,*APT] #h - ,FROM ,SA9TS TO ,SELL]S 

#aihbaihb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#h4 ,FROM ,SA9TS TO ,SELL]S 

  

,BUT :AT ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT !SE EXP&+ NOTIONS ( FRE$OM W]E MEANT TO 9FLU5CE8 ,:AT ( ! ANCI5T TRIBES :O CROSS$ ! ?RE%OLD 9TO 0CIVILIZATION10 ! PLEBES & SLAVES TO :OM ,*RI/IANITY APPEAL$1 ! DISCONT5T$ CONGREGATIONS ( ! 0ELECT0 & ! UNRULY CONV5TICLES ( ! RADICAL 0,SA9TS10 ! MY/ICS & REALI/S1 ! ASCETICS & H$ONI/S1 ! PACIFI/S & W>RIORS ( ,*RI/ :O W]E TO 0TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N08 ,UP TO N[1 ,I HAVE EXPLOR$ ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM 9 T]MS ( ITS DEVELOPM5T AS A !ORY4 ,BUT H[ DID ! LEGACY FUNCTION AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 & H[ DID ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T REACT BACK UPON ! LEGACY1 RAIS+ PROBLEMS NOT ONLY ( FAI? & 0,SA9?OOD0 BUT 9 \R [N TIME PROBLEMS ( ECONOMICS1 TE*NICS1 & ! IMPACT ( A M>KETPLACE ( SELL]S8 ,TO UND]/& ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM AS IT WAS LIV$1 NOT ONLY ?\<T1 WE MU/ IMM]SE \R IDEAS 9 ! RI* FLUX ( REALITY & SORT \T !IR AU!NTICITY 9 ! E>?Y EXP]I5CES ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ! E>LIE/ EXPRESSION ( FRE$OM )9 ! REALM ( UNFRE$OM CONSI/S ( POPUL> ATTEMPTS TO RE/ORE ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM & ! CIRCULATION ( WEAL? FROZ5 9 ! TEMPLES1 MANORS1 & PALACES ( ! RUL+ ELITES4 ,! 0BIG M50 -- 9ITIALLY1 ! TRIBAL W>RIOR-*IEFTA9S1 LAT] ! NOBLES & MON>*S ( ! SECUL> REALM & !IR PRIE/LY C\NT]P>TS -- W]E ! CU/ODIANS ( SOCIETY'S USE-VALUES4 ,!Y COLLECT$ !M 9 /OREH\SES 7AN ACTION P>TLY JU/IFI$ BY ! ,BIBLICAL /ORY ( ,JOSEPH7 & R$I/RIBUT$ !M ACCORD+ TO A HI]>*Y ( VALUES ?AT 9CREAS+LY RE9=C$ !IR AU?ORITY4 ,! E>LY HI/ORY ( 0CIVILIZATION0 IS L>GELY AN ACC\NT ( ! CU/ODIANS' EXP&+ GRIP ON ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS3 !IR DEPLOYM5T & RATIONALIZATION ( LABOR1 !IR CONTROL OV] ITS FRUITS1 & !IR P]SONAL APPROPRIATION ( AN 9CREAS+LY L>G] FRACTION ( ! LABOR PROCESS & ITS SOCIAL PRODUCT4 

,BUT ?IS HI/ORY IS ALSO AN ACC\NT ( ! MY/IFICATION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL? !Y SIPHON$ (F TO RE9=CE !IR P[]4 ,TREASURE -- 9 ! =M ( L>GE ORNATE /RUCTURES1 CO/LY FURNI%+S & ATTIRE1 JEWELS1 >T WORKS1 /OREH\SES ( PRODUCTS1 EV5 9TANGIBLES SU* AS WRIT+ & KN[L$GE -- LOOMS OV] ! 0MASSES0 AS ! MAT]IALIZATION ( AN ALL-P]VASIVE MALEVOL5T =CE4 ,! %AMANS & PRIE/S DID !IR WORK WELL BY TRANS=M+ MUNDANE ?+S 9TO TRANSMUNDANE ?+S1 OBJECTS 9TO SYMBOLS2 !Y !REBY RE/RUCTUR$ ! V]Y PROCESS ( G5]ALIZATION -- :I* MU/ ITSELF BE EMANCIPAT$ FROM HI]>*Y -- 9TO ! SUP]NATURAL IMAG]Y ( TRANSUB/ANTIATION4 ,! ANCI5T MY/]IES 9VAD$ ! M5TAL PROCESSES ( HUMANITY & *ANG$ !M EPI/EMOLOGICALLY FROM GNOSIS 9TO ! W>P$ =M ( A SACRAM5T3 REAL BREAD WAS TURN$ 9TO ! 0BODY0 ( ,*RI/ & REAL W9E 9TO HIS 0BLOOD40 ,EV5 9 ! DI/ANT1 PRE-,*RI/IAN ]A ( ANTIQUITY1 ! REAL ?+S ?AT ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD G5]\SLY RECYCL$ )9 ! COMMUNITY TO SATISFY REAL NE$S W]E TURN$ 9TO SACRAM5TAL ?+S CONSECRAT+ P[] & HI]>*Y4 ,! 0FETI%IZATION0 ( USE-VALUES LONG PREC$$ ! 0FETI%IZATION0 ( EX*ANGE-VALUES & M>KET-G5]AT$ 0NE$S40 

