,EPILOGUE 

#aihbaihb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,EPILOGUE 

  

,9 ?IS BOOK1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO 0TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N0 9 A =M MORE !ORETICAL ?AN ! EF=TS ( ! ,DIGG]S1 ,LEVEL]S1 ,RANT]S & !IR CONTEMPOR>Y DESC5DANTS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %AKE \T \R WORLD & EXPLORE ! CONSPICU\S FEATURES ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,MY EF=TS WILL SUCCE$ IF !Y DEMON/RATE H[ PR(\NDLY ! CURSE ( DOM9ATION HAS 9FUS$ ALMO/ EV]Y HUMAN 5DEAVOR S9CE ! DECL9E ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,H>DLY ANY A*IEVEM5T -- BE IT 9/ITUTIONAL1 TE*NICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 IDEOLOGICAL1 >TI/IC1 OR ! NOBLE CLAIMS TO RATIONALITY -- HAS BE5 SP>$ ?IS CURSE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO HI<LY FA%IONABLE T5D5CIES TO ROOT ! ORIG9S ( ?IS CURSE 9 REASON AS SU* OR 9 ! 0SAVAGE'S0 ATTEMPTS TO 0WRE/LE0 ) NATURE1 ,I HAVE S\<T !M \T 9 ! S9I/] 5DEAVOR ( EM]G+ ELITES TO PLACE HUMAN BE+S & HUMAN NATURE 9 A CONDITION ( SUBJUGATION4 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! POT5TIALLY LIB]AT+ ROLE ( >T & IMAG9ATION 9 GIV+ EXPRESSION TO :AT IS AU!NTICALLY HUMAN1 UTOPI/IC1 & FREE 9 HUMAN NATURE4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X & ,FREUD1 :O ID5TIFY 0CIVILIZATION0 & 0PROGRESS0 ) A REPRESSIVE SELF-CONTROL1 ,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY & A CLE> READ+ ( HI/ORY PRES5T AN IMAGE 5TIRELY ANTI!TICAL TO ?AT ( A GRASP+1 ,HOBBESIAN TYPE ( HUMANITY4 ,PSY*OLOGICAL SELF-ABNEGATION COMES ) ! SOCIAL CONFLICT & REPRESSION ?AT ACCOMPANY ! RISE ( HI]>*Y1 NOT ( REASON & TE*NOLOGY4 ,! BAS RELIEFS ( ,EGYPT & ,MESOPOTAMIA REVEAL A WORLD 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S W]E =C$ TO D5Y NOT M]ELY !IR MO/ HUMAN DESIRES & IMPULSES1 BUT ALSO !IR MO/ RUDIM5T>Y S5SE ( P]SONALITY4 ,EVE1 ! S]P5T1 & ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( KN[L$GE W]E NOT ! CAUSES ( DOM9ATION BUT RA!R ITS VICTIMS4 ,9DE$1 SOCIETY ITSELF1 CONCEIV$ AS ! WORK ( MAT]NAL C>E ) ITS SEQUELAE 9 HUMAN 9T]DEP5D5CE1 IS A /&+ REM9D] ?AT ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 WAS 9 MANY RESPECTS REAL 5\< & ?AT ! AU!NTIC 0ORIG9AL S90 CLOSELY ACCORDS ) ! RADICAL GNO/IC IMAGE ( SELF-TRANSGRESSION4 

,I DO NOT PR(ESS TO BELIEVE ?AT WE CAN RETURN TO ! PRI/9E G>D5 :]E ?IS VIOLATION FIR/ OCCURR$4 ,HI/ORY PROVIDES HOPE = A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,KN[L$GE1 OR GNOSIS -- TO KN[ & TRANSC5D \R PRIMAL ACT ( SELF-TRANSGRESSION -- IS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D CUR+ \R SOCIAL PA?OLOGY ( RULE1 JU/ AS SELF-KN[L$GE 9 PSY*OANALYTIC PRACTICE IS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D CUR+ A P]SONAL PA?OLOGY ( REPRESSION4 ,BUT ! ?\<T )\T ! ACT1 ! !ORY )\T ! PRACTICE1 W\LD BE AN ABDICATION ( ALL SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 

,9 \R [N TIME WE HAVE SE5 DOM9ATION SPREAD OV] ! SOCIAL L&SCAPE TO A PO9T :]E IT IS BEYOND ALL HUMAN CONTROL4 ,! TRILLIONS ( DOLL>S ?AT ! NATIONS ( ! WORLD HAVE SP5T S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ON MEANS ( SUBJUGATION & DE/RUCTION -- ITS 0DEF5SE BUDGETS0 = AN UTT]LY T]RIFY+ WEAPONRY -- >E ONLY ! MO/ REC5T EVID5CE ( A C5TURIES-LONG CRAZE = DOM9ATION ?AT HAS N[ REA*$ MANIC PROPORTIONS4 ,COMP>$ TO ?IS /UP5D\S MOBILIZATION ( MAT]IALS1 ( WEAL?1 ( HUMAN 9TELLECT1 & ( HUMAN LABOR = ! S+LE GOAL ( DOM9ATION1 ALL O!R REC5T HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS PALE TO ALMO/ TRIVIAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,\R >T1 SCI5CE1 M$IC9E1 LIT]ATURE1 MUSIC1 & 0*>ITABLE0 ACTS SEEM LIKE M]E DROPP+S FROM A TABLE ON :I* GORY FEA/S ON ! SPOILS ( CONQUE/ HAVE 5GAG$ ! ATT5TION ( A SY/EM :OSE APPETITE = RULE IS UTT]LY UNRE/RA9$4 ,WE JU/LY MI/RU/ ITS ACTS ( G5]OSITY TODAY1 = BEH9D ITS SEEM+LY WOR?Y PROJECTS -- ITS M$ICAL TE*NOLOGY1 CYB]NETIC REVOLUTIONS1 SPACE PROGRAMS1 AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS1 & 5]GY 9NOVATIONS -- SEEM TO LIE ! MO/ MALIGNANT MOTIVES = A*IEV+ ! SUBJUGATION ( HUMANITY BY MEANS ( VIOL5CE1 FE>1 & SURVEILLANCE4 

,?IS BOOK TRACES ! L&SCAPE ( DOM9ATION FROM ITS 9CEPTION 9 A HIDD5 PREHI/ORY ( HI]>*Y ?AT LONG PREC$ES ! RISE ( ECONOMIC CLASSES4 ,HI]>*Y REMA9S HIDD5 NOT ONLY 9 HUMANITY'S PREHI/ORY BUT ALSO 9 ! DEP?S ( ITS PSY*IC APP>ATUS4 ,ALL ! RI* MEAN+ ( ! T]M FRE$OM IS EASILY BETRAY$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( \R SOCIALIZATION PROCESSES & \R MO/ 9TIMATE EXP]I5CES4 ,?IS BETRAYAL IS EXPRESS$ BY \R TREATM5T ( *ILDR5 & WOM51 BY \R PHYSICAL /ANCE & MO/ P]SONAL RELATION%IPS1 BY \R PRIVATE ?\<TS & DAILY LIVES1 BY \R UNCONSCI\S WAYS ( ORD]+ \R EXP]I5CES ( REALITY4 ,! BETRAYAL OCCURS NOT ONLY 9 \R POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS BUT 9 \R B$ROOMS1 KIT*5S1 S*OOLS1 RECREATION >EAS1 & C5T]S ( MORAL $UCATION SU* AS \R *UR*ES & PSY*O!RAPEUTIC 0CONV5TICLES40 ,HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION PRESIDE OV] \R SELF-APPO9T$ MOVEM5TS = HUMAN EMANCIPATION -- SU* AS ,M>XISM 9 ITS CONV5TIONAL =MS1 :]E ANY SELF-ACTIVITY BY ! 0MASSES0 IS VIEW$ ) SUSPICION &1 MORE COMMONLY ?AN NOT1 D5\NC$ AS 0AN>*I/IC DEVIATION40 

,HI]>*Y MOCKS \R EV]Y CLAIM TO HAVE ASC5D$ FROM 0ANIMALITY0 TO ! HI< E/ATE ( 0LIB]TY0 & 09DIVIDUALITY40 ,9 ! TOOLS WE USE TO SAVE HUMAN LIVES1 TO SCULPT ?+S ( BEAUTY1 OR TO DECORATE ! WORLD >\ND US1 WE REMA9 SUBTLY TA9T$ BY AN EV]-ASS]TIVE S5SIBILITY ?AT R$UCES \R MO/ CREATIVE ACTS TO A 0TRIUMPH0 & 9SCRIBES ! WORD 0MA/]PIECE0 ) ! TRAITS ( MA/]%IP4 ,! GREATNESS ( ! ,DADAI/ TRADITION1 FROM ITS ANCI5T ROOTS 9 ! GNO/IC ,OPHITES TO ITS MOD]N EXPRESSION 9 ,SURREALISM -- A CELEBRATION ( ! RI<T TO 9DISCIPL9E1 IMAG9ATION1 PLAY1 FANCY1 9NOVATION1 ICONOCLASM1 PLEASURE1 & A CREATIVITY ( ! UNCONSCI\S IS ?AT IT CRITICIZES ?IS 0HIDD50 REALM ( HI]>*Y MORE UNREL5T+LY & BRA%LY ?AN ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORETICAL GAMES 9 H]M5EUTICS1 /RUCTURALISM1 & SEMIOLOGY SO MU* 9 VOGUE ON ! CAMPUSES ( CONTEMPOR>Y WE/]N SOCIETY4 

,A WORLD SO COMPLETELY TA9T$ BY HI]>*Y1 COMM&1 & OB$I5CE >TICULATES ITS S5SE ( AU?ORITY 9 ! WAY WE HAVE BE5 TAU<T TO SEE \RSELVES3 AS OBJECTS TO BE MANIPULAT$1 AS ?+S TO BE US$4 ,FROM ?IS SELF-IMAG]Y1 WE HAVE EXT5D$ \R WAY ( VISUALIZ+ REALITY 9TO \R IMAGE ( 0EXT]NAL0 NATURE4 ,WE HAVE MOBILIZ$ \R HUMAN NATURE TO EMB>K UPON A GREAT SOCIAL 5T]PRISE TO 0DISEMB$0 \RSELVES FROM 0EXT]NAL0 NATURE1 ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT WE HAVE R5D]$ \R [N NATURE & 0EXT]NAL0 NATURE 9CREAS+LY M9]ALIZ$ & 9ORGANIC4 ,WE HAVE P]IL\SLY SIMPLIFI$ ! NATURAL WORLD1 SOCIETY1 & P]SONALITY -- SO MU* SO ?AT ! 9TEGRITY ( COMPLEX LIFE =MS1 ! COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL =MS1 & ! IDEAL ( A MANY-SID$ P]SONALITY >E COMPLETELY 9 QUE/ION4 

,9 AN AGE :5 ME*ANICAL MAT]IALISM COMPETES ) AN EQUALLY ME*ANICAL SPIRITUALISM1 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ = A S5SITIVITY TO DIV]SITY ?AT FO/]S A CONCEPT ( :OL5ESS AS ! UNIFY+ PR9CIPLE ( AN ECOLOGY ( FRE$OM4 ,?IS EMPHASIS1 C5TRAL TO ! GOALS ( ?IS BOOK1 CONTRA/S M>K$LY ) ! MORE COMMON EMPHASIS ON 0,ON5ESS40 ,9 MY OPPOSITION TO CURR5T ATTEMPTS TO DISSOLVE V>IETY 9TO ME*ANICAL & SPIRITUAL COMMON D5OM9ATORS1 ,I HAVE EXULT$ 9 ! RI*NESS ( V>IETY 9 NATURAL1 SOCIAL1 & P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,I HAVE PRES5T$ AN ACC\NT 7ADMITT$LY SOME:AT ,HEGELIAN7 9 :I* ! HI/ORY ( A PH5OM5ON -- BE IT SUBJECTIVITY1 SCI5CE1 OR TE*NICS -- CON/ITUTES ! DEF9ITION ( ?AT PH5OM5ON4 ,9 EA* ( !SE CUMULATIVE DOMA9S1 !RE >E ALWAYS DEGREES OR ASPECTS ( COMPREH5SION1 9SI<T1 & >TFULNESS ?AT WE MU/ JUDICI\SLY RECLAIM 9 ORD] TO GRASP REALITY 9 ITS V>I\S GRADATIONS & ASPECTS4 ,BUT WE/]N ?\<T HAS TRI$ TO UND]/& EXP]I5CE & ACT UPON REALITY 9 T]MS ( ONLY ONE MODE ( SUBJECTIVITY1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS4 ,WE T5D TO ROOT \R CONCEPTIONS ( REALITY 9 MUTUALLY EXCLUSION>Y BASES3 ECONOMIC 9 ONE 9/ANCE1 TE*NICAL 9 ANO!R1 CULTURAL 9 /ILL A ?IRD4 ,H5CE1 PR(\NDLY IMPORTANT L9ES ( EVOLUTION HAVE BE5 SELECT$ AS 0BASIC0 OR 0CONT+5T10 0/RUCTURAL0 OR 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 FROM ! /&PO9T ( A LIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T 9 NATURAL & HUMAN EVOLUTION4 

,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT EA* SU* 0L9E0 OR 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 HAS ITS [N AU!NTICITY & HI/ORICAL CLAIM TO ID5TITY -- D\BTLESS 9T]DEP5D5T 9 ITS RELATION%IP ) O!R 0L9ES0 ( DEVELOPM5T1 BUT RI* 9 ITS [N 9TEGRITY4 ,MY GREATE/ S+LE CONC]N HAS BE5 ) ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 ! EVOLUTION ( DOM9ATION & ?AT ( FRE$OM4 ,BY FRE$OM ,I MEAN NOT ONLY ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS1 BUT ALSO ! 5L>GEM5T ( \R CONCEPTS ( SUBJECTIVITY1 TE*NICS1 SCI5CE1 & E?ICS1 ) A CONCOMITANT RECOGNITION ( !IR HI/ORY & ! 9SI<TS !Y PROVIDE OV] DIFF]5T 0/AGES0 ( !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ NOT ONLY H[ !SE ASPECTS ( FRE$OM =M A RI*1 9CREAS+LY :OLE MOSAIC ?AT ONLY AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY CAN HOPE TO GRASP1 BUT ALSO H[ !Y 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R FROM ORGANIC SOCIETY ONW>D1 )\T LOS+ !IR [N UNIQU5ESS 9 ! RI* DIV]SITY ( ! :OLE4 ,NO ECONOMIC 0BASE0 UND]P9S CULTURE ANY MORE ?AN A CULTURAL 0BASE0 UND]P9S ECONOMICS4 ,9DE$1 ! V]Y T]MS 0BASE0 & 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 >E ALI5 TO ! \TLOOK ?AT P]MEATES ?IS BOOK4 ,R$UCTIONI/ & SIMPLI/IC1 !SE T]MS T5D TO REFLECT NAIVE VIEWS ( A REALITY :OSE WEAL? ( 9T]ACTIONS DEFIES OV]LY S*EMATIC & ME*ANI/IC 9T]PRETATIONS4 

,IF PRECAPITALI/ HI/ORY DEMON/RATES ANY?+1 IT IS ! DRAMATIC FACT ?AT M5 & WOM5 HAVE MADE EXTRAORD9>Y SACRIFICES1 9CLUD+ GIV+ UP LIFE ITSELF1 = BELIEFS ?AT HAVE C5T]$ >\ND VIRTUE1 JU/ICE1 & LIB]TY -- BELIEFS ?AT >E NOT EASILY EXPLICABLE 9 T]MS ( !IR MAT]IAL 9T]E/S & SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,! REM>KABLE HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWS1 AN ACC\NT ( ALMO/ UNRELIEV$ P]SECUTION = NE>LY TWO MILL5NIA2 ( ! ,IRI% 9 MORE REC5T C5TURIES2 ( SWEEP+ POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS FROM ! TIME ( ! ,RE=MATION TO ?AT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE -- ALL BE> WITNESS TO ! P[] ( RELIGI\S1 NATIONAL1 & SOCIAL IDEALS TO MOVE HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO ACTIONS ( 9CR$IBLE H]OISM4 ,TO SAY ?AT !Y W]E 0BASICALLY0 IMPELL$ BY 0ECONOMIC FACTORS0 ( :I* !Y W]E UNCONSCI\S -- BY A HIDD5 0ECONOMIC0 DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY -- ASSUMES ?AT !SE ECONOMIC FACTORS ACTUALLY PREVAIL :5 !IR V]Y EXI/5CE OR AU?ORITY OV] HUMAN AFFAIRS HAS YET TO BE PROV54 ,EV5 :]E ECONOMIC FACTORS SEEM TO BE EVID5T1 !IR SIGNIFICANCE 9 GUID+ HUMAN ACTION IS (T5 HI<LY OBSCURE4 ,:5 ,JOHN ,BALL OR ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY DESCRIBE ! GRE$ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES ( !IR DAY1 ONE S5SES ?AT !IR REM>KS >E GUID$ MORE BY E?ICAL IDEALS ( JU/ICE & FRE$OM ?AN BY MAT]IAL 9T]E/4 

,! HATR$ ( 9JU/ICE HAS SEE!D ALL ! MORE 9 ! HE>TS ( ! OPPRESS$ NOT SIMPLY BECAUSE SOCIAL CONDITIONS HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY ON]\S BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( ! SE>+ CONTRA/ BETWE5 PREVAIL+ MORAL PRECEPTS ( JU/ICE & !IR TRANSGRESSION 9 PRACTICE4 ,*RI/IANITY WAS P]VAD$ BY ?IS CONTRA/1 H5CE ! HI<LY PROVOCATIVE ROLE IT PLAY$ = SO MU* ( HUMAN HI/ORY 9 G5]AT+ REVOLUTION>Y MILL5>IAN MOVEM5TS4 ,NOT UNTIL CAPITALISM TA9T$ HI/ORY ) A 0S5SE ( SC>CITY10 MAK+ ITS MEAN-SPIRIT$ COMMITM5T TO RIVALRY ! MOTIVE =CE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 DID SO MANY ( !SE IDEALS BEG9 TO DEG5]ATE 9TO BRUTE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 ! E>LIE/ MOVEM5TS = A 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION0 SEEM TO BE EVID5CE LESS ( GREAT LOOT+ EXP$ITIONS ?AN ( EF=TS TO RE/ORE A WAY ( LIFE1 A TRADITIONAL SOCIAL DISP5SATION1 9 :I* %>+ & DISACCUMULATION W]E PREVAIL+ SOCIAL NORMS4 ,QUITE (T5 !SE MOVEM5TS DE/ROY$ NOT ONLY ! LEGAL DOCUM5TS ?AT GAVE ! ELITES TITLE TO ! AU?ORITY & PROP]TY1 BUT ALSO ! PALACES1 VILLAS1 FURNI%+S1 EV5 ! GRAN>IES ?AT SEEM$ TO EMBODY !IR P[]4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AS ,HANNAH ,>5DT HAS PO9T$ \T1 M>KS A REV]SAL 9 ! GOALS ( SOCIAL *ANGE FROM V>I\S K9DS ( E?ICAL DESID]ATA TO A CONCEPTION ( ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( MAT]IAL NE$4 ,ACTUALLY1 ?IS %IFT 9 P]SPECTIVE MAY HAVE OCCURR$ MU* LAT] ?AN ,>5DT REALIZ$1 NOTABLY 9 \R [N C5TURY4 ,IF ,M>X EXULT$ 9 ?IS NEW S5SE ( ECONOMI/IC 0REALISM0 OR 0MAT]IALISM10 WE1 9 TURN1 :O >E AFFLICT$ BY A CONFLICT BETWE5 \R 0FETI%IZATION ( NE$S0 AT ONE EXTREME & \R YE>N+ = E?ICAL MEAN+ & COMMUNITY AT ! O!R1 HAVE BECOME ! S*IZOID PRODUCTS ( A WORLD FROZ5 9TO IMMOBILITY BY \R S5SE ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL P[]LESSNESS4 ,WE HAVE 9V5T$ A MY/IQUE ( 0HI/ORICAL LAWS0 OR ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISMS0 ?AT S]VE MORE TO REPLACE \R FRU/RAT$ DRIVES = MEAN+ & COMMUNITY ?AN TO EXPLA9 ! REMOT5ESS ( !SE *]I%$ GOALS 9 REAL LIFE4 

,IF !RE IS NO S+LE G5]ALIZATION ( AN ECONOMIC OR CULTURAL *>ACT] 9 :I* WE CAN ROOT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 IF NO 0SOCIAL LAWS0 EXI/ ?AT UND]P9 AN 9TELLECTUAL ORI5TATION T[>D SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 !N BY :AT COORD9ATES %ALL WE TAKE \R SOCIAL BE>+S8 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT ! MO/ P[]FUL & MEAN+FUL CONTEXT ILLUM9AT+ ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE IS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO IMPLY ?AT EI!R ( !SE T]MS EXPRESSES ANY S5SE ( F9ALITY AB\T HI/ORY1 OR ?AT !Y >E NOT )\T AMBIGUITY4 ,:E!R !RE IS ANY T]M9AL PO9T 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT CORRESPONDS TO A ,HEGELIAN 0,ABSOLUTE0 OR ,M>XIAN 0,COMMUNISM0 -- 9DE$1 IF NOT TO \TRI<T EXT9CTION -- IS C]TA9LY NOT = ?IS G5]ATION TO AFFIRM OR D5Y4 ,IT IS M]ELY METAPHORICAL TO SAY ?AT HUMANITY'S 0REAL HI/ORY0 WILL BEG9 :5 ITS 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 HAS BE5 RESOLV$4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T'S COMMITM5T TO TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES IS C]TA9LY ! LEA/ RELIABLE SY/EM ( COORD9ATES WE POSSESS4 ,EV5 TODAY1 9 \R MO/ TE*NICALLY ORI5T$ ( WORLDS1 :]E E?ICS ITSELF HAS ACQUIR$ ! ADJECTIVE 09/RUM5TAL10 WE >E BE+ =C$ TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT \R MO/ ALLUR+ DESIGNS -- = ALL !IR 0CONVIVIAL0 OR 0APPROPRIATE0 ATTRIBUTES -- CAN BE DEPLOY$ TO CREATE 0ALT]NATIVE0 /RATEGIES = W>4 

