,*APT] #i - ,TWO ,IMAGES ( ,TE*NOLOGY 

#aihbaihb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#i4 ,TWO ,IMAGES ( ,TE*NOLOGY 

  

,9 TRY+ TO EXAM9E TE*NOLOGY & PRODUCTION1 WE 5C\NT] A CURI\S P>ADOX4 ,WE >E DEEPLY RIV5 BY A GREAT S5SE ( PROMISE AB\T TE*NICAL 9NOVATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 & BY A ?OR\< S5SE ( DIS5*ANTM5T ) ITS RESULTS1 ON ! O!R4 ,?IS DUAL ATTITUDE NOT ONLY REFLECTS A CONFLICT 9 ! POPUL> IDEOLOGIES CONC]N+ TE*NOLOGY BUT ALSO EXPRESSES /RONG D\BTS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! MOD]N TE*NOLOGICAL IMAG9ATION ITSELF4 ,WE >E PUZZL$ ?AT ! V]Y 9/RUM5TS \R M9DS HAVE CONCEIV$ & \R H&S HAVE CREAT$ CAN BE SO EASILY TURN$ AGA9/ US1 ) DISA/R\S RESULTS = \R WELL-BE+ -- 9DE$1 = \R V]Y SURVIVAL AS A SPECIES4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT = Y\NG PEOPLE TODAY TO REALIZE H[ ANOMAL\S SU* A CONFLICT 9 TE*NICAL ORI5TATION & IMAG]Y W\LD HAVE SEEM$ ONLY A FEW DECADES AGO4 ,EV5 SU* A WAYW>D CULT H]O AS ,WOODY ,GU?RIE ONCE CELEBRAT$ ! HUGE DAMS & GIANT MILLS ?AT HAVE N[ E>N$ SO MU* OPPROBRIUM4 ,! PEOPLE :OM ,GU?RIE & HIS RADICAL COMPANIONS ( ! #a#i#cS ADDRESS$ HAD A DEEP REV]5CE = TE*NOLOGY1 SPECIFICALLY ?OSE SKILLS & DEVICES ?AT WE PLACE UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0TE*NICS40 ,NEW MA*9ES1 LIKE >TI/IC WORKS1 W]E OBJECTS ( DISPLAY ?AT RADIANTLY 5RAPTUR$ NOT ONLY ! CONNOISSEUR ( FUTURISM1 ! MANUFACTUR]1 & ! SPECIALI/1 BUT ! G5]AL PUBLIC 9 ALL WALKS ( LIFE4 ,POPUL> ,AM]ICAN UTOPIAS W]E UNREEL$ 9 MONUM5TAL TE*NOCRATIC IMAGES2 !Y EMBODI$ P[]1 A PRE5+ MA/]Y ( NATURE1 PHYSICAL GIGANTISM1 & DAZZL+ MOBILITY4 ,! L>GELY TE*NICAL 0,NEW ,WORLD ( ,TOMORR[10 CELEBRAT$ 9 ! LA/ ( ! TRULY GREAT FAIRS -- ,NEW ,YORK ,WORLD'S ,FAIR ( #aici -- FASC9AT$ MILLIONS ( VISITORS ) ITS MESSAGE ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5T & HOPE4 ,9 FACT1 TE*NICS HAD BECOME AS MU* A CULTURAL >TIFACT AS A ME*ANICAL ONE4 ,! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY WITNESS$ ! EM]G5CE ( AN 9T5SELY SOCIAL & MESSIANIC >T 7,FUTURISM1 ,EXPRESSIONISM1 ! ,BAUHAUS1 TO CITE ! MO/ CELEBRAT$ ONES7 ?AT WAS OV]:ELM+LY TE*NOLOGICAL 9 ITS EXHORTATIONS & 9 ITS D]OGATION ( MORE LEISURELY1 REFLECTIVE1 CRAFT-ORI5T$1 & ORGANIC TRADITIONS4 

,! HOLD ( TE*NICS ON ! SOCIAL IMAG]Y ( ?AT TIME WAS MORE FETI%I/IC ?AN RATIONAL4 ,EV5 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* WITNESS$ A MASSIVE USE ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGICAL >MAM5T>IUM TO SLAU<T] MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 DID NOT DISPEL ?IS TE*NICAL MY?OS4 ,ONLY 9 ! SEQUELAE ( ! SECOND ( !SE WORLDWIDE CONFLICTS1 ) ALL ITS T]RIFY+ RESULTS1 DID WE BEG9 TO WITNESS *ILL+ D\BTS 9 ! POPUL> M9D OV] ! WISDOM ( TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,NUCLE> WEAPONRY1 P]HAPS MORE ?AN ANY S+LE FACTOR1 HAS CREAT$ A POPUL> FE> ( A 0TE*NICS-RUN-WILD40 ,! #a#i#fS BEGAN TO EXHIBIT A PRON\NC$LY ANTITE*NICAL BIAS ( ITS [N ?AT HAS S9CE TURN$ 9TO A COMPLEX DUEL BETWE5 ! 0HI<0 OR 0H>D0 TE*NOLOGIES 7?OSE ASSOCIAT$ ) FOSSIL & NUCLE> FUELS1 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE1 & SYN!TICS7 & ! SO-CALL$ 0APPROPRIATE0 OR 0S(T0 TE*NOLOGIES 7?OSE /RUCTUR$ >\ND SOL>1 W9D1 & HYDRAULIC S\RCES ( 5]GY1 ORGANICALLY GR[N FOOD1 & HUMAN-SCALE1 CRAFTLIKE 9DU/RIES74 

,:AT CLE>LY R5D]S 0APPROPRIATE0 TE*NOLOGY 9CREAS+LY ATTRACTIVE TODAY IS NOT ANY POPUL> CELEBRATION ( ITS A*IEVEM5TS OR PROMISE2 RA!R1 IT IS A GR[+ FE> ?AT WE >E IRRETRIEVABLY COMMITT+ \RSELVES TO DE/RUCTIVE SY/EMS ( MASS PRODUCTION & WIDESPREAD PROBLEMS ( 5VIRONM5TAL POLLUTION4 ,! >TI/IC MESSIAHS ( A TE*NOCRATIC SOCIETY >E GONE4 ,HUMANITY N[ SEEMS TO FEEL ?AT TE*NOLOGY HAS 5SN>$ IT2 IT HAS ! ME9 ( A VICTIM RA!R ?AN A B5EFICI>Y4 ,IF ! FIR/ HALF ( ! C5TURY WITNESS$ ! EM]G5CE ( 0HI<0 TE*NOLOGY AS A POPUL> 0>T-=M0 BECAUSE ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD'S POPULATION /ILL LIV$ 9 SMALL COMMUNITIES ) ALMO/ ANTIQUE TE*NICAL >TIFACTS1 ! 5D ( ! C5TURY IS WITNESS+ ! EM]G5CE ( 0APPROPRIATE0 TE*NOLOGY AS A POPUL> 0>T-=M0 PRECISELY BECAUSE 0HI<0 TE*NOLOGY HAS PLAC$ A GILD$ CAGE OV] ! SUFFOCAT+ MILLIONS :O N[ CLUTT] ! CITIES & HI<WAYS ( ! WE/]N WORLD4 

,! GRIM FATALISM SL[LY P]MEAT+ WE/]N HUMANITY'S RESPONSE TO TE*NICS D]IVES 9 L>GE P>T FROM ITS E?ICAL AMBIVAL5CE T[>D TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,! MOD]N M9D HAS BE5 TAU<T TO ID5TIFY TE*NICAL SOPHI/ICATION ) A 0GOOD LIFE0 &1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ) A SOCIAL PROGRESSIVISM ?AT CULM9ATES 9 HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,BUT NONE ( !SE IMAGES HAS BE5 SUITABLY CL>IFI$1 AT LEA/ NOT FROM A HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,TODAY1 BY F> ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE VIEW ! 0GOOD LIFE0 OR 0LIV+ WELL0 7T]MS ?AT DATE BACK TO ,>I/OTLE7 AS A MAT]IALLY SECURE1 9DE$ HI<LY AFFLU5T LIFE4 ,REASONABLE AS ?IS CONCLUSION MAY SEEM 9 \R [N TIME1 IT CONTRA/S %>PLY ) ITS ,HELL5IC ORIG9S4 ,>I/OTLE'S CLASSIC DI/9CTION BETWE5 0LIV+ ONLY0 7A LIFE 9 :I* PEOPLE >E 9S5SATELY DRIV5 TO ! LIMITLESS ACQUISITION ( WEAL?7 & 0LIV+ WELL0 OR )9 0LIMIT0 EPITOMIZES CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY'S NOTION ( ! IDEAL LIFE1 H[EV] MU* ITS VALUES W]E HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 ,TO 0LIVE WELL0 OR LIVE ! 0GOOD LIFE0 IMPLI$ AN E?ICAL LIFE 9 :I* ONE WAS COMMITT$ NOT ONLY TO ! WELL-BE+ ( ONE'S FAMILY & FRI5DS BUT ALSO TO ! POLIS & ITS SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 LIV+ ! 0GOOD LIFE0 )9 LIMIT1 ONE S\<T TO A*IEVE BALANCE & SELF-SUFFICI5CY -- A CONTROLL$1 R\ND$1 & ALL-SID$ LIFE4 ,BUT SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 :I* = ,>TI/OTLE SEEMS TO EMBODY ?IS CONCEPTUAL CON/ELLATION ( IDEALS1 DOES 0NOT MEAN ?AT :I* IS SELF-SUFFICI5T = A MAN HIMSELF1 = ONE :O LIVES A SOLIT>Y LIFE1 BUT ALSO = P>5TS1 *ILDR51 WIFE1 & 9 G5]AL = HIS FRI5DS & FELL[ CITIZ5S1 S9CE MAN IS BORN = CITIZ5%IP40 

,! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ! MOD]N IMAGE ( A MAT]IALLY AFFLU5T LIFE & ! CLASSICAL IDEAL ( A LIFE BAS$ ON LIMIT P>ALLELS ! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 MOD]N & CLASSICAL CONCEPTS ( TE*NICS4 ,TO ! MOD]N M9D1 TE*NICS IS SIMPLY ! 5SEMBLE ( RAW MAT]IALS1 TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 & RELAT$ DEVICES ?AT >E NE$$ TO PRODUCE A USABLE OBJECT4 ,! ULTIMATE JUDGM5T ( A TE*NIQUE'S VALUE & DESIRABILITY IS OP]ATIONAL3 IT IS BAS$ ON EFFICI5CY1 SKILL1 & CO/4 ,9DE$1 CO/ L>GELY SUMM>IZES VIRTUALLY ALL ! FACTORS ?AT PROVE \T ! VALIDITY ( A TE*NICAL A*IEVEM5T4 ,BUT TO ! CLASSICAL M9D1 BY CONTRA/1 0 TE*NIQUE0 7OR TE*NE7 HAD A F> MORE AMPLE MEAN+4 ,IT EXI/$ 9 A SOCIAL & E?ICAL CONTEXT 9 :I*1 TO 9VOKE ,>I/OTLE'S T]MS1 ONE ASK$ NOT ONLY 0H[0 A USEVALUE WAS PRODUC$ BUT ALSO 0:Y40 ,FROM PROCESS TO PRODUCT1 TE*NE PROVID$ BO? ! FRAMEWORK & ! E?ICAL LI<T BY :I* TO =M A METAPHYSICAL JUDGM5T AB\T ! 0:Y0 AS WELL AS ! 0H[0 ( TE*NICAL ACTIVITY4 ,)9 ?IS E?ICAL1 RATIONAL1 & SOCIAL FRAMEWORK1 ,>I/OTLE DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ! 0MA/] WORK]S 9 EA* CRAFT0 :O >E 0MORE HONORABLE1 & KN[ 9 A TRU] S5SE & >E WIS] ?AN ! MANUAL WORK]S40 ,9 CONTRA/ TO !IR /RICTLY OP]ATIONAL SUBORD9ATES1 0:O ACT )\T KN[L$GE ( :AT !Y DO1 AS FIRE BURNS10 MA/] WORK]S ACT ) AN 9SI<T & E?ICAL RESPONSIBILITY ?AT R5D]S !IR CRAFT RATIONAL4 