,CONSOLIDAT$ AS MY/IFI$ P[] & AU?ORITY1 ! TREASURE ( ! RUL+ ELITES HAD TO BE EXORCIZ$4 ,IT HAD TO BE REMOV$ FROM ! H&S ( ! HI]>*ICAL /RATA :O GU>D$ IT4 ,IT ALSO HAD TO BE /RIPP$ ( ITS MY/IFI$ TRAITS BY A TWO-FOLD PROCESS ( DISSOLUTION3 FIR/LY1 BY RE/OR+ ?IS TREASURE TO ! NATURAL1 COMPREH5SIBLE =MS ( MUNDANE USE-VALUES 9 ORD] TO R5D] AU?ORITY ITSELF MUNDANE & CONTROLLABLE2 SECONDLY1 BY RECIRCULAT+ WEAL? )9 ! COMMUNITY 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE ! PR9CIPLE ( USUFRUCT4 ,ACCORD+LY1 BY PLUND]+1 R$I/RIBUT+1 OR EV5 0PURIFY+0 PROP]TY ) ! TOR* ( ! 9C5DI>Y1 ! 0MASSES0 W]E NOT M]ELY ORI5T$ T[>D A CONSUM]I/ DISPOSITION ( WEAL?1 BUT W]E ALSO DEMY/IFY+ ITS 9/ITUTIONAL FUNCTION AS A =CE = DOM9ATION -- AS WELL AS RE/OR+ ! PRIMORDIAL PR9CIPLES ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM & ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,9 ?IS TRADITION-LAD5 V]SION ( ! 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION10 WE F9D A RATIONAL ATTEMPT TO SUBV]T ! HOLD ( OBJECTS AS ! 9C>NATION ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION OV] ! LIVES ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,!SE EXPROPRIATIVE EXPLOSIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* SO (T5 >E DISMISS$ AS ! 0PLUND]+0 EXP$ITIONS ( 0PRIMITIVE REBELS0 7TO USE ,]IC ,HOBSBAWN'S FATU\S *>ACT]IZATION71 W]E SURPRIS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ 9 !IR 9T5TIONS4 ,!Y RECUR ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,EV5 ! MO/ UNADORN$ CONSUM]I/ VISIONS ( FRE$OM HAVE A BROAD] SOCIAL DIM5SION ?AN WE NORMALLY SUPPOSE2 !Y >E CONC]N$ NOT ONLY ) ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S BUT ) ! DESYMBOLIZATION ( P[] & PROP]TY4 

,BUT TWO EPI/EMOLOGIES >E 9 CONFLICT H]E4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES REACT TO ! 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION0 NOT ONLY ) P]SONAL FE> & A SAVAGE LU/ = V5GEANCE1 BUT ) HORROR T[>D ! DESECRATION ( !IR HI]>*ICAL VISION ( 0ORD]40 ,! 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION0 AFFRONTS NOT ONLY !IR [N PROPRIET>Y CLAIM TO ! SOCIAL PRODUCT BUT ALSO !IR VIEW ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AS A KOSMOS ( PROPRIET>Y CLAIMS4 ,P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ RECORD WE HAVE ( !SE REACTIONS IS A LAM5TATION BY A MEMB] ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 REC\NT+ A PEASANT REBELLION ?AT APP>5TLY SWEPT OV] ! ,NILE ,VALLEY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT'S 0FEUDAL0 P]IOD 7C4 #be ,B4,C473 

,BEHOLD ! PALACES !RE(1 !IR WALLS >E DISMANTL$ 4 4 4 4 ,BEHOLD1 ALL ! CRAFTSM51 !Y DO NO WORK2 ! 5EMIES ( ! L& IMPOV]I% ITS CRAFTS4 .<,BEHOLD1 HE :O REAP$.> ! H>VE/ KN[S NAU<T ( IT2 HE :O HAS NOT PL[$ .<FILLS HIS GRAN>IES.> 4 4 4 4 ,CIVIL W> PAYS NO TAXES 4 4 4 4 ,= :AT IS A TREASURE )\T ITS REV5UES8 4 4 4 ,BEHOLD1 HE :O HAS NO YOKE ( OX5 IS .<N[.> POSSESSOR ( A H]D2 & HE :O F\ND NO PL[-OX5 = HIMSELF IS .<N[.> [N] ( A H]D4 ,BEHOLD1 HE :O HAD NO GRA9 IS .<N[.> [N] ( GRAN>IES2 & HE :O US$ TO FET* GRA9 = HIMSELF .<N[.> HAS IT ISSU$ .<FROM HIS [N GRAN>Y.>4 