,MORE ?AN EV] BE=E1 WE MU/ EMPHASIZE ?AT ! WORDS LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN REF] NOT ONLY TO CONFLICT+ =MS ( 9/ITUTIONS1 TE*NICS1 REASON1 & SCI5CE1 BUT ABOVE ALL1 TO CONFLICT+ VALUES & S5SIBILITIES -- 9 %ORT1 TO CONFLICT+ EPI/EMOLOGIES4 ,MY DEF9ITION ( ! T]M 0LIB]T>IAN0 IS GUID$ BY MY DESCRIPTION ( ! ECOSY/EM3 ! IMAGE ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 SPONTANEITY1 & COMPLEM5T>Y RELATION%IPS1 FREE ( ALL HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,BY 0AU?ORIT>IAN10 ,I REF] TO HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION AS MY SOCIAL GUIDE3 ! G]ONTOCRACIES1 PATRI>*IES1 CLASS RELATION%IPS1 ELITES ( ALL K9DS1 & F9ALLY ! ,/ATE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS MO/ SOCIALLY P>ASITIC =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,BUT )\T 9CLUD+ CONFLICT+ S5SIBILITIES1 SCI5CES1 TE*NICS1 E?ICS1 & =MS ( REASON1 ! T]MS 0LIB]T>IAN0 & 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 REMA9 SIMPLY 9/ITUTIONAL T]MS ?AT HAVE ONLY AN IMPLICIT *>ACT]4 ,!IR IMPLICATIONS MU/ BE ELICIT$ TO ! FULLE/ EXT5T TO COV] ! 5TIRE RANGE ( EXP]I5CE IF ! CONFLICT BETWE5 !M IS TO BE MEAN+FUL & REVOLUTION>Y4 

,REASON1 PLAC$ )9 ?IS T5SION BETWE5 ! LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN1 MU/ BE P]MITT$ TO /AKE \T ITS [N CLAIM TO A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY4 ,PHILOSOPHICALLY1 WE HAVE MADE F> TOO MU* ( ! BELIEF ?AT A LIB]T>IAN RATIONALITY MU/ HAVE CANONS ( TRU? & CONSI/5CY1 9DE$ ( 9TUITION & CONTRADICTION1 ?AT COMPLETELY 9VALIDATE ! CLAIM ( =MAL & ANALYTICAL ?\<T TO TRU?4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT 9TUITION & CONTRADICTION HAVE MORE ?AN ADEQUATELY S]V$ ! 5DS ( AU?ORITY 9 ! FOLK PHILOSOPHIES ( FASCISM & ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM ( ,/AL9ISM -- JU/ AS ANALYTICAL REASON HAS S]V$ ! 5DS ( FRE$OM ( ?\<T -- WE HAVE NO C]TA9 GUIDE BEYOND \R E?ICAL CRIT]IA ?AT UNCONV5TIONAL MODES ( ?\<T WILL NECESS>ILY YIELD EMANCIPATORY CONCLUSIONS4 ,! ,BUDDHA & ! ,*RI/ FIGURES HAVE BE5 US$ TO S]VE ! 5DS ( AU?ORITY ) AS MU* SUCCESS AS !Y HAVE BE5 US$ TO S]VE ! 5DS ( FRE$OM4 ,RADICAL MY/ICISM & SPIRITUALISM HAVE BE5 AS ANT9ATURALI/IC & ANTIHUMAN AS !Y HAVE BE5 ECOLOGICAL & MILL5>IAN4 ,:AT IS DECISIVE 9 CONSID]+ ! 0CANONS0 ( REASON -- OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 9 %AP+ A NEW APPROA* TO SUBJECTIVITY -- IS ! EXT5T TO :I* WE RAISE A BIOTICALLY V>IEGAT$ E?ICAL /&>D BAS$ ON ! FECUNDITY ( LIFE1 ON ! VIRTUE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ON ! LOGICAL IMAGE ( AN EV]-RI*] MOSAIC ( EXP]I5CE1 RA!R ?AN ON A HI]>*ICALLY RE>$ PYRAMIDAL VIEW ( EXP]I5CE4 ,WE NE$ NOT AB&ON EV5 ,>I/OTLE'S ,ORGANON1 :I* S]V$ WE/]N ?\<T AS ITS LOGICAL T5ETS = C5TURIES1 OR SY/EMS !ORY1 :OSE NOTION ( A CIRCUL> CAUSALITY BL5DS ! V]Y IDEA ( A PO9T ( DEP>TURE ) ITS CONCLUSION4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO SCULPT REASON 9TO AN E?ICALLY *>G$ S5SIBILITY ?AT IS P]SONALLY & SOCIALLY EMANCIPATORY -- :E!R IT IS 0L9E>0 OR 0CIRCUL>40 ,REASON1 :OSE DEFEAT AT ! H&S ( ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO EVOK$ SO MU* PESSIMISM AMONG !IR COLLEAGUES1 CAN BE LIFT$ FROM ITS FALL5 POSITION BY A LIB]T>IAN E?ICS ROOT$ 9 A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,SU* AN E?ICS RETA9S ITS OP5NESS TO ! RI*NESS ( HUMAN S5SIBILITY AS ! EMBODIM5T ( S5SIBILITY ITSELF AT ALL LEVELS ( ORGANIC & SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 

,& !RE IS A GR\ND ON :I* ?IS LIB]T>IAN E?ICS CAN BE RE>$ -- AN >EA ?AT PROVIDES A S5SE ( MEAN+ ?AT DOES NOT DEP5D UPON ! VAG>IES ( OP9ION1 TA/E1 & ! ICY NE$ = 9/RUM5TAL EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,ALL NONS5SE ( 0FOLK10 0RACE10 09EXORABLE DIALECTICAL LAWS0 ASIDE1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A K9D ( 9T5TIONALITY LAT5T 9 NATURE1 A GRAD$ DEVELOPM5T ( SELF-ORGANIZATION ?AT YIELDS SUBJECTIVITY &1 F9ALLY1 SELF-REFLEXIVITY 9 ITS HI<LY DEVELOP$ HUMAN =M4 ,SU* A VISION MAY WELL SEEM LIKE AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC PRESUPPOSITION ?AT ALSO L5DS ITSELF TO AN >BITR>Y RELATIVISM1 NO DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT] ?AN ! 0SUBJECTIVE REASON0 OR 9/RUM5TALISM ABHORR$ BY ,HORKHEIM]4 ,YET EV5 ! PHILOSOPHICAL DEM& = 0PRESUPPOSITIONLESS0 FIR/ PR9CIPLES IS A PRESUPPOSITION ( M9D4 ,WE HAVE YET TO E/ABLI% :Y ! ANCI5T BELIEF ?AT VALUES 9H]5T 9 NATURE PROVIDE MORE REASON = D\BT ?AN ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL'S IMAGE ( LIFE & HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS AS ! PRODUCT ( M]E =TUITY1 A MEAN+LESS & ACCID5TAL FREAK+ ( NATURE 9TO ! REALM ( SUBJECTIVITY4 

,IS IT TOO FANCIFUL TO SUGGE/ ?AT \R V]Y BE+ IS AN EPI/EMOLOGY & ONTOLOGY ( ITS [N -- 9DE$1 AN 5TIRE PHILOSOPHY ( ORGANISM -- ?AT CAN )/& ACCUSATIONS ( AN?ROPOMORPHISM8 ,=M IS NO LESS 9TEGRAL TO NATURE ?AN MOTION &1 ULTIMATELY1 FUNCTION4 ,:ATEV] ELSE WE *OOSE TO CALL 0NATURAL0 9VOLVES BO? =M & MOTION AS FUNCTION4 ,TO 9VOKE M]E =TUITY AS ! DEUS EX MA*9A ( A SWEEP+1 SUP]BLY ORGANIZ$ DEVELOPM5T ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO CONCISE MA!MATICAL EXPLANATION IS TO USE ! ACCID5TAL AS A TOMB = ! EXPLANATORY4 ,9 A DEEPLY S5SITIVE >GUM5T = TELEOLOGY1 ,HANS ,JONAS HAS ASK$ :E!R A /RICTLY PHYSICO*EMICAL ANALYSIS ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! EYE & ITS /IMULATION AS A S\RCE ( VISION 0IS MEAN+FUL )\T RELAT+ IT TO SEE+40 ,= WE WILL ALWAYS F9D 

! PURPOSIV5ESS ( ORGANISM AS SU* & ITS CONC]N 9 LIV+3 EFFECTIVE ALREADY 9 ALL VEGETATIVE T5D5CY1 AWAK5+ TO PRIMORDIAL AW>5ESS 9 ! DIM REFLEXES1 ! RESPOND+ IRRITABILITY ( L[LY ORGANISMS2 MORE SO 9 ! URGE & EF=T & ANGUI% ( ANIMAL LIFE 5D[$ ) MOTILITY & S5SE ORGANS2 REA*+ SELF-TRANSP>5CY 9 CONSCI\SNESS1 WILL & ?\<T ( MAN3 ALL !SE BE+ 9W>D ASPECTS ( ! TELEOLOGICAL SIDE 9 ! NATURE ( 0MATT]40 4 4 4 ,AT ALL EV5TS1 ! TELEOLOGICAL /RUCTURE & BEHAVIOR ( ORGANISM IS NOT JU/ AN ALT]NATIVE *OICE ( DESCRIPTION3 IT IS1 ON ! EVID5CE ( EA* ONE'S ORGANIC AW>5ESS1 ! EXT]NAL MANIFE/ATION ( ! 9W>DNESS ( SUB/ANCE4 ,TO ADD ! IMPLICATIONS3 !RE IS NO ORGANISM )\T TELEOLOGY2 !RE IS NO TELEOLOGY )\T 9W>DNESS2 &3 LIFE CAN BE KN[N ONLY BY LIFE4 

,9DE$1 ONE C\LD ADD ?AT LIFE CAN BE KN[N ONLY AS A RESULT ( LIFE4 ,IT CAN NEV]1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 BE DISSOCIAT$ FROM ITS POT5TIALITY = KN[+NESS1 EV5 AS M]E S5SITIVITY1 NE$1 & ! IMPULSE = SELF-PRES]VATION4 

,D\BTLESS !RE IS MU* WE CAN APP5D TO ,JONAS'S OBS]VATIONS ON TELEOLOGY4 ,WE CAN CONCEIVE ( TELEOLOGY AS ! ACTUALIZATION ( POT5TIALITY -- MORE PRECISELY1 AS ! 5D RESULT ,EPILOGUE #cee ( A PH5OM5ON'S IMMAN5T /RIV+ T[>D REALIZATION ?AT LEAVES ROOM = ! EXI/5CE ( =TUITY & UNC]TA9TY4 ,H]E1 TELEOLOGY EXPRESSES ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( A PH5OM5ON TO BECOME :AT IT IS )\T ! C]TA9TY ?AT IT WILL DO SO4 ,\R NOTION ( TELEOLOGY NE$ NOT BE GOV]N$ BY ANY 0IRON NECESSITY0 OR UNSW]V+ SELF-DEVELOPM5T ?AT 09EVITABLY0 SUMMONS =? ! 5D ( A PH5OM5ON FROM ITS NASC5T BEG9N+S4 ,AL?\< A SPECIFIC PH5OM5ON MAY NOT BE R&OMLY SELF-CON/ITUT$1 =TUITY C\LD PREV5T ITS SELF-ACTUALIZATION4 ,ITS 0TELOS0 W\LD ?US APPE> AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( A PREVAIL+ /RIV+ RA!R ?AN AS AN 9EVITABLE NECESSITY4 

,BUT :AT IS MO/ FASC9AT+ TODAY IS ?AT NATURE IS WRIT+ ITS [N NATURE PHILOSOPHY & E?ICS -- NOT ! LOGICIANS1 POSITIVI/S1 & HEIRS ( ,GALILEAN SCI5TISM4 ,AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 WE >E NOT ALONE 9 ! UNIV]SE1 NOT EV5 9 ! 0EMPT9ESS0 ( SPACE4 ,[+ TO :AT IS A FAIRLY REC5T REVOLUTION 9 A/ROPHYSICS 7POSSIBLY COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,COP]NICUS & ,KEPL]71 ! COSMOS IS OP5+ ITSELF UP TO US 9 NEW WAYS ?AT CALL = AN EXHIL>AT+ SPECULATIVE TURN ( M9D & A MORE QUALITATIVE APPROA* TO NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,IT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY T5ABLE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE MAY BE ! CRADLE ( LIFE -- NOT M]ELY \R [N PLANET OR A FEW PLANETS LIKE IT4 ,! 0,BIG ,BANG10 :OSE FA9T E*OES FROM A TIME-SPAN ( MORE ?AN FIFTE5 BILLION YE>S AGO CAN N[ BE DETECT$ BY ! A/ROPHYSICI/'S 9/RUM5TS1 MAY BE EVID5CE LESS ( A S+LE ACCID5TAL 0EV5T0 ?AN ( A =M ( COSMIC 0BREA?+0 :OSE GRADUAL EXPANSIONS & CONTRACTIONS EXT5D OV] AN 9F9ITY ( TIME4 ,IF ?IS IS SO -- & WE >E ADMITT$LY ON HI<LY SPECULATIVE GR\NDS -- WE MAY BE DEAL+ ) COSMIC PROCESSES RA!R ?AN A S+LE EPISODE 9 ! =MATION ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 IF !SE PROCESSES EXPRESS AN UN5D+ =M ( UNIV]SAL 0HI/ORY10 AS IT W]E1 WE1 :O >E IRREVOCABLY LOCK$ 9TO \R [N COSMIC ]A1 MAY NEV] BE ABLE TO FA?OM !IR REALITY OR MEAN+4 ,BUT IT IS NOT COMPLETELY UNREASONABLE TO WOND] IF WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A VA/1 CONT9U+ DEVELOPM5T ( ! UNIV]SE1 NOT SIMPLY ) A RECURR+ TYPE ( COSMIC 0RESPIRATION40 

,HI<LY CONJECTURAL AS !SE NOTIONS MAY BE1 ! =MATION ( ALL ! ELEM5TS FROM HYDROG5 & HELIUM1 !IR COMB9ATION 9TO SMALL MOLECULES & LAT] 9TO SELF-=M+ MACROMOLECULES1 & F9ALLY ! ORGANIZATION ( !SE MACROMOLECULES 9TO ! CON/ITU5TS ( LIFE & POSSIBLY M9D FOLL[ A SEQU5CE ?AT *ALL5GES ,RUSSELL'S IMAGE ( HUMANITY AS AN ACCID5TAL SP>K 9 AN EMPTY1 MEAN+LESS VOID4 ,C]TA9 PHASES ( ?IS SEQU5CE CON/ITUTE A /RONG *ALL5GE TO A VIEW 9 :I* ! WORD 0ACCID5T0 BECOMES A PRUD5T SUB/ITUTE = VIRTUAL 9EVITABILITIES4 ,A COSMOS 9T]SP]S$ ) DU/ COMPOS$ ( HYDROG51 C>BON1 NITROG51 & OXYG5 MOLECULES SEEMS GE>$ TO ! UNAVOIDABLE =MATION ( ORGANIC MOLECULES4 ,RADIO A/RONOM]S HAVE DETECT$ CYANOG51 C>BON MONOXIDE1 HYDROG5 CYANIDE1 =MALDEHYDE1 =MIC ACID1 ME?ANOL1 ACETALDEHYDE1 & ME?YL =MATE 9 9T]/ELL> SPACE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! CLASSICAL IMAGE ( SPACE AS A VOID IS GIV+ WAY TO ! IMAGE ( SPACE AS A RE/LESSLY ACTIVE *EMOG5ETIC GR\ND = AN A/ONI%+ SEQU5CE ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX ORGANIC COMP\NDS4 

,FROM !RE1 IT IS ONLY A %ORT LEAP TO ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( RUDIM5T>Y1 LIFE-=M+ MOLECULES4 ,ANALYSIS ( C>BONACE\S *ONDRITES 7A GR\P ( /ONY METEORITES ) SMALL GLASSY 9CLUSIONS7 YIELDS LONG*A9 >OMATIC HYDROC>BONS SU* AS FATTY ACIDS1 AM9O ACIDS1 & PORPHYR9S -- ! COMP\NDS FROM :I* *LOROPHYLL IS BUILT4 ,9 A S]IES ( LABORATORY /UDIES BEG9N+ ) ! FAM\S ,MILL]-,UREY 0SP>K-GAP0 EXP]IM5T1 SIMPLE AM9O ACIDS W]E =M$ BY PASS+ ELECTRICAL DIS*>GES ?R\< A FLASK CONTA9+ GASES ?AT PRESUMABLY COMPOS$ ! E>?'S E>LY ATMOSPH]E4 ,BY *ANG+ ! GASES 9 ACCORDANCE ) LAT] !ORIES ( ! PRIMAL ATMOSPH]E1 O!R RESE>*]S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PRODUCE LONG-*A9 AM9O ACIDS1 RIBOSE & GLUCOSE SUG>S1 & NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHATES -- ! PRECURSORS ( ,D,N,A4 

,HYPO!TICALLY 7ALBEIT ) AN IMPRESSIVE DEGREE ( SUPPORT+ EVID5CE71 IT IS N[ POSSIBLE TO TRACE H[ ANA]OBIC MICROORGANISMS MI<T HAVE DEVELOP$ SIMPLE MEMBRANES &1 ) 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY1 HAVE EM]G$ AS DI/9CT LIFE =MS CAPABLE ( HI<LY DEVELOP$ METABOLIC PROCESSES4 ,FEW WORK+ HYPO!SES MORE /RIK+LY REVEAL ! HI<LY GRAD$ 9T]FACE BETWE5 ! 9ORGANIC & ! ORGANIC ?AN SPECULATIONS ON ! =MATION ( G5ETIC /RUCTURES4 ,SU* SPECULATIONS BR+ US CONCEPTUALLY TO ! MO/ C5TRAL FEATURE ( LIFE ITSELF3 ! ABILITY ( A COMPLEX MOSAIC ( ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES TO REPRODUCE ITSELF & YET TO DO SO ) *ANGES SIGNIFICANT 5\< TO R5D] EVOLUTION POSSIBLE4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#d#d1 ,]W9 ,S*ROD+] MAY HAVE PROVID$ A CLUE TO ORGANIC REPRODUCTION & EVOLUTION4 ,9 ,:AT IS ,LIFE8 ?IS EM95T PHYSICI/ OBS]V$ ?AT 0! MO/ ESS5TIAL P>T ( A LIV+ CELL -- ! *ROMOSOME FIB] -- MAY SUITABLY BE CALL$ AN AP]IODIC CRY/AL40 ,! 0*ROMOSOME FIB]0 DOES NOT M]ELY REPEAT ITSELF & GR[ ADDITIVELY1 LIKE A 0P]IODIC0 CRY/AL2 9/EAD1 IT *ANGES SIGNIFICANTLY TO YIELD NEW =MS -- MUTATIONS -- ?AT 9ITIATE & C>RY ON 9H]IT$1 EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5TS4 

,GRAHAM ,CAIRNS-,SMI? HAS ADVANC$ ANO!R HYPO!SIS 7ONE AMONG ! MANY N[ BE+ PROPOS$ & SOON =?COM+7 ?AT MAY HELP CL>IFY ! NATURE ( E>LY REPRODUCTION PROCESSES4 ,D,N,A IS MU* TOO UN/ABLE *EMICALLY1 ,CAIRNS-,SMI? EMPHASIZES1 TO HAVE SURVIV$ ! RADIATION & HEAT TO :I* ! E>LY E>?'S SURFACE WAS EXPOS$4 ,9 AN ANALOGY ?AT C\LD BE> IMPROVEM5T1 ,CAIRNS-,SMI? COMP>ES ,D,N,A ) A 0MAGNETIC TAPE3 IT IS V]Y EFFICI5T IF PROVID$ ) A SUITABLY PROTECTIVE 5VIRONM5T1 SUITABLY MA*9$ RAW MAT]IALS & SUITABLY COMPLEX RECORD+ EQUIPM5T40 ,?IS MA*9+ EQUIPM5T1 HE CONT5DS1 CAN BE F\ND 9 ! 9ORGANIC WORLD ITSELF3 

,) A NUMB] ( O!R CONSID]ATIONS1 ?IS LEADS .<,CAIRNS-,SMI?.> TO ! IDEA ( A =M ( CRY/ALLIZATION PROCESS AS ! PR9T+ MA*9E1 ) SOME K9D ( CRY/AL DEFECTS AS ! PATT]N-=M+ ELEM5TS4 ,BE+ AS SPECIFIC AS POSSIBLE1 A MICA-TYPE CLAY SEEM$ ! MO/ PROMIS+ POSSIBILITY4 

