT5TION & !ORETICAL 9SI<T FROM AN ADEQUATE UND]/&+ ( ! DEP? & SCOPE ( ! NECESS>Y *ANGES4 

,COMB9$ 9 A COH]5T :OLE & SUPPORT$ BY A CONSI/5TLY RADICAL PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 !SE VIEWS *ALL5GE ! /ATUS QUO 9 A F>-REA*+ MANN] -- 9 ! ONLY MANN] COMM5SURATE ) ! NATURE ( ! CRISIS4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS SYN!SIS ( IDEAS ?AT ,I S\<T TO A*IEVE 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 ,& ?IS SYN!SIS HAD TO BE ROOT$ 9 HI/ORY -- 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 *ANG+ TE*NOLOGIES & S5SIBILITIES1 & POLITICAL /RUCTURES2 ONLY 9 ?IS WAY C\LD ,I HOPE TO E/ABLI% A S5SE ( G5ESIS1 CONTRA/1 & CONT9UITY ?AT W\LD GIVE REAL MEAN+ TO MY VIEWS4 ,! RECON/RUCTIVE UTOPIAN ?9K+ ?AT FOLL[$ FROM MY SYN!SIS C\LD !N BE BAS$ ON ! REALITIES ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,:AT %\LD BE C\LD BECOME :AT MU/ BE1 IF HUMANITY & ! BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY ON :I* IT RE/S W]E TO SURVIVE4 ,*ANGE & RECON/RUCTION C\LD EM]GE FROM EXI/+ PROBLEMS RA!R ?AN WI%FUL ?9K+ & MI/Y VAG>IES4 

,MY USE ( ! WORD HI]>*Y 9 ! SUBTITLE ( ?IS WORK IS MEANT TO BE PROVOCATIVE4 ,!RE IS A /RONG !ORETICAL NE$ TO CONTRA/ HI]>*Y ) ! MORE WIDESPREAD USE ( ! WORDS CLASS & ,/ATE2 C>ELESS USE ( !SE T]MS CAN PRODUCE A DANG]\S SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIAL REALITY4 ,TO USE ! WORDS HI]>*Y1 CLASS1 & ,/ATE 9T]*ANGEABLY1 AS MANY SOCIAL !ORI/S DO1 IS 9SIDI\S & OBSCURANTI/4 ,?IS PRACTICE1 9 ! NAME ( A 0CLASSLESS0 OR 0LIB]T>IAN0 SOCIETY1 C\LD EASILY CONCEAL ! EXI/5CE ( HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS & A HI]>*ICAL S5SIBILITY1 BO? ( :I* -- EV5 9 ! ABS5CE ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OR POLITICAL CO]CION -- W\LD S]VE TO P]PETUATE UNFRE$OM4 

,BY HI]>*Y1 ,I MEAN ! CULTURAL1 TRADITIONAL & PSY*OLOGICAL SY/EMS ( OB$I5CE & COMM&1 NOT M]ELY ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EMS TO :I* ! T]MS CLASS & ,/ATE MO/ APPROPRIATELY REF]4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION C\LD EASILY CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 A 0CLASSLESS0 OR 0,/ATELESS0 SOCIETY4 ,I REF] TO ! DOM9ATION ( ! Y\NG BY ! OLD1 ( WOM5 BY M51 ( ONE E?NIC GR\P BY ANO!R1 ( 0MASSES0 BY BUREAUCRATS :O PR(ESS TO SPEAK 9 !IR 0HI<] SOCIAL 9T]E/S10 ( C\NTRYSIDE BY T[N1 & 9 A MORE SUBTLE PSY*OLOGICAL S5SE1 ( BODY BY M9D1 ( SPIRIT BY A %ALL[ 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY1 & ( NATURE BY SOCIETY & TE*NOLOGY4 ,9DE$1 CLASSLESS BUT HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES EXI/ TODAY 7& !Y EXI/$ MORE COV]TLY 9 ! PA/72 YET ! PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 !M NEI!R 5JOY FRE$OM1 NOR DO !Y EX]CISE CONTROL OV] !IR LIVES4 

,M>X1 :OSE WORKS L>GELY ACC\NT = ?IS CONCEPTUAL OBFUSCATION1 (F]$ US A FAIRLY EXPLICIT DEF9ITION ( CLASS4 ,HE HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( DEVELOP+ HIS !ORY ( CLASS SOCIETY )9 A /]NLY OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK4 ,HIS WIDESPREAD ACCEPTANCE MAY WELL REFLECT ! EXT5T TO :I* \R [N ]A GIVES SUPREMACY TO ECONOMIC ISSUES OV] ALL O!R ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!RE IS1 9 FACT1 A C]TA9 ELEGANCE & GR&EUR TO ! NOTION ?AT ! 0HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ SOCIETY HAS BE5 ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES40 ,PUT QUITE SIMPLY1 A RUL+ CLASS IS A PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL /RATUM ?AT [NS OR CONTROLS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EXPLOITS A L>G] MASS ( PEOPLE1 ! RUL$ CLASS1 :I* WORKS !SE PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,CLASS RELATION%IPS >E ESS5TIALLY RELATION%IPS ( PRODUCTION BAS$ ON [N]%IP ( L&1 TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 & ! PRODUCE !RE(4 ,EXPLOITATION1 9 TURN1 IS ! USE ( ! LABOR ( O!RS TO PROVIDE = ONE'S [N MAT]IAL NE$S1 = LUXURIES & LEISURE1 & = ! ACCUMULATION & PRODUCTIVE R5EWAL ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,!RE ! MATT] ( CLASS DEF9ITION C\LD BE SAID TO RE/ -- & ) IT1 ,M>X'S FAM\S ME?OD ( 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 AS ! AU!NTIC UNRAVEL+ ( ! MAT]IAL BASES ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 IDEOLOGIES & CULTURE4 

,HI]>*Y1 AL?\< IT 9CLUDES ,M>X'S DEF9ITION ( CLASS & EV5 GIVES RISE TO A CLASS SOCIETY HI/ORICALLY1 GOES BEYOND ?IS LIMIT$ MEAN+ IMPUT$ TO A L>GELY ECONOMIC =M ( /RATIFICATION4 ,TO SAY ?IS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT DEF9E ! MEAN+ ( ! T]M HI]>*Y1 & ,I D\BT ?AT ! WORD CAN BE 5COMPASS$ BY A =MAL DEF9ITION4 ,I VIEW IT HI/ORICALLY & EXI/5TIALLY AS A COMPLEX SY/EM ( COMM& & OB$I5CE 9 :I* ELITES 5JOY V>Y+ DEGREES ( CONTROL OV] !IR SUBORD9ATES )\T NECESS>ILY EXPLOIT+ !M4 ,SU* ELITES MAY COMPLETELY LACK ANY =M ( MAT]IAL WEAL?2 !Y MAY -- EV5 -- BE DISPOSSESS$ ( IT1 MU* AS ,PLATO'S 0GU>DIAN0 ELITE WAS SOCIALLY P[]FUL BUT MAT]IALLY POOR4 