,NOT ONLY HAD ! KOSMOS FALL5 AP>T1 BUT ) IT ! ,/ATE3 0.<,!.> LAWS ( ! JUDGM5T-HALL >E CA/ =?1 M5 WALK UPON .<!M.> 9 ! PUBLIC PLACES1 ! POOR BREAK !M OP5 9 ! MID/ ( ! /REETS40 ,JAMES ,BREA/$1 FROM :OM ?IS ACC\NT IS DRAWN1 A/UTELY OBS]VES ?AT ?IS DESPOILATION ( ! RECORDS1 >*IVES1 & WRITT5 LAWS WAS 0P>TICUL>LY HE9\S FROM ! ORD]LY ,EGYPTIAN'S PO9T ( VIEW2 ! )DRAW+ ( WRIT+S & RECORDS FROM ! PUBLIC (FICES = PURPOSES ( EVID5CE OR CONSULTATION WAS C>EFULLY REGULAT$40 ,9 ?IS SACRILEGI\S ACT ( DE/RUCTION1 ! BLOOD OA? TOOK ITS REV5GE ON WRITT5 LEGAL TIES2 P>ITY1 ON /ATUS SANCTIFI$ BY CODES2 USUFRUCT1 ON ! TITLES ?AT CONF] [N]%IP ( PROP]TY2 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 ON ! ACC\NTS ( TAXES & GRA9 DELIV]IES TO ! ,/ATE1 NOBILITY1 & PRIE/HOOD4 

,!REAFT]1 ALMO/ EV]Y PEASANT W> WAS M>K$ NOT ONLY BY ! R$I/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY BUT ALSO BY ! BURN+ ( >*IVES4 ,! IMPULSE = SU* ACTIONS CAME FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE1 NOT FROM ! MEMORY ( PREVI\S REVOLTS1 :OSE HI/ORY HAD BE5 L>GELY SUPPRESS$4 ,9 ?AT DI/ANT P]IOD RELAT$ BY ! ,EGYPTIAN SCRIBE1 ! MEMORY ( TRIBAL LIFE MAY /ILL HAVE P]MEAT$ ! REALITY ( 0CIVILIZATION10 & ! ,WORD1 ) ITS MORAL1 LEGAL1 & MY/ICAL NUANCES1 HAD NOT COMPLETELY REPLAC$ ! DE$4 ,CONTRACT & MORAL PRECEPT /ILL FLOAT$ ON A PRIMORDIAL QUICKS& ?AT REQUIR$ MANY C5TURIES ( 0CIVILIZATION0 BE=E IT C\LD FULLY H>D5 9TO CLASS RULE & BECOME SOLIDLY 9T]NALIZ$ AS GUILT1 R5UNCIATION1 & A FE> ( ! 0*AOTIC0 IMPULSES ?AT RAG$ 9 ! UNCONSCI\S ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,! MEMORY ( LAT] UPRIS+S 7:I* >E PROBABLY V]Y SIMIL> 9 NATURE TO ! ONE WE ALREADY HAVE EXPLOR$7 WAS SO COMPLETELY APPROPRIAT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES ?AT ! HI/ORICAL RECORD IS SKET*Y AT BE/ & V5AL 9 ! ACC\NTS IT DOES CONTA94 ,WE KN[ ?AT AB\T ! SAME TIME ! ANCI5T ,EGYPTIAN PEASANTRY ROSE AGA9/ ! 5TR5*$ CLASS SY/EM ( ! ,OLD ,K+DOM OR POSSIBLY ! NOBILITY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,K+DOM1 A SIMIL> UPRIS+ OCCURR$ 9 ! ,SUM]IAN CITY ( ,LAGA% 7= :I* ,KRAM]1 PUZZL$ BY ! LIT]AL MEAN+ ( ! WORD AM>GI1 PROVIDES A FAIRLY COMPLETE ACC\NT74 ,JUDG+ FROM ,A!NIAN REF]5CES1 ,SP>TA'S S]F-LIKE HELOTS REVOLT$ ) DISCONC]T+ FREQU5CY4 ,SO TR\BL+ WAS ?IS HI/ORY ( UND]CLASS UNRE/ ?AT EV5 ! FAIRLY B5IGN ,A!NIAN POLIS LIV$ 9 UNC]TA9TY AB\T ITS [N SLAVE POPULATION4 ,ROME1 P>TICUL>LY T[>D ! 5D ( ITS REPUBLICAN ]A1 WAS APP>5TLY DE/ABILIZ$ BY A S]IES ( SLAVE & GLADIATORIAL REVOLTS1 AMONG :I* ,SP>TAKUS'S HI/ORIC REBELLION 7#g#c ,B4,C47 WAS APP>5TLY ! MO/ F>-REA*+ & DRAMATIC4 ,?IS >MY ( SLAVES & GLADIATORS1 LAT] JO9$ BY IMPOV]I%$ FREE PEOPLE1 5GAG$ 9 A S]IES ( MAJOR LOOT+ EXP$ITIONS ?AT SWEPT OV] ! ,CAMPANIA & S\!RN ,ITALY UNTIL IT WAS CRU%$ BY ,CRASSUS & ,POMPEY4 