,M9IMALLY1 ,CAIRNS-,SMI?'S HYPO!SIS SUGGE/S ?AT LIFE1 9 ITS [N WAYS & FOLL[+ ITS [N G5ETIC EVOLUTION1 IS NOT MIRACUL\SLY SEP>AT$ FROM PH5OM5A EXI/+ 9 ! 9ORGANIC WORLD4 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO IMPLY ?AT BIOLOGY CAN BE R$UC$ TO PHYSICS ANY MORE ?AN SOCIETY CAN BE R$UC$ TO BIOLOGY4 ,9S(> AS ,CAIRNS-,SMI? SUGGE/S ?AT C]TA9 CLAY CRY/ALS C\LD POSSIBLY BE TEMPLATES ( ORGANIC REPRODUCTIVE MAT]IAL & !REBY LAUN* ! EVOLUTION ( SECOND>Y & /ILL MORE ADVANC$ =MS ( ORGANIC H]$IT>Y MAT]IALS1 HE IS ALSO SUGGE/+ ?AT NATURE MAY BE UNIFI$ BY C]TA9 COMMON T5D5CIES4 ,SU* T5D5CIES W\LD %>E A LIKE ORIG9 9 ! REALITY ( ! COSMOS1 H[EV] DIFF]5TLY !Y FUNCTION AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,MY PO9T H]E IS ?AT SUB/ANCE & ITS PROP]TIES >E NOT SEP>ABLE FROM LIFE4 ,H5RI ,B]GSON'S CONCEPTION ( ! BIOSPH]E AS AN 05TROPY-R$UCTION0 FACTOR1 9 A COSMOS ?AT IS SUPPOS$LY MOV+ T[>D GREAT] 5TROPY OR DISORD]1 W\LD SEEM TO PROVIDE LIFE ) A COSMIC RATIONALE = EXI/5CE4 ,?AT LIFE =MS MAY HAVE ?IS FUNCTION NE$ NOT SUGGE/ ?AT ! UNIV]SE HAS BE5 EXOG5\SLY 0DESIGN$0 BY A SUP]NATURAL DEMIURGE4 ,BUT IT DOES SUGGE/ ?AT 0MATT]0 OR SUB/ANCE HAS 9H]5T SELF-ORGANIZ+ PROP]TIES1 NO LESS VALID ?AN ! MASS & MOTION ATTRIBUT$ TO IT BY ,NEWTONIAN PHYSICS4 

,NOR IS !RE SO GREAT A LACK ( DATA1 BY COMP>ISON ) ! CONV5TIONAL ATTRIBUTES ( 0MATT]10 AS TO R5D] ! NEW PROP]TIES IMPLAUSIBLE4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 SCI5CE MU/ BE :AT NATURE REALLY IS2 & 9 NATURE1 LIFE IS 7TO USE ,B]GSONIAN T]M9OLOGY7 A C\NT]ACT+ =CE TO ! SECOND LAW ( !RMODYNAMICS -- OR AN 05TROPY-R$UCTION0 FACTOR4 ,! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( SUB/ANCE 9TO EV]-MORE COMPLEX =MS -- 9DE$1 ! IMPORTANCE ( =M ITSELF AS A CORRELATE ( FUNCTION & ( FUNCTION AS A CORRELATE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION -- IMPLIES ! UNCEAS+ ACTIVITY TO A*IEVE /ABILITY4 ,?AT /ABILITY AS WELL AS COMPLEXITY IS A 0GOAL0 ( SUB/ANCE2 ?AT COMPLEXITY1 NOT ONLY 9]TNESS1 MAKES = /ABILITY2 & F9ALLY1 ?AT COMPLEXITY IS A P>AM\NT FEATURE ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION & ( AN ECOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATION ( BIOTIC 9T]RELATION%IPS -- ALL !SE CONCEPTS TAK5 TOGE!R >E WAYS ( UND]/&+ NATURE AS SU*1 NOT M]E MY/ICAL VAG>IES4 ,!Y >E SUPPORT$ MORE BY EVID5CE ?AN >E ! !ORETICAL PREJUDICES ?AT /ILL EXI/ TODAY AGA9/ A UNIV]SE *>G$ ) MEAN+1 9DE$1 D>E ,I SAY1 ) E?ICAL MEAN+4 

,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 WE CAN NO LONG] BE SATISFI$ ) A PASSIVE 0DEAD0 MATT] ?AT =TUIT\SLY COLLECTS 9TO LIV+ SUB/ANCE4 ,! UNIV]SE BE>S WITNESS TO AN EV]-/RIV+1 DEVELOP+ -- NOT M]ELY A 0MOV+0 -- SUB/ANCE1 :OSE MO/ DYNAMIC & CREATIVE ATTRIBUTE IS ITS CEASELESS CAPACITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION 9TO 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX =MS4 ,NATURAL FECUNDITY ORIG9ATES PRIM>ILY FROM GR[?1 NOT FROM SPATIAL 0*ANGES0 ( LOCATION4 ,NOR CAN WE REMOVE =M FROM ITS C5TRAL PLACE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5TAL & GR[? PROCESS1 OR FUNCTION AS AN 9DISP5SABLE CORRELATE ( =M4 ,! ORD]LY UNIV]SE ?AT MAKES SCI5CE A POSSIBLE PROJECT & ITS USE ( A HI<LY CONCISE LOGIC -- MA!MATICS -- MEAN+FUL PRESUPPOSES ! CORRELATION ( =M ) FUNCTION4.<#f#a.> ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 MA!MATICS S]VES NOT M]ELY AS ! 0LANGUAGE0 ( SCI5CE BUT ALSO AS ! LOGOS ( SCI5CE4 ,?IS SCI5TIFIC LOGOS IS ABOVE ALL A WORKABLE PROJECT BECAUSE IT GRASPS A LOGOS ?AT 9H]ES 9 NATURE -- ! 0OBJECT0 ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION4 

,ONCE WE /EP BEYOND ! ?RE%OLD ( A PURELY 9/RUM5TAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! 0LANGUAGE0 ( ! SCI5CES1 WE CAN ADMIT EV5 MORE ATTRIBUTES 9TO \R ACC\NT ( ! ORGANIC SUB/ANCE WE CALL LIFE4 ,CONCEIV$ AS SUB/ANCE ?AT IS P]PETUALLY SELF-MA9TA9+ OR METABOLIC AS WELL AS DEVELOPM5TAL1 LIFE MORE CLE>LY E/ABLI%ES ! EXI/5CE ( ANO!R ATTRIBUTE3 SYMBIOSIS4 ,REC5T DATA SUPPORT ! VIEW ?AT ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S MUTUALI/IC NATURALISM NOT ONLY APPLIES TO RELATION%IPS )9 & AMONG SPECIES1 BUT ALSO APPLIES MORPHOLOGICALLY -- )9 & AMONG COMPLEX CELLUL> =MS4 ,AS ,WILLIAM ,TRAG] OBS]V$ MORE ?AN A DECADE AGO3 

,! CONFLICT 9 NATURE BETWE5 DIFF]5T K9DS ( ORGANISMS HAS BE5 POPUL>LY EXPRESS$ 9 PHRASES LIKE 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 & 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/40 ,YET FEW PEOPLE REALIZE ?AT MUTUAL COOP]ATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T K9DS ( ORGANISMS -- SYMBIOSIS -- IS JU/ AS IMPORTANT1 & ?AT ! 0FITTE/0 MAY BE ! ONE ?AT MO/ HELPS ANO!R TO SURVIVE4 

,:E!R 9T5TIONAL OR NOT1 ,TRAG]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! 0FITTE/0 IS NOT M]ELY A SCI5TIFIC JUDGM5T MADE BY AN EM95T BIOLOGI/2 IT IS ALSO AN E?ICAL JUDGM5T SIMIL> TO ! ONE ,KROPOTK9 D]IV$ FROM HIS [N WORK AS A NATURALI/ & HIS IDEALS AS AN AN>*I/4 ,TRAG] EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! 0NE>LY P]FECT0 9TEGRATION ( 0SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS 9TO ! ECONOMY ( ! HO/ 4 4 4 HAS L$ TO ! HYPO!SIS ?AT C]TA9 9TRACELLUL> ORGANELLES MI<T HAVE BE5 ORIG9ALLY 9DEP5D5T MICROORGANISMS40 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! *LOROPLA/S ?AT >E RESPONSIBLE = PHOTOSYN!TIC ACTIVITY 9 PLANTS ) EUK>YOTIC1 OR NUCLEAT$1 CELLS >E DISCRETE /RUCTURES ?AT REPLICATE BY DIVISION1 HAVE !IR [N DI/9CTIVE ,D,N,A V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( CIRCUL> BACT]IA1 SYN!SIZE !IR [N PROTE9S1 & >E B\ND$ BY TWO-UNIT MEMBRANES4 

,MU* ! SAME IS TRUE ( ! EUK>YOTIC CELL'S 0P[]H\SE10 ITS MITO*ONDRIA4 ,! MO/ SIGNIFICANT RESE>* 9 ?IS >EA DATES BACK TO ! #a#i#fS & HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ ) GREAT ELAN BY ,LYNN ,M>GULIS 9 H] PAP]S & BOOKS ON CELLUL> EVOLUTION4 ,! EUK>YOTIC CELLS >E ! MORPHOLOGICAL UNITS ( ALL COMPLEX =MS ( ANIMAL & PLANT LIFE4 ,! PROTI/A & FUNGI ALSO %>E !SE WELL-NUCLEAT$ CELL /RUCTURES4 ,EUK>YOTES >E A]OBIC & 9CLUDE CLE>LY =M$ SUBUNITS1 OR ORGANELLES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! PROK>YOTES LACK NUCLEI2 !Y >E ANA]OBIC1 LESS SPECIALIZ$ ?AN ! EUK>YOTES1 & ACCORD+ TO ,M>GULIS !Y CON/ITUTE ! EVOLUTION>Y PR$ECESSORS ( ! EUK>YOTES4 ,9 FACT1 !Y >E ! ONLY LIFE=MS ?AT C\LD HAVE SURVIV$ & FL\RI%$ 9 ! E>LY E>?'S ATMOSPH]E1 ) ITS M]E TRACES ( FREE OXYG54 

,M>GULIS HAS >GU$ & L>GELY E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! EUK>YOTIC CELLS CONSI/ ( HI<LY FUNCTIONAL SYMBIOTIC >RANGEM5TS ( PROK>YOTES ?AT HAVE BECOME TOTALLY 9T]DEP5D5T ) O!R CON/ITU5TS4 ,EUK>YOTIC FLAGELLA1 %E HYPO!SIZES1 D]IVE FROM ANA]OBIC SPIRO*ETES2 MITO*ONDRIA1 FROM PROK>YOTIC BACT]IA ?AT W]E CAPABLE ( RESPIRATION AS WELL AS F]M5TATION2 & PLANT *LOROPLA/S1 FROM 0BLUE-GRE5 ALGAE10 :I* HAVE REC5TLY BE5 RECLASSIFI$ AS CYANOBACT]IA4 ,! !ORY1 N[ ALMO/ A BIOLOGICAL CONV5TION1 HOLDS ?AT PHAGOCYTIC ANCE/ORS ( :AT W]E TO BECOME EUK>YOTES ABSORB$ 7)\T DIGE/+7 C]TA9 SPIRO*ETES1 PROTOMITO*ONDRIA 7:I*1 ,M>GULIS SUGGE/S1 MI<T HAVE 9VAD$ !IR HO/S71 &1 9 ! CASE ( PHOTOSYN!TIC CELLS1 COCCOID CYANOBACT]IA & *LOROXYBACT]IA4 ,EXI/+ PHYLA ( MULTICELLUL> A]OBIC LIFE =MS ?US HAD !IR ORIG9S 9 A SYMBIOTIC PROCESS ?AT 9TEGRAT$ A V>IETY ( MICROORGANISMS 9TO :AT CAN REASONABLY BE CALL$ A COLONIAL ORGANISM1 ! EUK>YOTIC CELL4 ,MUTUALISM1 NOT PR$ATION1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE = ! EVOLUTION ( ! HI<LY COMPLEX A]OBIC LIFE =MS ?AT >E COMMON TODAY4 

,! PROSPECT ?AT LIFE & ALL ITS ATTRIBUTES >E LAT5T 9 SUB/ANCE AS SU*1 ?AT BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IS ROOT$ DEEPLY 9 SYMBIOSIS OR MUTUALISM1 9DICATES H[ IMPORTANT IT IS TO RECONCEPTUALIZE \R NOTION ( 0MATT]0 AS ACTIVE SUB/ANCE4 ,AS ,MANFR$ ,EIG5 HAS PUT IT1 MOLECUL> SELF-ORGANIZATION SUGGE/S ?AT EVOLUTION 0APPE>S TO BE AN 9EVITABLE EV5T1 GIV5 ! PRES5CE ( C]TA9 MATT] ) SPECIFI$ AUTOCATALYTIC PROP]TIES & UND] ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! F9ITE 7FREE7 5]GY FL[ .<?AT IS1 SOL> 5]GY.> NECESS>Y TO COMP5SATE = ! /EADY PRODUCTION ( 5TROPY40 ,9DE$1 ?IS SELF-ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITY EXT5DS BEYOND ! EM]G5CE & EVOLUTION ( LIFE TO ! SEEM+LY 9ORGANIC FACTORS ?AT PRODUC$ & MA9TA9 A BIOTICALLY FAVORABLE 05VIRONM5T0 = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX LIFE =MS4 ,AS ,M>GULIS OBS]VES1 SUMM>IZ+ ! ,GAIA HYPO!SIS ?AT %E & ,JAMES ,E4 ,LOVELOCK HAVE DEVELOP$1 ! TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTION ?AT LIFE HAS BE5 =C$ M]ELY TO ADAPT TO AN 9DEP5D5T1 GEOLOGICALLY & METEOROLOGICALLY DET]M9$ 05VIRONM5T0 IS NO LONG] T5ABLE4 ,?IS DUALISM BETWE5 ! LIV+ & ! NONLIV+ WORLD 7:I* IS BAS$ ON ACCID5TAL PO9T MUTATIONS 9 LIFE-=MS ?AT DET]M9E :AT SPECIES WILL EVOLVE OR P]I%7 IS BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! MORE *ALL5G+ NOTION ?AT LIFE 0MAKES MU* ( ITS [N 5VIRONM5T10 AS ,M>GULIS OBS]VES4 0,C]TA9 PROP]TIES ( ! ATMOSPH]E1 S$IM5TS1 & HYDROSPH]E >E CONTROLL$ BY & = ! BIOSPH]E40 

,BY COMP>+ LIFELESS PLANETS SU* AS ,M>S & ,V5US ) ! ,E>?1 ,M>GULIS NOTES ?AT ! HI< CONC5TRATION ( OXYG5 9 \R ATMOSPH]E IS ANOMAL\S 9 CONTRA/ ) ! C>BON DIOXIDE WORLDS ( ! O!R PLANETS4 ,MOREOV]1 0! CONC5TRATION ( OXYG5 9 ! ,E>?'S ATMOSPH]E REMA9S CON/ANT 9 ! PRES5CE ( NITROG51 ME?ANE1 HYDROG51 & O!R POT5TIAL REACTANTS40 ,LIFE1 9 EFFECT1 EX]TS AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 MA9TA9+ FREE OXYG5 MOLECULES & !IR RELATIVE CON/ANCY 9 ! E>?'S ATMOSPH]E4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! ALKAL9ITY & ! REM>KABLE DEGREE ( MOD]ATE TEMP]ATURE LEVELS ( ! E>?'S SURFACE4 ,! UNIQU5ESS & ANOMALIES ( ! ,E>?'S ATMOSPH]E 

>E F> FROM R&OM4 ,AT LEA/ ! 0CORE10 ! TROPICAL & TEMP]ATE REGIONS1 SURFACE & ATMOSPH]E .<TEMP]ATURES.> >E SKEW$ FROM ! VALUES D$UC$ BY 9T]POLAT+ BETWE5 VALUES = ,M>S & ,V5US1 & DEVIATIONS >E 9 DIRECTIONS FAVOR$ BY MO/ SPECIES ( ORGANISMS4 ,OXYG5 IS MA9TA9$ AT AB\T #b P]C5T1 ! MEAN TEMP]ATURE ( ! L[] ATMOSPH]E IS AB\T #b#b8,C1 & ! P,H IS JU/ OV] #h4 ,!SE PLANET-WIDE ANOMALIES HAVE P]SI/$ = V]Y LONG TIMES2 ! *EMICALLY BIZ>RE COMPOSITION ( ! ,E>?'S ATMOSPH]E HAS PREVAIL$ = MILLIONS ( YE>S1 EV5 ?\< ! RESID5CE TIMES ( ! REACTIVE GASES CAN BE MEASUR$ 9 MON?S & YE>S4 

,M>GULIS CONCLUDES ?AT IT IS HI<LY UNLIKELY ?AT *ANCE ALONE ACC\NTS = ! FACT ?AT TEMP]ATURE1 P,H1 & ! CONC5TRATION ( NUTRI5T ELEM5TS HAVE BE5 = IMM5SE P]IODS ( TIME JU/ ?OSE OPTIMAL = LIFE4 ,IT SEEMS ESPECIALLY UNLIKELY :5 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! MAJOR P]TURB]S ( ATMOSPH]IC GASES >E ORGANISMS !MSELVES-PRIM>ILY MICROBES 4 4 4 4 ,IT SEEMS RA!R MORE LIKELY ?AT 5]GY IS EXP5D$ BY ! BIOTA ACTIVELY TO MA9TA9 !SE CONDITIONS4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,MOD]N ,SYN!SIS1 TO USE ,JULIAN ,HUXLEY'S T]M = ! NEO-,D>W9IAN MODEL ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9 =CE S9CE ! E>LY #a#i#dS1 HAS ALSO BE5 *ALL5G$ AS TOO N>R[ & P]HAPS ME*ANI/IC 9 ITS \TLOOK4 ,! IMAGE ( A SL[ PACE ( EVOLUTION>Y *ANGE EM]G+ FROM ! 9T]PLAY ( SMALL V>IATIONS1 :I* >E SELECT$ = !IR ADAPTABILITY TO ! 5VIRONM5T1 IS NO LONG] AS SUPPORTABLE AS IT SEEM$ BY ! ACTUAL FACTS ( ! FOSSIL RECORD4 ,EVOLUTION SEEMS TO BE MORE SPORADIC1 M>K$ BY OCCASIONAL RAPID *ANGES1 (T5 DELAY$ BY LONG P]IODS ( /ASIS4 ,HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ G5]A T5D TO SPECIATE & BECOME EXT9CT BECAUSE ( ! V]Y N>R[1 RE/RICT$ NI*ES !Y OCCUPY ECOLOGICALLY1 :ILE FAIRLY G5]ALIZ$ G5]A *ANGE MORE SL[LY & BECOME EXT9CT LESS FREQU5TLY BECAUSE ( ! MORE DIV]SIFI$ 5VIRONM5TS 9 :I* !Y CAN EXI/4 ,?IS 0,EFFECT ,HYPO!SIS10 ADVANC$ BY ,ELIZABE? ,VRBA1 SUGGE/S ?AT EVOLUTION T5DS TO BE AN IMMAN5T /RIV+ RA!R ?AN ! PRODUCT ( EXT]NAL SELECTIVE =CES4 ,MUTATIONS APPE> MORE LIKE 9T5TIONAL MOSAICS ?AN SMALL1 SCRAT*-LIKE *ANGES 9 ! /RUCTURE & FUNCTION ( LIFE =MS4 ,AS ONE OBS]V] NOTES1 0,:]EAS SPECIES SELECTION PUTS ! =CES ( *ANGE ON 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS1 ! ,EFFECT ,HYPO!SIS LOOKS TO 9T]NAL P>AMET]S ?AT AFFECT ! RATES ( SPECIATION & EXT9CTION40 

,! NOTION ( SMALL1 GRADUAL PO9T MUTATIONS 7A !ORY ?AT ACCORDS ) ! ,VICTORIAN M5TALITY ( /RICTLY =TUIT\S EVOLUTION>Y *ANGES7 CAN BE *ALL5G$ ON G5ETIC GR\NDS ALONE4 ,NOT ONLY A G5E BUT A *ROMOSOME1 BO? 9 V>Y+ COMB9ATIONS1 MAY BE ALT]$ *EMICALLY & ME*ANICALLY4 ,G5ETIC *ANGES MAY RANGE FROM 0SIMPLE0 PO9T MUTATIONS1 ?R\< JUMP+ G5ES & TRANSPOSABLE ELEM5TS1 TO MAJOR *ROMOSOMAL RE>RANGEM5TS4 ,IT IS ALSO CLE>1 MA9LY FROM EXP]IM5TAL WORK1 ?AT P]MUTATIONS ( G5ETICALLY DET]M9$ MORPHOLOGICAL %IFTS >E POSSIBLE4 ,SMALL G5ETIC *ANGES CAN GIVE RISE TO EI!R M9OR OR MAJOR MORPHOLOGICAL MODIFICATIONS2 ! SAME HOLDS TRUE = L>GE G5ETIC *ANGES4 