,TE*NE MOREOV]1 COV]$ A WID] SCOPE ( EXP]I5CE ?AN ! MOD]N WORD TE*NICS4 ,AS ,>I/OTLE EXPLA9S 9 ,NI*OMA*EAN ,E?ICS1 0,ALL >T .<TE*NE.> IS CONC]N$ ) COM+ 9TO BE+1 ?AT IS1 ) CONTRIV+ & CONSID]+ H[ SOME?+ MAY COME 9TO BE+ :I* IS CAPABLE ( EI!R BE+ OR NOT BE+1 & :OSE ORIG9 IS 9 ! MAK] & NOT 9 ! ?+ MADE40 ,H]E HE DI/+UI%ES ! CRAFT$ PRODUCT -- EV5 >TI/IC WORKS SU* AS >*ITECTURAL MA/]PIECES & SCULPTURE -- FROM NATURAL PH5OM5A1 :I* 0HAVE !IR ORIG9S 9 !MSELVES40 ,ACCORD+LY1 TE*NE IS A 0/ATE CONC]N$ ) MAK+1 9VOLV+ A TRUE C\RSE ( REASON+4 4 4 40 ,IT IS 0POT5CY10 AN ESS5TIAL ?AT TE*NE %>ES ) ! E?ICAL 0GOOD40 ,ALL 0>TS1 I4E41 PRODUCTIVE =MS ( KN[L$GE1 >E POT5CIES2 !Y >E ORIG9ATIVE S\RCES ( *ANGE 9 ANO!R ?+ OR 9 ! >TI/ HIMSELF CONSID]$ AS O!R40 

,!SE F>-REA*+ E?ICAL & METAPHYSICAL REM>KS 9DICATE H[ MU* ! CLASSICAL IMAGE ( TE*NE CONTRA/S ) ! MOD]N IMAGE ( TE*NICS4 ,! GOAL ( TE*NE IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO M]ELY 0LIV+ WELL0 OR LIV+ )9 LIMIT4 ,TE*NE 9CLUDES LIV+ AN E?ICAL LIFE ACCORD+ TO AN ORIG9ATIVE & ORD]+ PR9CIPLE CONCEIV$ AS 0POT5CY40 ,VIEW$ EV5 9 AN 9/RUM5TAL S5SE1 TE*NE ?US 5COMPASSES NOT M]ELY RAW MAT]IALS1 TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 & PRODUCTS BUT ALSO ! PRODUC] -- 9 %ORT1 A HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ SUBJECT FROM :I* ALL ELSE ORIG9ATES4.<#d#f.> ,TO ,>I/OTLE1 ! 0MA/]-CRAFTSMAN0 IS DI/+UI%$ SUBJECTIVELY FROM HIS APPR5TICES OR ASSI/ANTS BY VIRTUE ( HONOR1 A S5SE ( 0:Y0 PRODUCTS >E CREAT$1 & G5]ALLY A WISDOM ( ?+S & PH5OM5A4 ,BY />T+ ) ! RATIONALITY ( ! SUBJECT1 ,>I/OTLE E/ABLI%ES A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = BR++ RATIONALIZATION TO ! PRODUCTION ( ! OBJECT4 

,MOD]N 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS 9 PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE WAY4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! MOD]N IMAGE ( TE*NE LIMIT$ TO M]E TE*NICS 9 ! 9/RUM5TAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 BUT ALSO ITS GOALS >E 9EXTRICABLY TI$ TO UNLIMIT$ PRODUCTION4 0,LIV+ WELL0 IS CONCEIV$ AS LIMITLESS CONSUMPTION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A TOTALLY UNE?ICAL1 PRIVATIZ$ LEVEL ( SELF-9T]E/4 ,TE*NICS1 MOREOV]1 9CLUDES NOT ! PRODUC] & HIS OR H] E?ICAL /&>DS 7PROLET>IANS1 AFT] ALL1 S]VICE ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS 9 TOTAL ANONYMITY7 BUT ! PRODUCT & ITS CON/ITU5TS4 ,! TE*NICAL FOCUS %IFTS FROM ! SUBJECT TO ! OBJECT1 FROM ! PRODUC] TO ! PRODUCT1 FROM ! CREATOR TO ! CREAT$4 ,HONOR1 A S5SE ( 0:Y10 & ANY G5]AL WISDOM ( ?+S & PH5OM5A HAVE NO PLACE 9 ! WORLD REQUIR$ BY MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,:AT REALLY C\NTS 9 TE*NICS IS EFFICI5CY1 QUANTITY1 & AN 9T5SIFICATION ( ! LABOR PROCESS4 ,! SPECI\S RATIONALITY 9VOLV$ 9 PRODUC+ ! OBJECT IS FOI/$ ON ! RATIONALIZATION ( ! SUBJECT TO A PO9T :]E ! PRODUC]'S SUBJECTIVITY IS TOTALLY ATROPHI$ & R$UC$ TO AN OBJECT AMONG OBJECTS4 

,9 FACT1 ! OBJECTIFICATION ( SUBJECTIVITY IS ! S9E QUA NON ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,H]E1 0?\<T OR WORD BECOMES A TOOL .<&.> ONE CAN DISP5SE ) ACTUALLY '?9K+' IT1 ?AT IS1 ) GO+ ?R\< ! LOGICAL ACTS 9VOLV$ 9 V]BAL =MULATION ( IT10 NOTES ,HORKHEIM]4 ,HE ALSO OBS]VES3 

,AS HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T1 (T5 & CORRECTLY1 ! ADVANTAGE ( MA!MATICS -- ! MODEL ( ALL NEO-POSITIVI/IC ?9K+ -- LIES 9 JU/ ?IS 09TELLECTUAL ECONOMY40 ,COMPLICAT$ LOGICAL OP]ATIONS >E C>RI$ \T )\T ACTUAL P]=MANCE ( ALL ! 9TELLECTUAL ACTS UPON :I* ! MA!MATICAL & LOGICAL SYMBOLS >E BAS$4 ,SU* ME*ANIZATION IS 9DE$ ESS5TIAL TO ! EXPANSION ( 9DU/RY2 BUT IF IT BECOMES ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( M9D1 IF REASON ITSELF IS 9/RUM5TALIZ$1 IT TAKES ON A K9D ( MAT]IALITY & BL9DNESS1 BECOMES A FETI%1 A MAGIC 5TITY ?AT IS ACCEPT$ RA!R ?AN 9TELLECTUALLY EXP]I5C$4 

,HORKHEIM]'S REM>KS1 :ILE SEEM+LY OCCUPI$ ) ! IMPACT ( A NEW TE*NICS ON A WAN+ TRADITIONAL SUBJECTIVITY1 MI<T EASILY BE READ AS AN ACC\NT ( ! EFFECTS ( A NEW SUBJECTIVITY ON A WAN+ TRADITIONAL TE*NICS4 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO SAY ?AT ! TE*NICS ?AT EM]G$ FROM ?IS SUBJECTIVITY DID NOT RE9=CE IT4 ,BUT IF ,I READ ! HI/ORICAL RECORD CORRECTLY1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT LONG BE=E MASS MANUFACTURE CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 !RE HAD ALREADY BE5 WIDESPREAD DE/RUCTION ( COMMUNITY LIFE & ! EM]G5CE ( UPROOT$1 DISPLAC$1 ATOMIZ$1 & PROP]TYLESS 0MASSES0 -- ! PRECURSORS ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS P>ALLEL$ BY SCI5CE'S EVOCATION ( A NEW IMAGE ( ! WORLD -- A LIFELESS PHYSICAL WORLD COMPOS$ ( MATT] & MOTION ?AT PREC$$ ! TE*NICAL FEATS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,TE*NICS DOES NOT EXI/ 9 A VACUUM1 NOR DOES IT HAVE AN AUTONOM\S LIFE ( ITS [N4 ,HELL5IC ?\<T1 :I* APPROPRIATELY L9K$ CRAFT & >T UND] ! RUBRIC ( TE*NE1 ALSO L9K$ BO? ) ! VALUE SY/EM & 9/ITUTIONS ( ITS SOCIETY4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 A GIV5 BODY ( S5SIBILITIES1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & POLITICAL /RUCTURES W]E NO LESS ! COMPON5TS ( TE*NICS ?AN ! MAT]IAL 9T5TIONS ( ! PRODUC] & ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( SOCIETY4 ,9 EFFECT1 TE*NE WAS CONCEIV$ HOLI/ICALLY1 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE TODAY DESCRIBE AN ECOSY/EM4 ,SKILLS1 DEVICES1 & RAW MAT]IALS W]E 9T]L9K$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ) ! RATIONAL1 E?ICAL1 & 9/ITUTIONAL 5SEMBLE ?AT UND]P9S A SOCIETY2 9S(> AS TE*NE WAS CONC]N$1 ALL W]E REG>D$ AS AN 9TEGRAT$ :OLE4 ,TODAY1 IF SU* 0EXTRATE*NICAL0 ASPECTS LIKE RATIONALITY1 E?ICS1 & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS SEEM B>R5 & MORE 9ORGANIC BY COMP>ISON ) ?OSE ( E>LI] TIMES1 IT IS BECAUSE TE*NOLOGY 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M IS MORE 9ORGANIC4 ,& NOT BECAUSE MOD]N TE*NICS N[ DET]M9ES ! 0SUPRATE*NICAL10 BUT RA!R BECAUSE SOCIETY HAS DEVOLV$ T[>D ! 9ORGANIC 9 T]MS ( ITS [N 0SOCIAL TISSUE0 & /RUCTURAL =MS4 

,= ! PRES5T1 WE NE$ A CLE>] IMAGE ( :AT IS MEANT BY 0TE*NICS03 ! PROBLEMS ( S5SIBILITY IT RAISES1 ! FUNCTIONS IT P]=MS1 &1 ( C\RSE1 ! DANG]S & PROMISES LAT5T 9 TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,TO CONF9E ! DISCUSSION M]ELY TO ADVANCES 9 SKILLS1 IMPLEM5TS1 & ! DISCOV]Y ( RAW MAT]IALS IS TO COMMIT \RSELVES TO A V]Y %ALL[ ACC\NT ( ALL !SE ISSUES4 ,)\T EXAM9+ ! *ANGES 9 SOCIETY ?AT V>I\SLY OP5$ OR CLOS$ IT TO TE*NICAL 9NOVATION1 WE W\LD HAVE GREAT TR\BLE EXPLA9+ :Y A VA/ BODY ( NEWLY DISCOV]$ TE*NICAL KN[L$GE FAIL$ TO 9FLU5CE ONE BODY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 YET SEEM+LY 0DET]M9$0 !IR =M ELSE:]E OR AT ANO!R TIME4 ,TO SAY ?AT ONE SOCIETY WAS 0READY0 = ! COMPASS1 MOVABLE TYPE1 OR ! /EAM 5G9E1 :ILE ANO!R WAS NOT1 BLATANTLY IGNORES ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( SOCIETY TO TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ *APT] ,I %ALL %[ MORE ?OR\<LY ?AT IT IS NEI!R TE*NICAL *ANGE NOR ,M>X'S 0PRODUCTION RELATIONS0 ?AT *ANG$ SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R AN IMMAN5T DIALECTIC )9 GIV5 SOCIETIES !MSELVES1 :]E ORGANIZ$ CO]CION WAS NOT DIRECTLY 9VOLV$4 

,LET ME BEG9 MY EXPLORATION ( TE*NICS & ! CONTRA/+ IMAGES ?AT %APE ITS =M & DE/9Y BY EXAM9+ ! IDEOLOGIES ?AT EXI/ >\ND LABOR -- ?AT MO/ HUMAN ( ALL TE*NICAL CATEGORIES4 ,%ORT ( SEXUALITY1 NO SUBJECT HAS BE5 MORE 9TRACTABLE TO A REASONABLY UNPREJUDIC$ ANALYSIS & MORE 5CRU/$ BY HI<LY EMBATTL$ IDEOLOGIES4 ,LABOR1 P]HAPS EV5 MORE ?AN ANY S+LE HUMAN ACTIVITY1 UND]P9S CONTEMPOR>Y RELATION%IPS AMONG PEOPLE ON EV]Y LEVEL ( EXP]I5CE -- :E!R 9 T]MS ( ! REW>DS IT BR+S1 ! PRIVILEGES IT CONF]S1 ! DISCIPL9E IT DEM&S1 ! REPRESSIONS IT PRODUCES1 OR ! SOCIAL CONFLICTS IT G5]ATES4 ,TO CRITICALLY EXAM9E !SE 5CRU/ATIONS 9 !IR MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ IDEOLOGICAL =M 7NOTABLY1 ,M>X'S REM>KABLE ANALYSIS ( LABOR7 IS P]HAPS ! MO/ AU!NTIC PO9T ( DEP>TURE = APPROA*+ ! SUBJECT4 