,HI]>*Y IS NOT M]ELY A SOCIAL CONDITION2 IT IS ALSO A /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS1 A S5SIBILITY T[>D PH5OM5A AT EV]Y LEVEL ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL EXP]I5CE4 ,E>LY PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES 70ORGANIC0 SOCIETIES1 AS ,I CALL !M7 EXI/$ 9 A FAIRLY 9TEGRAT$ & UNIFI$ =M BAS$ ON K9%IP TIES1 AGE GR\PS1 & A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR4.<#b.> ,!IR HI< S5SE ( 9T]NAL UNITY & !IR EGALIT>IAN \TLOOK EXT5D$ NOT ONLY TO EA* O!R BUT TO !IR RELATION%IP ) NATURE4 ,PEOPLE 9 PRELIT]ATE CULTURES VIEW$ !MSELVES NOT AS ! 0LORDS ( CREATION0 7TO BORR[ A PHRASE US$ BY ,*RI/IAN MILL5>IANS7 BUT AS P>T ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,!Y W]E NEI!R ABOVE NATURE NOR BEL[ IT BUT )9 IT4 

,9 ORGANIC SOCIETIES ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 AGE GR\PS1 SEXES -- & BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL MANIFOLD ( LIV+ & NONLIV+ PH5OM5A -- W]E SE5 7TO USE ,HEGEL'S SUP]B PHRASE7 AS A 0UNITY ( DIFF]5CES0 OR 0UNITY ( DIV]SITY10 NOT AS HI]>*IES4 ,!IR \TLOOK WAS DI/9CTLY ECOLOGICAL1 & FROM ?IS \TLOOK !Y ALMO/ UNCONSCI\SLY D]IV$ A BODY ( VALUES ?AT 9FLU5C$ !IR BEHAVIOR T[>D 9DIVIDUALS 9 !IR [N COMMUNITIES & ! WORLD ( LIFE4 ,AS ,I CONT5D 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES1 ECOLOGY KN[S NO 0K+ ( BEA/S0 & NO 0L[LY CREATURES0 7SU* T]MS COME FROM \R [N HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY74 ,RA!R IT DEALS ) ECOSY/EMS 9 :I* LIV+ ?+S >E 9T]DEP5D5T & PLAY COMPLEM5T>Y ROLES 9 P]PETUAT+ ! /ABILITY ( ! NATURAL ORD]4 

,GRADUALLY1 ORGANIC SOCIETIES BEGAN TO DEVELOP LESS TRADITIONAL =MS ( DIFF]5TIATION & /RATIFICATION4 ,!IR PRIMAL UNITY BEGAN TO BREAK D[N4 ,! SOCIOPOLITICAL OR 0CIVIL0 SPH]E ( LIFE EXP&$1 GIV+ 9CREAS+ EM95CE TO ! ELD]S & MALES ( ! COMMUNITY1 :O N[ CLAIM$ ?IS SPH]E AS P>T ( ! DIVISION ( TRIBAL LABOR4 ,MALE SUPREMACY OV] WOM5 & *ILDR5 EM]G$ PRIM>ILY AS A RESULT ( ! MALE'S SOCIAL FUNCTIONS 9 ! COMMUNITY -- FUNCTIONS ?AT W]E NOT BY ANY MEANS EXCLUSIVELY ECONOMIC AS ,M>XIAN !ORI/S W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,MALE CUNN+ 9 ! MANIPULATION ( WOM5 WAS TO APPE> LAT]4 

,UNTIL ?IS PHASE ( HI/ORY OR PREHI/ORY1 ! ELD]S & MALES R>ELY EX]CIS$ SOCIALLY DOM9ANT ROLES BECAUSE !IR CIVIL SPH]E WAS SIMPLY NOT V]Y IMPORTANT TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 ! CIVIL SPH]E WAS M>K$LY C\NT]BALANC$ BY ! 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE ( ! WOMAN'S 0DOME/IC0 SPH]E4 ,H\SEHOLD & *ILDBE>+ RESPONSIBILITIES W]E MU* MORE IMPORTANT 9 E>LY ORGANIC SOCIETIES ?AN POLITICS & MILIT>Y AFFAIRS4 ,E>LY SOCIETY WAS PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY 9 ITS /RUCTURAL >RANGEM5TS & ! ROLES PLAY$ BY DIFF]5T MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 

,YET EV5 ) ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y !RE W]E /ILL NO ECONOMIC CLASSES OR /ATE /RUCTURES1 NOR W]E PEOPLE MAT]IALLY EXPLOIT$ 9 A SY/EMATIC MANN]4 ,C]TA9 /RATA1 SU* AS ! ELD]S & %AMANS & ULTIMATELY ! MALES 9 G5]AL1 BEGAN TO CLAIM PRIVILEGES = !MSELVES -- (T5 M]ELY AS MATT]S ( PRE/IGE BAS$ ON SOCIAL RECOGNITION RA!R ?AN MAT]IAL GA94 ,! NATURE ( !SE PRIVILEGES1 IF SU* !Y CAN BE CALL$1 REQUIRES A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ DISCUSSION ?AN IT HAS RECEIV$ TO DATE1 & ,I HAVE TRI$ TO EXAM9E !M C>EFULLY 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL4 ,ONLY LAT] DID ECONOMIC CLASSES & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION BEG9 TO APPE>1 EV5TUALLY TO BE FOLL[$ BY ! ,/ATE ) ITS F>-REA*+ BUREAUCRATIC & MILIT>Y P>APH]NALIA4 

,BUT ! DISSOLUTION ( ORGANIC SOCIETIES 9TO HI]>*ICAL1 CLASS1 & POLITICAL SOCIETIES OCCURR$ UNEV5LY & ]RATICALLY1 %IFT+ BACK & =? OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,WE CAN SEE ?IS MO/ /RIK+LY 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 -- P>TICUL>LY 9 T]MS ( ! VALUES ?AT HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) *ANG+ SOCIAL ROLES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AL?\< AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE LONG ASSIGN$ AN 9ORD9ATE DEGREE ( SOCIAL EM95CE TO M5 9 HI<LY DEVELOP$ HUNT+ CULTURES -- AN EM95CE !Y PROBABLY NEV] 5JOY$ 9 ! MORE PRIMAL =AG+ B&S ( !IR ANCE/ORS -- ! SUP]SESSION ( HUNT+ BY HORTICULTURE1 9 :I* G>D5+ WAS P]=M$ MA9LY BY WOM51 PROBABLY R$RESS$ :ATEV] E>LI] IMBALANCES MAY HAVE EXI/$ BETWE5 ! SEXES4 ! 0AGGRESSIVE0 MALE HUNT] & ! 0PASSIVE0 FEMALE FOOD-GA!R] >E ! !ATRICALLY EXAGG]AT$ IMAGES ?AT MALE AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( A PA/ ]A 9FLICT$ ON !IR 0SAVAGE0 ABORIG9AL SUBJECTS1 BUT C]TA9LY T5SIONS & VICISSITUDES 9 VALUES1 QUITE ASIDE FROM SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 MU/ HAVE SIMM]$ )9 PRIMORDIAL HUNT+ & GA!R+ COMMUNITIES4 ,TO D5Y ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! LAT5T ATTITUD9AL T5SIONS ?AT MU/ HAVE EXI/$ BETWE5 ! MALE HUNT]1 :O HAD TO KILL = HIS FOOD & LAT] MAKE W> ON HIS FELL[ BE+S1 & ! FEMALE FOOD-GA!R]1 :O =AG$ = H] FOOD & LAT] CULTIVAT$ IT1 W\LD MAKE IT V]Y DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 :Y PATRI>*Y & ITS H>%LY AGGRESSIVE \TLOOK EV] EM]G$ AT ALL4 