,TRAG]'S OBS]VATION ?AT ! 0FITTE/0 SPECIES MAY WELL BE 0! ONE ?AT MO/ HELPS ANO!R TO SURVIVE0 IS AN EXCELL5T =MULA = RECA/+ ! TRADITIONAL PICTURE ( NATURAL EVOLUTION AS A MEAN+LESS COMPETITIVE TABLEAU BLOODI$ BY ! /RUGGLE TO SURVIVE4 ,!RE IS A RI* LIT]ATURE1 DAT+ BACK TO ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?AT EMPHASIZES ! ROLE PLAY$ BY 9TRASPECIFIC & 9T]SPECIFIC COOP]ATION 9 FO/]+ ! SURVIVAL ( LIFE =MS ON ! PLANET4 ,KROPOTK9'S FAM\S ,MUTUAL ,AID SUMM>IZ$ ! DATA AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 & APP>5TLY ADD$ ! WORD 0MUTUALISM0 TO ! BIOLOGICAL VOCABUL>Y ON SYMBIOSIS4 ,! OP5+ *APT]S ( ! BOOK SUMM>IZE ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORK ON ! SUBJECT1 HIS [N OBS]VATIONS 9 EA/]N ,ASIA1 & A SIZABLE >RAY ( DATA ON 9SECTS1 CRABS1 BIRDS1 ! 0HUNT+ ASSOCIATIONS0 ( MAMMALIAN C>NIVORES1 ROD5T 0SOCIETIES10 & ! LIKE4 ,! MAT]IAL IS L>GELY 9TRASPECIFIC2 BIOLOGICAL 0MUTUALI/S0 ( A C5TURY AGO DID NOT EMPHASIZE ! 9T]SPECIFIC SUPPORT SY/EMS ?AT WE N[ KN[ TO BE MORE WIDESPREAD ?AN ,KROPOTK9 C\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 ,BU*N] HAS WRITT5 A HUGE VOLUME 7#a#i#e#c7 ON ! 5DOSYMBIOSIS ( ANIMALS ) PLANT MICROORGANISMS ALONE2 ,H5RY HAS COMPIL$ A TWO-VOLUME WORK1 ,SYMBIOSIS1 ?AT BR+S ! /UDY ( ?IS SUBJECT UP TO ! MID-#a#i#fS4 ,! EVID5CE = 9T]SPECIFIC SYMBIOSIS1 P>TICUL>LY MUTUALISM1 IS NO?+ LESS ?AN MASSIVE4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ,H5RY'S WORK TRACES ! EVID5CE ( MUTUALI/IC RELATION%IPS FROM ! 9T]SPECIFIC SUPPORT RELATION%IPS ( RHIZOBIA & LEGUMES1 ?R\< PLANT ASSOCIATIONS1 BEHAVIOR SYMBIOSIS 9 ANIMALS1 & ! GREAT REGULATORY ME*ANISMS ?AT ACC\NT = HOMEO/ASIS 9 PLANET-WIDE BIOGEO*EMICAL RELATION%IPS4 

0,FITNESS0 IS R>ELY BIOLOGICALLY MEAN+FUL AS M]E SPECIES SURVIVAL & ADAPTATION4 ,LEFT ON ?IS SUP]FICIAL LEVEL1 IT BECOMES AN ALMO/ P]SONAL ADAPTIVE 5T]PRISE ?AT FAILS TO ACC\NT = ! NE$ ( ALL SPECIES = LIFE SUPPORT SY/EMS1 BE !Y AUTOTROPHIC OR HET]OTROPHIC4 ,TRADITIONAL EVOLUTION>Y !ORY T5DS TO AB/RACT A SPECIES FROM ITS ECOSY/EM1 TO ISOLATE IT1 & TO DEAL ) ITS SURVIVAL 9 A REM>KABLY AB/RACT FA%ION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE 9T]PLAY BETWE5 PHOTOSYN!TIC LIFE =MS & H]BIVORES1 F> FROM PROVID+ EVID5CE ( ! SIMPLE/ =M ( 0PR$ATION0 OR HET]OTROPHY1 IS 9 FACT 9DISP5SABLE TO SOIL F]TILITY FROM ANIMAL WA/ES1 SE$ DI/RIBUTION1 & ! RETURN 7VIA DEA?7 ( BULKY ORGANISMS TO AN EV]-5RI*$ ECOSY/EM4 ,EV5 L>GE C>NIVORES ?AT PREY UPON L>GE H]BIVORES HAVE A VITAL FUNCTION 9 SELECTIVELY CONTROLL+ L>GE POPULATION SW+S BY REMOV+ WEAK5$ OR OLD ANIMALS = :OM LIFE W\LD 9 FACT BECOME A =M ( 0SUFF]+40 

,IRONICALLY1 IT *EAP5S ! MEAN+ ( REAL SUFF]+ & CRUELTY TO R$UCE !M TO PA9 & PR$ATION1 JU/ AS IT *EAP5S ! MEAN+ ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION TO DE9/ITUTIONALIZE !SE SOCIALLY *>G$ T]MS & DISSOLVE !M 9TO ! 9DIVIDUAL TRANSITORY L9KS BETWE5 MORE OR LESS AGGRESSIVE 9DIVIDUALS )9 A SPECIFIC ANIMAL AGGREGATION4 ,! FE>1 PA91 & COMMONLY RAPID DEA? ?AT A WOLFPACK BR+S TO A SICK OR OLD C>IB\ >E EVID5CE NOT ( SUFF]+ OR CRUELTY 9 NATURE BUT ( A MODE ( DY+ ?AT IS 9TEGRALLY W$D$ TO ORGANIC R5EWAL & ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY4 ,SUFF]+ & CRUELTY PROP]LY BELONG TO ! REALM ( P]SONAL ANGUI%1 NE$LESS AFFLICTION1 & ! MORAL DEGRADATION ( ?OSE :O TORM5T ! VICTIM4 ,!SE NOTIONS CANNOT BE APPLI$ TO ! REMOVAL ( AN ORGANISM ?AT CAN NO LONG] FUNCTION ON A LEVEL ?AT R5D]S ITS LIFE TOL]ABLE4 ,IT IS %E] DI/ORTION TO ASSOCIATE ALL PA9 ) SUFF]+1 ALL PR$ATION ) CRUELTY4 ,TO SUFF] ! ANGUI% ( HUNG]1 PSY*IC 9JURY1 9SECURITY1 NEGLECT1 LONEL9ESS1 & DEA? 9 W>F>E1 AS WELL AS ( PROLONG$ TRAUMA & T]M9AL ILLNESS1 CANNOT BE EQUAT$ ) ! (T5 BRIEF PA9 ASSOCIAT$ ) PR$ATION & ! UNKN[+ FACT ( DEA?4 ,! SPASMS ( NATURE >E R>ELY AS CRUEL AS ! HI<LY ORGANIZ$ & SY/EMATIC AFFLICTIONS ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY VISITS UPON HEAL?Y1 VITAL BE+S1 ANIMAL AS WELL AS HUMAN -- AFFLICTIONS ?AT ONLY ! CUNN+ ( ! HOM9ID M9D CAN CONTRIVE4 

,NEI!R PA91 CRUELTY1 AGGRESSION1 NOR COMPETITION SATISFACTORILY EXPLA9 ! EM]G5CE & EVOLUTION ( LIFE4 ,= A BETT] EXPLANATION WE %\LD ALSO TURN TO MUTUALISM & A CONCEPT ( 0FITNESS0 ?AT RE9=CES ! SUPPORT SY/EMS = ! SEEM+LY 0FITTE/40 ,IF WE >E PREP>$ TO RECOGNIZE ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ NATURE ( LIFE1 ! DECISIVE ROLE ( MUTUALISM AS ITS EVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS OBLIGES US TO R$EF9E 0FITNESS0 9 T]MS ( AN ECOSY/EM'S SUPPORTIVE APP>ATUS4 ,& IF WE >E PREP>$ TO VIEW LIFE AS A PH5OM5ON ?AT CAN %APE & MA9TA9 ! V]Y 05VIRONM5T0 ?AT IS REG>D$ AS ! 0SELECTIVE0 S\RCE ( ITS EVOLUTION1 A CRUCIAL QUE/ION >ISES3 ,IS IT MEAN+FUL ANY LONG] TO SPEAK ( 0NATURAL SELECTION0 AS ! MOTIVE =CE ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION8 ,OR MU/ WE N[ SPEAK ( 0NATURAL 9T]ACTION0 TO TAKE FULL ACC\NT ( LIFE'S [N ROLE 9 CREAT+ & GUID+ ! 0=CES0 ?AT EXPLA9 ITS EVOLUTION8 ,CONTEMPOR>Y BIOLOGY LEAVES US ) A PICTURE ( ORGANIC 9T]DEP5D5CIES ?AT F> & AWAY PROVE TO BE MORE IMPORTANT 9 %AP+ LIFE =MS ?AN EI!R A ,D>W91 A ,HUXLEY1 OR ! =MULATORS ( ! ,MOD]N ,SYN!SIS C\LD EV] HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 ,LIFE IS NECESS>Y NOT ONLY = ITS [N SELF-MA9T5ANCE BUT = ITS [N SELF-=MATION4 0,GAIA0 & SUBJECTIVITY >E MORE ?AN ! EFFECTS ( LIFE2 !Y >E ITS 9TEGRAL ATTRIBUTES4 

,! GR&EUR ( AN AU!NTIC ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! SUP]FICIAL 5VIRONM5TALISM SO PREVAL5T TODAY1 IS ?AT IT PROVIDES US ) ! ABILITY TO G5]ALIZE 9 ! MO/ RADICAL WAY !SE FECUND1 SUPPORTIVE 9T]RELATION%IPS & !IR RELIANCE ON V>IETY AS ! F\NDATION ( /ABILITY4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY GIVES US A COH]5T \TLOOK ?AT IS EXPLANATORY 9 ! MO/ MEAN+FUL S5SE ( ! T]M1 & ALMO/ OV]TLY E?ICAL4 

,FROM ! DI/ANT ,HELL5IC ]A TO ! E>LY ,R5AISSANCE1 NATURE WAS SE5 PRIM>ILY AS A S\RCE ( E?ICAL ORI5TATION1 A MEANS BY :I* HUMAN ?\<T F\ND ITS NORMATIVE BE>+S & COH]5CE4 ,NONHUMAN NATURE WAS NOT EXT]NAL TO HUMAN NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! M9D WAS UNIQUELY P>T ( A COSMIC LOGOS ?AT PROVID$ OBJECTIVE CRIT]IA = SOCIAL & P]SONAL CONCEPTS ( GOOD & EVIL1 JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE1 BEAUTY & UGL9ESS1 LOVE & HATR$ -- 9DE$1 = AN 9T]M9ABLE NUMB] ( VALUES BY :I* TO GUIDE ONESELF T[>D ! A*IEVEM5T ( VIRTUE & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,! WORDS DIKE & &IKE -- JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE -- P]MEAT$ ! COSMOLOGIES ( ! ,GREEK NATURE PHILOSOPH]S4 ,!Y L+] ON 9 MANY T]M9OLOGICAL V>IATIONS AS P>T ( ! J>GON ( MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CE -- NOTABLY 9 SU* WORDS AS 0ATTRACTION0 & 0REPULSION40 

,! FALLACIES ( >*AIC COSMOLOGY G5]ALLY LIE NOT 9 ITS E?ICAL ORI5TATION BUT 9 ITS DUALI/IC APPROA* TO NATURE4 ,= ALL ITS EMPHASIS ON SPECULATION AT ! EXP5SE ( EXP]IM5TATION1 ANCI5T COSMOLOGY ]R$ MO/ :5 IT TRI$ TO COJO9 A SELF-ORGANIZ+1 FECUND NATURE ) A VITALIZ+ =CE ALI5 TO ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF4 ,P>M5IDES'S ,DIKE1 LIKE ,H5RI ,B]GSON'S ELAN VITAL1 >E SUB/ITUTES = ! SELF-ORGANIZ+ PROP]TIES ( NATURE1 NOT MOTIVAT+ =CES )9 NATURE ?AT ACC\NT = AN ORD]$ WORLD4 ,A LAT5T DUALISM EXI/S 9 MONI/IC COSMOLOGIES ?AT TRY TO BR+ HUMANITY & NATURE 9TO E?ICAL COMMONALITY -- A DEUS EX MA*9A ?AT CORRECTS IMBALANCES EI!R 9 A DISEQUILIBRIAT$ COSMOS OR 9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,TRU? WE>S AN UNSE5 CR[N 9 ! =M ( ,GOD OR ,SPIRIT1 = NATURE CAN NEV] BE TRU/$ TO DEVELOP ON ITS [N SPONTANE\S GR\NDS1 ANY MORE ?AN ! BODY POLITIC BEQUEA!D TO US BY 0CIVILIZATION0 CAN BE TRU/$ TO MANAGE ITS [N AFFAIRS4 

,!SE >*AISMS1 ) !IR !OLOGICAL NUANCES & !IR TI<TLY =MULAT$ TELEOLOGIES1 HAVE BE5 JU/LY VIEW$ AS SOCIALLY REACTION>Y TRAPS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y TA9T$ ! WORKS ( ,>I/OTLE & ,HEGEL AS SURELY AS !Y MESM]IZ$ ! M9DS ( ! M$IEVAL ,S*OOLM54 ,BUT ! ]RORS ( CLASSICAL NATURE PHILOSOPHY LIE NOT 9 ITS PROJECT ( ELICIT+ AN E?ICS FROM NATURE1 BUT 9 ! SPIRIT ( DOM9ATION ?AT POISON$ IT FROM ! />T ) A PRESID+1 (T5 AU?ORIT>IAN1 ,SUP]NATURAL 0>BIT]0 :O WEI<$ \T & CORRECT$ ! IMBALANCES OR 09JU/ICES0 ?AT ]UPT$ 9 NATURE4 ,H5CE ! ANCI5T GODS W]E !RE ALL ! TIME1 H[EV] RATIONALI/IC !SE E>LY COSMOLOGIES MAY SEEM2 !Y HAD TO BE EXORCIZ$ 9 ORD] TO R5D] AN E?ICAL CONT9UUM BETWE5 NATURE & HUMANITY MORE MEAN+FUL & DEMOCRATIC4 ,TRAGICALLY1 LATE ,R5AISSANCE ?\<T WAS H>DLY MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN ITS ANTEC$5TS1 & NEI!R ,GALILEO 9 SCI5CE NOR ,DESC>TES 9 PHILOSOPHY P]=M$ ?IS MU*-NE$$ ACT ( SURG]Y SATISFACTORILY4 ,!Y & !IR MORE REC5T HEIRS SEP>AT$ ! DOMA9S ( NATURE & M9D1 RECREAT+ DEITIES ( !IR [N 9 ! =M ( SCI5TI/IC & EPI/EMOLOGICAL BIASES ?AT >E NO LESS TA9T$ BY DOM9ATION ?AN ! CLASSICAL TRADITION !Y DEMOLI%$4 

,TODAY1 WE >E FAC$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( P]MITT+ NATURE -- NOT ,DIKE1 ,JU/ITIA1 ,GOD1 ,SPIRIT1 OR AN ELAN VITAL -- TO OP5 ITSELF TO US E?ICALLY ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,MUTUALISM IS AN 9TR9SIC GOOD BY VIRTUE ( ITS FUNCTION 9 FO/]+ ! EVOLUTION ( NATURAL V>IETY4 ,WE REQUIRE NO ,DIKE ON ! ONE H& OR CANONS ( 0SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY0 ON ! O!R TO AFFIRM ! ROLE ( COMMUNITY AS A DESID]ATUM 9 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 FRE$OM IS AN 9TR9SIC GOOD2 ITS CLAIMS >E VALIDAT$ BY :AT ,HANS ,JONAS SO P]CEPTIVELY CALL$ ! 09W>DNESS0 ( LIFE =MS1 !IR 0ORGANIC ID5TITY0 & 0ADV5TURE ( =M40 ,! CLE>LY VISIBLE EF=T1 V5TURE1 9DE$ SELF-RECOGNITION1 :I* EV]Y LIV+ BE+ EX]CISES 9 ! C\RSE ( 0ITS PREC>I\S METABOLIC CONT9UITY0 TO PRES]VE ITSELF REVEALS -- EV5 9 ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y ( ORGANISMS -- A S5SE ( ID5TITY & SELECTIVE ACTIVITY :I* ,JONAS HAS V]Y APPROPRIATELY CALL$ EVID5CE ( 0G]M9AL FRE$OM40 

,F9ALLY1 FROM ! EV]-GREAT] COMPLEXITY & V>IETY ?AT RAISES SUBATOMIC P>TICLES ?R\< ! C\RSE ( EVOLUTION TO ?OSE CONSCI\S1 SELF-REFLEXIVE LIFE =MS WE CALL HUMAN BE+S1 WE CANNOT HELP BUT SPECULATE AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( A BROADLY CONCEIV$ TELOS & A LAT5T SUBJECTIVITY 9 SUB/ANCE ITSELF ?AT EV5TUALLY YIELDS M9D & 9TELLECTUALITY4 ,9 ! REACTIVITY ( SUB/ANCE1 9 ! S5SIBILITY ( ! LEA/-DEVELOP$ MICROORGANISMS1 9 ! ELABORATION ( N]VES1 GANGLIA1 ! SP9AL CORD1 & ! LAY]$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! BRA91 ONE S5SES AN EVOLUTION ( M9D SO COH]5T & COMPELL+ ?AT !RE IS A /RONG TEMPTATION TO DESCRIBE IT ) ,MANFR$ ,EIG5'S T]M1 09EVITABLE40 ,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT M]E =TUITY ACC\NTS = ! CAPACITY ( LIFE =MS TO RESPOND NEUROLOGICALLY TO /IMULI2 TO DEVELOP HI<LY ORGANIZ$ N]V\S SY/EMS2 TO BE ABLE TO =ESEE1 H[EV] DIMLY1 ! RESULTS ( !IR BEHAVIOR & LAT] CONCEPTUALIZE ?IS =ESI<T CLE>LY & SYMBOLICALLY4 ,A TRUE HI/ORY ( M9D MAY HAVE TO BEG9 ) ! ATTRIBUTES ( SUB/ANCE ITSELF2 P]HAPS 9 ! HIDD5 OR COV]T EF=TS ( ! SIMPLE/ CRY/ALS TO P]PETUATE !MSELVES1 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ,D,N,A FROM UNKN[N *EMICAL S\RCES TO A PO9T :]E IT %>ES A PR9CIPLE ( REPLICATION ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! 9ORGANIC WORLD1 & 9 ! SPECIATION ( NONLIV+ AS WELL AS LIV+ MOLECULES AS A RESULT ( ?OSE 9TR9SIC SELF-ORGANIZ+ FEATURES ( REALITY WE CALL !IR 0PROP]TIES40 

,H5CE \R /UDY ( NATURE -- ALL >*AIC PHILOSOPHIES & EPI/EMOLOGICAL BIASES ASIDE -- EXHIBITS A SELF-EVOLV+ PATT]N+1 A 0GRA910 SO TO SPEAK1 ?AT IS IMPLICITLY E?ICAL4 ,MUTUALISM1 FRE$OM1 & SUBJECTIVITY >E NOT /RICTLY HUMAN VALUES OR CONC]NS4 ,!Y APPE>1 H[EV] G]M9ALLY1 9 L>G] COSMIC & ORGANIC PROCESSES ?AT REQUIRE NO ,>I/OTELIAN ,GOD TO MOTIVATE !M1 NO ,HEGELIAN ,SPIRIT TO VITALIZE !M4 ,IF SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROVIDES LITTLE MORE ?AN A COH]5T FOCUS TO ! UNITY ( MUTUALISM1 FRE$OM1 & SUBJECTIVITY AS ASPECTS ( A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY ?AT IS FREE ( DOM9ATION & GUID$ BY REFLECTION & REASON1 IT WILL REMOVE ! TA9TS ?AT BLEMI%$ A NATURALI/IC E?ICS FROM ITS 9CEPTION2 IT WILL PROVIDE BO? HUMANITY & NATURE ) A COMMON E?ICAL VOICE4 ,NO LONG] W\LD WE HAVE NE$ ( A ,C>TESIAN -- & MORE REC5TLY1 A NEO-,KANTIAN -- DUALISM ?AT LEAVES NATURE MUTE & M9D ISOLAT$ FROM ! L>G] WORLD ( PH5OM5A >\ND IT4 ,TO VITIATE COMMUNITY1 TO >RE/ ! SPONTANEITY ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( A SELF-ORGANIZ+ REALITY T[>D EV]-GREAT] COMPLEXITY & RATIONALITY1 TO ABRIDGE FRE$OM -- !SE ACTIONS W\LD CUT ACROSS ! GRA9 ( NATURE1 D5Y \R H]ITAGE 9 ITS EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES1 & DISSOLVE \R LEGITIMACY & FUNCTION 9 ! WORLD ( LIFE4 ,NO LESS ?AN ?IS E?ICALLY ROOT$ LEGITIMATION W\LD BE AT /AKE -- ALL ITS GRIM ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ASIDE -- IF WE FAIL TO A*IEVE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & >TICULATE AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS4 

,MUTUALISM1 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 FRE$OM1 & SUBJECTIVITY1 COH]$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S PR9CIPLES ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 SPONTANEITY1 & NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 >E ?US 5DS 9 !MSELVES4 ,ASIDE FROM ! ECOLOGICAL RESPONSIBILITIES !Y CONF] ON \R SPECIES AS ! SELF-REFLEXIVE VOICE ( NATURE1 !Y LIT]ALLY DEF9E US4 ,NATURE DOES NOT 0EXI/0 = US TO USE2 IT SIMPLY LEGITIMATES US & \R UNIQU5ESS ECOLOGICALLY4 ,LIKE ! CONCEPT ( 0BE+10 !SE PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY REQUIRE NO EXPLANATION1 M]ELY V]IFICATION4 ,!Y >E ! ELEM5TS ( AN E?ICAL ONTOLOGY1 NOT RULES ( A GAME ?AT CAN BE *ANG$ TO SUIT ONE'S P]SONAL NE$S4 