,H]E1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! PROC$URE ,I HAVE HONOR$ SO F>1 ! PA/ DOES NOT ILLUM9ATE ! PRES5T NE>LY AS MU* AS ! PRES5T ILLUM9ATES ! PA/ & GIVES IT (T5 />TL+ RELEVANCE TO ! FUTURE4 ,[+ TO \R WEI<TY EMPHASIS ON ! 0DOM9ATION ( NATURE10 \R ECONOMIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE1 \R PROCLIVITIES = TE*NICAL 9NOVATION1 & \R IMAGE ( LABOR AS HOMOG5E\S 0LABOR-TIME10 MOD]N SOCIETY MAY BE MORE ACUTELY CONSCI\S ( ITSELF AS A WORLD BAS$ ON LABOR ?AN ANY SOCIETY BE=E IT4 ,H5CE WE MAY OCCASIONALLY LOOK BACKW>D BUT ONLY TO P5ETRATE ! MI/S ?AT OBSCURE \R VISION4 

,TO ! MOD]N M9D1 LABOR IS VIEW$ AS A R>EFI$1 AB/RACT ACTIVITY1 A PROCESS EXTR9SIC TO HUMAN NOTIONS ( G5U9E SELF-ACTUALIZATION4 ,ONE USUALLY 0GOES TO WORK0 ! WAY A CONDEMN$ P]SON 0GOES0 TO A PLACE ( CONF9EM5T3 ! WORKPLACE IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A P5AL 9/ITUTION 9 :I* M]E EXI/5CE MU/ PAY A P5ALTY 9 ! =M ( M9DLESS LABOR4 ,EXPRESSIONS LIKE A 0N9E-TO-FIVE JOB0 >E HI<LY REVEAL+2 !Y TELL US ?AT WORK1 LABOR1 OR TOIL 7TODAY ONE CAN USE ANY ( !SE WORDS AS EQUIVAL5TS7 IS EXT]NAL TO 0REAL LIFE10 :ATEV] ?AT MAY MEAN4 ,WE 0MEASURE0 LABOR 9 H\RS1 PRODUCTS1 & EFFICI5CY1 BUT R>ELY DO WE UND]/& IT AS A CONCRETE HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,ASIDE FROM ! E>N+S IT G5]ATES1 LABOR IS NORMALLY ALI5 TO HUMAN FULFILLM5T4 ,IT CAN BE DESCRIB$ 9 T]MS ( ?AT NEW SUPRAHUMAN WORLD ( 05]GETICS0 -- BE IT PSY*IC1 SOCIAL1 0COSMIC10 OR EV5 ECOLOGICAL 7IF ! SY/EMS-!ORI/S >E CORRECT7 -- ?AT IS COMPREH5SIBLE 9 ! =M ( ! REW>DS ONE ACQUIRES BY SUBMITT+ TO A WORK DISCIPL9E4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 !SE REW>DS >E VIEW$ AS 9C5TIVES = SUBMISSION1 RA!R ?AN = ! FRE$OM ?AT %\LD ACCOMPANY CREATIVITY & SELF-FULFILLM5T4 ,WE COMMONLY >E 0PAID0 = SUP9ELY WORK+ ON \R KNEES1 NOT = H]OICALLY /&+ ON \R FEET4 

,EV5 ,M>X1 :O FIR/ >TICULAT$ ! AB/RACT *>ACT] ( LABOR1 T5DS TO MY/IFY IT AS A PRECONDITION = 0FRE$OM0 RA!R ?AN SUBMISSION -- IRONICALLY1 BY T9T+ LABOR ) HUMANI/IC METAPHORS ?AT IT NO LONG] POSSESSES4 ,CAPITAL HAS A FAM\S COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! UNCONSCI\S ACTIVITY ( ! ANIMAL & ! CONSCI\S ACTIVITY ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,H]E ,M>X OPPOSES ! WORK] TO ,NATURE AS ONE ( H] [N =CES1 SETT+ 9 MOTION >MS & LEGS1 HEAD & H&S1 ! NATURAL =CES ( HIS BODY1 9 ORD] TO APPROPRIATE ,NATURE'S PRODUCTIONS 9 A =M ADAPT$ TO HIS [N WANTS4 ,BY ?US ACT+ ON ! EXT]NAL WORLD & *ANG+ IT1 HE AT ! SAME TIME *ANGES HIS [N NATURE4 

,M>X !N ADDUCES ! ILLU/RATION ( ! SPID] & ! BEE1 :I* CAN PUT TO %AME MANY A WEAV] & >*ITECT1 BUT HE NOTES ?AT :AT DI/+UI%ES ! WOR/ >*ITECT FROM ! BE/ ( BEES IS ?IS1 ?AT ! >*ITECT RAISES HIS /RUCTURE 9 IMAG9ATION BE=E HE ]ECTS IT 9 REALITY4 ,AT ! 5D ( EV]Y LABOR-PROCESS1 WE GET A RESULT ?AT ALREADY EXI/$ 9 ! IMAG9ATION ( ! LABOR] AT ITS COMM5CEM5T4 ,HE NOT ONLY EFFECTS A *ANGE 9 =M ( ! MAT]IAL ON :I* HE WORKS BUT HE ALSO REALIZES A PURPOSE ( HIS [N ?AT GIVES ! LAW TO HIS MODUS OP]&I1 & TO :I* HE MU/ SUBORD9ATE HIS WILL4 

,! APP>5T 09NOC5CE0 ( ?IS DESCRIPTION IS HI<LY DECEPTIVE4 ,IT IS RIDDL$ BY IDEOLOGY -- AN IDEOLOGY ?AT IS ALL ! MORE DECEPTIVE BECAUSE ,M>X HIMSELF IS UNAW>E ( ! TRAP 9TO :I* HE HAS FALL54 ,! TRAP LIES PRECISELY 9 ! AB/RACTION ?AT ,M>X IMP>TS TO ! LABOR PROCESS1 ITS AHI/ORICAL AUTONOMY & *>ACT] AS A /RICTLY TE*NICAL PROCESS4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 ONE MAY REASONABLY ASK :E!R IT IS MEAN+FUL ANY LONG] TO SAY ?AT1 AT ! 0COMM5CEM5T0 ( 0EV]Y LABOR PROCESS10 ! LABOR] IS P]MITT$ TO HAVE AN IMAG9ATION1 MU* LESS TO BR+ IT TO BE> ON ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES4 ,EV5 ! PROCESS ( DESIGN BY TODAY'S >*ITECTS & O!R PR(ESSIONALS HAS BECOME A /]EOTYP$ PROCESS ( RATIONAL TE*NIQUES4 ,MOREOV]1 0M9DLESS LABOR0 IS NOT M]ELY A RESULT ( ME*ANIZATION2 AS ,I %ALL REVEAL1 IT IS ! CALCULAT$ & DELIB]ATE PRODUCT ( SUBORD9ATION & CONTROL4 ,F9ALLY1 IS IT CORRECT TO BELIEVE ?AT A MULTITUDE ( SPONTANE\S CREATIONS ( HUMAN 0LABOR10 FROM CA!DRALS TO %OES1 W]E (T5 GUID$ MORE BY C]EBRAL DESIGNS ?AN BY ES!TIC1 (T5 UNDEF9ABLE IMPULSES 9 :I* >T WAS CONJO9$ ) CRAFT8.<#d#f.> ,AS ,I ALSO %ALL NOTE1 ! VOCABUL>Y ( TE*NICS IS A GOOD DEAL MORE ?AN C]EBRAL4 

,M>X'S L>GELY TE*NICAL 9T]PRETATION ( LABOR CLE>LY REVEALS ITSELF :5 HE DESCRIBES ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 LABOR & ITS MAT]IALS ) ! MO/ 0ORGANIC0 METAPHORS AT HIS COMM&3 

,IRON RU/S & WOOD ROTS4 ,Y>N ) :I* WE NEI!R WEAVE NOR KNIT1 IS WA/$4 ,LIV+ LABOR MU/ SEIZE UPON !SE ?+S & R\SE !M FROM !IR DEA?-SLEEP1 *ANGE !M FROM M]E POSSIBLE USE-VALUES 9TO REAL & EFFECTIVE ONES4 ,BA!D 9 ! FIRE ( LABOR1 !Y >E APPROPRIAT$ AS P>T & P>CEL ( LABOR'S ORGANISM1 &1 AS IT W]E1 MADE ALIVE = ! P]=MANCE ( !IR FUNCTIONS 9 ! PROCESS1 AS ELEM5T>Y CON/ITU5TS ( NEW USEVALUES1 ( NEW PRODUCTS1 EV] READY AS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION1 OR AS MEANS ( PRODUCTION = SOME NEW LABOR-PROCESS4 

,! T]MS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ 9 ?IS PASSAGE REVEAL ! EXT5T TO :I* ,M>X'S [N IMAG9ATION IS COMPLETELY TA9T$ BY ,PROME!AN1 (T5 CRASSLY B\RGEOIS1 DESIGN IMAGES ?AT SEEM+LY PREFIGURE ! 0USE-VALUES0 HE SEEKS TO 0LIB]ATE0 FROM ! 0DEA?-SLEEP0 ( NATURE4 ,LIKE ! ISL& ( ! ,LOTUS-EAT]S 9 ! ,ODYSSEY1 ! DREAMLIKE WORLD ( NATURE IS PRESUMABLY A 0WA/$0 ONE UNTIL A ,HOM]IC H]O1 EMP[]$ BY A ,FI*TEAN 0,EGO10 FIRES NATURE FROM )9 ITSELF 9TO ! 0NON-,EGO0 OR 0O!RNESS0 ( A *ALL5G+ ANTAGONI/4 ,H5CE1 DESPITE ,M>X'S F]V5T REF]5CES TO ,WILLIAM ,PETTY'S CONCEPT ( A 0M>RIAGE0 BETWE5 NATURE & LABOR1 !RE IS NO AU!NTIC M>RIAGE O!R ?AN A CO]CIVE PATRI>*Y ?AT SEES ! W$D+ COMPACT AS A LIC5SE FROM ,YAHWEH TO PLACE ALL ( REALITY UND] ! IRON WILL ( ! MALE ELD]S4 

,! CONCEPTS RE>$ BY ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION 9 PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! 9/9CTIVE DRIVES ( ! SPID] & BEE1 >E NEV] SOCIALLY NEUTRAL4 ,NOR CAN !Y EV] BE CA/ 9 /RICTLY TE*NICAL T]MS4 ,FROM ! V]Y \TSET ( ! DESIGN PROCESS1 ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION IS POT5TIALLY PROBLEMATICAL 9 EV5 ! BE/ ( SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,TO LEAVE IT UNQUE/ION$ IS TO IGNORE ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( HUMANITY'S 9T]ACTION ) NATURE4 ,I SAY ?IS NOT FROM ANY CONVICTION ?AT ! M9D IS NECESS>ILY FIX$ BY ANY 9NATE1 NEO-,KANTIAN /RUCTURES ?AT DEF9E ! IMAG9ATIVE PROCESS AS SU*4 ,RA!R1 ,I CONT5D ?AT ! M9D & C]TA9LY ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION1 %ORT ( ATTA9+ ! SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ?AT WE/]N PHILOSOPHY HAS E/ABLI%$ AS ITS MO/ ABID+ IDEAL1 REMA9 HI<LY VULN]ABLE NOT ONLY TO SOCIETY'S ON-GO+ B>RAGE ( CULTURAL /IMULI1 BUT ALSO TO ! V]Y IMAG]Y ?AT =MS ! LANGUAGE ( ! IMAG9ATION ITSELF4 