,H[EV]1 ,GREECE & ,ROME'S CLASS CONFLICTS W]E L>GELY CONF9$ TO DISPUTES BETWE5 COMMON]S & NOBLES OV] DEM&S = A FAIR R$I/RIBUTION ( ! L&1 ! CANCELLATION ( MORTGAGES1 & GREAT] JURIDICAL EQUALITY ,)9 ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( [N]%IP & POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,QUAS9ATIONALI/ UPRIS+S AFFLICT$ BO? CITY-/ATES AFT] !Y W]E DRAWN 9TO ! PURSUIT ( IMP]IAL 5DS4 ,BUT !SE CONFLICTS R>ELY 9VOLV$ DEEP-SEAT$ 9T]NAL SOCIAL *ANGES EI!R AT HOME OR ABROAD4 

,ONLY ) ! ADV5T ( ,*RI/IANITY DID ! LIBID9AL1 9/9CTIVE MOVEM5T = FRE$OM RESURGE -- NOT ONLY AS GNO/ICISM BUT ALSO AS A RADICAL 9T]PRETATION ( CANONICAL IDEALS4 ,EV5 SEEM+LY 0OR?ODOX0 ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES EXHIBIT$ !SE COMMUNI/IC & F]V5TLY MILL5>IAN QUALITIES1 :I* W]E TO UNSETTLE WE/]N SOCIETY = C5TURIES4 ,APO/OLIC DE$S W]E US$ AGA9/ ! ECCLESIA/ICAL ,WORD -- ! ONE AS BLUNTLY SECUL>1 ! O!R AS CUNN+LY DIV9E4 ,! COV5ANT ( JU/ICE -- ,OLD ,TE/AM5T LAW -- WAS TRANSMUT$ 9TO ! COV5ANT ( FRE$OM AS PRACTIC$ BY ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS ?AT APP>5TLY EXI/$ 9 ANCI5T ,JUDEA BE=E ! FALL ( ,J]USALEM4 

,*RI/IANITY'S MIX$ MESSAGE CAN BE GR\P$ 9TO TWO BROAD & HI<LY CONFLICT+ SY/EMS ( BELIEF4 ,ON ONE SIDE !RE WAS A RADICAL1 ACTIVI/IC1 COMMUNI/IC1 & LIB]T>IAN VISION ( ! ,*RI/IAN LIFE L>GELY DRAWN FROM ! ,JAMESIAN ,*UR* 9 ,J]USALEM2 ON ! O!R SIDE !RE WAS A CONS]VATIVE1 QUIETI/IC1 MAT]IALLY UNWORLDLY1 & HI]>*ICAL VISION ?AT SEEMS TO D]IVE FROM ! ,PAUL9E ,*UR* 9 ,ROME4 ,! RADICAL 9T]PRETATION ( A DEV\T LIFE & ,*RI/IAN ES*ATOLOGY MAY HAVE HAD EV5 MORE CANONICAL SUPPORT ?AN ! CONS]VATIVE1 DESPITE ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*'S APP>5T PURG+ ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T TO REMOVE ! RADICAL IDEALS ( ITS ,JAMESIAN PROG5ITORS4 ,APO/OLIC ,*RI/IANITY ADVANCES A VISION ( ! E>LIE/ COMMUNITY ( BELIEV]S ?AT /&S %>PLY AT ODDS ) ! SURR\ND+ ,ROMAN WORLD4 ,COMMUNAL %>+ -- COMMUNISM -- IS ONE ( ITS MO/ \T/&+ FEATURES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ACTS1 0ALL ?AT BELIEV$ W]E TOGE!R1 & HAD ALL ?+S 9 COMMON1 & !Y SOLD !IR POSSESSIONS & GOODS1 & P>T$ !M ALL1 ACCORD+ AS EV]Y MAN HAD NE$40 ,AS IF TO RE9=CE ?IS VIEW ( ! ,*RI/IAN LIFE1 ! GOSPEL 9TONES3 0,& ! MULTITUDE ( !M ?AT BELIEV$ W]E ( ONE HE>T & ( ONE S\L1 NOT ONE ( !M SAID ?AT ALL ( ! ?+S :I* HE POSSESS$ WAS HIS [N2 BUT !Y HAD ALL ?+S 9 COMMON40 ,IF WE TAKE ?IS DESCRIPTION ( ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY LIT]ALLY 7& !RE IS NO REASON :Y WE %\LDN'T71 ! FIR/ BELIEV]S PRACTIC$ NOT M]ELY COMMUNISM BUT USUFRUCT4 