,A SOCIETY ?AT CUTS ACROSS ! GRA9 ( ?IS ONTOLOGY RAISES ! 5TIRE QUE/ION ( ITS V]Y REALITY AS A MEAN+FUL & RATIONAL 5TITY4 0,CIVILIZATION0 HAS BEQUEA!D US A VISION ( O!RNESS AS 0POL>IZATION0 & 0DEFIANCE10 & ( ORGANIC 09W>DNESS0 AS A P]PETUAL 0W>0 = SELF-ID5TITY4 ,?IS VISION ?REAT5S TO UTT]LY SUBV]T ! ECOLOGICAL LEGITIMATION ( HUMANITY & ! REALITY ( SOCIETY AS A POT5TIALLY RATIONAL DIM5SION ( ! WORLD >\ND US4 ,TRAPP$ BY ! FALSE P]CEPTION ( A NATURE ?AT /&S 9 P]PETUAL OPPOSITION TO \R HUMANITY1 WE HAVE R$EF9$ HUMANITY ITSELF TO MEAN /RIFE AS A CONDITION = PACIFICATION1 CONTROL AS A CONDITION = CONSCI\SNESS1 DOM9ATION AS A CONDITION = FRE$OM1 & OPPOSITION AS A CONDITION = RECONCILIATION4 ,)9 ?IS IMPLICITLY SELF-DE/RUCTIVE CONTEXT1 WE >E RAPIDLY BUILD+ ! ,VALHALLA ?AT WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY BECOME A TRAP RA!R ?AN A =TRESS AGA9/ ! ALL-CONSUM+ FLAMES ( ,RAGN>OK4 

,YET AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL DISP5SATION CAN BE READ FROM ! CONCEPT ( O!RNESS & 9W>DNESS ( LIFE -- ONE ?AT1 9 SPIRIT AT LEA/1 IS NOT UNLIKE ?AT ( ! ,W9TU & ,HOPI4 ,GIV5 A WORLD ?AT LIFE ITSELF MADE CONDUCIVE TO EVOLUTION -- 9DE$1 B5IGN1 9 VIEW ( A L>G] ECOLOGICAL VISION ( NATURE -- WE CAN =MULATE AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY ?AT IS N\RI%$ BY V>IETY RA!R ?AN ONE ?AT GU>DS 9DIVIDUAL 9W>DNESS FROM A ?REAT5+1 9VASIVE O!RNESS4 ,9DE$1 ! 9W>DNESS ( LIFE CAN BE SE5 AS AN EXPRESSION ( EQUILIBRIUM1 NOT AS M]E RESI/ANCE TO 5TROPY & ! T]M9US ( ALL ACTIVITY4 ,5TROPY ITSELF CAN BE SE5 AS ONE FEATURE 9 A L>G] COSMIC METABOLISM1 ) LIFE AS ITS ANABOLIC DIM5SION4 ,F9ALLY1 SELFHOOD CAN BE VIEW$ AS ! RESULT ( 9TEGRATION1 COMMUNITY1 SUPPORT1 & %>+ )\T ANY LOSS ( 9DIVIDUAL ID5TITY & P]SONAL SPONTANEITY4 

,?US1 TWO ALT]NATIVES CONFRONT US4 ,WE CAN TRY TO CALM ! ANTAGONI/IC ,BRONZE-,AGE W>RIOR SPIRIT ( ,OD91 PACIFY HIM & HIS COHORTS1 & P]HAPS V5TILATE ,VALHALLA ) ! BREA? ( REASON & REFLECTION4 ,WE CAN TRY TO M5D ! TATT]$ TREATIES ?AT ONCE HELD ! WORLD TOGE!R SO PREC>I\SLY1 & WORK ) !M AS BE/ WE CAN4 ,9 ! FULLNESS ( TIME1 ,OD9 MI<T BE P]SUAD$ TO PUT ASIDE HIS SPE>1 CA/ (F HIS >MOR1 & L5D HIMSELF TO ! SWEET VOICE ( RATIONAL UND]/&+ & DISC\RSE4 

,OR \R EF=TS CAN TAKE A RADICAL TURN3 TO OV]?R[ ,OD91 :OSE P>TIAL BL9DNESS IS EVID5CE ( A HOPELESSLY ABORT$ SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN AB&ON ! CONTRACTUAL MY?S ?AT 0H>MONIZ$0 AN 9H]5TLY DIVID$ WORLD1 :I* ! ,NORSE EPIC HELD TOGE!R ) *A9S & BANI%M5TS4 ,IT WILL !N BE \R RESPONSIBILITY TO CREATE A NEW WORLD & A NEW S5SIBILITY BAS$ ON A SELF-REFLEXIVITY & AN E?ICS TO :I* WE >E HEIRS AS A RESULT ( EVOLUTION'S REL5TLESS ?RU/ T[>D CONSCI\SNESS4 ,WE CAN TRY TO RECLAIM \R LEGITIMACY AS ! FULLNESS ( M9D 9 ! NATURAL WORLD -- AS ! RATIONALITY ?AT ABETS NATURAL DIV]SITY & 9TEGRATES ! WORK+S ( NATURE ) AN EFFECTIV5ESS1 C]TA9TY1 & DIRECT$NESS ?AT IS ESS5TIALLY 9COMPLETE 9 NONHUMAN NATURE4 

0,CIVILIZATION0 AS WE KN[ IT TODAY IS MORE MUTE ?AN ! NATURE = :I* IT PR(ESSES TO SPEAK & MORE BL9D ?AN ! ELEM5TAL =CES IT PR(ESSES TO CONTROL4 ,9DE$1 0CIVILIZATION0 LIVES 9 HATR$ ( ! WORLD >\ND IT & 9 GRIM HATR$ ( ITSELF4 ,ITS GUTT$ CITIES1 WA/$ L&S1 POISON$ AIR & WAT]1 & MEAN-SPIRIT$ GRE$ CON/ITUTE A DAILY 9DICTM5T ( ITS ODI\S IMMORALITY4 ,A WORLD SO DEMEAN$ MAY WELL BE BEYOND R$EMPTION1 AT LEA/ )9 ! T]MS ( ITS [N 9/ITUTIONAL & E?ICAL FRAMEWORK4 ,! FLAMES ( ,RAGN>OK PURIFI$ ! WORLD ( ! ,NORSEM54 ,! FLAMES ?AT ?REAT5 TO 5GULF \R PLANET MAY LEAVE IT HOPELESSLY HO/ILE TO LIFE -- A DEAD WITNESS TO COSMIC FAILURE4 ,IF ONLY BECAUSE ?IS PLANET'S HI/ORY1 9CLUD+ ITS HUMAN HI/ORY1 HAS BE5 SO FULL ( PROMISE1 HOPE1 & CREATIVITY1 IT DES]VES A BETT] FATE ?AN :AT SEEMS TO CONFRONT IT 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 

.<#a.> ,I USE ! WORD 0OR?ODOX0 H]E & 9 SUBSEQU5T PAGES ADVIS$LY4 ,I REF] NOT TO ! \T/&+ RADICAL !ORI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY -- ,PR\DHON1 ,KROPOTK91 & ,BAKUN9 -- BUT TO !IR FOLL[]S :O (T5 TURN$ !IR EV]-EVOLV+ IDEAS 9TO RIGID1 SECT>IAN DOCTR9ES4 ,AS A Y\NG ,CANADIAN AN>*I/1 ,DAVID ,SPANN]1 PUT IT 9 A P]SONAL CONV]SATION1 0,IF ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 DEVOT$ AS MU* TIME TO ! 9T]PRETATION ( ,PR\DHON AS MANY ( \R CONTEMPOR>Y LIB]T>IANS DO 4 4 4 1 ,I D\BT IF ,BAKUN9'S ,GOD & ! ,/ATE OR ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID W\LD HAVE EV] BE5 WRITT540 

.<#b.> ,LE/ MY EMPHASIS ON 9TEGRATION & COMMUNITY 9 0ORGANIC SOCIETIES0 BE MISUND]/OOD1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO VOICE A CAVEAT H]E4 ,BY ! T]M 0ORGANIC SOCIETY10 ,I DO NOT MEAN A SOCIETY CONCEIV$ AS AN ORGANISM -- A CONCEPT ,I REG>D AS R$OL5T ) CORPORATI/ & TOTALIT>IAN NOTIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ,I USE ! T]M TO D5OTE A SPONTANE\SLY =M$1 NONCO]CIVE1 & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY -- A 0NATURAL0 SOCIETY 9 ! V]Y DEF9ITE S5SE ?AT IT EM]GES FROM 9NATE HUMAN NE$S = ASSOCIATION1 9T]DEP5D5CE1 & C>E4 ,MOREOV]1 ,I OCCASIONALLY USE ! T]M 9 A LOOS] S5SE TO DESCRIBE RI*LY >TICULAT$ COMMUNITIES ?AT FO/] HUMAN SOCIABILITY1 FREE EXPRESSION1 & POPUL> CONTROL4 ,TO AVOID MISUND]/&+1 ,I HAVE RES]V$ ! T]M 0ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY0 TO *>ACT]IZE ! UTOPI/IC VISION ADVANC$ 9 ! DOS+ PORTIONS ( ?IS BOOK4 

.<#c.> ,I USE ! WORD 0MAN10 H]E1 ADVIS$LY4 ,! SPLIT BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE HAS BE5 PRECISELY ! WORK ( ! MALE1 :O1 9 ! MEMORABLE L9ES ( ,!ODOR ,ADORNO & ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]1 0DREAM$ ( ACQUIR+ ABSOLUTE MA/]Y OV] NATURE1 ( CONV]T+ ! COSMOS 9TO ONE IMM5SE HUNT+-GR\ND40 7,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SEABURY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b1 P4 #b#d#h74 ,= ! WORDS 0ONE IMM5SE HUNT+-GR\ND10 ,I W\LD BE DISPOS$ TO SUB/ITUTE 0ONE IMM5SE KILL+-GR\ND0 TO DESCRIBE ! MALE-ORI5T$ 0CIVILIZATION0 ( \R ]A4 

.<#d.> ,! T]M ECOSY/EM -- OR ECOLOGICAL SY/EM -- IS (T5 US$ LOOSELY 9 MANY ECOLOGICAL WORKS4 ,H]E1 ,I EMPLOY IT1 AS 9 NATURAL ECOLOGY1 TO MEAN A FAIRLY DEM>CATABLE ANIMAL-PLANT COMMUNITY & ! ABIOTIC1 OR NONLIV+1 FACTORS NE$$ TO SU/A9 IT4 ,I ALSO USE IT 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY TO MEAN A DI/9CT HUMAN & NATURAL COMMUNITY1 ! SOCIAL AS WELL AS ORGANIC FACTORS ?AT 9T]RELATE TO PROVIDE ! BASIS = AN ECOLOGICALLY R\ND$ & BALANC$ COMMUNITY4 

.<#e.> ,AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION MU/ BE MADE H]E BETWE5 ! WORDS COMMUNITY & SOCIETY4 ,ANIMALS & EV5 PLANTS C]TA9LY =M COMMUNITIES2 ECOSY/EMS W\LD BE MEAN+LESS )\T CONCEIV+ ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 & !IR ABIOTIC SUB/RATE AS A NEXUS ( RELATION%IPS ?AT RANGE FROM ! 9TRASPECIFIC TO ! 9T]SPECIFIC LEVEL4 ,9 !IR 9T]ACTIONS1 LIFE-=MS ?US BEHAVE 0COMMUNALLY0 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y >E 9T]DEP5D5T 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,AMONG C]TA9 SPECIES1 P>TICUL>LY PRIMATES1 ?IS NEXUS ( 9T]DEP5D5T RELATION%IPS MAY BE SO CLOSELY KNIT ?AT IT APPROXIMATES A SOCIETY OR1 AT LEA/1 A RUDIM5T>Y =M ( SOCIALITY4 ,BUT A SOCIETY1 H[EV] DEEPLY IT MAY BE ROOT$ 9 NATURE1 IS NEV]!LESS MORE ?AN A COMMUNITY4 ,:AT MAKES HUMAN SOCIETIES UNIQUE COMMUNITIES IS ! FACT ?AT !Y >E 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ COMMUNITIES ?AT >E HI<LY1 (T5 RIGIDLY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND CLE>LY MANIFE/ =MS ( RESPONSIBILITY1 ASSOCIATION & P]SONAL RELATION%IP 9 MA9TA9+ ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE4 ,AL?\< ALL SOCIETIES >E NECESS>ILY COMMUNITIES1 MANY COMMUNITIES >E NOT SOCIETIES4 ,ONE MAY F9D NASC5T SOCIAL ELEM5TS 9 ANIMAL COMMUNITIES1 BUT ONLY HUMAN BE+S =M SOCIETIES -- ?AT IS1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ COMMUNITIES4 ,! FAILURE TO DRAW ?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 ANIMAL OR PLANT COMMUNITIES & HUMAN SOCIETIES HAS PRODUC$ CONSID]ABLE IDEOLOGICAL MIS*IEF4 ,?US1 PR$ATION )9 ANIMAL COMMUNITIES HAS BE5 SPECI\SLY ID5TIFI$ ) W>2 9DIVIDUAL L9KAGES BETWE5 ANIMALS ) HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION2 EV5 ANIMAL =AG+ & METABOLISM ) LABOR & ECONOMICS4 ,ALL ! LATT] >E /RICTLY SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 ,MY REM>KS >E NOT 9T5D$ TO OPPOSE ! NOTION ( SOCIETY TO COMMUNITY BUT TO TAKE NOTE ( ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! TWO ?AT EM]GE :5 HUMAN SOCIETY DEVELOPS BEYOND ! LEVELS ( ANIMAL & PLANT COMMUNITIES4 

.<#f.> ,9 FACT1 NATURAL HI]>*Y IS MEAN+LESS 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! T]M BECAUSE IT PRESUPPOSES A KN[+NESS -- AN 9TELLECTUALITY -- ?AT HAS YET TO EM]GE UNTIL ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANITY & SOCIETY4 ,?IS KN[+NESS OR 9TELLECTUALITY DOES NOT SUDD5LY EXPLODE 9 ECOSY/EMS ) ! APPE>ANCE ( HUMANK9D4 ,:AT IS ANTEC$5T TO :AT EXI/S MAY CONTA9 ! POT5TIALITIES ( :AT WILL EM]GE1 BUT ?OSE ANTEC$5TS DO NOT ACQUIRE ! ACTUALIZATION ( !SE POT5TIALITIES AFT] !Y HAVE EM]G$4 ,?AT WE N[ EXI/ TO GIVE ! WORD HI]>*Y MEAN+ H>DLY IMP>TS ANY HI]>*ICAL REALITY TO PLANTS & ANIMALS ?AT >E LOCK$ 9TO !IR [N ANTEC$5T HI/ORICAL CONF9ES4 ,IF !RE IS HI]>*Y 9 NATURE1 IT CONSI/S ( \R VA9 ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% A SOV]EIGNTY OV] NATURE ?AT WE CAN NEV] REALLY A*IEVE4 ,IT ALSO PRESUPPOSES ?AT WE >E SUFFICI5TLY P>T ( NATURE TO R5D] ! NONHUMAN WORLD HI]>*ICAL1 A NOTION ?AT DUALISM IS 9CL9$ TO RESI/4 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,DORO?Y ,LEE1 ,FRE$OM & ,CULTURE 7,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N,J3 ,PR5TICE-,HALL1 #a#i#e#i74 ,DORO?Y ,LEE'S ESSAYS /& ALMO/ ALONE 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON 0PRIMITIVE M5TALITY10 & MY DEBT TO H] MAT]IAL & 9T]PRETATION IS CONSID]ABLE4 ,AL?\< H] DATA & VIEWS HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY WIDESPREAD LATELY1 ,IT IS UN=TUNATE ?AT %E HAS RECEIV$ SO LITTLE M5TION1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ACKN[L$GM5T1 AMONG REC5T J\RNALI/IC CRITICS ( HI]>*Y4 

.<#h.> ,! POTLAT* C]EMONIES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,9DIANS ( ,AM]ICA1 9 FACT1 NO LONG] CLE>LY REFLECT ! WEAL? ( COMMUNITY ?AT LEADS TO DISDA9 = OBJECTS4 ,!SE 0DISACCUMULATION0 C]EMONIES ALREADY FETI%IZE ! GIV+ QUALITIES FROM :I* !Y MAY HAVE BE5 D]IV$1 BUT !Y REMA9 IMPRESSIVE EVID5CE ( MORE 9NOC5T =MS ( USUFRUCT ?AT LACK$ ALL CONNOTATIONS ( PRE/IGE & SOCIAL RECOGNITION4 

.<#i.> ,IT IS NOT ALWAYS CLE> H[ PRESS+ !SE SEXUAL DESIRES >E FROM A HET]OSEXUAL /&PO9T4 ,MY [N /UDIES ( E>LY SEXUALITY SUGGE/ A DEGREE ( 0POLYMORPH\S P]V]SITY10 TO USE ,FREUD'S P]V]SE =MULATION1 AS A COMMUNAL PH5OM5ON -- & EV5 MORE1 ( BISEXUALITY & HOMOSEXUALITY -- ?AT W\LD APPALL EV5 \R [N 0LIB]AT$0 AGE4 ,SO UBIQUIT\S IS ?IS SEXUALITY ?AT :AT ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ MAY DISCREETLY DESCRIBE AS MA/URBATION IS1 9 FACT1 9T]C\RSE ) ALL NATURAL ?+S1 P>TICUL>LY ANIMALS4 ,H5CE1 M>RIAGE MAY WELL 9VOLVE MORE ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS & SOCIAL BONDS ?AN SEXUAL ONES -- & SEXUALITY MAY BE LAT5T ) A RI*] ANIMI/IC MEAN+ ?AN WE CAN EV] HOPE TO 5VISION4 ,! SEXUALITY ?AT IMBUES E>LY TE*NICS ITSELF HAS NOT YET BE5 FULLY EXPLOR$1 TOGE!R ) ! WAY IT DEF9ES WORK 9 PRELIT]ATE SOCIETY4 

.<#a.> ,P[]FUL AS ! ,ORE/EIA MAY BE PSY*OLOGICALLY TO ! MOD]N M9D1 ,I W\LD ?US REG>D ,AES*YLUS'S TRILOGY1 :I* DEALS AS MU* ) K9%IP AS IT DOES ) MO!R-RI<T & ! CLAIMS ( CITIZ5%IP OV] ?OSE ( BLOOD-TIES1 AS A HAUNT+ ,GREEK C]EMONIAL RA!R ?AN A WELL-CRAFT$ DRAMA4 ,ONLY N[1 P]HAPS1 9 \R DEF5SELESS ISOLATION & MONAD-LIKE CONDITION AS SOCIALLY ALI5AT$ BE+S CAN WE S5SE ! P[] ( ! TRILOGY OV] AN ANCI5T ,GREEK AUDI5CE ?AT HAD YET TO EXORCIZE ! BLOOD OA? & TRIBAL CU/OM FROM !IR 5*ANT$ HOLD ON ! HUMAN PSY*E4 

.<#a#a.> ,LE/ ,I BE MISUND]/OOD AS CONT5D+ ?AT ANY CURR5T TR5DS 9 L+UI/ICS1 COMMUNICATIONS !ORY1 & SEMIOLOGY HAVE CREAT$ ! TOOLS = ! R5EWAL ( REMEMBRANCE1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS WORK WILL BE DONE BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S & HI/ORIANS1 9S(> AS !Y REMA9 SUFFICI5TLY SELF-CRITICAL ( !IR [N USE ( LANGUAGE & ITS EV]-*ANG+ HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 

.<#a#b.> ,S9CE !SE L9ES W]E FIR/ P5N$ 7#a#i#g71 A NUMB] ( WORKS HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ ?AT PU% BACK C]TA9 FEATURES ( ?IS IMAGE TO ! ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT+-GA!R+ P]IOD ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T & EV5 E>LI]1 TO A MORE REMOTE HOM9ID =AG+ /AGE4 ,ALL[+ = A NUMB] ( DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M1 !SE WRIT]S G5]ALLY VIEW HUNT+-GA!R+ COMMUNITIES AS TRULY PACIFIC1 EGALIT>IAN1 & PROBABLY MATRIC5TRIC SOCIETIES4 ,?IS IMAGE IS %>PLY CONTRA/$ TO ! MOD]N F>M]'S WORLD 79 MY VIEW1 PAT5TLY COLOR$ BY ! TRAITS ( MORE MOD]N TI<T-FI/$ PEASANTS7 C5T]$ >\ND A CALCULAT+1 /OLID1 & SULL5 MALE1 TO BORR[ ,PAUL ,%EP>D'S IMAG]Y1 :O PRESIDES OV] A L>GE1 OB$I5T FAMILY ?AT HAS BE5 LUR$ FROM A MORE C>EFREE LIFE BAS$ ON HUNT+ TO A H>DWORK+1 DAY-LONG DISCIPL9E BAS$ ON FOOD CULTIVATION4 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S HAS EV5 DESCRIB$ ! HUNT+-GA!R+ 0/ONE-AGE ECONOMY0 AS ! 0ORIG9AL AFFLU5T SOCIETY0 9ASMU* AS NE$S W]E SO FEW1 ! TOOL-KIT SO SIMPLE1 & ! ACC\T]M5TS ( LIFE SO PORTABLE ?AT M51 AT LEA/1 5JOY$ V]Y LEISURELY LIVES & CONSID]ABLE P]SONAL AUTONOMY4 ,ELIZABE? ,FI%] HAS C>RI$ ?IS PRI/9E IMAGE ( HUNT+-GA!R+ TO A PO9T :]E %E >GUES ?AT MATRI>*Y REALLY EXI/$ ONLY :5 M5 DID NOT ASSOCIATE COITUS ) CONCEPTION1 AN ASSOCIATION ?AT FIR/ OCCURR$ :5 SE$S W]E PLANT$ 9 ! SOIL & ANIMALS BR$ -- MORE ACCURATELY1 9 MY VIEW1 SELECT$ -- = !IR DOCILITY4  