,AL?\< ! *ANGES ,I HAVE ADDUC$ W]E TE*NOLOGICAL & P>TIALLY ECONOMIC -- AS T]MS LIKE FOOD-GA!R]S1 HUNT]S1 & HORTICULTURI/S SEEM TO IMPLY -- WE %\LD NOT ASSUME ?AT !SE *ANGES W]E DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = %IFTS 9 SEXUAL /ATUS4 ,GIV5 ! LEVEL ( HI]>*ICAL DIFF]5CE ?AT EM]G$ 9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD ( SOCIAL LIFE -- EV5 9 A PATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITY -- WOM5 W]E /ILL NOT ABJECT 9F]IORS ( M51 NOR W]E ! Y\NG PLAC$ 9 GRIM SUBJUGATION TO ! OLD4 ,9DE$1 ! APPE>ANCE ( A RANK+ SY/EM ?AT CONF]R$ PRIVILEGE ON ONE /RATUM OV] ANO!R1 NOTABLY ! OLD OV] ! Y\NG1 WAS 9 ITS [N WAY A =M ( COMP5SATION ?AT MORE (T5 REFLECT$ ! EGALIT>IAN FEATURES ( ORGANIC SOCIETY RA!R ?AN ! AU?ORIT>IAN FEATURES ( LAT] SOCIETIES4 

,:5 ! NUMB] ( HORTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES BEGAN TO MULTIPLY TO A PO9T :]E CULTIVABLE L& BECAME RELATIVELY SC>CE & W>F>E 9CREAS+LY COMMON1 ! Y\NG] W>RIORS BEGAN TO 5JOY A SOCIOPOLITICAL EM95CE ?AT MADE !M ! 0BIG M50 ( ! COMMUNITY1 %>+ CIVIL P[] ) ! ELD]S & %AMANS4 ,?R\<\T1 MATRIC5TRIC CU/OMS1 RELIGIONS1 & S5SIBILITIES COEXI/$ ) PATRIC5TRIC ONES1 SO ?AT ! /]N] FEATURES ( PATRI>*Y W]E (T5 ABS5T DUR+ ?IS TRANSITIONAL P]IOD4 ,:E!R MATRIC5TRIC OR PATRIC5TIC1 ! OLD] EGALIT>IANISM ( ORGANIC SOCIETY P]MEAT$ SOCIAL LIFE & FAD$ AWAY ONLY SL[LY1 LEAV+ MANY VE/IGIAL REMA9S LONG AFT] CLASS SOCIETY HAD FA/5$ ITS HOLD ON POPUL> VALUES & S5SIBILITIES4 

,! ,/ATE1 ECONOMIC CLASSES1 & ! SY/EMATIC EXPLOITATION ( SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLES FOLL[$ FROM A MORE COMPLEX & PROTRACT$ DEVELOPM5T ?AN RADICAL !ORI/S RECOGNIZ$ 9 !IR DAY4 ,!IR VISIONS ( ! ORIG9S ( CLASS & POLITICAL SOCIETIES W]E 9/EAD ! CULM9ATION ( AN E>LI]1 RI*LY >TICULAT$ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY 9TO HI]>*ICAL =MS4 ,! DIVISIONS )9 ORGANIC SOCIETY 9CREAS+LY RAIS$ ! OLD TO SUPREMACY OV] ! Y\NG1 M5 TO SUPREMACY OV] WOM51 ! %AMAN & LAT] ! PRIE/LY CORPORATION TO SUPREMACY OV] LAY SOCIETY1 ONE CLASS TO SUPREMACY OV] ANO!R1 & ,/ATE =MATIONS TO SUPREMACY OV] SOCIETY 9 G5]AL 

,= ! READ] IMBU$ ) ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( \R ]A1 ,I CANNOT EMPHASIZE TOO /RONGLY ?AT SOCIETY 9 ! =M ( B&S1 FAMILIES1 CLANS1 TRIBES1 TRIBAL F$]ATIONS1 VILLAGES1 & EV5 MUNICIPALITIES LONG ANT$ATES ,/ATE =MATIONS4 ,! ,/ATE1 ) ITS SPECIALIZ$ FUNCTION>IES1 BUREAUCRACIES1 & >MIES1 EM]GES QUITE LATE 9 HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T -- (T5 WELL BEYOND ! ?RE%OLD ( HI/ORY4 ,IT REMA9$ 9 %>P CONFLICT ) COEXI/+ SOCIAL /RUCTURES SU* AS GUILDS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 POPUL> SOCIETIES1 COOP]ATIVES1 T[N MEET+S1 & A WIDE V>IETY ( MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES4 

,BUT ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ALL DIFF]5TIA DID NOT 5D ) ! /RUCTUR+ ( 0CIVIL0 SOCIETY 9TO AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( OB$I5CE & COMM&4 ,9 TIME1 HI]>*Y BEGAN TO 9VADE LESS TANGIBLE FIELDS ( LIFE4 ,M5TAL ACTIVITY WAS GIV5 SUPREMACY OV] PHYSICAL WORK1 9TELLECTUAL EXP]I5CE OV] S5SU\SNESS1 ! 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 OV] ! 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE10 & F9ALLY JUDGM5T1 MORALITY1 & SPIRIT W]E P]VAD$ BY AN 9EFFABLE AU?ORIT>IANISM ?AT WAS TO TAKE ITS V5GEFUL COMM& OV] LANGUAGE & ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y =MS ( SYMBOLIZATION4 ,! VISION ( SOCIAL & NATURAL DIV]SITY WAS ALT]$ FROM AN ORGANIC S5SIBILITY ?AT SEES DIFF]5T PH5OM5A AS UNITY 9 DIV]SITY 9TO A HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY ?AT RANK$ ! MO/ M9USCULE PH5OM5A 9TO MUTUALLY ANTAGONI/IC PYRAMIDS ]ECT$ >\ND NOTIONS ( 09F]IOR0 & 0SUP]IOR40 ,& :AT BEGAN AS A S5SIBILITY HAS EVOLV$ 9TO CONCRETE SOCIAL FACT4 ,?US1 ! EF=T TO RE/ORE ! ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY HAS BECOME A SOCIAL EF=T 9 ITS [N RI<T -- A REVOLUTION>Y EF=T ?AT MU/ RE>RANGE S5SIBILITY 9 ORD] TO RE>RANGE ! REAL WORLD4 