,! ,PAUL9E ,*UR* 9 ,ROME RE9=C$ ?IS APO/OLIC ACC\NT4 ,B>NABAS 7C4 #a#c71 9 HIS 0,EPI/LE TO ! ,*RI/IANS10 MADE ! GOSPEL MESSAGE A PRACTICAL 9JUNCTION3 ! TRUE BELIEV] %\LD 0COMMUNICATE 9 ALL ?+S ) ?Y NEI<BOR0 & 0%ALL NOT CALL ?+S ?9E [N40 ,JU/9 ! ,M>TYR 7C4 #a-#a#f#e7 URG$ ?AT ! R$EEM$ 0:O LOVE? ! PA? TO RI*ES & POSSESSIONS ABOVE ANY O!R N[ PRODUCE :AT WE HAVE 9 COMMON & GIVE TO EV]YONE :O NE$S40 ,T]TULLIAN 7C4 #a#f-#b#c71 ALREADY FAC$ ) RADICAL 0H]ESIES0 ?AT W]E TO R5D ! ,*UR* ( HIS DAY1 NEV]!LESS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 0,WE ACKN[L$GE ONE ALL-EMBRAC+ COMMONWEAL? -- ! WORLD40 ,HAV+ CIT$ ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A P>O*IAL FOLK OR A SELECT$ ELITE 7A DI/9CTION HE APP>5TLY F\ND IT /ILL NECESS>Y TO MAKE71 ,T]TULLIAN !N DECL>$ ?AT ,*RI/IANS W]E 0ONE 9 M9D & S\L1 WE DO NOT HESITATE TO %>E ALL \R E>?LY GOODS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,ALL ?+S >E COMMON AMONG US BUT \R WIVES40 ,AL?\< ! ,*UR* DEALT ) SU* DESCRIPTIONS1 POSSIBLY SU* ADMONITIONS1 V]Y W>ILY1 !SE IT PROBABLY C\LD NOT EXPUNGE4 ,APP>5TLY1 ! ,ACTS & ! WRIT+S ( ! ,*UR* FA!RS CIT$ H]E W]E TOO WELL-KN[N TO BE SUPPRESS$ OR R$UC$ TO APOCRYPHAL WRIT+S4 ,! ,*UR* 5C\NT]$ SIMIL> PROBLEMS 9 DEAL+ ) ! GOSPEL ( ,MAT!W1 9 RITUAL & LANGUAGE ! MO/ ,JUDAIC ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T WRIT+S1 & ) ! GOSPELS ( ,M>K & ,LUKE1 BO? ( :I* REVEAL /RONG BIASES AGA9/ WEAL? & PROPRIET>Y PROCLIVITIES4 

,NO LESS IMPORTANT >E ! APOCALYPTIC VISIONS ADVANC$ 9 ,MAT!W & P>TICUL>LY 9 ,REVELATION4 ,!SE VISIONS ( ! ,LA/ ,DAYS1 TOGE!R ) SIMIL> PROPHECIES 9 ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 ATTA9$ IMM5SE POPUL>ITY AMONG ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS & SURG$ UP AS AN EXPLOSIVE PROGRAM = 0H]ETICAL0 T5D5CIES & MOVEM5TS DUR+ ! ,RE=MATION4 ,MAT!W'S GOSPEL IS WR5*$ BY ANG]4 ,JESUS COMES NOT TO 0ABOLI% ! ,LAW OR ! ,PROPHETS 4 4 4 BUT TO COMPLETE !M40 ,PACIFIC ?\< ,JESUS MAY BE1 HE W>NS ! DISCIPLES3 0,DO NOT SUPPOSE ,I HAVE COME TO BR+ PEACE TO ! E>?4 ,IT IS NOT PEACE ,I HAVE TO BR+1 BUT ! SWORD40 0,VIP]S10 ! 0WRA?0 ( ! 0,K+DOM TO COME10 0V5GEANCE0 -- ALL !SE T]MS RISE UP ANGRILY 9 ! TEXT1 AS MU* FROM ! M\? ( ,JESUS AS FROM ?AT ( ,JOHN ! ,BAPTIZ] 7A FIGURE APP>5TLY MODEL$ ON ,AMOS :OSE GOD IS A 0B>N BURN]10 TO USE ,BLO*'S EXPRESSION74 ,REVELATION OR ,APOCALYPSE 7! ORIG9AL ,GREEK TITLE7 IS *ILIA/IC TO ! CORE2 ITS FI]Y SYMBOLISM ASIDE1 IT PR$ICTS ! ,LA/ ,DAYS 9 T]MS ( ! TOTAL ANNIHILATION ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 TO BE FOLL[$ BY ! ,SECOND ,COM+ ( ,JESUS1 ! RAIS+ ( ! DEV\T FROM ! DEAD1 & A UTOPIAN HEAV5 ON E>? 9 ! =M ( A ,NEW ,J]USALEM4 