 ,I DO NOT %>E !SE VIEWS4 ,9DE$1 ,I NOT ONLY F9D !M SIMPLI/IC BUT REGRESSIVE4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( SU* CRUCIAL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS AS WRIT+1 URBANITY1 FAIRLY ADVANC$ CRAFTS & TE*NICS1 & EV5 ! RUDIM5TS ( SCI5CE -- NONE ( :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ,PALEOLI?IC NOMADS -- HOLD ?AT ! CASE = HUNT+-GA!R+ AS HUMANITY'S 0GOLD5 AGE0 IS TOTALLY LACK+ 9 EVOLUTION>Y PROMISE4 ,BUT AN ANALYTICAL EXCURSUS 9TO ! ISSUES RAIS$ BY ,%EP>D1 ,SAHL9S1 & ,FI%] DOES NOT BELONG 9 A G5]AL WORK ( ?IS K9D4 ,H[EV]1 IT CANNOT BE IGNOR$ AT A TIME :5 ! NE$ = A NEW CIVILIZATION ?REAT5S TO EVOKE ATAVI/IC FEEL+S AGA9/ ANY K9D ( CIVILIZATION1 9DE$1 TO FO/] A NEW 0SURVIVALI/0 MOVEM5T ?AT IS ANTISOCIAL1 IF NOT FASCI/IC1 9 *>ACT]4 ,LET ME NOTE ?AT ?IS TR5D IS NOT A 0RETURN0 TO ! SUPPOS$ SELF-SUFFICI5CY ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC HUNT]1 ) ALL HIS ALLEG$ VIRTUES1 BUT A DESC5T 9TO ! DEP?S ( B\RGEOIS EGOTISM ) ITS SAVAGE IDEOLOGY ( ! 0LIFEBOAT E?IC40 ,AS = ! MORE READABLE & WELL->GU$ ACC\NTS ( ! HUNT+-GA!R+ CASE1 ! READ] %\LD CONSULT ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S'S ,/ONE-,AGE ,ECONOMICS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,AD9E-,A!RTON1 ,9C41 #a#i#g#b71 ,PAUL ,%EP>D'S ,! ,T5D] ,C>NIVORE & ! ,SACR$ ,GAME 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,*>LES ,SCRIBN]'S ,SONS1 #a#i#g#c71 & ,ELIZABE? ,FI%]'S ,WOMAN'S ,CREATION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,AN*OR ,BOOKS_/,D\BL$AY1 #a#i#g#i74 

.<#a#c.> ,:E!R MANY $IBLE PLANT V>IETIES W]E CONSCI\SLY SELECT$ OR DEVELOP$ SPONTANE\SLY UND] CONDITIONS ( CULTIVATION IS >GUABLE4 ,]I* ,ISAAC & ,C4 ,D4 ,D>L+TON 9CL9E T[>D ! VIEW ?AT SPONTANE\S SELECTION ACC\NT$ = ! E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( C]EALS & O!R PLANT V>IETIES4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS1 ON ! O!R H&1 CONT5DS ?AT MO/ ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES A*IEV$ BY NEOLI?IC AGRICULTURI/S 79CLUD+ TRANS=M+ 0A WE$ 9TO A CULTIVAT$ PLANT07 0REQUIR$ A G5U9ELY SCI5TIFIC ATTITUDE1 SU/A9$ & WAT*FUL 9T]E/ & A DESIRE = KN[L$GE = ITS [N SAKE40 ,?AT PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES A*IEVE A REM>KABLY S5SITIVE & KN[L$GEABLE ADAPTATION TO !IR 5VIRONM5TS IS C]TA9LY TRUE1 BUT A 0WAT*FUL 9T]E/0 N\RI%$ BY GRIM NE$ IS A F> CRY FROM 0A G5U9ELY SCI5TIFIC ATTITUDE10 :I* EV5 AN ,>*IM$ES LACK$ DUR+ ! HEI<TS ( ! ,HELL5I/IC ]A4 ,SEE ,]I* ,ISAAC1 ,! ,GEOGRAPHY ( ,DOME/ICATION 7,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N4,J43 ,PR5TICE-,HALL1 ,9C41 #a#i#g72 ,C4 ,D4 ,D>L+TON1 0,! ,ORIG9S ( ,AGRICULTURE10 ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4 ,L,X,X,I,X1 ,NO4#e2 ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS1 ,! ,SAVAGE ,M9D 7,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#f74 

.<#a#d.> ,H[ MU* ?IS 5TIRE IDEOLOGICAL COMPLEX ( RESCU+ 0SAVAGES0 FROM ! TRIALS ( NATURE1 ( PAGANISM1 & ( ! IGNORANCE ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( PR(LIGATE VALUES1 ACCORD$ ) ! COLONIALI/ M5TALITY ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA IS DIFFICULT TO EMPHASIZE4 ,ECONOMI/IC 9T]PRETATIONS ( HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 :E!R LIB]AL OR ,M>XIAN1 PROVID$ A SUP]B IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALE = BR++ 0SAVAGES0 9TO HI/ORY BY PLAC+ !M UND] ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SOV]EIGNTY1 NOT ONLY TO 0CIVILIZE0 !M CULTURALLY BUT TO 09DU/RIALIZE0 !M TE*NICALLY4 ,= ,M>X ?IS CONSID]ATION WAS ALL-IMPORTANT 9 HIS TREATM5T ( ! COLONIAL WORLD1 BUT IT WAS NO LESS IMPORTANT = SU* RUGG$ IMP]IALI/S AS ,KIPL+1 ,H4 ,RID] ,HAGG>D1 & ,LEOPOLD ( ,BELGIUM4 

.<#a#e.> ,H]E1 ,I CANNOT RESI/ ,K>L ,POLANYI'S PRICELESS OBS]VATION3 0,RATIONAL ACTION AS SU* IS ! RELAT+ ( 5DS TO MEANS2 ECONOMIC RATIONALITY1 SPECIFICALLY1 ASSUMES MEANS TO BE SC>CE4 ,BUT HUMAN SOCIETY 9VOLVES MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,:AT %\LD BE ! 5D ( MAN1 & H[ %\LD HE *OOSE HIS MEANS8 ,ECONOMIC RATIONALISM1 9 ! /RICT S5SE1 HAS NO ANSW] TO !SE QUE/IONS1 = !Y IMPLY MOTIVATIONS & VALUATIONS ( A MORAL & PRACTICAL ORD] ?AT GO BEYOND ! LOGICALLY IRRESI/IBLE1 BUT O!RWISE EMPTY EXHORTATION TO BE 'ECONOMICAL40 ,SEE ,K>L ,POLANYI1 ,! ,LIVELIHOOD ( ,MAN 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ACADEMIC ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#g71 P4 #a#c4 

.<#a#f.> ,H[ DEEPLY +RA9$ !SE NOTIONS >E 9 ! MALE M9D CAN BE SE5 BY EXAM9+ ! ATTITUDES ( MALE RADICALS1 MANY ( :OM E>NE/LY RAIS$ ! BANN] ( FEMALE EMANCIPATION AS A BASIC SOCIAL ISSUE4 ,M>X1 = EXAMPLE1 9 RESPONSE TO P]SONAL QUE/IONS BY ONE ( HIS DAU<T]S1 REM>K$ ?AT :AT HE LIK$ MO/ 9 A WOMAN WAS 0WEAKNESS40 ,ROB]T ,BRIFFAULT1 A ,M>XIAN AN?ROPOLOGI/ ( ! #a#i#bS1 :OSE ?REE-VOLUME WORK1 ,! ,MO!RS1 WAS 7DESPITE ALL ITS DEFICI5CIES7 A MONUM5TAL CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL BIASES T[>D WOM5 & !IR HI/ORICAL CONTRIBUTIONS1 NEV]!LESS CONCLUD$ ?AT 0WOM5 >E CON/ITUTIONALLY DEFICI5T 9 ! QUALITIES ?AT M>K ! MASCUL9E 9TELLECT 4 4 4 4 ,FEM99E DIFF]S FROM MASCUL9E 9TELLIG5CE 9 K9D2 IT IS CONCRETE1 NOT AB/RACT2 P>TICUL>IZ+1 NOT G5]ALIZ+4 ,! CRITICAL1 ANALYTICAL1 & DETA*$ CREATIVE P[]S ( ! 9TELLECT >E LESS DEVELOP$ 9 WOM5 ?AN 9 M540 ,SEE ,]I* ,FROMM1 $41 ,M>X'S ,CONCEPT ( ,MAN 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,FR$]ICK ,L4 ,UNG>1 ,9C41 #a#i#e#i71 P4 #b#i#f2 ,ROB]T ,BRIFFAULT1 ,! ,MO!RS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,MAC,MILLAN ,CO41 #a#i#b#g71 ,VOL4 ,I,I,I1 P4 #e#g4 

.<#a#g.> ,TO CITE ONLY ONE ( MANY EXAMPLES3 ,ELIZABE? ,M>%ALL ,?OMAS1 :O SP5T MANY MON?S ) ! ,BU%M5 ( ! ,KALAH>I ,DES]T1 DESCRIBES ONE ( !IR Y\NG WOM51 ,TSET*WE1 SLI<T-BON$ & WELL UND] FIVE FEET1 :O 5T]$ ! CAMP ) A SACKLOAD ( MELONS & FIREWOOD AFT] FOOD-GA!R+ ON ! PLA9S4 ,) H] 9FANT SON RID+ ON IT1 ,TSET*WE'S LOAD 0MU/ HAVE WEI<$ ALMO/ A HUNDR$ P\NDS 4 4 40 -- & ?IS LOAD WAS NOT C>RI$ BY ! WOM5 = JU/ A FEW FEET OR Y>DS4 ,SEE ,ELIZABE? ,M>%ALL ,?OMAS1 ,! ,H>MLESS ,PEOPLE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#e#h71 P4 #i4 

.<#a#h.> ,!SE OBS]VATIONS ON ! MALE'S WELL-DEVELOP$ MUSCUL> CAPACITIES >E NOT MEANT TO D5Y ! FEMALE'S CONSID]ABLE /R5G?4 ,! PHYSICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! SEXES >E RELATIVE4 ,E>LY SOCIETY MADE ! MO/ ( !SE DIFF]5CES BECAUSE7T HAD TO1 BUT IT DID NOT FETI%IZE !M OR POL>IZE !M AS WE DO 9TO 0/RONG M50 & 0FRAGILE WOM540 ,NOR DID IT EXT5D !IR PHYSICAL DIFF]5CES TO *>ACT] & P]SONALITY 

.<#a#i.> ,H]E1 ,I MU/ REIT]ATE ! PO9T ?AT A 0MATRI>*Y10 :I* IMPLIES ! DOM9ATION ( M5 BY WOM51 NEV] EXI/$ 9 ! E>LY WORLD SIMPLY BECAUSE DOM9ATION ITSELF DID NOT EXI/4 ,H5CE1 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS'S 0PRO(10 SO WIDELY CIT$ !SE DAYS1 ?AT M5 HAVE ALWAYS 0RUL$0 WOM5 BECAUSE NO EVID5CE EXI/S ?AT WOM5 EV] 0RUL$0 M5 IS SIMPLY IRRELEVANT4 ,:AT IS REALLY AT ISSUE IS :E!R 0RULE0 EXI/$ AT ALL4 ,:5 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS ASSUMES ?AT 0RULE0 ALWAYS EXI/$1 HE M]ELY PROJECTS HIS [N SOCIAL \TLOOK 9TO E>LY SOCIETY-IRONICALLY A TYPICALLY MASCUL9E TRAIT TO :I* EV5 ,SIMONE DE ,BEAUVOIR FALLS VICTIM 9 H] SPL5DID WORK1 ,! ,SECOND ,SEX4 

.<#b.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( CITIES IMM$IATELY CONF]R$ CITIZ5%IP ON ITS OCCUPANTS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR E?NIC OR SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 E?NICITY1 :E!R REAL OR FICTIVE1 /ILL =M$ ! JURIDICAL BASIS = URBAN CONSOCIATION2 ONLY GRADUALLY DID ! CITY WEAN ITS DWELL]S FROM ! REALITIES OR MY?S ( A COMMON ANCE/RY4 ,! MO/ VULN]ABLE VICTIM ( URBAN SOCIETY WAS ! CLAN OR1 P]HAPS MORE G5]ALLY1 CORPORATE TIES & RESPONSIBILITIES BAS$ ON K9%IP4 ,UNTIL ,ROMAN TIMES1 :5 ! EXIG5CIES ( EMPIRE REQUIR$ LOYALTY FROM WIDELY DISP>ATE E?NIC GR\PS1 CITIES ACCORD$ PRIVILEGES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R & 9 V>Y+ GRADATIONS TO MEMB]S1 :O %>$ CLAIMS TO A COMMON ANCE/RY1 RA!R ?AN TO /RANG]S1 :O W]E (T5 CONF9$ TO SEP>ATE QU>T]S ( ! CITY AS W]E ,JEWS 9 ! <ETTOES ( ! M$IEVAL WORLD4 

.<#b#a.> ,! SALE ( ! CLAN L&S %\LD NOT BE REG>D$ AS EVID5CE = ! RI<T TO FREELY ALI5ATE TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY L&S4 ,! NEW FEUDAL DISP5SATION ?AT NORMALLY FOLL[$ ! RISE & LAT] ! WEAK5+ ( MILIT>Y K+%IPS /ILL VIEW$ L& AS ! LOCUS = A NE>LY SACR$ S5SE ( PLACE1 NOT AS M]E 0REAL E/ATE40 ,MO/ LIKELY1 ! CLAN L&S ?AT W]E SOLD TO ! EM]G+ NOBILITY W]E VIEW$ AS A TRANSF] ( TITLE )9 ! COMMUNITY1 & BETWE5 ! CLAN-FOLK & !IR MILIT>Y LEAD]S4 ,EV5 ,>I/OTLE C\LD NOT BUY L& 9 ,A!NS BECAUSE HE WAS NOT A NATIVE ,A!NIAN1 H[EV] R5[N$ HIS FAME & 9FLU5TIAL HIS TEA*+S4 ,GREEK ?\< HE WAS1 9 ,A!NS HE WAS /ILL A /RANG]1 NOT A CITIZ54 

.<#b#b.> ,?IS DESCRIPTION IS ADMITT$LY A ,WEB]IAN 0IDEAL TYPE40 ,IT DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! MANY V>IATIONS & COMPLEXITIES ?AT 5T] 9TO ,B$\9 OR1 MORE G5]ALLY1 PA/ORAL ECOLOGY4 ,!RE IS N[ G5]AL AGREEM5T ?AT PA/ORALISM REPRES5TS A LATE DEVELOPM5T1 9 FACT1 A SP9-(F FROM AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY1 NOT ! 9T]M$IATE 0/AGE0 BETWE5 HUNT+ & AGRICULTURAL 0/AGES0 TO :I* IT WAS ASSIGN$ BY N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN?ROPOLOGI/S4 ,H5CE ! LAT] PATRI>*AL /RUCTURE & VALUES >E MIX$ ) MATRIC5TRIC TRADITIONS FROM E>LI] WAYS ( LIFE4 ,?IS FACT MAY EXPLA9 ! EQUIVOCAL POSITION ( WOM5 9 ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE & 9 MANY EXI/+ PA/ORAL COMMUNITIES TODAY4 ,NOR DO ALL PA/ORAL COMMUNITIES CONF9E !MSELVES TO %EPH]D+4 ,!Y WILL CULTIVATE FOOD :5 !Y CAN & HAVE PEACEFULLY 9T]ACT$ ) F>M+ COMMUNITIES AT ALL LEVELS ( DEVELOPM5T ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 BO? TRAD+ ) !M OR GRAZ+ !IR FLOCKS ON ! /UBBLE ( H>VE/$ F>ML&4 ,MY CONC]N1 H]E1 IS PRIM>ILY ) :AT IS UNIQUE TO ! PA/ORAL WORLD1 NOT :AT IT %>ES ) ! MANY HORTICULTURAL & AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES ?AT W]E TO BECOME OBJECTS ( PA/ORAL 9VASIONS4 

.<#b#c.> ,IRONICALLY1 ! MORALLY DEM&+ & ANT9ATURALI/IC ,B$\9 VALUES ( ! ,HEBREW ,BIBLE PLAY$ A MORE =MATIVE ROLE 9 ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T ?AN ! ,OLD1 DESPITE ,*RI/IANITY'S GOSPEL ( LOVE4 ,9 ! P]IOD DIRECTLY PREC$+ ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ,JUDAISM ACQUIR$ A HI<LY E?ICAL *>ACT]4 ,! ,HEBREW PROPHETS1 P>TICUL>LY ,AMOS1 IMBU$ ,JUDAISM ) A COMMITM5T TO JU/ICE & A HATR$ ( TYRANNY SO 9T5SE ?AT ! ANCI5T ,JEWS REVOLT$ 9CESSANTLY AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN IMP]IUM -- LEAD+ F9ALLY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ,JUDEA AS A NATIONAL 5TITY4 ,BY ,JESUS'S TIME1 ! ,PH>ISEES HAD REWORK$ ! ,DEUT]ONOMIC ,CODE 9TO ONE ( ! MO/ HUMANE 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,! ,MOSAIC LEX TALIONIS1 ) ITS DEM& = 0AN EYE = AN EYE10 HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY MONET>Y COMP5SATION2 CORPORAL PUNI%M5T WAS GREATLY RE/RICT$2 ! USE ( ORDEAL TO DET]M9E FEMALE ADULT]Y WAS ABOLI%$2 F9ALLY1 BO? DEBTORS & SLAVES W]E TREAT$ ) A DEGREE ( CONSID]ATION ?AT WAS VIRTUALLY UNPREC$5T$ = ! TIME4 ,AS ,HYAM ,MACCOBY'S ,REVOLUTION 9 ,JUDEA 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,TAPL+] ,PUBLI%+ ,CO41 #a#i#h7 9DICATES1 ! 9T]FACE BETWE5 ,JUDAISM & ,*RI/IANITY WAS CRASSLY1 ALMO/ CYNICALLY REWRITT5 BY ! ,HELL5I/IC AU?ORS ( ! EXI/+ GOSPELS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MACCOBY !SE AU?ORS DI/ORT$ BEYOND ALL RECOGNITION ,JESUS'S NATIONALI/IC GOALS1 ! E?ICAL IDEAS ( HIS ,NAZ>5E FOLL[]S1 & ! ACTIVI/ MESSAGE ( ! ,J]USALEM ,*UR* L$ BY ,JESUS'S BRO!R1 ,JAMES4 

.<#b#d.> ,PLATO'S TRIP>TITE !ORY ( S\LS WAS NOT LAID TO RE/ 9 ,TILE ,REPUBLIC4 ,IT SURFAC$ AGA9 9 V]Y RADICAL ,GNO/IC !ORIES ( LATE ANTIQUITY & 9 EMBATTL$ ,*RI/IAN H]ESIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! ,RE=MATION4 ,SEE ,*APT]S #g & #h4 

.<#b#e.> ,MY QUOTATIONS >E DRAWN FROM ,PAUL ,RAD9'S EXCELL5T WORK1 ,! ,WORLD ( ,PRIMITIVE ,MAN 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H5RY ,S*UMAN1 ,9C41 #a#i#e#c74 ,APP>5TLY 9DEP5D5TLY ( ,RAD91 ,E4 ,R4 ,DODDS MADE ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 A %AME-CULTURE & A GUILT-CULTURE >\ND ! SAME TIME1 BAS$ L>GELY ON E>LY ,HELL5IC MAT]IALS4 ,SEE ,E4 ,R4 ,DODDS3 ,! ,GREEKS & ! ,IRRATIONAL 7,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#a74 ,?AT ,I HAVE NOT DRAWN EXT5SIVELY ON ,DODDS' WORK IS DUE M]ELY TO OV]SI<T4 ,HIS WORK WAS NOT KN[N TO ME :5 !SE L9ES W]E WRITT54 

.<#b#f.> ,?IS DI/9CTION IS WOR? ELABORAT+ FUR!R ) TWO EXAMPLES4 ,:AT ! ,BANTU PEOPLE BLAME 0IS NOT *EAT+1 NOR /EAL+10 OBS]VES ,W4 ,C4 ,WILL\<BY1 0BUT A CLUMS9ESS ( OP]ATION ?AT LEADS TO DETECTION40 ,?IS 0AMORAL0 ATTITUDE WAS TO L+] ON 9TO HI/ORICAL TIMES AS A BEHAVIORAL NORM 9 ,SP>TA1 ! LEA/ DEVELOP$ ( ! ,GREEK CITY-/ATES4 ,AS P>T ( !IR MILIT>Y TRA9+1 ,SP>TAN Y\? W]E S5T \T TO ROB CITIZ5S ( !IR [N COMMUNITY & KILL S]FS OR HELOTS :O W]E SUSPECT$ ( AGGRESSIVE ATTITUDES T[>D !IR MA/]S4 ,:AT WAS %AMEFUL1 NOT EVIL1 WAS ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E CAU<T4 ,TO ! ,HEBREWS & ,A!NIANS1 BY CONTRA/1 *EAT+ & /EAL+ W]E REG>D$ AS 9TR9SICALLY REPREH5SIBLE1 NOT M]ELY AS SOCIAL ACTS BUT AS VIOLATIONS ( DIV9E COMM&M5T OR RATIONAL BEHAVIOR4 