,A HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY FO/]S ! R5UNCIATION ( ! PLEASURES ( LIFE4 ,IT JU/IFIES TOIL1 GUILT1 & SACRIFICE BY ! 09F]IORS10 & PLEASURE & ! 9DULG5T GRATIFICATION ( VIRTUALLY EV]Y CAPRICE BY !IR 0SUP]IORS40 ,! OBJECTIVE HI/ORY ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE BECOMES 9T]NALIZ$ AS A SUBJECTIVE HI/ORY ( ! PSY*IC /RUCTURE4 ,HE9\S AS MY VIEW MAY BE TO MOD]N ,FREUDIANS1 IT IS NOT ! DISCIPL9E ( WORK BUT ! DISCIPL9E ( RULE ?AT DEM&S ! REPRESSION ( 9T]NAL NATURE4 ,?IS REPRESSION !N EXT5DS \TW>D TO EXT]NAL NATURE AS A M]E OBJECT ( RULE & LAT] ( EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS M5TALITY P]MEATES \R 9DIVIDUAL PSY*ES 9 A CUMULATIVE =M UP TO ! PRES5T DAY -- NOT M]ELY AS CAPITALISM BUT AS ! VA/ HI/ORY ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY FROM ITS 9CEPTION4 ,UNLESS WE EXPLORE ?IS HI/ORY1 :I* LIVES ACTIVELY )9 US LIKE E>LI] PHASES ( \R 9DIVIDUAL LIVES1 WE WILL NEV] BE FREE ( ITS HOLD4 ,WE MAY ELIM9ATE SOCIAL 9JU/ICE1 BUT WE WILL NOT A*IEVE SOCIAL FRE$OM4 ,WE MAY ELIM9ATE CLASSES & EXPLOITATION1 BUT WE WILL NOT BE SP>$ FROM ! TRAMMELS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,WE MAY EXORCIZE ! SPIRIT ( GA9 & ACCUMULATION FROM \R PSY*ES1 BUT WE WILL /ILL BE BURD5$ BY GNAW+ GUILT1 R5UNCIATION1 & A SUBTLE BELIEF 9 ! 0VISES0 ( S5SU\SNESS4 

,ANO!R S]IES ( DI/9CTIONS APPE>S 9 ?IS BOOK -- ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 MORALITY & E?ICS & BETWE5 JU/ICE & FRE$OM1 ,MORALITY -- AS ,I USE ?IS T]M -- D5OTES CONSCI\S /&>DS ( BEHAVIOR ?AT HAVE NOT YET BE5 SUBJECT$ TO ?OR\< RATIONAL ANALYZES BY A COMMUNITY4 ,I HAVE ES*EW$ ! USE ( ! WORD 0CU/OM0 AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! WORD MORALITY BECAUSE MORAL CRIT]IA = JUDG+ BEHAVIOR DO 9VOLVE SOME K9D ( EXPLANATION & CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ! CONDITION$ SOCIAL REFLEXES WE USUALLY CALL CU/OM4 ,! ,MOSAIC COMM&M5TS1 LIKE ?OSE ( O!R WORLD RELIGIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E JU/IFI$ ON !OLOGICAL GR\NDS2 !Y W]E ! SACROSANCT WORDS ( ,YAHWEH1 :I* WE MI<T REASONABLY *ALL5GE TODAY BECAUSE !Y >E NOT GR\ND$ 9 REASON4 ,E?ICS1 BY CONTRA/1 9VITES RATIONAL ANALYZES &1 LIKE ,KANT'S 0MORAL IMP]ATIVE10 MU/ BE JU/IFI$ BY 9TELLECTUAL OP]ATIONS1 NOT M]E FAI?4 ,H5CE1 MORALITY LIES SOME:]E BETWE5 UN?9K+ CU/OM & RATIONAL E?ICAL CRIT]IA ( RI<T & WRONG4 ,)\T MAK+ !SE DI/9CTIONS1 IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA9 ! 9CREAS+LY E?ICAL CLAIMS ! ,/ATE HAS MADE ON ITS CITIZ5S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ]OD+ ! >*AIC MORAL CODES ?AT SUPPORT$ ! PATRI>*'S COMPLETE CONTROL OV] HIS FAMILY1 & ! IMP$IM5TS ?IS AU?ORITY HAS PLAC$ 9 ! WAY ( POLITICALLY MORE EXPANSIVE SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,A!NIAN POLIS4 

,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 JU/ICE & FRE$OM1 BETWE5 =MAL EQUALITY & SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY1 IS EV5 MORE BASIC & CONT9UALLY RECURS ?R\<\T ! BOOK4 ,?IS DI/9CTION HAS R>ELY BE5 EXPLOR$ EV5 BY RADICAL !ORI/S1 :O (T5 /ILL E*O ! HI/ORICAL CRY ( ! OPPRESS$ = 0,JU/ICE60 RA!R ?AN FRE$OM4 ,WORSE YET1 ! TWO HAVE BE5 US$ AS EQUIVAL5TS 7:I* !Y DECID$LY >E NOT74 ,! Y\NG ,PR\DHON & LAT] ,M>X CORRECTLY P]CEIV$ ?AT TRUE FRE$OM PRESUPPOSES AN EQUALITY BAS$ ON A RECOGNITION ( 9EQUALITY -- ! 9EQUALITY ( CAPACITIES & NE$S1 ( ABILITIES & RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,M]E =MAL EQUALITY1 :I* 0JU/LY0 REW>DS EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY & SEES EV]YONE AS 0EQUAL 9 ! EYES ( ! LAW0 & 0EQUAL 9 OPPORTUNITY10 GROSSLY OBSCURES ! FACT ?AT ! Y\NG & OLD1 ! WEAK & 9FIRM1 ! 9DIVIDUAL ) FEW RESPONSIBILITIES & ! ONE ) MANY 7NOT TO SPEAK ( ! RI* & ! POOR 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY7 BY NO MEANS 5JOY G5U9E EQUALITY 9 A SOCIETY GUID$ BY ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,9DE$1 T]MS LIKE REW>DS1 NE$S1 OPPORTUNITY1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 PROP]TY -- H[EV] COMMUNALLY 0[N$0 OR COLLECTIVELY OP]AT$ -- REQUIRE AS MU* 9VE/IGATION AS ! WORD LAW4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION DID NOT FULLY DEVELOP !SE !MES & !IR EMBODIM5T 9 C]TA9 T]MS4 ,SOCIALISM1 9 MO/ ( ITS =MS1 GRADUALLY DEG5]AT$ 9TO A DEM& = 0ECONOMIC JU/ICE10 !REBY M]ELY RE/AT+ ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE AS AN ECONOMIC EM5DATION TO ! JURIDICAL & POLITICAL RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE E/ABLI%$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS MY PURPOSE TO ?OR\<LY UNSCRAMBLE !SE DI/9CTIONS1 TO DEMON/RATE H[ ! CONFUSION >OSE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE & H[ IT CAN BE CL>IFI$ SO IT NO LONG] BURD5S ! FUTURE4 