,TO ,M>X1 BO? ! LABOR PROCESS & ! C]EBRAL DESIGN ?AT GUIDES IT >E ESS5TIALLY UTILIT>IAN3 !Y HAVE AN IRR$UCIBLE TE*NICAL GR\ND1 A MODUS OP]&I1 ?AT ACQUIRES ! NEUTRALITY & RIGOR ( SCI5TIFIC LAWFULNESS4 ,:ILE !IR EFFECTIV5ESS MAY BE 5HANC$ OR DIM9I%$ BY HI/ORY1 ! DESIGN & ! LABOR PROCESSES ?AT EXECUTE IT >E TO HIM ULTIMATELY A PHYSICAL 9T]ACTION4 ,9DE$1 )\T SU* AN UND]LY+1 SOCIALLY NEUTRAL 9T]ACTION1 ,M>X'S !ORY ( 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 -- ) ITS DEUS EX MA*9A CALL$ ! 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 -- W\LD BE AS MEAN+LESS 9 ,M>XIAN SOCIAL !ORY AS ,HEGEL'S RU?LESS TELEOLOGICAL SY/EM W\LD BE )\T ! ,HEGELIAN NOTION ( 0,SPIRIT40 ,BO? SY/EMS MU/ BE MOV$ BY SOME?+ ?AT IS NOT ITSELF BOGG$ D[N 9 ! CONT+5T4 ,H5CE ! DESIGN PROCESS & ! LABOR PROCESS >E NECESS>ILY EQUIPP$ ) A SUPRAHI/ORICAL REFUGE FROM :I* !Y CAN PRESIDE OV] HI/ORY -- & 9TO :I* ,M>X RETREATS FROM TIME TO TIME ) ALL ! SECOND ?\<TS ?AT RIDDLE SO MU* ( HIS !ORETICAL CORPUS4 

,?AT ,M>X & MANY ( HIS ,VICTORIAN CONTEMPOR>IES DISP>AG$ 0NATURE IDOLATRY0 9 EXTREMELY H>% T]MS IS NOT ACCID5TAL4 ,! ,ROMANTIC MOVEM5T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY E*O$ A MU* BROAD] & ANCI5T S5SIBILITY3 ! VIEW ?AT PRODUCTION %\LD BE A SYMBIOTIC1 NOT AN ANTAGONI/IC1 PROCESS4 ,AL?\< ! MOVEM5T WAS PRIM>ILY ES!TIC1 IT COMB9$ ) AN>*I/ !ORIES ( MUTUALISM -- NOTABLY ,KROPOTK9'S EXTRAORD9>ILY PRESCI5T WRIT+S -- TO F]RET \T A MU* BROAD] 0NATURAL DESIGN03 A 0M>RIAGE0 BETWE5 LABOR & NATURE ?AT WAS CONCEIV$ NOT AS A PATRI>*AL DOM9ATION ( 0MAN0 OV] NATURE BUT AS A PRODUCTIVE RELATION%IP BAS$ ON H>MONY1 F]TILITY1 & CREATIVITY4 ,LIB]T>IAN & ES!TIC MOVEM5TS 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY W]E /ILL HEIR TO ! IMAGE ( A FECUND 9T]ACTION BETWE5 HUMANITY'S CRAFT & NATURE'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,BUT LABOR WAS SE5 NOT AS 0FIRE10 OR 9DU/RY AS A 0FURNACE40 ,! IMAG]Y ( !SE MOVEM5TS WAS DRA/ICALLY DIFF]5T4 ,LABOR WAS VIEW$ AS ! MIDWIFE1 & TOOLS AS ! AIDS1 9 DELIV]+ NATURE'S (FSPR+3 USE-VALUES4 

,SU* A VIEW IMPLI$ ?AT ! V]Y 0IMAG9ATION0 9 :I* ! 0>*ITECT RAISES HIS /RUCTURE0 IS SOCIALLY & E?ICALLY D]IVATIVE4 ,P]CEIV$ REALITY 9VOLVES AN EPI/EMOLOGY ( DOM9ATION -- OR LIB]ATION -- ?AT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO TE*NICAL GR\NDS ALONE4 ,H5CE ! DESIGN IMAGES ( PRODUCTION1 ! V]Y FIGURES RE>$ 9 ! M9DS ( 5G9E]S1 >*ITECTS1 >TISANS1 OR LABOR]S1 >E NOT SOCIALLY OR E?ICALLY NEUTRAL4 ,!RE IS NO IRR$UCIBLE TE*NICAL GR\ND FROM :I* TO =MULATE A VALUE-FREE !ORY ( TE*NICS & ( LABOR4 ,! IMAGES ( LABOR AS 0FIRE0 & ( NATURAL PH5OM5A AS 5%R\D$ BY A 0DEA?-SLEEP0 >E =M$ FROM ! VISUAL RES]VOIR ( A HI<LY DOM9E]+ S5SIBILITY4 ,! IMAG]Y ( MOD]N TE*NICAL DESIGN HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 ! EPI/EMOLOGIES ( RULE2 IT HAS BE5 =M$ OV] A LONG P]IOD ( TIME BY \R V]Y SPECIFIC WAY ( 0KN[+0 ! WORLD -- BO? ONE ANO!R & NATURE -- A WAY ?AT F9DS ITS ULTIMATE APO!OSIS 9 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE1 MASS PRODUCTION1 & BUREAUCRACY4 

,IMPLICIT 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y CONTEMPOR>Y IMAGE ( LABOR IS A UNIQUE IMAGE ( MATT] -- ! MAT]IAL ON :I* LABOR PRESUMABLY EX]CISES ITS 0FI]Y0 P[]S TO TRANS=M ! WORLD4 ,TO ! MOD]N M9D1 MATT] ESS5TIALLY CON/ITUTES ! FUNDAM5T ( AN IRR$UCIBLE 0BE+10 :E!R WE *OOSE TO MAKE IT 9T]*ANGEABLE ) 5]GY1 P>TICLES1 A MA!MATICAL PR9CIPLE1 OR SIMPLY A CONV5I5T FUNCTIONAL PREMISE4 ,:ATEV] \R *OICE1 WE SEE MATT] AS ! BASE LEVEL ( SUB/ANCE1 ! SUB/RATE ( REALITY4 ,9DE$1 ONCE MATT] A*IEVES SPECIFICITY BY VIRTUE ( ITS 9T]ACTIONS1 IT CEASES BY DEF9ITION TO BE 0MATT]0 & ACQUIRES ! =M ( A 0SOME?+10 A R$UCIBLE P>TICUL>4 

,CONCEIV$ 9 ?IS S5SE1 MATT] COMPLETELY ACCORDS ) A QUANTITATIVE 9T]PRETATION ( REALITY4 ,IT MAY BE FRAGM5T$ BUT IT REMA9S UNDIFF]5TIAT$4 ,H5CE1 IT CAN BE WEI<$ & C\NT$1 BUT )\T REG>D TO ANY DIFF]5CES ?AT VITIATE ITS HOMOG5EITY = ! PURPOSES ( 5UM]ATION4 ,IT MAY BE K9ETIC BUT IT IS NOT DEVELOPM5TAL4 ,H5CE IT POSES NO PROBLEMS ?AT DEM& QUALITATIVE 9T]PRETATION4 ,FROM A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWPO9T1 MATT] MAY 9T]ACT 9T]NALLY1 BUT IT LACKS IMMAN5CE OR SELF-=MATION4 ,?US1 IT HAS REALITY BUT LACKS SUBJECTIVITY4 ,MATT]1 9 ! MOD]N M9D1 IS NOT M]ELY DESPIRITIZ$2 IT CON/ITUTES ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( SPIRIT4 ,ITS OBJECTIVITY IS ! S\RCE ( CONTRA/ ?AT ILLUM9ATES \R CONCEPT ( SUBJECTIVITY4 ,! CONV5TIONAL DEF9ITION ( MATT] BETRAYS ?IS UTT]LY SPIRITLESS CONCEPTION 9 A G5]ALLY DESPIRITIZ$ WORLD4 ,IT IS ! /UFF ?AT OCCUPIES SPACE -- ! HOMOG5E\S MAT]IAL :OSE PRES5CE CAN BE QUANTITATIVELY DET]M9$ BY ITS WEI<T & VOLUME4 

,\R IMAGE ( LABOR1 9 TURN1 IS ! DESPIRITIZ$ C\NT]P>T ( MATT]1 LOCAT$ )9 ! DIM5SION ( TIME4 ,P]HAPS NO VIEW EXPRESSES ?IS METAPHYSICAL FUGUE ( LABOR & MATT] MORE 9CISIVELY ?AN ,M>X'S DISCUSSION ( AB/RACT LABOR 9 ! OP5+ PORTIONS ( ,CAPITAL4 ,H]E1 AB/RACT LABOR1 MEASURABLE BY ! M]E FL[ ( TIME1 BECOMES ! POL> CONCEPTION ( AN AB/RACT MATT]1 MEASURABLE BY ITS D5SITY & ! VOLUME ( SPACE IT OCCUPIES4 ,DESC>TES' RES EXT5SA1 9 EFFECT1 IS COMPLEM5T$ BY ,M>X'S RES TEMPORALIS -- A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ?AT %APES HIS ANALYSIS NOT ONLY ( VALUE BUT ( FRE$OM1 :OSE 0FUNDAM5TAL PREMISE0 IS ! 0%ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY40 ,9DE$1 !RE IS AS MU* ,C>TESIAN DUALISM 9 ,M>X'S WORK AS !RE IS ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC4 

,TO FOLL[ ,M>X'S DISCUSSION FUR!R1 IF WE /RIP AWAY ! QUALITATIVE FEATURES ( COMMODITIES -- FEATURES :I* SATISFY CONCRETE HUMAN WANTS -- !N 

!Y HAVE ONLY ONE COMMON PROP]TY LEFT1 ?AT ( BE+ PRODUCTS ( LABOR4 ,BUT EV5 ! PRODUCT ( LABOR ITSELF HAS UND]GONE A *ANGE 9 \R H&S4 ,IF WE MAKE AB/RACTION FROM ITS USE-VALUE1 WE MAKE AB/RACTION AT ! SAME TIME FROM ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS & %APES ?AT MAKE ! PRODUCT A USE-VALUE2 WE SEE 9 IT NO LONG] A TABLE1 A H\SE1 Y>N1 OR ANY O!R USEFUL ?+S4 ,ITS EXI/5CE AS A MAT]IAL ?+ IS PUT \T ( SI<T4 ,NEI!R CAN IT ANY LONG] BE REG>D$ AS ! PRODUCT ( ! LABOR ( ! JO9]1 ! MASON1 ! SP9N]1 OR ( ANY O!R DEF9ITE K9D ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR 4 4 4 4 ,A USE-VALUE1 OR USEFUL >TICLE 4 4 4 HAS VALUE ONLY BECAUSE HUMAN LABOR 9 ! AB/RACT HAS BE5 EMBODI$ OR MAT]IALIZ$ 9 IT4 ,H[1 !N1 IS ! MAGNITUDE ( ?IS VALUE TO BE MEASUR$8 ,PLA9LY1 BY ! QUANTITY ( ! VALUE-CREAT+ SUB/ANCE1 ! LABOR CONTA9$ 9 ! >TICLE4 ,! QUANTITY ( LABOR1 H[EV]1 IS MEASUR$ BY ITS DURATION1 & LABOR-TIME 9 ITS TURN F9DS ITS /&>D 9 WEEKS1 DAYS1 & H\RS4 

,LEAV+ ASIDE !IR FUNCTIONS AS P>T ( ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 !SE L9ES >E A M\?FUL 9 T]MS ( ,M>X'S ANALYTICAL PROC$URE1 HIS PHILOSOPHICAL ANTEC$5TS1 & HIS IDEOLOGICAL PURPOSES4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 0PLA9LY0 CONCLUSIVE AB\T ,M>X'S RESULTS BECAUSE HE IS NEI!R ANALYZ+ A COMMODITY NOR /RICTLY G5]ALIZ+ AB\T IT4 ,ACTUALLY1 HE IS IDEALIZ+ IT -- POSSIBLY BEYOND ! DEGREE ( 0IDEALITY0 ?AT EV]Y G5]ALIZATION REQUIRES TO TRANSC5D ITS CL++ WELT] ( P>TICUL>S4 