.<#b#g.> ,! SIMIL>ITY ( ! ,FREUDIAN DRAMA ) ! ,HOBBESIAN HAS NOT RECEIV$ ! ATT5TION IT DES]VES4 ,P]HAPS NO ONE MORE ?AN ,HOBBES W\LD AGREE ) ,FREUD'S VIEW ?AT 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY 0IS NOT A B5EFIT TO CULTURE4 ,IT WAS GREATE/ BE=E ANY CULTURE1 ?\< 9DE$ IT HAD LITTLE VALUE AT ?AT TIME1 BECAUSE ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS H>DLY 9 A POSITION TO DEF5D IT40 ,FUR!R3 0,! DESIRE = FRE$OM ?AT MAKES ITSELF FELT 9 A HUMAN COMMUNITY MAY BE A REVOLT AGA9/ SOME EXI/+ 9JU/ICE & SO MAY PROVE FAVORABLE TO A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATION & REMA9 COMPATIBLE ) IT4 ,BUT IT MAY ALSO HAVE ITS ORIG9 9 ! PRIMITIVE ROOTS ( ! P]SONALITY1 /ILL UNFETT]$ BY CIVILIZ+ 9FLU5CES1 & SO BECOME A S\RCE ( ANTAGONISM TO CULTURE40 ,SEE ,SIGMUND ,FREUD1 ,CIVILIZATION & ITS ,DISCONT5TS 7,LONDON3 ,! ,HOG>? ,PRESS1 ,LTD41 #a#i#c71 P4 #f4 

.<#b#h.> ,! PR9CIPAL WEAKNESS ( ?IS MOV+ /ATEM5T IS ! EXT5T TO :I* ! AU?ORS IGNORE WOMAN'S PRODUCTIVE ROLE 9 ! V]Y ECONOMY ! MALE PREEMPTS4 ,UNWITT+LY1 !Y RE9=CE ! IMAGE1 SO CURR5T 9 !IR [N TIME1 ?AT WOMAN IS ALWAYS CONF9$ TO A DOME/IC WORLD -- ONE ?AT IS LIT]ALLY CONCEIV$ AS A %ELT] -- & H] FUNCTIONS 9 ! WORLD ( LABOR >E M9IMAL4 ,9 FACT1 ! PRIMORDIAL DOME/IC ECONOMY1 :I* ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO EXILE TO PREHI/ORY1 WAS ONE 9 :I* WOMAN WAS F> FROM 0%ELT]$10 9DE$1 ONE 9 :I* %E WAS ( ! WORLD NO LESS ?AN ! MAN1 BUT A WORLD :OSE 5VIRONM5T WAS L>GELY DOME/IC RA!R ?AN CIVIL4 

.<#b#i.> ,9 ,M>X'S CASE1 ,I REF] TO ! V]Y CURI\S =MULATION 9 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE ?AT FRE$OM 0CONSI/S 9 CONV]T+ ! ,/ATE FROM AN ORGAN SUP]IMPOS$ UPON SOCIETY 9TO ONE COMPLETELY SUBORD9AT$ TO IT0 -- A =MULATION ?AT CALLS NOT = ! ULTIMATE ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE BUT SUGGE/S ?AT IT WILL CONT9UE TO EXI/ 7H[EV] DIFF]5TLY IT IS RECON/ITUT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT7 AS A 0NONPOLITICAL0 7I4E41 ADM9I/RATIVE7 S\RCE ( AU?ORITY4 ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S CASE1 ,I REF] TO ! BELIEF HE %>$ ) ,BAKUN9 ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS A 0HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y EVIL0 & HIS ELABORATION ( ! VIRTUES ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE AS A QUASI-LIB]T>IAN =M ( SOCIAL LIFE ) ONLY LIMIT$ REG>D = ITS POLITICAL TRAPP+S4 ,!RE IS A MU* L>G] QUE/ION ?AT AN>*ISM1 P>TICUL>LY ITS SYNDICALI/ V>IANT1 HAS NOT CLE>LY FAC$3 EXACTLY :AT =MS ( ! ,/ATE'S ADM9I/RATIVE ORGAN W\LD DISAPPE> IF ! PYRAMIDAL /RUCTURE ADVANC$ BY SYNDICALI/ !ORY W]E ACTUALLY REALIZ$8 ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 9 HIS ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA1 EXPLOIT$ SU* P>ADOXES 9 HIS CRITICISM ( ,KROPOTK9 & HIS SNIDE REF]5CE TO ,BAKUN9'S NOTION ( ! REG5]ATIVE EFFECTS ( REVOLUTION4 

.<#c.> ,! GREAT ,/AL9I/ PURGES ( ! LA/ G5]ATION ATTE/ TO ! LOSS ( ANY HUMAN DIM5SION 9 BUREAUCRATIC RULE4 ,! NE>LY G5OCIDAL PROPORTIONS :I* !SE PURGES W]E TO ASSUME AMONG ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRATS !MSELVES >E VIVID EVID5CE ?AT VIRTUALLY EV]YONE 9 ! SY/EM WAS SE5 TO BE EXP5DABLE & EASILY LIQUIDAT$1 TO USE ! B>B>\S (FICIAL T]M = MASS >RE/S & MURD]S4 

.<#c.> ,! GREAT ,/AL9I/ PURGES ( ! LA/ G5]ATION ATTE/ TO ! LOSS ( ANY HUMAN DIM5SION 9 BUREAUCRATIC RULE4 ,! NE>LY G5OCIDAL PROPORTIONS :I* !SE PURGES W]E TO ASSUME AMONG ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRATS !MSELVES >E VIVID EVID5CE ?AT VIRTUALLY EV]YONE 9 ! SY/EM WAS SE5 TO BE EXP5DABLE & EASILY LIQUIDAT$1 TO USE ! B>B>\S (FICIAL T]M = MASS >RE/S & MURD]S4 

.<#c#a.> ,! RITUALI/IC SIDE ( ,JOSEPH'S ACQUISITION ( P[]1 :I* IS LAT] TO BE SECUL>IZ$ 9TO ! ELECTORAL RITUAL1 IS ONE ( ! MO/ COMPELL+ PASSAGES 9 ! DRAMA3 0,& ,PH>AOH TOOK (F HIS SIGNET R+ FROM HIS H&1 & PUT IT UPON ,JOSEPH'S H&1 & >RAY$ HIM 9 VE/URES ( F9E L951 & PUT A GOLD *A9 AB\T HIS NECK4 ,& HE MADE HIM TO RIDE 9 ! SECOND *>IOT :I* HE HAD2 & !Y CRI$ BE=E HIM3 ',ABRE*'2 & HE SET HIM ALL OV] ! L& ( ,EGYPT40 7,G5ESIS #d#a3 #e#b-#d#a1 ,MASORETIC ,TEXT7 

.<#c#b.> ,BY ?IS ,I MEAN CREAT+ A QUALITATIVELY NEW SOCIETY1 NOT M]ELY E/ABLI%+ 0WORK DEMOCRACY10 AN 0EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS10 OR EV5 0EXPROPRIAT+ ! EXPROPRIATORS0 -- I4E41 RETA9+ CAPITALISM )\T ITS CAPITALI/S4 ,L59'S ASS]TION ?AT 0SOCIALISM IS /ATE CAPITALISM = ! B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLE0 REVEALS ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT ( APPROPRIAT+ ! PRES5T SOCIETY :ILE UN?9K+LY P]PETUAT+ ITS OLD P]V]SE TRAITS )9 ! 0NEW0 ONE4 ,NOR DO ECONOMI/IC LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5TS (F] US A QUALITATIVELY NEW ALT]NATIVE1 H[EV] ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN !IR GOALS4 

.<#c#c.> ,! MO/ COMMON DEF9ITIONS ( DIRECT ACTION >E USUALLY EXEMPL>Y RA!R ?AN !ORETICAL4 ,!Y CONSI/ ( CIT+ /RIKES1 DEMON/RATIONS1 0MOB VIOL5CE10 SIT-9S ( ALL K9DS & 9 ALL PLACES1 ,<&IAN CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 & EV5 VIGILANTISM4 ,9 ALL SU* CASES1 \R ATT5TION IS DIRECT$ TO EV5TS RA!R ?AN GOALS & !ORETICAL G5]ALIZATIONS4 ,:AT UNITES ?IS BEHAVIOR UND] ! T]M 0DIRECT ACTION0 IS ! UNM$IAT$ 9T]V5TION ( PEOPLE 9TO AFFAIRS ?AT >E USUALLY RESOLV$ BY P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATES & LEGISLATION4 ,PEOPLE TAKE OV] ! /REETS2 !Y MAY EV5 OCCUPY ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUCTURES & RELY ON !IR [N ACTION RA!R ?AN ON POLITICAL SURROGATES TO A*IEVE C]TA9 5DS4 

.<#c#d.> ,MO/ NOTABLY ! MASSIVE UPROOT+ ( VILLAGE POPULATIONS & ! 5G9E]$ 0FAM9ES0 C>RI$ \T BY ! ,BRITI% MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO 9 ,9DIA & ! :OLESALE SLAU<T] ( C\NTRY PEOPLE BY ! ,AM]ICANS 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,P]HAPS IT WILL SEEM UN*>ITABLE1 BUT ,I MU/ ADD ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS 9ADV]T5TLY P]=M$ A GREAT S]VICE = ! CAUSE ( 0SOCIALISM0 :5 !Y DE/ROY$ ! ,VIETNAMESE VILLAGE SOCIETY4 ,:ATEV] ! FUTURE ( S\!A/ ,ASIA MAY HOLD1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS S]VICE WILL CO9CIDE ADMIRABLY ) ! S*EMES ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ,COMMUNI/S = E/ABLI%+ COLLECTIVE F>MS & FO/]+ 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T -- JU/ AS ! G5OCIDAL DE/RUCTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE BY ,/AL9 9 ! #a#i#cS PAV$ ! WAY = 0SOCIALISM0 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

.<#c#d.> ,MO/ NOTABLY ! MASSIVE UPROOT+ ( VILLAGE POPULATIONS & ! 5G9E]$ 0FAM9ES0 C>RI$ \T BY ! ,BRITI% MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO 9 ,9DIA & ! :OLESALE SLAU<T] ( C\NTRY PEOPLE BY ! ,AM]ICANS 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,P]HAPS IT WILL SEEM UN*>ITABLE1 BUT ,I MU/ ADD ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS 9ADV]T5TLY P]=M$ A GREAT S]VICE = ! CAUSE ( 0SOCIALISM0 :5 !Y DE/ROY$ ! ,VIETNAMESE VILLAGE SOCIETY4 ,:ATEV] ! FUTURE ( S\!A/ ,ASIA MAY HOLD1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS S]VICE WILL CO9CIDE ADMIRABLY ) ! S*EMES ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ,COMMUNI/S = E/ABLI%+ COLLECTIVE F>MS & FO/]+ 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T -- JU/ AS ! G5OCIDAL DE/RUCTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE BY ,/AL9 9 ! #a#i#cS PAV$ ! WAY = 0SOCIALISM0 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

.<#c#f.> ,HANNAH ,>5DT REM9DS US ?AT ! WORD HUMANITAS1 ) ITS G5]\S IMPLICATIONS ( A UNIV]SAL HUMAN COMMONALITY1 IS ,LAT91 NOT ,GREEK4 ,9 ,ATTIC ,GREEK1 ! T]M = 0MANK9D0 IS PAN TO AN?ROP9ON1 :I* IS (T5 MISLEAD+LY TRANSLAT$ AS ! WORD 0HUMANITY40 ,C]TA9LY1 TO ,>I/OTLE 7UNLESS ,I MISREAD HIS ,POLITICS71 ! PHRASE REF]S TO 0MAN0 AS A BIOLOGICAL DATUM1 NOT A SOCIAL ONE4 ,9 ITSELF1 ! WORD HAS NO DI/9CTIVE QUALITIES ASIDE FROM ! OBVI\S DIFF]5CES ?AT SEP>ATE HUMAN BE+S FROM ANIMALS4 ,H5CE1 9 ,>I/OTLE'S EYES1 !RE W\LD ALWAYS BE 0M50 9NATELY DE/9$ TO RULE & O!RS 9NATELY DE/9$ TO OBEY4 

.<#c#g.> ,H]E ,I MU/ AGA9 GU>D ! READ] AGA9/ CONFUS+ PATRI>*Y ) PATRIC5TRICITY4 ,EV5 ! T]M PATRI>*AL /ATE CAN BE MISUS$ IF WE FAIL TO SEE ! P]PETUAL ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! ,/ATE & ANY K9D ( AUTONOM\S FAMILY UNIT4 

.<#c#h.> ,AT V>I\S TIMES1 IT %\LD BE ADD$1 ?IS WAS DONE TO POLITICIZE ! FAMILY & TURN IT 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! ,/ATE OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! ,*UR*4 ,! ,PURITAN FAMILY COMES TO M9D :5 WE SPEAK ( EXTREME EXAMPLES ( RELIGI\S ZEALOTRY1 BUT BY NO MEANS W]E ,ANABAPTI/S & UTOPI/ICALLY ORI5T$ RELIGI\S T5D5CIES 9 ! ,RE=MATION IMMUNE TO !OCRATIC TYPES ( FAMILY /RUCTURES4 ,! MO/ DAMN+ EXAMPLES ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T W]E ! FAMILY RELATIONS FO/]$ BY ! ,NAZI REGIME 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,NEI!R M5 NOR WOM5 W]E TO B5EFIT BY !SE TOTALIT>IAN FAMILY 5TITIES1 :I* ONLY SUP]FICIALLY RE/OR$ ! ROLE ( ! PAT]FAMILIAS 9 ALL ITS ATAVI/IC SPL5DOR 9 ORD] TO COLONIZE HIS *ILDR5 9 ! ,HITL] ,Y\? & ! ,Y\NG ,PIONE]S4 

.<#c#i.> ,= ! W>Y READ]1 ,I WI% TO NOTE ?AT ,I USE ! T]M 0POLITICAL SOCIETY0 H]E1 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE ( ! POLIS AS A SOCIETY1 NOT 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( A ,/ATE4 ,! POLIS WAS NOT QUITE A ,/ATE1 ! VIEWS ( MANY RADICAL !ORI/S NOT)/&+4 ,9/ITUTIONALLY1 9 FACT1 IT WAS A DIRECT DEMOCRACY :OSE EQUIVAL5T1 AT LEA/ ALONG =MAL L9ES1 WE HAVE R>ELY SE5 S9CE ! DISSOLUTION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 

.<#d.> ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL RADICALISM ?AT SEES 9 ATOMIC !ORIES AS F> BACK AS ?OSE ( ,DEMOCRITUS & ,EPICURUS EVID5CE ( AN ASC5DANT 9DIVIDUALISM1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT !Y >E EVID5CE ( ! DISSOLUTION ( ! SELF 9TO A DECAD5T 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,ATOMIC OR ATOMI/IC !ORIES1 ,I SUSPECT1 DO NOT A*IEVE G5]AL ACCEPTANCE :5 ! SELF IS WELL-=M$ & WELL-ROOT$1 BUT :5 ITS =M & ITS ROOTS HAVE BEGUN TO WI!R & ! COMMUNITY BASE BY :I* IT IS TRULY N\RI%$ HAS BEGUN TO DISAPPE>4 ,! GREAT 9DIVIDUALS ( HI/ORY LIKE ,P]IKLES1 ,AES*YLUS1 ! ,GRAC*I1 ,AUGU/9E1 ,RABELAIS1 ,DID]OT1 ,DANTON1 & ! LIKE >E ROOT$ PSY*OLOGICALLY 9 VIABLE & VIBRANT COMMUNITIES1 NOT NEUROTICALLY CONF9$ TO GLOOMY ATTICS & MUMMIFI$ BY ISOLATION LIKE ,DO/OYEVSKY'S ,RASKOLNIKOV 9 ,CRIME & ,PUNI%M5T4 

.<#d#a.> ,TO UNDO ?IS SPECI\S PR9CIPLE ( 0 COMP5SATION0 AS ! W>P$ =M ( FRE$OM WAS ! RADICAL FUNCTION ( JU/ICE4 ,! 0FRE$OM0 ( ! FEUDAL NOBILITY TO BE 0UNEQUAL0 TOOK A HI<LY CONCRETE =M4 ,JURIDICALLY1 CLASS DIFF]5CES 0W]E MANIFE/$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 ! EXT5T ( P5ANCE10 OBS]VE ,GEORG ,RUS*E & ,OTTO ,KIR*HEIM]4 0,P5ANCE WAS C>EFULLY GRAD$ ACCORD+ TO ! SOCIAL /ATUS ( ! EVILDO] & ( ! WRONG$ P>TY4 ,AL?\< ?IS CLASS DIFF]5TIATION ONLY AFFECT$ ! DEGREE ( P5ANCE AT FIR/1 IT WAS AT ! SAME TIME ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL FACTORS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( CORPORAL PUNI%M5T4 ,! 9ABILITY ( L[]-CLASS EVILDO]S TO PAY F9ES 9 MONEY L$ TO ! SUB/ITUTION ( CORPORAL PUNI%M5T40 ,RUS*E & ,KIR*HEIM] CONT5D ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T 0CAN BE TRAC$ 9 EV]Y ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY40 ,G4 ,RUS*E & ,O4 ,KIR*HEIM]1 ,PUNI%M5T & ,SOCIAL ,/RUCTURE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#c#i71 P4 #i4 

.<#d#b.> ,?IS PO9T WAS MADE A G5]ATION AGO BY ,A4 ,L4 ,MORTON 9 ,! ,5GLI% ,UTOPIA 7,LONDON3 ,LAWR5CE @& ,WI%>T1 #a#i#e#b7 & REC5TLY EMPHASIZ$ BY ,FRANK ,E4 & ,FRITZIE ,P4 ,MANUEL 9 !IR ,UTOPIAN ,?\<T 9 ! ,WE/]N ,WORLD 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i7 

.<#d#c.> ,H]E1 AS 9 ,AUGU/9E'S WORK1 IS ANO!R ( ?OSE AMBIGUITIES ?AT FO/] EI!R COMPLETE SOCIAL QUIETISM OR A FI]Y SOCIAL ACTIVISM4 ,AL?\< ,M>CION'S D5IGRATION ( ! ,JUDAIC 0JU/ DEITY0 AS MEAN-SPIRIT$ =MS A M>K$ ADVANCE OV] ! LIMIT$ NOTION ( JU/ICE1 HIS ASCETICISM M>KS A DECID$ REGRESSION 9 ANCI5T POLITICAL LIFE4 ,M>CION'S DOCTR9ES SPREAD WIDELY AFT] ! ,JEWS HAD FAIL$ 9 ONE ( ! MO/ H]OIC & SELFLESS REVOLTS AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE -- A REVOLT ?AT L$ TO ! EXT]M9ATION ( ,JUDEA AS A NATION4 ,M>CION1 LIKE ,PAUL BE=E HIM1 ?US APPEAL$ TO SOME ( ! MO/ QUIESC5T POLITICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,HIS IMAGE ( ,JESUS FO/]$ A TOTALLY DI/ORT$ V]SION ( A ,HEBREW NATIONALI/ :O1 AS ,HYAM ,MACCOBY PUTS IT1 0WAS A GOOD MAN :O FELL AMONG ,G5TILES 4 4 4 4 ,AS A ,JEW1 HE F\<T NOT AGA9/ SOME METAPHYSICAL EVIL BUT AGA9/ ,ROME40 7,HYAM ,MACCOBY1 ,REVOLUTION 9 ,JUDEA1 P4 #a#i#e74 ,=TUNATELY1 ! RADICAL ,*RI/IAN 0H]ETICS0 :O LAT] EM]G$ & UNSETTL$ ! M$IEVAL WORLD W]E M5 & WOM5 :O W]E JU/ AS E>?LY ORI5T$ AS ! ORIG9AL F\ND] ( !IR RELIGION4 ,LIKE ,JESUS1 !Y TOO F\<T 0NOT AGA9/ SOME METAPHYSICAL EVIL0 BUT AGA9/ ! ,PAPACY & ! T]RITORIAL LORDS ( !IR DAY4 ,M>CION =MULAT$ A BODY ( IDEAS ?AT1 9 ! REAL WORLD AT LEA/1 W]E US$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( 5DS HE NEV] 9T5D$ TO A*IEVE4 

.<#d#d.> ,JEFF]SON1 9 FACT1 WAS MORE ( A LIB]AL :IG ?AN A RADICAL DEMOCRAT1 & MORE ( A CLASSICAL REPUBLICAN ?AN A DEC5TRALI/4 ,H]E1 ,I AM EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) 9TELLECTUAL ASPECTS ( ,JEFF]SON'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY RA!R ?AN HIS VEX+1 (T5 OPPORTUNI/IC PRACTICE4 ,= A USEFUL CORRECTION ( ! 0,JEFF]SON MY?10 SEE ,ELI%A ,P4 ,D\GLAS1 ,REBELS & ,DEMOCRATS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,QUADRANGLE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#e#e71 PP4 #b#h#g-#c#a#f4 