,A ?IRD CONTRA/ ?AT ,I TRY TO DEVELOP 9 ?IS BOOK IS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 HAPP9ESS & PLEASURE4 ,HAPP9ESS1 AS DEF9$ H]E1 IS ! M]E SATISFACTION ( NE$1 ( \R SURVIVAL NE$S = FOOD1 %ELT]1 CLO?+1 & MAT]IAL SECURITY -- 9 %ORT1 \R NE$S AS ANIMAL ORGANISMS4 ,PLEASURE1 BY CONTRA/1 IS ! SATISFACTION ( \R DESIRES1 ( \R 9TELLECTUAL1 ES!TIC1 S5SU\S & PLAYFUL 0DAYDREAMS40 ,! SOCIAL QUE/ = HAPP9ESS1 :I* SO (T5 SEEMS LIB]AT+1 T5DS TO OCCUR 9 WAYS ?AT %REWDLY DEVALUE OR REPRESS ! QUE/ = PLEASURE4 ,WE CAN SEE EVID5CE ( ?IS REGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T 9 MANY RADICAL IDEOLOGIES ?AT JU/IFY TOIL & NE$ AT ! EXP5SE ( >TFUL WORK & S5SU\S JOY4 ,?AT !SE IDEOLOGIES D5\NCE ! QUE/ = FULFILLM5T ( ! S5SU\S AS 0B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM0 & 0LIB]T9ISM0 H>DLY REQUIRES M5TION4 ,YET IT IS PRECISELY 9 ?IS UTOPI/IC QUE/ = PLEASURE1 ,I BELIEVE1 ?AT HUMANITY BEG9S TO GA9 ITS MO/ SP>KL+ GLIMPSE ( EMANCIPATION4 ,) ?IS QUE/ C>RI$ TO ! SOCIAL REALM1 RA!R ?AN CONF9$ TO A PRIVATIZ$ H$ONISM1 HUMANITY BEG9S TO TRANSC5D ! REALM ( JU/ICE1 EV5 ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 & 5T]S 9TO ! REALM ( FRE$OM -- A REALM CONCEIV$ AS ! FULL REALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES 9 !IR MO/ CREATIVE =M4 

,IF ,I W]E ASK$ TO S+LE \T ! ONE UND]LY+ CONTRA/ ?AT P]MEATES ?IS BOOK1 IT IS ! SEEM+ CONFLICT BETWE5 ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY0 & ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM40 ,CONCEPTUALLY1 ?IS CONFLICT DATES BACK TO ,>I/OTLE'S ,POLITICS4 ,IT 9VOLVES ! 0BL9D0 WORLD ( 0NATURAL0 OR EXT]NAL NATURE & ! RATIONAL WORLD ( 0HUMAN0 OR 9T]NAL NATURE ?AT SOCIETY MU/ DOM9ATE TO CREATE ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = FRE$OM -- ! FREE TIME & LEISURE TO ALL[ MAN TO DEVELOP HIS POT5TIALITIES & P[]S4 ,?IS DRAMA IS R$OL5T ) ! CONFLICT BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY1 WOMAN & MAN1 & BODY & REASON ?AT P]MEATES WE/]N IMAGES ( 0CIVILIZATION40 ,IT HAS UND]P9N$ ALMO/ EV]Y RATIONALI/IC ACC\NT ( HI/ORY2 IT HAS BE5 US$ IDEOLOGICALLY TO JU/IFY DOM9ATION 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE4 ,ITS APO!OSIS1 IRONICALLY1 IS REA*$ 9 V>I\S SOCIALISMS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ,ROB]T1 ,[51 ,SA9T-,SIMON1 & 9 ITS MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ =M1 ,K>L ,M>X4 ,M>X'S IMAGE ( ! 0SAVAGE :O WRE/LES ) NATURE0 IS NOT AN EXPRESSION SO MU* ( ,5LI<T5M5T HUBRIS AS IT IS ( ,VICTORIAN >ROGANCE4 ,WOMAN1 AS ,!ODOR ,ADORNO & ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] OBS]V$1 HAS NO /AKE 9 ?IS CONFLICT4 ,IT IS /RICTLY BETWE5 MAN & NATURE4 ,FROM ,>I/OTLE'S TIME TO ,M>X'S1 ! SPLIT IS REG>D$ AS 9EVITABLE3 ! GAP BETWE5 NECESSITY & FRE$OM MAY BE N>R[$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES ?AT GIVE MAN AN EV]-GREAT] ASC5DANCY OV] NATURE1 BUT IT CAN NEV] BE BRIDG$4 ,:AT PUZZL$ A FEW HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ ,M>XI/S 9 LAT] YE>S WAS H[ ! REPRESSION & DISCIPL9+ ( EXT]NAL NATURE C\LD BE A*IEV$ )\T REPRESS+ & DISCIPL9+ 9T]NAL NATURE3 H[ C\LD 0NATURAL0 NATURE BE KEPT 9 T[ )\T SUBJUGAT+ 0HUMAN0 NATURE8 

,MY ATTEMPT TO UNRAVEL ?IS PUZZLE 9VOLVES AN EF=T TO DEAL ) ! ,VICTORIANS' MY?IC 0SAVAGE10 TO 9VE/IGATE EXT]NAL NATURE & ITS RELATION%IP TO 9T]NAL NATURE1 TO GIVE MEAN+ TO ! WORLD ( NECESSITY 7NATURE7 9 T]MS ( ! ABILITY ( ! WORLD ( FRE$OM 7SOCIETY7 TO COLONIZE & LIB]ATE IT4 ,MY /RATEGY IS TO REEXAM9E ! EVOLUTION & MEAN+ ( TE*NOLOGY 9 A NEW ECOLOGICAL LI<T4 ,I WILL TRY TO ASC]TA9 H[ WORK CEAS$ TO BE ATTRACTIVE & PLAYFUL1 & TURN$ 9TO ON]\S TOIL4 ,H5CE1 ,I AM L$ TO A DRA/IC RECONSID]ATION ( ! NATURE & /RUCTURE ( TE*NICS1 ( WORK1 & ( HUMANITY'S METABOLISM ) NATURE4 