,! DEGREE ( 0AB/RACTION0 ?AT ,M>X MAKES FROM A COMMODITY'S 0USE VALUE0 -- FROM ! 0MAT]IAL ELEM5TS & %APES ?AT TURN ! PRODUCT 9TO A USE-VALUE0 -- IS SO F>-REA*+ 9 T]MS ( :AT WE KN[ AB\T ! AN?ROPOLOGY ( USE-VALUES ?AT ?IS V]Y !ORETICAL PROCESS MU/ ITSELF BE SOCIALLY JU/IFI$4 ,9 EFFECT1 ,M>X HAS REMOV$ ! COMMODITY FROM A MU* RI*] SOCIAL CONTEXT ?AN HE MAY HAVE REALIZ$1 GIV5 ! SCI5TI/IC PREJUDICES ( ?IS TIME4 ,NOT ONLY IS HE DEAL+ ) ! COMMODITY =M ( USE-VALUES1 BUT HE ALSO IS DEAL+ UNREFLECTIVELY ) SOCIALLY CON/ITUT$ & HI/ORICALLY DEVELOP$ TRADITIONS & FACT -- MORE PRECISELY1 PRESUPPOSITIONS AB\T TE*NICS1 LABOR1 NATURE1 & NE$S ?AT MAY V]Y WELL R5D] HIS ANALYTICAL PROC$URE & CONCLUSIONS SPECI\S4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ :E!R WE GET TO ! 0ESS5CE0 ( A COMMODITY -- ( A USE-VALUE PRODUC$ = ! PURPOSES ( EX*ANGE -- IF WE DIVE/ IT ( ITS CONCRETE ATTRIBUTES SO ?AT ITS 0EXI/5CE AS A MAT]IAL ?+0 CAN REALLY BE 0PUT \T ( SI<T40 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE FUNDAM5TAL TO A COMMODITY >E PRECISELY ?OSE CONCRETE ATTRIBUTES -- ITS =M AS A 0USE-VALUE0 -- ?AT PROVIDE ! UTOPIAN DIM5SION1 ! 0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE10 9H]5T )9 EV]Y DESIRABLE PRODUCT ( NATURE & TE*NICS 7ITS DIM5SION ( ! 0M>VEL\S10 AS ,&RE ,BRETON MI<T HAVE PUT IT74 ,H]E9 MAY LIE ! ULTIMATE CONTRADICTION )9 ! COMMODITY -- ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ITS AB/RACT NATURE AS AN EX*ANGE-VALUE & ITS 0FECUNDITY0 AS A USE-VALUE 9 SATISFY+ DESIRE -- FROM :I* ! MO/ BASIC HI/ORICAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM HAVE BE5 SPAWN$4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ,M>X'S PROCESS ( IDEALIZATION YIELDS A MORE F>-REA*+ RESULT ?AN HE C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ CLE>LY4 ,AB/RACT LABOR CAN ONLY PRODUCE AB/RACT MATT] -- MATT] ?AT IS TOTALLY DIVE/$ ( ! 0MAT]IAL ELEM5TS & %APES ?AT MAKE ! PRODUCT A USE-VALUE40 ,NEI!R ,M>X NOR ! POLITICAL ECONOMI/S ( HIS TIME W]E 9 ANY POSITION TO REALIZE ?AT AB/RACT MATT]1 LIKE AB/RACT LABOR1 IS A D5IAL ( ! UTOPIAN FEATURES -- 9DE$1 ! S5SU\S ATTRIBUTES -- ( CONCRETE MATT] & CONCRETE LABOR4 ,H5CE 0USE-VALUE0 AS ! MAT]IALIZATION ( DESIRE & 0CONCRETE LABOR0 AS ! MAT]IALIZATION ( PLAY W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! REALM ( ECONOMIC DISC\RSE2 !Y W]E LEFT TO ! UTOPIAN IMAG9ATION 7P>TICUL>LY ! AN>*IC REALM ( FANTASY AS TYPIFI$ BY ,F\RI]7 = ELABORATION4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY HAD LO/ ITS >TFULNESS4 ,ITS ADEPTS BECAME A BODY ( 0WORLDLY ?9K]S0 :OSE WORLD1 9 FACT1 WAS DEF9$ BY ! P>AMET]S ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 

,= ,M>X1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T T[>D A DIS5*ANT+ 0SCI5CE0 WAS !ORETICALLY & HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE4 ,ADORNO MAY HAVE SAID MORE ?AN HE REALIZ$ :5 HE S>DONICALLY ACCUS$ ,M>X ( WANT+ TO TURN ! :OLE WORLD 9TO A FACTORY4 ,= ,M>XIAN !ORY1 ! R$UCTION ( CONCRETE LABOR 9TO AB/RACT LABOR IS A HI/ORICAL AS WELL AS !ORETICAL DESID]ATUM4 ,AB/RACT LABOR MAY BE A CREATURE ( CAPITALISM BUT1 LIKE CAPITALISM ITSELF1 IT IS A NECESS>Y 0MOM5T0 9 ! DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY4 ,NOT ONLY IS IT A M$IUM = R5D]+ EX*ANGE RATIOS POSSIBLE ON AN EXT5SIVE SCALE1 BUT1 FROM AN EV5 L>G] P]SPECTIVE1 IT BECOMES P>T ( ! TE*NICAL SUB/RATE ( FRE$OM4 ,BY ITS V]Y PLA/ICITY1 AB/RACT LABOR R5D]S HUMAN ACTIVITY 9T]*ANGEABLE1 ! ROTATION ( 9DU/RIAL TASKS POSSIBLE1 & ! USE ( MA*9]Y FLEXIBLE4 ,ITS CAPACITY TO FL[ ?R\< ! VE9S ( 9DU/RY AS M]E UNDIFF]5TIAT$ HUMAN 5]GY R5D]S ! MANIPULATION & R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY POSSIBLE &1 CONCURR5TLY1 ! EXPANSION ( ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM0 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! 0REALM ( NECESSITY40 ,IF ,M>X'S COMMUNISM WAS MEANT TO BE A 0SOCIETY ( >TI/S10 HE WAS NOT PREP>$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! COLORS ON !IR CANVASES MI<T BE LIMIT$ TO V>Y+ T9TS ( GRAY4 

,TO COMP>E ! \TLOOK ( ORGANIC SOCIETY TO ?IS 5SEMBLE ( IDEAS IS LIT]ALLY TO 5T] A QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T REALM ( IMAG]Y & A RI*LY S5SU\S =M ( S5SIBILITY4 ,ORGANIC SOCIETY'S IMAGE ( ! WORLD CONTRA/S RADICALLY 9 ALMO/ EV]Y DETAIL ) ,M>XIAN1 SCI5TI/IC1 & FRANKLY B\RGEOIS NOTIONS ( MATT]1 LABOR1 NATURE1 & TE*NICS -- 9DE$1 ) ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION IT BR+S TO BE> UPON EXP]I5CE4 ,TO SPEAK ( ORGANIC SOCIETY'S 0\TLOOK0 T[>D !SE ISSUES OR EV5 ITS 0S5SIBILITY0 R>ELY DOES JU/ICE TO ! POLYMORPH\S S5SITIVITY ( ITS EPI/EMOLOGICAL APP>ATUS4 ,AS MY DISCUSSION ( ANIMISM HAS %[N1 ?IS S5SORY APP>ATUS ELEVAT$ ! 9ORGANIC TO ! ORGANIC1 ! NONLIV+ TO ! LIV+4 ,EV5 BE=E NATURE WAS SPIRITIZ$1 IT WAS P]SONIFI$4 ,BUT NOT ONLY WAS ! NATURAL 0OBJECT0 7LIV+ OR NOT7 A SUBJECT 9 ITS [N RI<T2 SO1 TOO1 W]E ! TOOLS ?AT M$IAT$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! MAT]IAL ON :I* !Y WORK$4 ,! 0LABOR PROCESS0 ITSELF ASSUM$ ! ORGANIC *>ACT] ( A UNIFI$ ACTIVITY 9 :I* WORK APPE>$ AS AN ELEM5T 9 A GE/ATIVE PROCESS -- LIT]ALLY AN ACT ( REPRODUCTION1 ( BIR?4 

,TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY -- ITS V]Y MODE ( CONCEPTUALIZATION -- F> FROM BE+ /RICTLY UTILIT>IAN1 EXHIBIT$ AN 5*ANT$ SYN!SIS ( CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,NO SUBJECT & OBJECT W]E PLAC$ 9 OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R1 NOR DID A L9E> SEQU5CE ( EV5TS FOLL[ ONE UPON ! O!R4 ,RA!R1 ! MAT]IALS1 WORK PROCESS1 & TRANS=M$ RESULT BECAME AN ORGANIC :OLE1 AN ECOTE*NIC SYN!SIS1 :I* MORE CLOSELY APPROXIMAT$ A GE/ATIVE1 REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY ?AN ! AB/RACT EX]CISE ( HUMAN P[]S WE D5OTE AS 0LABOR0 OR 0WORK40 ,LIKE A M$IUM ?AT 5COMPASS$ BO? 0PRODUC]0 & 0MAT]IALS10 ! LABOR PROCESS FL[$ BETWE5 ! TWO & ANNEAL$ !M 9TO A COMMON RESULT 9 :I* NEI!R ! CRAFTSP]SON NOR ! MAT]IALS PREEMPT$ ! O!R4 ,LABOR-TIME1 MU* LESS 0AB/RACT LABOR10 W\LD HAVE BE5 CONCEPTUALLY UN=MULATABLE4 ,TIME1 LIKE ,B]GSON'S DUREE1 WAS PHYSIOLOGICAL & C\LD NOT BE AN*OR$ 9 NOTIONS ( L9E>ITY4 ,LABOR1 N[ W$D$ TO ! SPECIFICITY ( ITS ACTIVITY & ! CONCRET5ESS ( ITS 0PRODUCT10 HAD NO MEAN+ BEYOND ITS CONCRET5ESS AS A S5SU\S ACTIVITY -- H5CE ! VA/ WORLD ( PH5OM5A1 LIKE L&1 :I* W]E 0PRICELESS0 7TO USE \R LIMP+ T]M9OLOGY7 & BEYOND ! EQUATIONS ( EX*ANGE4 

,ACCORD+LY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MEAN+LESS TO USE ! WORD 0PRODUCT0 9 ITS MOD]N S5SE :51 9/EAD ( A RESULT EXI/+ AP>T FROM CRAFTSP]SON & MAT]IAL1 ORGANIC SOCIETY ACTUALLY MEANT A NEW FUSION ( HUMAN & NATURAL P[]S4 ,>I/OTLE'S NOTIONS ( 0MAT]IAL CAUSE10 0PRIVATION10 & 0=MAL CAUSE0 -- ACTUALLY1 A CAUSAL PATT]N ?AT 9VOLVES ! P>TICIPATION ( ! MAT]IAL ITSELF 9 AN IMMAN5T /RIV+ TO A*IEVE ITS POT5TIALITY = A SPECIFIC =M -- >E R$OL5T ) ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?IS E>LI] ORGANIC EPI/EMOLOGY ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! LABOR PROCESS WAS NOT A =M ( PRODUCTION BUT RA!R ( REPRODUCTION1 NOT AN ACT ( FABRICATION BUT RA!R ( PROCREATION4 

,H[ MU* ?IS ORI5TATION T[>D ! LABOR PROCESS P]MEAT$ ! S5SU\S \TLOOK ( PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES IS FULLY REVEAL$ BY AN?ROPOLOGICAL & MY?OLOGICAL DATA4 ,NO LESS ?AN AGRICULTURE1 O!R PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES 7MO/ NOTABLY METALLURGY1 :I* YIELDS ! MO/ DRAMATIC TRANS=MATION ( MAT]IALS7 W]E VIEW$ AS SACROSANCT ACTIVITIES ?AT 9VOLV$ A HI<LY SEXUALIZ$ ACTIVITY BETWE5 ! HUMAN WORK]S & A FEM99E E>?4 ,AS ,MIRCEA ,ELIADE OBS]VES3 