,TO ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS1 ! ,APOCALYPSE & ! ,SECOND ,COM+1 ) ITS 5SU+ 0MILL5NIUM1 W]E NOT SPIRITUAL METAPHORS OR REMOTE EV5TS4 ,!Y W]E E>?LY & IMM95T4 ,! ALL-5COMPASS+ R5UNCIATION ?AT ,JESUS DEM&S ( HIS DISCIPLES W\LD BE MEAN+LESS IF ! 0?RONE ( GLORY10 ) ITS PROMISE ( REPAYM5T 0A HUNDR$ TIMES OV]0 & ITS REW>D ( 0ET]NAL LIFE10 W]E NOT CLOSE AT H&4 ,! HUGE /AKES ADVANC$ BY BO? P>TIES 9 ?IS COSMIC B>GA9 -- ON ONE SIDE1 ! HE>T-WR5*+ HUMILIATION & CRUCIFIXION2 ON ! O!R1 ! LOSS ( 0H\SES1 BRO!RS1 SI/]S1 FA!R1 MO!R1 *ILDR5 OR L&0 -- C\LD H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO 5D 9 A PALTRY & REMOTE DISP5SATION4 

,NOR C\LD ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS BE ASK$ TO LOOK =W>D TO LESS4 ,NORMAN ,COHN HAS PIEC$ TOGE!R ! V>I\S APOCALYPTIC FANTASIES ( ! ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW C5TURIES ( P]SECUTION 9TO A 0P>ADIGM0 ?AT WAS TO HAUNT ! ,*UR* & GUIDE ! REVOLUTION>Y ES*ATOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS ( ! OPPRESS$ = C5TURIES TO COME4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS VISION3 

,! WORLD IS DOM9AT$ BY AN EVIL1 TYRANN\S P[] ( B\NDLESS DE/RUCTIV5ESS -- A P[] MOREOV] :I* IS IMAG9$ NOT AS SIMPLY HUMAN BUT AS DEMONIC4 ,! TYRANNY ( ?AT P[] WILL BECOME MORE & MORE \TRAGE\S1 ! SUFF]+ ( ITS VICTIMS MORE & MORE 9TOL]ABLE -- UNTIL SUDD5LY ! H\R WILL /RIKE :5 ! ,SA9TS ( ,GOD >E ABLE TO RISE UP & OV]?R[ IT4 ,!N ! ,SA9TS !MSELVES1 ! *OS51 HOLY PEOPLE1 :O HI!RTO HAVE GROAN$ UND] ! OPPRESSOR'S HEEL1 %ALL 9 !IR TURN 9H]IT DOM9ION OV] ! :OLE E>?4 ,?IS WILL BE ! CULM9ATION ( HI/ORY2 ! ,K+DOM ( ! ,SA9TS WILL NOT ONLY SURPASS 9 GLORY ALL PREVI\S K+DOMS1 BUT IT WILL HAVE NO SUCCESSORS4 

,TO ?IS 0P>ADIGM0 MU/ BE ADD$ A NUMB] ( VITAL ES*ATOLOGICAL VISIONS ?AT >E ESS5TIALLY UTOPIAN4 ,! 0,SA9TS ( ,GOD0 >E A DEV\T1 E>?LY PEOPLE1 NOT NECESS>ILY DIV9E O!RWORLDLY P]SONAGES1 & !Y WILL BE L$ BY A HOLY MESSIAH ) MIRACUL\S P[]S4 ,! E>?LY 0,K+DOM ( ,GOD0 WILL BE A WORLD ( PL5TY 9 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! VISION ( ,LACTANIUS 7A ,*RI/IAN PROSELYTIZ] ( ! F\R? C5TURY73 

,! E>? %ALL BE> ALL FRUITS )\T MAN'S LABOR4 ,HONEY 9 ABUNDANCE %ALL DRIP FROM ! ROCKS1 F\NTA9S ( MILK & W9E %ALL BUR/ =?4 ,! BEA/S ( ! =E/S %ALL PUT AWAY !IR WILDNESS & BECOME TAME 4 4 4 NO LONG] %ALL ANY ANIMAL LIVE BY BLOOD%$4 ,= ,GOD %ALL SUPPLY ALL ) ABUNDANT & GUILTLESS FOOD4 

,?US ,*RI/IANITY1 DUR+ MANY ( ITS WAYW>D PAGAN ACCRETIONS1 WAS TO ACQUIRE NOT ONLY A L>GE CAL5D> ( SA9TS & MIRACUL\S A*IEVEM5TS BUT ALSO1 9 T]MS ( FOLK APPEAL1 ! ANCI5T L& ( ,COKAYGNE4 