,H]E1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ?AT MY VIEWS ON NATURE >E L9K$ BY A FAIRLY UNOR?ODOX NOTION ( REASON4 ,AS ,ADORNO & ,HORKHEIM] HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 REASON WAS ONCE P]CEIV$ AS AN IMMAN5T FEATURE ( REALITY1 9DE$1 AS ! ORGANIZ+ & MOTIVAT+ PR9CIPLE ( ! WORLD4 ,IT WAS SE5 AS AN 9H]5T =CE -- AS ! LOGOS -- ?AT IMP>T$ MEAN+ & COH]5CE TO REALITY AT ALL LEVELS ( EXI/5CE4 ,! MOD]N WORLD HAS AB&ON$ ?IS NOTION & R$UC$ REASON TO RATIONALIZATION1 ?AT IS1 TO A M]E TE*NIQUE = A*IEV+ PRACTICAL 5DS4 ,LOGOS1 9 EFFECT1 WAS SIMPLY TURN$ 9TO LOGIC4 ,?IS BOOK TRIES TO RECOV] ?IS NOTION ( AN IMMAN5T WORLD REASON1 ALBEIT )\T ! >*AIC1 QUASI-!OLOGICAL TRAPP+S ?AT R5D] ?IS NOTION UNT5ABLE TO A MORE KN[L$GEABLE & SECUL> SOCIETY4 ,9 MY VIEW1 REASON EXI/S 9 NATURE AS ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ ATTRIBUTES ( SUB/ANCE2 IT IS ! LAT5T SUBJECTIVITY 9 ! 9ORGANIC & ORGANIC LEVELS ( REALITY ?AT REVEAL AN 9H]5T /RIV+ T[>D CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 HUMANITY1 ?IS SUBJECTIVITY REVEALS ITSELF AS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,I DO NOT CLAIM ?AT MY APPROA* IS UNIQUE2 AN EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE ?AT SUPPORTS ! EXI/5CE ( A SEEM+LY 9TR9SIC LOGOS 9 NATURE D]IVES MA9LY FROM ! SCI5TIFIC COMMUNITY ITSELF4 ,:AT ,I HAVE TRI$ TO DO H]E IS TO CA/ MY SPECULATIONS AB\T REASON 9 DI/9CTLY HI/ORICAL & ECOLOGICAL T]MS1 FREE ( ! !OLOGICAL & MY/ICAL PROCLIVITIES ?AT HAVE SO (T5 M>R$ ! =MULATIONS ( A RATIONAL NATURE PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 ! CLOS+ *APT]S1 ,I TRY TO EXPLORE ! 9T]FACE BETWE5 NATURE PHILOSOPHY & LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL !ORY4 

,I AM ALSO OBLIG$ TO RECOV] ! AU!NTIC UTOPIAN TRADITION1 P>TICUL>LY AS EXPRESS$ BY ,RABELAIS1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 FROM AMID ! DEBRIS ( FUTURISM ?AT CONCEALS IT4 ,FUTURISM1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! WORKS ( ,H]MAN ,KAHN1 M]ELY EXTRAPOLATES ! HIDE\S PRES5T 9TO AN EV5 MORE HIDE\S FUTURE & !REBY EFFACES ! CREATIVE1 IMAG9ATIVE DIM5SIONS ( FUTURITY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! UTOPIAN TRADITION SEEKS TO P]MEATE NECESSITY ) FRE$OM1 WORK ) PLAY1 EV5 TOIL ) >TFULNESS & FE/IV5ESS4 ,MY CONTRA/ BETWE5 UTOPIANISM & FUTURISM =MS ! BASIS = A CREATIVE1 LIB]ATORY RECON/RUCTION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 = A S5SE ( HUMAN MISSION & MEAN+ AS NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 

,?IS BOOK OP5S ) A ,NORSE MY? ?AT DEPICTS H[ ! GODS MU/ PAY A P5ALTY = SEEK+ ! CONQUE/ ( NATURE4 ,IT 5DS ) A SOCIAL PROJECT = REMOV+ ?AT P5ALTY1 :OSE ,LAT9 ROOT PO5ALIS HAS GIV5 US ! WORD PA94 ,HUMANITY WILL BECOME ! DEITIES IT CREAT$ 9 ITS IMAG9ATION1 ALBEIT AS DEITIES )9 NATURE1 NOT ABOVE NATURE -- AS 0SUP]NATURAL0 5TITIES4 ,! TITLE ( ?IS BOOK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 IS MEANT TO EXPRESS ! RECONCILIATION ( NATURE & HUMAN SOCIETY 9 A NEW ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY & A NEW ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY -- A REH>MONIZATION ( NATURE & HUMANITY ?R\< A REH>MONIZATION ( HUMAN ) HUMAN4 

,A DIALECTICAL T5SION P]VADES ?IS BOOK4 ,?R\<\T MY DISCUSSION ,I (T5 DEAL ) POT5TIALITIES ?AT HAVE YET TO BE ACTUALIZ$ HI/ORICALLY4 ,EXPOSITORY NE$S (T5 COMPEL ME TO TREAT A C]TA9 SOCIAL CONDITION 9 EMBRYONIC =M AS ?\< IT HAD ALREADY REA*$ FULFILLM5T4 ,MY PROC$URE IS GUID$ BY ! NE$ TO BR+ ! CONCEPT \T 9 FULL RELIEF1 TO CL>IFY ITS COMPLETE MEAN+ & IMPLICATIONS4 

,9 MY DESCRIPTIONS ( ! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! ELD]S 9 ! =MATION ( HI]>*Y1 = EXAMPLE1 SOME READ]S MI<T SURMISE ?AT ,I BELIEVE HI]>*Y EXI/$ AT ! V]Y \TSET ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,! 9FLU5TIAL ROLE ?AT ! ELD]S W]E TO PLAY 9 =M+ HI]>*IES IS 9T]M+L$ ) !IR MORE MODE/ ROLE AT E>LI] P]IODS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 :5 !Y ACTUALLY EX]CIS$ COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE SOCIAL 9FLU5CE4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION ,I AM FAC$ ) ! NE$ TO CL>IFY H[ ! ELD]S CON/ITUT$ ! E>LIE/ 0SE$S0 ( HI]>*Y4 ,A G]ONTOCRACY WAS PROBABLY ! FIR/ =M ( HI]>*Y TO EXI/ 9 SOCIETY4 ,BUT1 [+ TO MY MODE ( PRES5TATION1 SOME READ]S MI<T ASSUME ?AT ! RULE ( ! OLD OV] ! Y\NG EXI/$ DUR+ P]IODS ( HUMAN SOCIETY :5 NO SU* RULE REALLY EXI/$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! 9SECURITIES ?AT COME ) AGE ALMO/ C]TA9LY EXI/$ AMONG ! ELD]S1 & !Y EV5TUALLY US$ :ATEV] MEANS AVAILABLE TO PREVAIL OV] ! Y\NG & GA9 !IR REV]5CE4 

,! SAME EXPOSITORY PROBLEM >ISES :5 ,I DEAL ) ! %AMAN'S ROLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( E>LY HI]>*IES1 ) ! MALE'S ROLE 9 RELATION TO WOM51 & SO =?4 ,! READ] %\LD BE M9DFUL ?AT ANY 0FACT10 FIRMLY /AT$ & APP>5TLY COMPLETE1 IS ACTUALLY ! RESULT ( A COMPLEX PROCESS -- NOT A GIV5 DATUM ?AT APPE>S FULL-BL[N 9 A COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY4 ,MU* ( ! DIALECTICAL T5SION ?AT P]VADES ?IS BOOK >ISES FROM ! FACT ?AT ,I DEAL ) PROCESSES1 NOT ) CUT-&-DRI$ PROPOSITIONS ?AT COM=TABLY SUCCE$ EA* O!R 9 /ATELY FA%ION1 LIKE CATEGORIES 9 A TRADITIONAL LOGIC TEXT4 