,V]Y E>LY WE >E CONFRONT$ ) ! NOTION ?AT ORES 0GR[0 9 ! BELLY ( ! E>? AFT] ! MANN] ( EMBRYOS4 ,METALLURGY ?US TAKES ON ! *>ACT] ( OB/ETRICS4 ,M9] & METAL-WORK] 9T]V5E 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( SUBT]RANEAN EMBRYOLOGY3 !Y ACCEL]ATE ! RHY?M ( ! GR[? ( ORES1 !Y COLLABORATE 9 ! WORK ( ,NATURE & ASSI/ IT TO GIVE BIR? MORE RAPIDLY4 ,9 A WORD1 MAN1 ) HIS V>I\S TE*NIQUES1 GRADUALLY TAKES ! PLACE ( ,TIME3 HIS LABORS REPLACE ! WORK ( ,TIME4 

,ELIADE'S EMPHASIS ON 0TIME10 H]E1 IS GROSSLY MISPLAC$4 ,9 FACT1 AS HE HIMSELF NOTES1 :AT IS REALLY AT ISSUE 9 ?IS IMAG]Y ( EMBRYONIC ORES IS A NOTION ( 0MATT]0 ?AT IS HELD 0TO BE ALIVE & SACR$ 4 4 4 40 ,9 EFFECT1 0MATT]0 IS ACTIVE4 ,IT /RIVES TO REALIZE ITSELF1 ITS LAT5T POT5TIALITIES1 ?R\< A NISUS ?AT F9DS FULFILLM5T 9 :OL5ESS4 ,TO USE A MORE ORGANIC T]M9OLOGY1 ! SELF-REALIZATION ( MATT] F9DS ITS V]Y EXACT ANALOGY 9 ! PROCESSES ( GE/ATION & BIR?4 

,TO SPEAK1 AS ,M>X DOES1 ( ! WORK]'S 0APPROPRIATION0 ( 0,NATURE'S PRODUCTIONS 9 A =M ADAPT$ TO HIS [N WANTS0 IS TO ASSUME ?AT !RE IS NO DEVELOPM5TAL SYN*RONICITY BETWE5 HUMAN 0WANTS0 & NATURAL 0WANTS40 ,A %>P DISJUNCTION IS !REBY CREAT$ BETWE5 SOCIETY1 HUMANITY1 & 0NE$S0 ON ! ONE SIDE1 & NATURE1 ! NONHUMAN LIV+ WORLD1 & ECOLOGICAL 5DS ON ! O!R4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ORGANIC SOCIETY CONTA9S ! CONCEPTUAL MEANS = FUNCTIONALLY DI/+UI%+ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE )\T POL>IZ+ !M4 ,9S(> AS PRODUCTION IS ALSO REPRODUCTION1 9S(> AS CREATION IS ALSO GE/ATION & ! PRODUCT IS ! *ILD ( ?IS 5TIRE PROCESS RA!R ?AN AN 0APPROPRIAT$0 ?+1 A 0M>RIAGE0 DOES 9DE$ EXI/ BETWE5 NATURE & HUMANITY ?AT DOES NOT DISSOLVE ! ID5TITY ( ! P>TN]S 9TO A UNIV]SAL1 E!REAL 0,ON5ESS40 

,LABOR FULLY P>TICIPATES 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T BY PURSU+ 0! TRANS=MATION ( MATT]1 ITS P]FECTION & ITS TRANSMUTATION10 TO USE ,ELIADE'S =MULATION4 ,IT W\LD BE AS IF LABOR W]E A CAUSAL PR9CIPLE 9H]5T 9 GE/AT+ MATT]1 NOT A 0=CE0 EXT]NAL TO IT4 ,ACCORD+LY1 LABOR IS MORE ?AN A 0MIDWIFE0 ( 0,NATURE'S PRODUCTIONS03 IT IS ONE ( 0,NATURE'S PRODUCTIONS0 9 ITS [N RI<T & COT]M9\S ) NATURE'S FECUNDITY4 ,IF SOCIETY FL[S \T ( NATURE ) ! RESULT ?AT IT1 LIKE M9D1 HAS ITS [N NATURAL HI/ORY1 SO LABOR FL[S \T ( NATURE & ALSO HAS ITS [N NATURAL HI/ORY4 

,ACCORD+LY1 LABOR'S DE/9Y IS IRREVOCABLY TI$ TO ! PRIMORDIAL VISION ( ! E>? AS A LIV+ BE+4 ,NONHUMAN LIFE LABORS TOGE!R ) HUMANITY JU/ AS BE>S >E BELIEV$ TO COOP]ATE ) HUNT]S2 H5CE BO? >E DRAWN 9TO A MAGIC SPH]E ( COOP]ATION ?AT DAILY N\RI%ES PRIMORDIAL MORES ( USUFRUCT & COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,9 ORGANIC SOCIETY1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT NO ONE C\LD FULLY 0POSSESS0 A MAT]IAL B\NTY ?AT HAD BE5 BE/[$ AS MU* AS CREAT$4 ,?US1 NATURE ITSELF WAS ! GR& 0LEVEL]0 ?AT PROVID$ ! COMP5SATORY RATIONALE = ADJU/+ ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS 9 ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 LIKE 0NATURAL LAW0 & 0NATURAL MAN0 W]E TO BE = ADJU/+ ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS 9 ! JURIDICAL & POLITICAL WORLDS4 ,A PROVID+ NATURE WAS ONE :OSE 0LABOR0 WAS MANIFE/LY EXPRESS$ 9 ! RI* V>IETY ( PH5OM5A ?AT CLO!D ! NATURAL L&SCAPE4 

,SO /RONGLY DID ?IS ANIMI/IC S5SIBILITY FA/5 ITSELF UPON ! HUMAN M9D ?AT1 AS LATE AS ! FIF? C5TURY ,B4,C41 AT ! HI< TIDE ( CLASSICAL ,HELL5IC PHILOSOPHY1 ,ANAXAGORAS C\LD S]I\SLY REJECT ! 0F\R-ELEM5T0 & ATOMIC !ORIES ( NATURE ON ! GR\ND ?AT HAIR C\LD NOT 0COME FROM :AT IS NOT HAIR0 NOR 0FLE% FROM :AT IS NOT FLE%40 ,9 ?IS !ORY ( HOMEOM]IES1 AS ,>I/OTLE TELLS US1 

,ANAXAGORAS SAYS ! OPPOSITE TO ,EMP$OCLES .<!ORY ( F\R ELEM5TS.>1 = HE CALLS ! HOMEOM]IES ELEM5TS 7,I MEAN FLE% & BONE & EA* ( !SE ?+S71 & AIR & FIRE HE CALLS MIXTURES ( !SE & ( ALL O!R 0SE$S02 = EA* ( !SE ?+S IS MADE ( ! 9VISIBLE HOMEOM]IES ALL HEAP$ TOGE!R4 

,! HOMEOM]IES1 9 FACT1 COMPRISE A PHILOSOPHICAL SOPHI/ICATION ( A MORE PRIMORDIAL VIEW ?AT ! SUB/ANCE ( ! E>? IS ! E>? ITSELF ) ALL ITS V>IEGAT$ M9]ALS1 FLORA1 & FAUNA4 

,CONCRETE LABOR ?US CONFRONT$ CONCRETE SUB/ANCE1 & LABOR M]ELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 FA%ION+ A REALITY ?AT WAS EI!R PRES5T OR LAT5T 9 NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,BO? LABOR & ! MAT]IALS ON :I* IT 0WORK$0 W]E COEQUALLY CREATIVE1 9NOVATIVE1 & MO/ ASSUR$LY >TI/IC4 ,! NOTION ?AT LABOR 0APPROPRIATES0 NATURE 9 ANY WAY :ATEV] -- A NOTION 9TR9SIC TO BO? ,LOCKE'S & ,M>X'S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK -- W\LD HAVE BE5 UTT]LY ALI5 TO ! TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY & 9CONSI/5T ) ITS COMP5SATORY & DI/RIBUTIVE PR9CIPLES4 ,SO CRUCIAL WAS ! COEQUALITY ( SUB/ANCE ) LABOR1 9 ANY UND]/&+ ( ?IS E>LY TE*NICAL IMAG9ATION1 ?AT WORK WAS DI/+UI%$ BY ITS CAPACITY TO DISCOV] ! 0VOICE0 ( SUB/ANCE1 NOT SIMPLY TO FA%ION AN 9]T 0NATURAL RES\RCE0 9TO DESIR$ OBJECTS4 ,AMONG ! OLD ,ANVILIK ,ESKIMO1 IVORY C>V]S 0R>ELY TRI$ TO IMPOSE A PATT]N ON NATURE1 OR !IR [N P]SONALITIES ON MATT]10 OBS]VES ,R5E ,DUBAS4 ,HOLD+ ! 0RAW IVORY0 9 HIS H&1 ! CRAFTSMAN TURN$ IT G5TLY ?IS WAY & ?AT WAY1 :ISP]+ TO IT1 0,:O >E Y\8 ,:O HIDES 9 Y\80 ,! C>V] R>ELY SET \T CONSCI\SLY TO %APE A P>TICUL> =M4 ,9/EAD ( COMPELL+ ! FRAGM5T ( IVORY TO BECOME A MAN1 A *ILD1 A WOLF1 A SEAL1 A BABY WALRUS1 OR SOME O!R PRECONCEIV$ OBJECT1 HE TRI$ SUBCONSCI\SLY TO DISCOV] ! /RUCTURAL *>ACT]I/ICS & PATT]NS 9H]5T 9 ! MAT]IAL ITSELF4 ,HE CONT9U\SLY LET HIS H& BE GUID$ BY ! 9N] /RUCTURE ( ! IVORY AS IT REVEAL$ ITSELF TO ! KNIFE4 ,! =M ( ! HUMAN BE+ OR ANIMAL DID NOT HAVE TO BE CREAT$2 IT WAS !RE FROM ! BEG9N+ & ONLY HAD TO BE RELEAS$4 

,WORK WAS ?US REVELATION AS WELL AS REALIZATION1 A SYN*RONICITY ( SUBJECT & OBJECT4 ,ONLY LAT] WAS IT TO BIFURCATE 9TO A TYRANNY ( SUBJECT OV] OBJECT -- 9ITIALLY1 BY R$UC+ HUMAN BE+S TO OBJECTS !MSELVES4 ,ABSORB$ )9 ! TOTALITY ( ORGANIC SOCIETY1 ! TOOL WAS P>T ( ! 0,WAY0 ( ! CRAFTSP]SON1 NOT A FROZ5 9/RUM5TAL COMPON5T ( A VOCATIONAL 0TOOL-KIT40 ,! T]M 0,WAY10 UNIV]SAL TO ! LANGUAGE ( ALL E>LY COMMUNITIES1 UNIT$ E?OS1 RITUAL1 S5SIBILITY1 DUTY1 & LIFE/YLE ) COSMOGONY & ) ! SUB/ANCES ?AT MADE UP ! WORLD4 ,TO SET ONE AP>T FROM ! O!R WAS SIMPLY 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! EXTRAORD9>Y S5SIBILITY ( ?AT REMOTE ]A4 ,WORK1 9 TURN1 HAD AN ALMO/ *ORAL QUALITY3 IT WAS 9CANTATIVE & EVOCATIVE1 & IT SOO!D & COAX$ ! SUB/ANCE ?AT ! TOOL HAD ORGANICALLY COJO9$ ) ! CRAFTSP]SON4 

,R>ELY1 TO ?IS DAY1 DO PRELIT]ATE PEOPLE WORK SIL5TLY4 ,!Y :ISP]1 HUM1 S+1 OR QUIETLY *ANT2 !Y NURSE & NURTURE ! MAT]IAL BY G5TLY ROCK+ & UNDULAT+ !IR BODIES1 BY /ROK+ IT AS ?\< IT W]E A *ILD4 ,! IMAG]Y ( ! MO!R ) A NURS+ *ILD IS P]HAPS MORE EVOCATIVE ( ! TRUE PROCESS ( E>LY CRAF?OOD ?AN IS ! SMI? /RIK+ ! GL[+ IRON BETWE5 HAMM] & ANVIL4 ,EV5 LAT]1 AT ! VILLAGE LEVEL1 FOOD CULTIVATORS W]E BUOY$ BY *ORAL SONGS & FE/IVITIES1 H[EV] >DU\S MAY HAVE BE5 !IR LABOR 9 S[+ & H>VE/+ GRA94 ,! 0WORK SONG10 A G5RE ?AT /ILL LIV$ A C5TURY AGO 9 NE>LY ALL PRE9DU/RIAL OCCUPATIONS1 IS ! HI/ORIC E*O ( ! PRIMAL *ANT1 ITSELF A TE*NICS1 ?AT ELICIT$ SPIRIT FROM SUB/ANCE & 9SPIRIT$ ! >TISANS & !IR TOOLS4 