.<#d#e.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! /RATEGY ?AT GUID$ ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! #a#i#fS1 NOT ! USE ( DRUGS TO PROVIDE ! 0HI<S0 & 0L[S0 = ADAPT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL TO AN UTT]LY 9SANE SOCIETY4 ,BY ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS1 PEOPLE W]E EMPLOY+ A BEWILD]+ V>IETY ( DRUGS TO R5D] !M EI!R FUNCTIONAL OR 9DIFF]5T TO ! SY/EM -- NOT TO DISCOV] ALT]NATIVES TO IT4 ,! SIXTIES' 0DRUG CULTURE10 :ATEV] ITS FAULTS1 WAS CONC]N$ ) 0BL[+0 CONSCI\SNESS1 & IT PROVID$ LIV+ ALT]NATIVES -- H[EV] UNSATISFACTORY MANY ( !M PROV$ TO BE -- 9 ! =M ( COMMUNES1 P]SONAL SUPPORT SY/EMS1 A CR$O ( %>+1 & A GOSPEL ( LOVE TO SU/A9 ! 0H]ETICS0 ( ITS DAY4 ,! PRES5T 0DRUG CULTURE0 IS 5TIRELY S9I/]2 IT IS A /RATEGY = ATTUN+ ONE'S FL[ ( ADR5AL9 TO MEET ! DEM&S ( ! SOCIETY OR SIMPLY TO R5D] ! 9DIVIDUAL 9S5SATE4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 IT (F]S NO ALT]NATIVE OR SUPPORT SY/EM :ATEV] EXCEPT ! PSY*OANALY/'S (FICE OR ! SO-CALL$ 0M5TAL0 9/ITUTION4 

.<#d#f.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* ,>I/OTLE'S IMAGE ( TE*NE 9FLU5C$ ,M>X IS H>D TO JUDGE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 T]MS ( ,M>X'S [N IMAGE ( TE*NOLOGY & DESIGN4 ,BUT !SE CLASSICAL 9SI<TS APPE> 9 MO/ ( ! ,M>XIAN PROBLEMATICS WE GR\P UND] ! CATEGORY ( 0ALI5ATION10 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 HUMAN LABOR & ANIMAL ACTIVITY1 & ! NOTION ( ! 0HUMANIZATION ( NATURE0 9 ,M>X'S E>LY WRIT+S4 ,>I/OTLE1 F> FROM BE+ A 0PRIMITIVE0 9 ECONOMICS & TE*NICS1 WAS 9 FACT HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$2 HIS VIEWS1 F> FROM 0PREC$+0 ,M>X'S1 ACTUALLY ANTICIPAT$ !M4 

.<#d#f.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* ,>I/OTLE'S IMAGE ( TE*NE 9FLU5C$ ,M>X IS H>D TO JUDGE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 T]MS ( ,M>X'S [N IMAGE ( TE*NOLOGY & DESIGN4 ,BUT !SE CLASSICAL 9SI<TS APPE> 9 MO/ ( ! ,M>XIAN PROBLEMATICS WE GR\P UND] ! CATEGORY ( 0ALI5ATION10 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 HUMAN LABOR & ANIMAL ACTIVITY1 & ! NOTION ( ! 0HUMANIZATION ( NATURE0 9 ,M>X'S E>LY WRIT+S4 ,>I/OTLE1 F> FROM BE+ A 0PRIMITIVE0 9 ECONOMICS & TE*NICS1 WAS 9 FACT HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$2 HIS VIEWS1 F> FROM 0PREC$+0 ,M>X'S1 ACTUALLY ANTICIPAT$ !M4 

.<#d#h.> ,LE/ !RE BE ANY MISUND]/&+ AB\T ?IS /ATEM5T1 ,I REPEAT ?AT ,I AM NOT QUE/ION+ SCI5TIFIC 9SI<T & ME?OD AS SU* BUT RA!R ITS PREEMPTIVE1 (T5 METAPHYSICAL CLAIMS OV] ! 5TIRE COSMOS ( KN[L$GE4 ,9 ?IS VIEW ,I W\LD /& ) ,HEGEL1 :OSE DI/9CTION BETWE5 0REASON0 & 0UND]/&+0 HAS NEV] BE5 MORE VALID ?AN TODAY4 ,SPECULATIVE ?\<T -- IMAG9ATION1 >T1 & 9TUITION -- IS NO LESS A S\RCE ( KN[L$GE ?AN >E 9DUCTIVE-D$UCTIVE REASON+1 EMPIRICAL V]IFICATION1 & SCI5TIFIC CANONS ( PRO(4 ,:OL5ESS %\LD APPLY AS MU* 9 \R ME?ODS AS IT DOES 9 ! EVOLUTION ( REALITY4 

.<#d#i.> ,I W\LD ADD ?AT ! PHRASE 0LIB]T>IAN TE*NICS10 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM 0DEMOCRATIC TE*NICS10 HAS BECOME ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y TODAY4 0,WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY0 HAS COME TO MEAN LITTLE MORE ?AN A P>TICIPATORY APPROA* TO PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 NOT AN EMANCIPATORY ONE4 ,A 0DEMOCRATIC TE*NICS0 IS NOT NECESS>ILY A NONHI]>*ICAL OR ECOLOGICAL ONE4 

.<#e.> ,?IS CURSE ( ! CR[N$ DW>F L+]S ON1 FROM ! PYRAMID ( ,*EOPS TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS ( ,HITL] & ,/AL9 -- 9DE$1 FROM ! SILV] M9ES ( ,LAURIUM TO ! TEXTILE FACTORIES ( ,MAN*E/]4 ,F> MORE REPELL5T ?AN ! MAT]IAL H$ONISM ( TYRANNY IS ITS GREATE/ S+LE LUXURY3 ITS PLEASURE PR9CIPLE ( PA94 ,TO DELI<T 9 ! SPECTACLE ( DEGRADATION & SUFF]+1 RUL]S HAVE CREAT$ HUGE MORTU>IES & PALACES :OSE CON/RUCTION CONSUM$ ! LIVES ( ?\S&S M]ELY TO PROVIDE A COSMIC %ELT] = ! FEW4 ,NOT = NO?+ DID ! ,PH>AOHS ( ,EGYPT COMPLETE !IR TOMBS LONG BE=E !IR DEA?S3 ! LOA!SOME PLEASURE 9 WITNESS+ ! CON/RUCTION ( !SE /RICTLY HUMAN-MADE $IFICES WAS AS GREAT AS ! CONTEMPLATION ( !IR [N GR&EUR4 

.<#e#a.> ,LE/ A READ] REM9D ME ?AT ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA WAS NOT AN AGR>IAN P>ADISE1 ,I W\LD ADD ?AT ?IS IS PRECISELY MY PO9T4 ,SU* SC5ES REFLECT NOT ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA BUT AN E>LI] TIME ?AT WAS TO P]SI/ 9 ,RUSSIAN PEASANT LIFE DESPITE ! L&LORDISM ( ! OLD REGIME & ! 9DU/RIALISM ( ! NEW4 ,LONG BE=E ,I READ ,TOL/OY'S ACC\NT1 ,I HE>D EV5 MORE VIVID /ORIES ( ! SAME NATURE FROM MY PLEBEIAN P>5TS :O W]E BORN 9 ,RUSSIAN T[NS & VILLAGES NE> ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 = !RE WAS NOT ONLY *ATT]1 LAU<T]1 & AN ALL-EMBRAC+ S5SE ( COMMUNAL W>M?1 BUT ALSO EAT+1 DR9K+1 S++1 & (T5 DANC+4 ,TO MAKE TOIL TRULY ON]\S1 ! PEOPLE HAD TO BE *EAT$ ( !IR [N BUOYANCY1 RHY?MS1 NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 & COMMUNAL SPIRIT4 ,E>LY 9 TIME1 :5 ! P\ND+ ( A DRUM & ! LA% ( A :IP REPLAC$ ! SPONTANE\S PLEASURE ( PHYSICAL ACTIVITY1 LABOR DEG5]AT$ 9TO ! TYRANNY ( TOIL & ! P5ALTY = BELONG+ TO ! WRONG SOCIAL CLASS4 

.<#e#b.> ,SEE 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY0 9 MY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,PALO ,ALTO3 ,RAMP>TS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a74 ,ON ! ACTUAL AVAILABILITY ( FOOD & ! POLITICS ( DEMOGRAPHY1 SEE ,FRANCES ,LAPPE & ,JOSEPH ,COLL9S1 ,FOOD ,FIR/ 7,BO/ON3 ,H\<TON1 ,MIFFL9 @& ,CO41 #a#i#g#g72 ,RI*>D ,M]RILL1 $41 ,RADICAL ,AGRICULTURE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#g#f72 & ,RI*>D ,J4 ,B>NETT1 ,! ,LEAN ,YE>S 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,SIMON & ,S*U/]1 #a#i#h74 ,! ,LAPPE-,COLL9S BOOK IS ! BE/ ( ITS K9D ON ! 0FOOD PROBLEM0 & COMPELL+LY REFUTES ! MY? ?AT !RE IS A 0NATURAL SC>CITY0 ( FOOD & >ABLE L&1 EV5 9 >EAS ) RIS+ POPULATIONS4 ,AL?\< ,B>NETT L9ES HIMSELF 0UP ) ! ,CASS&RAS10 ?IS IS PRIM>ILY BECAUSE HE BELIEVES ?AT 0TIM+0 MAY LEAD TO AN EXCESS ( DEM& = PETROLEUM & C]TA9 M9]ALS OV] SUPPLY1 NOT ?AT NATURE IS 0/+Y40 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS IS PLAUSIBLE AS A VIEWPO9T1 ,I DO NOT KN[4 ,BUT HIS DATA REVEAL ?AT WE >E FAC$ NOT ) AN ABSOLUTE %ORTAGE ( MAT]IALS BUT ) AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY4 

.<#e#c.> ,EXP]I5CE HAS TAU<T ME TO ADD A CAVEAT4 ,FU/EL DE ,C\LANGE'S ACC\NT ( ! ,A!NIAN'S LIV$ FRE$OM IS NOT A 0BURD50 ?AT ,I W\LD EXPECT ! MOD]N 9DIVIDUAL TO BE> AT ?IS PO9T 9 HI/ORY4 ,BUT ?AT IT C\LD BE SO -- BUT IT IS NOT4 ,H5CE1 ,I AM M]ELY PROVID+ AN ILLU/RATION ( FRE$OM AS DI/+UI%$ FROM 0FREE TIME10 0RECREATION10 & ?AT EMPTY WORD 0LEISURE40 ,NOR IS IT 0BUSYNESS0 OR 0BUS9ESS0 -- ! 0BUS9ESS0 ( 0OCCUPY+0 OR 05T]TA9+0 ONESELF4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ,I AM (F]+ AN EXAMPLE ( FRE$OM1 NOT A RECIPE = IT4 

.<#e#c.> ,EXP]I5CE HAS TAU<T ME TO ADD A CAVEAT4 ,FU/EL DE ,C\LANGE'S ACC\NT ( ! ,A!NIAN'S LIV$ FRE$OM IS NOT A 0BURD50 ?AT ,I W\LD EXPECT ! MOD]N 9DIVIDUAL TO BE> AT ?IS PO9T 9 HI/ORY4 ,BUT ?AT IT C\LD BE SO -- BUT IT IS NOT4 ,H5CE1 ,I AM M]ELY PROVID+ AN ILLU/RATION ( FRE$OM AS DI/+UI%$ FROM 0FREE TIME10 0RECREATION10 & ?AT EMPTY WORD 0LEISURE40 ,NOR IS IT 0BUSYNESS0 OR 0BUS9ESS0 -- ! 0BUS9ESS0 ( 0OCCUPY+0 OR 05T]TA9+0 ONESELF4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ,I AM (F]+ AN EXAMPLE ( FRE$OM1 NOT A RECIPE = IT4 

.<#e#d.> ,LE/ !SE REM>KS 9 SUPPORT ( CONSCI\SNESS SEEM A BIT IDEALI/IC TO ACOLYTES ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM10 IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,M>X TOO BAS$ HIS ULTIMATE HOPES = A NEW SOCIETY ON CONSCI\SNESS -- ?AT IS1 ON CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,TO SPEAK ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AS ! RESULT ( MAT]IAL OR ECONOMIC FACTORS DOES NOT %IFT ! BALANCE ( ! CASE 9 ,M>X'S BEHALF2 ECOLOGICAL BREAKD[N1 ! DE/RUCTION ( HUMAN COMMUNITY1 & ! ?REAT ( NUCLE> EXT9CTION >E NO LESS MAT]IAL *ALL5GES ?AN ECONOMIC BREAKD[N1 ALI5ATION1 & IMP]IALISM4 ,:AT IS LACK+ 9 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM10 H[EV]1 IS ! E?ICAL ORI5TATION & ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT C\LD VITIATE ITS CRUDE SCI5TISM -- A SCI5TISM ?AT R$UCES ! 0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE0 TO M]E EGOTISM & SELF-SATISFACTION4 

.<#e#e.> ,! EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE ON !SE ISSUES BEGAN 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ?IS C5TURY1 ) ! DECL9E ( ME*ANISM & ! EM]G5CY ( RELATIVITY4 ,LEAV+ ! PIONE]+ WORK ( LATE N9ETE5?-C5TURY ?9K]S ASIDE1 ONE ?9KS ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ,:ITEHEAD'S ,SCI5CE & ! ,MOD]N ,WORLD1 ! SYNOPTIC VISION ( ,COLL+WOOD'S ,! ,IDEA ( ,NATURE1 & ! DISCUSSIONS G5]AT$ BY ,KUHN'S ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTIONS1 ,B]TALANFFY'S ,PROBLEMS ( ,LIFE1 ,H]RICK'S ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,HUMAN ,NATURE1 & P>TICUL>LY ,HANS ,JONAS' ADMIRABLE ,! ,PH5OM5ON ( ,LIFE1 :I* IS P]HAPS ONLY N[ RECEIV+ ! APPRECIATION IT DES]VES4 

.<#e#e.> ,! EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE ON !SE ISSUES BEGAN 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ?IS C5TURY1 ) ! DECL9E ( ME*ANISM & ! EM]G5CY ( RELATIVITY4 ,LEAV+ ! PIONE]+ WORK ( LATE N9ETE5?-C5TURY ?9K]S ASIDE1 ONE ?9KS ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ,:ITEHEAD'S ,SCI5CE & ! ,MOD]N ,WORLD1 ! SYNOPTIC VISION ( ,COLL+WOOD'S ,! ,IDEA ( ,NATURE1 & ! DISCUSSIONS G5]AT$ BY ,KUHN'S ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ,SCI5TIFIC ,REVOLUTIONS1 ,B]TALANFFY'S ,PROBLEMS ( ,LIFE1 ,H]RICK'S ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,HUMAN ,NATURE1 & P>TICUL>LY ,HANS ,JONAS' ADMIRABLE ,! ,PH5OM5ON ( ,LIFE1 :I* IS P]HAPS ONLY N[ RECEIV+ ! APPRECIATION IT DES]VES4 

.<#e#h.> ,! RADICAL ?RU/ ( UTOPIAN ?9K+1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,F\RI]1 HAS BE5 TRANSMUT$ BY ACADEMICS1 /ATI/ICIANS1 & 0GAME !MI/S0 9TO A ?OR\<LY TE*NOCRATIC1 ECONOMI/IC1 & AGGRESSIVE S]IES ( FUTURAMAS ?AT CAN BE APPROPRIATELY DESIGNAT$ AS 0FUTURISM40 ,H[EV] WIDELY AT ODDS UTOPIAS W]E 9 !IR VALUES1 9/ITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS1 & VISIONS 7:E!R ASCETIC OR H$ONI/IC1 AU?ORIT>IAN OR LIB]T>IAN1 PRIVATI/IC OR COMMUNI/IC1 UTILIT>IAN OR E?ICAL7 1 !Y AT LEA/ HAD COME TO MEAN A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 ! /ATUS QUO & A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( ITS ABUSES4 ,FUTURISM1 AT ITS CORE1 HOLDS NO SU* PROMISE AT ALL4 ,9 ! WRIT+S ( SU* PEOPLE AS ,H]MAN ,KAHN1 ,BUCKM9/] ,FULL]1 ,ALV9 ,T(FL]1 ,JOHN ,O',NEILL1 & ! V>I\S SE]S 9 ,/AN=D ,UNIV]SITY'S 0?9K-TANKS10 FUTURISM IS ESS5TIALLY AN EXTRAPOLATION ( ! PRES5T 9TO ! C5TURY AHEAD1 ( 0PROPHECY0 DEMATUR$ TO M]E PROJECTION4 ,IT DOES NOT *ALL5GE EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT SEEKS TO ADAPT !M TO SEEM+LY NEW TE*NOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVES & POSSIBILITIES -- !REBY R$EEM+ RA!R ?AN CRITIQU+ !M4 ,! PRES5T DOES NOT DISAPPE>2 IT P]SI/S & ACQUIRES ET]NALITY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! FUTURE4 ,FUTURISM1 9 EFFECT1 DOES NOT 5L>GE ! FUTURE BUT ANNIHILATES IT BY ABSORB+ IT 9TO ! PRES5T4 ,:AT MAKES ?IS TR5D SO 9SIDI\S IS ?AT IT ALSO ANNIHILATES ! IMAG9ATION ITSELF BY CON/RA9+ IT TO ! PRES5T1 !REBY R$UC+ \R VISION -- EV5 \R PROPHETIC ABILITIES -- TO M]E EXTRAPOLATION4 

.<#e#i.> ,DOES ?IS COMMITM5T TO UNIV]SAL COMPET5CE YIELD AN 0ABSOLUTE FRE$OM0 -- TO USE ,HEGEL'S T]M -- ?AT DIVE/S A FREE SOCIETY ( ! MOTIVATION1 MEAN+1 & PURPOSE WE SO READILY ASCRIBE TO ! EFFECTS ( CONFLICT & OPPOSITION8 ,*>LES ,TAYLOR1 9 A REC5T WORK1 HAS RAIS$ ?IS POSSIBILITY ( A FRE$OM ?AT 0HAS NO CONT5T10 PRESUMABLY ONE ?AT WILL RESULT 9 ! SUBV]SION ( SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF4 ,?IS DILEMMA ( A RECONCIL$ WORLD ?AT IS BOR+ & LACK+ 9 0SITUATIONS0 REFLECTS ! AGONI/IC S5SIBILITY ?AT P]VADES ! MOD]N M9D4 ,:AT ,TAYLOR'S CONC]NS EXPRESS IS A L>G] CRISIS 9 WE/]N S5SIBILITY3 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 AGGRESSIV5ESS T[>D REALITY & REFLECTIV5ESS4 ,WE MAY WELL NE$ A ,FI*TE'S AGGRESSIV5ESS TO *ANGE ! 9SANE WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE TODAY1 BUT )\T ,GOE!'S S5SE ( EQUIPOISE & REFLECTION AS ! BASIS = AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 WE WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY SLIP 9TO A T]RORI/IC SOCIETY -- :I* ,TAYLOR1 NO LESS ?AN ,HEGEL1 IS EAG] TO AVOID4 ,SEE ,*>LES ,TAYLOR1 ,HEGEL & ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i7 1 PP4 #a#e#d-#a#f4 

.<#f.> ,AS ,YNE/RA ,K+ OBS]VES 9 AN EXCELL5T >TICLE FROM ,H]ESIES 7,VOL4 #d1 ,NO4 #a1 ,ISSUE #a#c73 0,ACT+ ON \R [N CONSCI\SNESS ( \R NE$S1 WE ACT .<AS WOM5.> 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL4 ,WE /& ON ! BIOLOGICAL DIVID+ L9E4 ,WE >E ! LESS RATIONALIZ$ SIDE ( HUMANITY 9 AN OV]LY RATIONALIZ$ WORLD1 YET WE CAN ?9K AS RATIONALLY AS M5 & P]HAPS TRANS=M ! IDEA ( REASON ITSELF4 ,AS WOM5 WE >E A NATURALIZ$ CULTURE 9 A CULTURE DEF9$ AGA9/ NATURE4 ,IF NATURE_/CULTURE ANTAGONISM IS ! PRIM>Y CONTRADICTION ( \R TIME1 IT IS ALSO :AT W$S FEM9ISM & ECOLOGY1 & MAKES WOMAN ! HI/ORIC SUBJECT4 ,)\T AN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT ASS]TS ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( LIV+S1 FEM9ISM IS DISEMBODI$40 

.<#f#a.> ,! MA!MATICS TO :I* ,I REF] IS AS MU* A MA!MATICS ( =M AS IT IS ( QUANTITY -- 9 FACT1 EMPHATICALLY MORE SO4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,I FOLL[ ! ,GREEK TRADITION1 NOT ?AT ( ! LATE ,R5AISSANCE1 & ! TRU? ?AT 9H]ES 9 ! ,PY?AGOREAN EMPHASIS ON =M RA!R ?AN ! ,GALILEAN ON QUANTITY4 ,WE HAVE TOO READILY =GOTT5 ?AT MA!MATICS HAS FALL5 VICTIM TO 9/RUM5TALISM & ! MY? ( ME?OD1 NO LESS ?AN HAVE E?ICS & PHILOSOPHY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,EPILOGUE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,EPILOGUE -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/