,9CIPI5T1 POT5TIALLY HI]>*ICAL ELITES GRADUALLY EVOLVE1 EA* PHASE ( !IR EVOLUTION %AD+ 9TO ! SUCCE$+ ONE1 UNTIL ! FIR/ FIRM %OOTS ( HI]>*Y EM]GE & EV5TUALLY MATURE4 ,!IR GR[? IS UNEV5 & 9T]MIX$4 ,! ELD]S & %AMANS RELY ON EA* O!R & !N COMPETE ) EA* O!R = SOCIAL PRIVILEGES1 MANY ( :I* >E ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE ! P]SONAL SECURITY CONF]R$ BY A C]TA9 MEASURE ( 9FLU5CE4 ,BO? GR\PS 5T] 9TO ALLIANCES ) AN EM]G+ W>RIOR CA/E ( Y\NG M51 F9ALLY TO =M ! BEG9N+S ( A QUASI-POLITICAL COMMUNITY & AN 9CIPI5T ,/ATE4 ,!IR PRIVILEGES & P[]S ONLY !N BECOME G5]ALIZ$ 9TO 9/ITUTIONS ?AT TRY TO EX]CISE COMM& OV] SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,AT O!R TIMES1 H[EV]1 HI]>*ICAL GR[? MAY BECOME >RE/$ & EV5 0REGRESS0 TO A GREAT] P>ITY BETWE5 AGE & SEX GR\PS4 ,UNLESS RULE WAS A*IEV$ FROM \TSIDE1 BY CONQUE/1 ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y WAS NOT A SUDD5 REVOLUTION 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,IT WAS (T5 A LONG & COMPLEX PROCESS4 

,F9ALLY1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS BOOK IS /RUCTUR$ >\ND CONTRA/S BETWE5 PRELIT]ATE1 NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES -- !IR \TLOOKS1 TE*NICS1 & =MS ( ?9K+ -- & 0CIVILIZATIONS0 BAS$ ON HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,EA* ( ! !MES T\*$ UPON 9 ! SECOND *APT] IS PICK$ UP AGA9 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]S & EXPLOR$ 9 GREAT] DETAIL TO CL>IFY ! SWEEP+ *ANGES 0CIVILIZATION0 9TRODUC$ 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,:AT WE SO (T5 LACK 9 \R DAILY LIVES & \R SOCIAL S5SIBILITIES IS A S5SE ( ! CLEAVAGES & SL[ GRADATIONS BY :I* \R SOCIETY DEVELOP$ 9 CONTRA/ -- (T5 9 BRUTAL ANTAGONISM -- TO PRE9DU/RIAL & PRELIT]ATE CULTURES4 ,WE LIVE SO COMPLETELY IMM]S$ 9 \R PRES5T ?AT IT ABSORBS ALL \R S5SIBILITIES & H5CE \R V]Y CAPACITY TO ?9K ( ALT]NATE SOCIAL =MS4 ,?US1 ,I WILL CONT9UALLY RETURN TO PRELIT]ATE S5SIBILITIES1 :I* ,I M]ELY NOTE 9 ,*APT] ,TWO1 TO EXPLORE !IR CONTRA/S ) LAT] 9/ITUTIONS1 TE*NICS1 & =MS ( ?9K+ 9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES4 

,?IS BOOK DOES NOT M>* TO ! DRUMBEAT ( LOGICAL CATEGORIES1 NOR >E ITS >GUM5TS M>%AL$ 9TO A /ATELY P>ADE ( %>PLY DEL9EAT$ HI/ORICAL ]AS4 ,I HAVE NOT WRITT5 A HI/ORY ( EV5TS1 EA* ( :I* FOLL[S ! O!R ACCORD+ TO ! DICTATES ( A PRESCRIB$ *RONOLOGY4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 IDEOLOGIES1 EV5 SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHY & REASON1 9=M ?IS BOOK -- & ) !M1 DIGRESSIONS & EXCURSES ?AT ,I FEEL ?R[ VALUABLE LI<T ON ! GREAT MOVEM5T ( NATURAL & HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,! MORE IMPATI5T READ] MAY WANT TO LEAP OV] PASSAGES & PAGES ?AT HE OR %E F9DS TOO DISCURSIVE OR DIGRESSIVE4 ,BUT ?IS BOOK FOCUSES ON A FEW G5]AL IDEAS ?AT GR[ ACCORD+ TO ! ]RATIC & OCCASIONALLY WAYW>D LOGIC ( ! ORGANIC RA!R ?AN ! /RICTLY ANALYTIC4 ,I HOPE ?AT ! READ] WILL ALSO WANT TO GR[ ) ?IS BOOK1 TO EXP]I5CE IT & UND]/& IT -- CRITICALLY & QU]UL\SLY1 TO BE SURE1 BUT ) EMPA?Y & S5SIBILITY = ! LIV+ DEVELOPM5T ( FRE$OM IT DEPICTS & ! DIALECTIC IT EXPLORES 9 HUMANITY'S CONFLICT ) DOM9ATION4 

,HAV+ (F]$ MY MEA CULPAS = C]TA9 EXPOSITORY PROBLEMS1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHATICALLY AFFIRM MY CONVICTION ?AT ?IS PROCESS-ORI5T$ DIALECTICAL APPROA* COMES MU* CLOS] TO ! TRU? ( HI]>*ICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AN A PRESUMABLY CLE>] ANALYTICAL APPROA* SO FAVOR$ BY ACADEMIC LOGICIANS4 ,AS WE LOOK BACK OV] MANY MILL5NIA1 \R ?9K+ & ANALYZES ( ! PA/ >E OV]LY 9=M$ BY A LONG HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT E>LY HUMANITY EVID5TLY LACK$4 ,WE >E 9CL9$ TO PROJECT 9TO ! PA/ A VA/ BODY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ECONOMIC CONCEPTS1 MORAL PRECEPTS1 & A TREM5D\S CORPUS ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL IDEAS ?AT PEOPLE LIV+ ?\S&S4 ( YE>S AGO HAD YET TO CREATE & CONCEPTUALIZE4 ,:AT >E FULLY MATUR$ ACTUALITIES TO US W]E1 TO !M1 /ILL UN=M$ POT5TIALITIES4 ,!Y ?\<T 9 T]MS ?AT W]E BASICALLY DIFF]5T FROM \RS4 ,:AT WE N[ TAKE = GRANT$ AS P>T ( ! 0HUMAN CONDITION0 WAS SIMPLY 9CONCEIVABLE TO !M4 ,WE1 9 TURN1 >E VIRTUALLY 9CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) A VA/ WEAL? ( NATURAL PH5OM5A ?AT W]E 9TEGRALLY P>T ( !IR LIVES4 ,! V]Y /RUCTURE ( \R LANGUAGE CONSPIRES AGA9/ AN UND]/&+ ( !IR \TLOOK4 