,WE KN[ QUITE WELL ?AT ORES DO NOT REPRODUCE !MSELVES 9 EXHAU/$ M9ES1 ?AT IVORY DOES NOT CONCEAL AN ANIMATE BE+1 & ?AT ANIMALS DO NOT OBLIG+LY RESPOND TO HUNT+ C]EMONIES4 ,BUT !SE FANCIES MAY S]VE TO 9CULCATE A HUMAN RESPECT = NATURE & CAUSE PEOPLE TO *]I% ITS B\NTY AS MORE ?AN EXPLOITABLE 0NATURAL RES\RCES40 ,C]EMONY & MY? MAY 5HANCE ?AT RESPECT & FO/] A RI* S5SITIVITY = ! >TI/IC & FUNCTIONAL 9TEGRITY ( A CRAFT$ OBJECT4 ,GR\P C]EMONIES1 9 FACT1 DEEP5 GR\P SOLID>ITY & MAKE A COMMUNITY MORE EFFECTIVE 9 ! PURSUIT ( ITS 5DS4 ,BUT ! MOD]N M9D IS UNLIKELY TO BELIEVE ?AT MY?OPEIC NOTIONS ( HUNT+ & CRAFT+ >E SOLIDLY ROOT$ 9 NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,FUNCTION %\LD NOT BE MI/AK5 = FACT4 ,& H[EV] EFFECTIVE MY?OPEIC FUNCTIONS MAY BE 9 A*IEV+ C]TA9 PRACTICAL1 (T5 ES!TIC 5DS1 !IR SUCCESS DOES NOT VALIDATE !IR CLAIMS TO 9TR9SIC TRU?4 

,BUT EXP]I5CE HAS ?OR\<LY DEFLAT$ SCI5TI/IC IMAGES ( MATT] AS A M]ELY PASSIVE SUB/RATE ( REALITY1 TE*NICS AS /RICTLY 0TE*NICAL10 & AB/RACT LABOR AS A SOCIAL DESID]ATUM4 ,! FACT ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD IS ORD]LY 7AT LEA/ ON A SCALE ?AT R5D]S MOD]N SCI5CE & 5G9E]+ POSSIBLE7 HAS LONG SUGGE/$ ! 9TELLECTUALLY CAPTIVAT+ POSSIBILITY ?AT !RE IS A LOGIC -- A RATIONALITY IF Y\ WILL -- TO REALITY ?AT MAY WELL BE LAT5T ) MEAN+4 ,= SOME ?REE C5TURIES N[1 A SCI5TIFIC VISION ( REALITY HAS BE5 SOLIDLY /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! PRESUPPOSITION ?AT WE CAN 9T]PRET REALITY'S ORD]L9ESS 9 ! =M ( A SCI5TIFIC LOGIC1 RIGOR\SLY ANSW]ABLE TO SU* RATIONALLY DEM&+ SY/EMS AS MA!MATICS4 ,BUT NO ASSUMPTION OR EV5 SUGGE/ION HAS BE5 MADE ?AT LOGIC & REASON 9H]ES 9 ! WORLD ITSELF4 ,SCI5CE1 9 EFFECT1 HAS BE5 P]MITT$ TO LIVE A LIE4 ,IT HAS PRESUPPOS$1 ) A/ONI%+ SUCCESS1 ?AT NATURE IS ORD]LY1 & ?AT ?IS ORD] L5DS ITSELF TO RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION BY ! HUMAN M9D1 BUT ?AT REASON IS EXCLUSIVELY ! SUBJECTIVE ATTRIBUTE ( ! HUMAN OBS]V]1 NOT ( ! PH5OM5A OBS]V$4 ,ULTIMATELY1 SCI5CE HAS LIV$ ?IS LIE PRIM>ILY TO AVOID ! MO/ UNAVOIDABLE 0PITFALLS0 ( METAPHYSICS -- ?AT AN ORD]LY WORLD ?AT IS ALSO RATIONAL MAY BE REG>D$ AS A MEAN+FUL WORLD4 

,! T]M MEAN+1 ( C\RSE1 IS R$OL5T ) ANIMISM4 ,IT IS SUGGE/IVE ( PURPOSE1 CONSCI\SNESS1 9T5TIONALITY1 SUBJECTIVITY -- 9 %ORT1 ! QUALITIES WE IMP>T TO HUMANITY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM NATURE1 NOT TO HUMANITY AS AN EXPRESSION ( NATURE :OSE M9D IS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! V]Y LOGIC ( SCI5TISM ?REAT5 TO SUBV]T ! DI/ANCE SCI5CE HAS C>EFULLY CREAT$ BETWE5 ITSELF & ! WEAL? ( PH5OM5A IT SUBJECTS TO ITS ANALYTIC /RATEGIES4 ,SCI5CE1 9 EFFECT1 HAS BECOME A TEMPLE BUILT ON ! F\NDATION ( SEEM+LY ANIMI/IC & METAPHYSICAL 0RU9S10 )\T :I* IT W\LD S9K 9TO ! WAT]Y MORASS ( ITS [N CONTRADICTIONS4 

,SCI5CE'S DEF5SE AGA9/ ?IS K9D ( CRITIQUE IS ?AT ORD] MAY IMPLY A RATIONAL >RANGEM5T ( PH5OM5A ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO RATIONAL COMPREH5SION1 BUT ?AT NONE ( ?IS IMPLIES SUBJECTIVITY1 ! CAPACITY TO COMPREH5D A RATIONAL >RANGEM5T4 ,TO ALL APPE>ANCES1 NATURE IS MUTE1 UN?9K+1 & BL9D1 H[EV] ORD]LY IT MAY BE2 H5CE IT EXHIBITS NEI!R SUBJECTIVITY NOR RATIONALITY 9 ! HUMAN S5SE ( SELF-DIRECTIVE & SELF-EXPRESSIVE PH5OM5A4 ,IT MAY BE SUFFICI5TLY ORD]LY TO BE ?9KABLE1 BUT IT DOES NOT ?9K4 ,NEV]!LESS1 SUBJECTIVITY1 EV5 9 ITS HUMAN S5SE1 IS NOT A NEWLY BORN RESULT1 A T]M9ALLY GIV5 CONDITION4 ,SUBJECTIVITY CAN BE TRAC$ BACK ?R\< A NATURAL HI/ORY ( ITS [N TO ITS MO/ RUDIM5T>Y =MS AS M]E S5SITIVITY 9 ALL ANIMATE BE+S &1 9 ! VIEW ( PHILOSOPH]S SU* AS ,DID]OT1 9 ! V]Y REACTIVITY 7S5SIBILITE7 ( ! 9ORGANIC WORLD ITSELF4 ,AL?\< ! HUMAN M9D MAY BE ! EXPRESSION ( SUBJECTIVITY 9 ITS MO/ COMPLEX & >TICULATE =M1 IT HAS BE5 9CREAS+LY APPROXIMAT$ 9 GRAD$ =MS ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9 ORGANISMS ?AT W]E ABLE TO DEAL ON V]Y ACTIVE T]MS ) HI<LY DEM&+ 5VIRONM5TS4 ,:AT WE TODAY CALL 0M9D0 9 ALL ITS HUMAN UNIQU5ESS1 SELF-POSSESSION1 & IMAG9ATIVE POSSIBILITIES IS COT]M9\S ) A LONG EVOLUTION ( M9D4 ,SUBJECTIVITY HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 ABS5T FROM ! C\RSE ( ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T UNTIL ! EM]G5CE ( HUMANITY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 ?R\<\T NATURAL HI/ORY1 BUT AS 9CREAS+LY CLOSE APPROXIMATIONS ( ! HUMAN M9D AS WE KN[ IT TODAY4 ,TO D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( SUBJECTIVITY 9 NONHUMAN NATURE IS TO D5Y ?AT IT CAN EXI/ EI!R 9 ITS GIV5 HUMAN =M OR 9 ANY =M AT ALL4 

,MOREOV]1 HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF CAN BE DEF9$ AS ! V]Y HI/ORY ( NATURAL SUBJECTIVITY1 NOT M]ELY AS ITS PRODUCT -- 9 MU* ! SAME S5SE ?AT ,HEGEL DEF9$ PHILOSOPHY AS ITS [N HI/ORY4 ,EV]Y LAY] ( ! HUMAN BRA91 EV]Y PHASE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN N]V\S SY/EM1 EV]Y ORGAN1 CELL1 & EV5 M9]AL COMPON5T ( ! HUMAN BODY 0SPEAKS10 AS IT W]E1 FROM ITS GIV5 LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION & 9 ! GRAD$ SUBJECTIVITY ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 TO ! EXT]NAL HABITAT 9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION FROM :5CE IT CAME & TO ! 9T]NAL HABITAT 9TO :I* IT HAS BE5 9TEGRAT$4 ,! 0WISDOM ( ! BODY10 LIKE ! WISDOM ( ! M9D1 SPEAKS 9 A V>IETY ( LANGUAGES4 ,WE MAY NEV] ADEQUATELY DECIPH] !SE LANGUAGES1 BUT WE KN[ !Y EXI/ 9 ! V>I$ PULSATIONS ( \R BODIES1 9 ! BEAT ( \R HE>TS1 9 ! RADIANT 5]GY ( \R MUSCULATURES1 9 ! ELECTRICAL IMPULSES EMITT$ BY \R BRA9S1 & 9 ! EMOTIONAL RESPONSES G5]AT$ BY COMPLEXES ( N]VE & HORMONAL 9T]ACTIONS4 ,A V]ITABLE 0MUSIC ( ! SPH]ES0 RESONATES )9 EA* LIV+ =M & BETWE5 IT & O!R LIV+ =MS4 

,WE >E ALSO HAUNT$ BY ! POSSIBILITY ?AT A DIFF]5T ORD] ( SUBJECTIVITY P]MEATES \R [N4 ,?IS SUBJECTIVITY 9H]ES 9 ! :OL5ESS ( PH5OM5A & !IR 9T]RELATION%IPS4 ,IS IT F>-FET*$ TO ASK :E!R AN ORGANIC SUBJECTIVITY ?AT /EMS FROM ! FULLNESS1 COMPLEXITY1 & SELF-REGULAT+ RELATION%IPS ( ECOSY/EMS EXHIBITS A 0M5TALITY0 9 NATURE SIMIL> 9 PR9CIPLE TO ! C]EBRAL SUBJECTIVITY ( HUMAN BE+S8 ,:5 WE SPEAK ( ! 0WISDOM ( ! BODY0 -- OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! 0FECUNDITY ( LIFE0 & ! 0REV5GE ( NATURE0 -- WE SPEAK A LANGUAGE ?AT (T5 GOES BEYOND /RICTLY METAPHORIC T]MS4 ,WE 5T] 9TO A REALM ( 0KN[+NESS0 FROM :I* \R /RICTLY C]EBRAL PROCESSES HAVE DELIB]ATELY EXIL$ !MSELVES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 TO BR+ TOGE!R ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( M9D ) ! HI/ORY ( NATURAL M9D IS TO RAISE A HO/ ( QUE/IONS ?AT CAN PROBABLY BE ANSW]$ ONLY BY PRESUPPOSITIONS4 ,H]E1 WE /& AT A JUNCTURE 9 ! LONG C>E] ( KN[L$GE ITSELF4 ,WE MAY *OOSE TO CONF9E M5TALITY /RICTLY TO ! HUMAN C]EBRUM AS A ,GALILEO & ,DESC>TES W\LD HAVE DONE1 9 :I* CASE WE HAVE COMMITT$ M5TALITY COMPLETELY TO ! VAULTS ( \R SKULLS4 ,OR WE MAY *OOSE TO 9CLUDE ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( M9D & EXP& \R VISION ( M9D TO 9CLUDE NATURE 9 ITS :OL5ESS1 A TRADITION ?AT 9CLUDES ! ]A ( PHILOSOPHIC SPECULATION FROM ! ,HELL5IC TO ! E>LY ,R5AISSANCE4 ,BUT LET US NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES ?AT SCI5CE HAS *OS5 ITS WAY ON ! BASIS ( PRESUPPOSITIONS ?AT >E /RONG] OR MORE C]TA9 ?AN ?OSE ( O!R WAYS ( KN[+4 