,YET BY NO MEANS DOES ?IS 0P>ADIGM0 YIELD MORE ?AN AN ASCETIC SOCIAL QUIETISM -- ONE ?AT 9ITIALLY RECRUITS M>TYRS = ! ,*UR* RA!R ?AN W>RIORS4 ,! OPPRESS$ :O JO9$ ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS %AP$ !IR FANTASIES 9 ! =M ( MIRACLES1 NOT MUSCUL>4 CONFLICTS4 ,! M5TALITY ( ! ANCI5T SLAVE & ( IMPOV]I%$ C\NTRY & CITY FOLK LEFT AN 9DELIBLE M>K ( RESIGNATION ON ! NEW RELIGION4 ,UNSETTL+ AS ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN IMAG]Y ( A V5GEFUL ,SECOND ,COM+ MAY HAVE BE5 TO ! MA/]S ( ! ,ROMAN WORLD1 !SE ,*RI/IANS LIV$ 9 A WORLD ( PORT5TS & OM5S4 ,T]TULLIAN1 = EXAMPLE1 TELLS US ( A WONDR\S VISION ?AT HAD BE5 REPORT$3 EV]Y MORN+ = =TY DAYS A WALL$ CITY WAS SE5 9 ! SKY ( ,JUDEA1 CLE>LY SIGNIFY+ ?AT ! HEAV5LY ,J]USALEM W\LD %ORTLY DESC5D TO ! E>?4 ,PAT5TLY1 ! ,SECOND ,COM+ WAS CLE>LY AT H& -- 9DE$1 IMM95T4 

,AFT] TWO C5TURIES ( PASSIVE WAIT+1 H[EV]1 SU* MIRACUL\S NOTIONS ( ! ,APOCALYPSE HAD BE5 WORN TO %R$S4 ,A NEW NOTE BEGAN TO APPE> 9 ! *ILIA/IC LIT]ATURE4 ,! ,LAT9 POET ,COMMODIANUS ADVANC$ A MORE MILITANT1 ACTIVI/IC CONCEPT ( ! ,APOCALYPSE BAS$ UPON VIOL5CE & CRUSAD+ ZEALOTRY4 ,TO ,COMMODIANUS1 ! 0,SA9TS0 W]E W>RIORS1 NOT M]E P5IT5TS2 !Y W]E FREE1 ) ! ,DEITY'S CONS5T1 TO LOOT & DEVA/ATE WANTONLY4 ,AFT] MU* BATTL+ BACK & =? BETWE5 ! HEAV5LY HO/S & ! =CES ( ,ANTI*RI/1 ! HOLY FOLK W\LD W9 OV] ! EVIL ONES & 5JOY ! REW>DS ( IMMORTALITY 9 !IR ,NEW ,J]USALEM4 ,!SE CONSOL+LY MAT]IAL REW>DS 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY ET]NAL LIFE BUT ALSO FRE$OM FROM ! BURD5S ( AGE1 9CLEM5T WEA!R1 & ! ASCETIC LIFE4 ,! 0,SA9TS0 C\LD M>RY & HAVE *ILDR52 ! E>? W\LD BE REJUV5AT$1 & ! 0,HOLY ,ONES0 W\LD 5JOY ITS RI* MAT]IAL B\NTY4 

,! 0D\BLE MEAN+0 ( !SE *ILIA/IC VISIONS DID NOT ESCAPE ! EYES ( ! ,*UR* FA!RS4 ,AUGU/9IAN ,*RI/IANITY RU?LESSLY PURG$ ! N[-E/ABLI%$ RELIGION ( ITS MILL5>IAN FANTASIES BY TURN+ !M 9TO SPIRITUAL ALLEGORIES -- ! DEVICE P> EXCELL5CE ?AT ! ,*UR* WAS TO USE REPEAT$LY AGA9/ ANY UNDESIRABLE LIT]AL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! ,BIBLE4 ,TO ,AUGU/9E1 ! ,SECOND ,COM+ HAD ESS5TIALLY >RIV$ ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,*UR*4 ,(FICIAL ,*RI/IANITY ELEVAT$ ! VISION ( AN E>?LY P>ADISE TO HEAV5 & SUPPRESS$ AS 0H]ESIES0 ANY DEP>TURE FROM ITS O!RWORLDLY FOCUS4 ,NOT ?AT ! E>?LY WORLD C\LD BE LEFT TO ITS [N WAYS -- ,*RI/1 AS WELL AS ! ,*UR*1 W\LD 9T]C$E TO TRANS=M IT -- BUT ! ,SECOND ,COM+ WAS (F 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE1 :5 ! ,*UR*'S CU/ODY ( ! E>? & ITS TASK ( SORT+ \T ! HOLY FROM ! IRR$EEMABLE ONES HAD BE5 COMPLET$4 

,! *ILIA/IC VISIONS ( A ,NEW ,J]USALEM1 H[EV]1 DID NOT DISAPPE>4 ,!Y W]E DRIV5 UND]GR\ND1 ONLY TO SURFACE AGA9 ) ! *ANG+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS ?AT LAY]$ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 (T5 ACQUIR+ 9CREAS+LY RADICAL TRAITS4 ,DUR+ !IR LONG HI/ORY1 !SE VISIONS BRAN*$ (F 9TO TWO TYPES ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS -- ! ASCETIC & ! H$ONI/IC -- ?AT LAT] 9T]SECT$ V]Y VISIBLY DUR+ ! ,RE=MATION4 ,AFT] ?IS ]A1 !Y 5T]$ 9TO ! MORE WORLDLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A4 