,D\BTLESS MANY 0TRU?S0 ?AT PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES HELD W]E PAT5TLY FALSE1 A /ATEM5T ?AT IS EASILY MADE N[ADAYS4 ,BUT ,I WILL MAKE A CASE = ! NOTION ?AT !IR \TLOOK1 P>TICUL>LY AS APPLI$ TO !IR COMMUNITIES' RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 HAD A4 BASIC S\NDNESS -- ONE ?AT IS P>TICUL>LY RELEVANT = \R TIMES4 ,I EXAM9E !IR ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY & TRY TO %[ :Y & H[ IT DET]IORAT$4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ,I AM EAG] TO DET]M9E :AT CAN BE RECOV]$ FROM ?AT \TLOOK & 9TEGRAT$ 9TO \R [N4 ,NO CONTRADICTION IS CREAT$ BY M]G+ !IR ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ) \R PREVAIL+ ANALYTICAL ONE1 PROVID$ SU* A M]G+ TRANSC5DS BO? S5SIBILITIES 9 A NEW WAY ( ?9K+ & EXP]I5C+4 ,WE CAN NO MORE RETURN TO !IR CONCEPTUAL 0PRIMITIVISM0 ?AN !Y C\LD HAVE GRASP$ \R ANALYTICAL 0SOPHI/ICATION40 ,BUT P]HAPS WE CAN A*IEVE A WAY ( ?9K+ & EXP]I5C+ ?AT 9VOLVES A QUASI-ANIMI/IC RESPIRITIZATION ( PH5OM5A -- 9ANIMATE AS WELL AS ANIMATE -- )\T AB&ON+ ! 9SI<TS PROVID$ BY SCI5CE & ANALYTICAL REASON+4 

,! MELD+ ( AN ORGANIC1 PROCESS-ORI5T$ \TLOOK ) AN ANALYTICAL ONE HAS BE5 ! TRADITIONAL GOAL ( CLASSICAL WE/]N PHILOSOPHY FROM ! PRE-,SOCRATICS TO ,HEGEL4 ,SU* A PHILOSOPHY HAS ALWAYS BE5 MORE ?AN AN \TLOOK OR A M]E ME?OD = DEAL+ ) REALITY4 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 :AT ! PHILOSOPH]S CALL AN ONTOLOGY -- A DESCRIPTION ( REALITY CONCEIV$ NOT AS M]E MATT]1 BUT AS ACTIVE1 SELF-ORGANIZ+ SUB/ANCE ) A /RIV+ T[>D CONSCI\SNESS4 ,TRADITION HAS MADE ?IS ONTOLOGICAL \TLOOK ! FRAMEWORK 9 :I* ?\<T & MATT]1 SUBJECT & OBJECT1 M9D & NATURE >E RECONCIL$ ON A NEW SPIRITIZ$ LEVEL4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,I REG>D ?IS PROCESS-ORI5T$ VIEW ( PH5OM5A AS 9TR9SICALLY ECOLOGICAL 9 *>ACT]1 & ,I AM V]Y PUZZL$ BY ! FAILURE ( SO MANY DIALECTICALLY ORI5T$ ?9K]S TO SEE ! REM>KABLE COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 A DIALECTICAL \TLOOK & AN ECOLOGICAL ONE4 

,MY VISION ( REALITY AS PROCESS MAY ALSO SEEM FLAW$ TO ?OSE READ]S :O D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( MEAN+ & ! VALUE ( HUMANITY 9 NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT ,I SEE 0PROGRESS0 9 ORGANIC & SOCIAL EVOLUTION WILL D\BTLESSLY BE VIEW$ SKEPTICALLY BY A G5]ATION ?AT ]RONE\SLY ID5TIFIES 0PROGRESS0 ) UNLIMIT$ MAT]IAL GR[?4 ,I1 = ONE1 DO NOT MAKE ?IS ID5TIFICATION4 ,P]HAPS MY PROBLEM1 IF SU* IT CAN BE CALL$1 IS G5]ATIONAL4 ,I /ILL *]I% A TIME ?AT S\<T TO ILLUM9ATE ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 TO 9T]PRET !M1 TO MAKE !M MEAN+FUL4 0,COH]5CE0 IS MY FAVORITE WORD2 IT RESOLUTELY GUIDES EV]Y?+ ,I WRITE & SAY4 ,ALSO1 ?IS BOOK DOES NOT RADIATE ! PESSIMISM SO COMMON 9 5VIRONM5TALI/ LIT]ATURE4 ,JU/ AS ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! PA/ HAS MEAN+1 SO TOO DO ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! FUTURE CAN HAVE MEAN+4 ,IF WE CANNOT BE C]TA9 ?AT ! HUMAN E/ATE WILL ADVANCE1 WE DO HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO *OOSE BETWE5 UTOPI/IC FRE$OM & SOCIAL IMMOLATION4 ,H]E9 LIES ! UNABA%$ MESSIANIC *>ACT] ( ?IS BOOK1 A MESSIANIC *>ACT] ?AT IS PHILOSOPHICAL & ANCE/RAL4 ,! 0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE10 AS ,]N/ ,BLO* CALL$ IT1 IS P>T ( EV]Y?+ ,I VALUE -- H5CE MY DETE/ATION ( A FUTURISM SO COMMITT$ TO ! PRES5T ?AT IT CANCELS \T FUTURITY ITSELF BY D5Y+ ANY?+ NEW ?AT IS NOT AN EXTRAPOLATION ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 

,I HAVE TRI$ TO AVOID WRIT+ A BOOK ?AT MA/ICATES EV]Y POSSIBLE ?\<T ?AT RELATES TO ! ISSUES RAIS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 ,I W\LD NOT WANT TO DELIV] !SE ?\<TS AS PR$IGE/$ PAP TO A PASSIVE READ]4 ,! DIALECTICAL T5SION ,I VALUE ! MO/ IS BETWE5 ! READ] ( A BOOK & ! WRIT]3 ! H9TS1 ! SUGGE/IONS1 ! UNF9I%$ ?\<TS & ! /IMULI ?AT 5C\RAGE ! READ] TO ?9K = HIMSELF OR H]SELF4 ,9 AN ]A ?AT IS SO MU* 9 FLUX1 IT W\LD BE >ROGANT TO PRES5T F9I%$ ANALYZES & RECIPES2 RA!R1 ,I REG>D IT AS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( A S]I\S WORK TO /IMULATE DIALECTICAL & ECOLOGICAL ?9K+4 ,= A WORK ?AT IS SO 0SIMPLE10 SO 0CLE>10 SO UN%>$ -- 9 A WORD1 SO ELITI/ -- AS TO REQUIRE NO EM5DATIONS & MODIFICATIONS1 ! READ] WILL HAVE TO LOOK ELSE:]E4 ,?IS BOOK IS NOT AN IDEOLOGICAL PROGRAM2 IT IS A /IMULUS TO ?\<T -- A COH]5T BODY ( CONCEPTS ! READ] WILL HAVE TO F9I% 9 ! PRIVACY ( HIS OR H] [N M9D4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

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