,UNLESS HUMAN M5TALITY VALIDATES ITS CLAIM TO 0SUP]IORITY0 BY ACQUIR+ A BETT] S5SE ( MEAN+ ?AN IT HAS TODAY1 LIKE IT OR NOT1 WE >E LITTLE MORE ?AN CRICKETS 9 A FIELD1 *IRP+ TO ONE ANO!R4 ,C]TA9LY1 \R WORDS HAVE NO S5SE ( COH]5CE & DE/9Y O!R ?AN A PRE5+ CLAIM TO 0SUP]IORITY0 ?AT TOTALLY IGNORES \R RESPONSIBILITIES TO O!R HUMAN BE+S1 TO SOCIETY1 & TO NATURE4 ,POT5TIALLY1 AS ,HANS ,JONAS HAS BEAUTIFULLY PUT IT1 WE MAY WELL MAKE UP 9 DEP? & 9SI<T :AT WE LACK 9 COSMIC SCOPE & ! F9ALITY ( A*IEVEM5T4 ,BUT JU/ AS FUNCTION MU/ NOT BE MI/AK5 = FACT1 NEI!R MU/ POT5TIALITY BE MI/AK5 = ACTUALITY4 ,! GREAT BULK ( HUMANITY IS NOT EV5 REMOTELY NE> AN UND]/&+ ( ITS POT5TIALITIES1 MU* LESS AN 9TUITIVE GRASP ( ! ELEM5TS & =MS ( !IR REALIZATION4 ,A HUMANITY UNFULFILL$ IS NOT A HUMANITY AT ALL EXCEPT 9 ! N>R[E/ BIOSOCIAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,9DE$1 9 ?IS CONDITION1 A HUMANITY UNFULFILL$ IS MORE FE>SOME ?AN ANY LIV+ BE+1 = IT HAS 5\< ( ?AT M5TALITY CALL$ M]E 09TELLIG5CE0 TO ASSEMBLE ALL ! CONDITIONS = ! DE/RUCTION ( LIFE ON ! PLANET4 

,H5CE1 IT IS NOT 9 ! 9NOC5T METAPHORS1 ! MAGICAL TE*NIQUES1 ! MY?S1 & ! C]EMONIES !Y G5]ATE ?AT ! ANIMI/IC IMAG9ATION HAS E>N$ ! RI<T TO A MORE RATIONAL REVIEW ?AN IT HAS RECEIV$ UP TO N[4 ,RA!R1 IT IS ITS H9TS ( A MORE COMPLETE LOGIC -- A LOGIC POSSIBLY COMPLEM5T>Y TO ?AT ( SCI5CE1 BUT C]TA9LY A MORE ORGANIC LOGIC -- ?AT R5D] ! ANIMI/IC IMAG9ATION 9VALUABLE TO ! MOD]N M9D4 ,ANVILIK ,ESKIMOS :O BELIEVE ?AT IVORY CONCEALS A VOCAL SUBJECT >E 9 ]ROR1 JU/ AS >E ,PLA9S ,9DIANS IF !Y BELIEVE ?AT !Y CAN 5GAGE 9 A V]BAL DIALOGUE ) A HORSE4 ,BUT BO? ! ,ESKIMO & ,9DIAN1 BY ASSUM+ SUBJECTIVITY 9 ! IVORY & HORSE1 E/ABLI% CONTACT ) A TRU? AB\T REALITY ?AT MY?IC BEHAVIOR OBSCURES BUT DOES NOT NEGATE4 ,!Y CORRECTLY ASSUME ?AT !RE IS A 0,WAY0 AB\T IVORY & HORSES1 :I* !Y MU/ TRY TO UND]/& & TO :OSE CLAIMS !Y MU/ RESPOND ) 9SI<T & AW>5ESS4 ,!Y ASSUME ?AT ?IS 0,WAY0 IS AN 5SEMBLE ( QUALITATIVE FEATURES -- 9DE$1 AS ,PY?AGORAS WAS TO SEE1 ( =M ?AT EV]Y OBJECT UNIQUELY POSSESSES4 ,LA/LY1 !Y ASSUME ?AT ?IS =M & !SE QUALITIES COMPRISE A 0,WAY0 ?AT EXI/S 9 A L>G] CON/ELLATION ( 9T]RELATION%IPS -- ONE ?AT A /RICTLY C]EBRAL M5TALISM COMMONLY OV]LOOKS4 ,P]HAPS MO/ ESS5TIALLY1 ! ,ANVILIK ,ESKIMO & ,PLA9S ,9DIAN PLACE !MSELVES 9 AN ORD] ( PH5OM5A1 AN ORGANIZ$ ORGANIC HABITAT1 ?AT NEV] M]ELY 0FALLS0 TOGE!R AS AN ACCUMULATION ( 0OBJECTS10 BUT ALWAYS -- P]HAPS EV5 BY DEF9ITION -- =MS AN ORGANISM OR AN ORGANIC TOTALITY ?AT D]IVES FROM ! NISUS ( 0MATT]40 ,:E!R ,GOD PLAYS DICE ) ! WORLD OR NOT1 TO USE ,E9/E9'S PI?Y PHRASE1 ! WORLD NEV] 0HANGS LOOSE40 ,?IS 9TUITION IS PRICELESS EV5 :5 WE CONSID] ! LEA/ ( ?+S4 ,IVORY DOES HAVE ITS 0GRA910 ITS 9T]NAL /RUCTURE & =M2 GOOD CRAFTSPEOPLE MU/ KN[ :]E TO C>VE & TO %APE IF !Y >E TO BR+ A MAT]IAL TO ! HEI<T ( ITS ES!TIC P]FECTION4 ,ANY RESULT ?AT IS LESS & LESS P]FECT ?AN IT C\LD BE IS A VIOLATION ( ?AT 0GRA90 & AN 9SULT TO ITS 9TEGRITY4 ,A HORSE1 TOO1 HAS ITS 0GRA90 OR ITS 0,WAY0 -- ITS PRICKLY N]VES1 ITS NE$ = ATT5TION1 ITS CAPACITY TO FE>1 ITS DELI<T 9 PLAY4 ,BEH9D ITS V]BAL MUT5ESS LIES A WEAL? ( S5SIBILITY ?AT ! RID] MU/ EXPLORE IF ! HORSE IS TO A*IEVE ITS [N CAPACITY = P]FECTION -- IF ITS POT5TIALITIES >E TO BE REALIZ$4 

,HUMANITY'S HABITAT IS ?US LAT5T ) PH5OM5A ?AT 0>E10 O!RS ?AT >E 0BECOM+10 & /ILL O!RS ?AT 0WILL BE40 ,\R IMAG]Y ( TE*NICS CANNOT EVADE ! HI<LY FLUID NATURE ( ! WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE & ! HI<LY FLUID NATURE ( HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,! DESIGN IMAG9ATION ( \R TIMES MU/ BE CAPABLE ( 5COMPASS+ ?IS FL[1 ?IS DIALECTIC 7TO USE A GROSSLY ABUS$ T]M71 NOT TO CUT ACROSS IT ) WANTON >ROGANCE & DOGMATIC SELF-CONFID5CE4 ,TO SUBS]VE \R ALREADY FRAGILE 5VIRONM5T ONLY TO :AT HUMANITY ALONE 0CAN BE0 -- & DEF9ITELY /ILL IS NOT6 -- IS TO IMM]SE ! WORLD 9 A D>KNESS ?AT IS L>GELY ( \R [N MAK+1 TO TA9T ! CL>ITY ?AT ITS [N AGE-OLD EVOLUTION ( WISDOM HAS PRODUC$4 ,WE >E /ILL A CURSE ON NATURAL EVOLUTION1 NOT ITS FULFILLM5T4 ,UNTIL WE BECOME :AT WE %\LD BE 9 ! CON/ELLATION ( LIFE1 WE W\LD DO WELL TO LIVE ) A FE> ( :AT WE CAN BE4 

,FROM ORD] TO REASON TO MEAN+2 FROM ! GRAD$ NATURAL HI/ORY ( M9D TO ! EM]G5CE ( HUMAN M9D2 FROM ! ORGANIC SUBJECTIVITY ( ! :OLE TO ! C]EBRAL SUBJECTIVITY ( SOME ( ITS P>TS2 FROM ! MY?IC 0,WAY0 TO ! KN[L$GEABLE 0,WAY0 -- ALL !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 ) !IR V>I\S PRESUPPOSITIONS AB\T KN[L$GE & !IR 9SI<TS 9TO REALITY1 DO NOT NEGATE ! PRESUPPOSITIONS & 9SI<TS ( CONV5TIONAL SCI5CE4 ,!Y SIMPLY QUE/ION SCI5CE'S CLAIMS TO UNIV]SALITY4.<#d#h.> 

,GREEK ?\<T TOO HAD ITS VISIONS ( KN[L$GE & TRU?4 ,MOIRA1 ! SO-CALL$ GODDESS ( DE/9Y1 :O ANT$AT$ ! ,OLYMPIAN DEITIES1 COMB9$ ,NECESSITY & ,RI<T4 ,%E WAS ! MEAN+ ?AT M]E EXPLANATION LACK$1 ! E?ICAL PO9T T[>D :I* A SEEM+LY BL9D CAUSALITY CONV]G$4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 0PRIMITIVE0 OR M]ELY MY?OPEIC AB\T ?IS VISION ( CAUSALITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MAY BE TOO SOPHI/ICAT$ & DEM&+ = ! ME*ANICALLY ORI5T$ M9D TO COMPREH5D4 

,TO PUT ! ISSUE QUITE DIRECTLY1 ! 0H[0 ( ?+S IS 9ADEQUATE UNLESS IT CAN BE ILLUM9AT$ BY ! 0:Y40 ,EV5TS ?AT LACK ! COH]5CE ( E?ICAL MEAN+ >E M]ELY R&OM4 ,!Y >E ALI5 NOT ONLY TO SCI5CE BUT ALSO TO NATURE1 = EV5 MORE ?AN ! PROV]BIAL 0VACUUM10 NATURE ABHORS ! 9COH]5CE ( DISORGANIZATION1 ! LACK ( MEAN+ ?AT COMES ) DISORD]4 ,& IT IS H>DLY DEMEAN+ = SCI5CE1 9 RECONSID]+ ITS METAPHYSICAL PRESUPPOSITIONS1 TO MAKE ROOM = O!R METAPHYSICAL PRESUPPOSITIONS ?AT CAN ILLUM9ATE >EAS ( SUBJECTIVITY TO :I* A /RICTLY SCI5TI/IC \TLOOK HAS PROV5 TO BE BL9D4 

,!SE REM>KS >E NO MORE ?AN A GUIDEPO/ TO A L>G] PROJECT -- A PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE -- ?AT CAN HOPE TO RESOLVE ! ISSUES ,I HAVE RAIS$4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 H[EV]1 !IR BE>+ ON TE*NOLOGY IS IMM5SE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! 9DU/RIAL MA*9E SEEMS TO HAVE TAK5 (F ON ITS [N )\T ! DRIV] 7TO REPHRASE ,HORKHEIM]71 BUT ?IS METAPHOR T5DS TO BE AN EXCUSE TO IMPUTE TOO MU* AUTONOMY TO ! MA*9E4 ,! DRIV] IS /ILL !RE4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN NATURE1 WE :O HAVE CREAT$ ?IS MA*9E MU/ BE AWAK5$ FROM \R [N SLUMB]4 ,BE=E WE FULLY DEVELOP$ ! MA*9E1 WE BEGAN TO ORGANIZE \R S5SIBILITIES1 RELATION%IPS1 VALUES1 & GOALS >\ND A COSMIC 5T]PRISE TO ME*ANIZE ! WORLD4 ,:AT WE =GOT 9 ! PROCESS IS ?AT WE TOO OCCUPY ! V]Y WORLD WE HAVE S\<T TO ME*ANIZE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,*APT] #i - ,TWO ,IMAGES ( ,TE*NOLOGY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #i - ,TWO ,IMAGES ( ,TE*NOLOGY -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/