,! ASCETIC MOVEM5TS W]E AU/]E & MESSIANIC1 LIKE ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN SECTS2 BUT !Y W]E F> FROM QUIETI/IC4 ,!IR ME?ODS W]E ALMO/ MANIACALLY VIOL5T & !IR HATR$ WAS DIRECT$ PR9CIPALLY AGA9/ ! CL]GY4 ,! ,NEW ,J]USALEM !Y S\<T TO BR+ TO E>? HAS BE5 CALL$ 0AN>*O-COMMUNI/IC0 BY SEV]AL S*OL>S1 A T]M NOT ALWAYS US$ V]Y FELICIT\SLY H]E1 BUT ONE ) A TRU?FUL CORE TO IT4 ,BY F> ! L>GE/ ( ! M$IEVAL 0H]ESIES0 W]E POL>IZ$ >\ND !SE ,SP>TAN APOCALYPTIC IDEALS1 :I* F\ND !IR IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS 9 APO/OLIC DESCRIPTIONS ( ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY4 

,! H$ONI/IC MOVEM5TS VE]$ %>PLY T[>D WORLDLY 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 !IR *ILIASM T5D$ TO LAPSE 9TO AN AMORAL WORLDL9ESS ?AT PROBABLY SC&ALIZ$ ! MORE AU/]E MESSIANIC 0H]ESIES0 ( ! TIME4 ,IT SEEMS UNLIKELY ?AT M$IEVAL H$ONI/IC T5D5CIES W]E DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ BY ANCI5T GNO/IC IDEOLOGIES1 H[EV] CLOSE ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT SEEM TO ! ,OPHITES ( AN E>LI] ]A4 ,BUT ! REASON+ BY :I* ! =M] >RIV$ AT !IR 9VOLUT$ NOTION ( ,*RI/IAN VIRTUE & UNFETT]$ SEXUALITY IS MORE PAN!I/IC ?AN DUALI/IC4 ,! MY/ICAL DI/9CTION MADE BY ,MEI/] ,ECKH>T 7C4 #a#b#f-#a#c#b#h7 BETWE5 A L(TY1 UNREA*ABLE1 & UNKN[ABLE 0,GODHEAD0 & A ,GOD :O IS OV]FL[+1 OMNIPRES5T1 & CLOSE TO HUMANITY APPROXIMATES A GNO/IC DUALISM ?AT ALL[S = A TRANSC5D5TAL 0ALI50 DEITY ON ! ONE H& & AN IMMAN5T DEITY ON ! O!R4 ,BUT ,ECKH>T'S IMMAN5T DEITY IS A W>M1 HI<LY ,*RI/IANIZ$ ,GOD :O APPE>S 9 EA* HUMAN S\L AS A 0DIV9E SP>K40 ,AL?\< ,ECKH>T & HIS DISCIPLES SURELY DID NOT REG>D !MSELVES AS DEP>T+ FROM ! ,*UR*1 HIS MY/ICAL !OLOGY DOES SEEM TO 5C\RAGE AN AUTONOMY ( ACTION ?AT C\LD HAVE S]V$ ! IDEOLOGICAL NE$S ( H$ONI/IC CONV5TICLES WELL4 

,! E>LIE/ EXAMPLE ( A L>GE-SCALE ASCETIC 0H]ESY0 IS ! ,CRUSADE ( ! ,%EPH]DS 7OR ,PA/\REAUX71 :I* EM]G$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 :5 CRUSADES W]E /ILL L>GELY MOVEM5TS ( ! OPPRESS$ RA!R ?AN ( ]RANT MILIT>Y ADV5TUR]S & ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,! ,PA/\REAUX1 COMPOS$ MA9LY ( ZEAL\S Y\NG PEOPLE1 BEGAN TO M>* ?R\< ! T[NS ( ,FRANCE1 AT FIR/ ATTACK+ ,JEWS & !N ! CL]GY1 :OM !Y ACCUS$ ( BE+ 0FALSE %EPH]DS0 ( !IR FLOCKS4 ,! MOVEM5T 5JOY$ IMM5SE POPUL> SUPPORT & TURN$ 9TO A *RONIC1 C5TURY-LONG ASSAULT UPON ! E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,*UR*4 ,CITIES W]E TAK5 BY =CE1 *UR*ES & MONA/]IES W]E SACK$1 ! HOMES ( WEAL?Y BUR<]S W]E PLUND]$1 & EV5 ! ,PAPAL RESID5CE AT ,AVIGNON WAS M5AC$ BY ONE ( ! ,PA/\REAUX COLUMNS4 ,!Y F9ALLY W]E EXCOMMUNICAT$ BY ,POPE ,JOHN ,X,X,I,I 7:O ALSO LAT] CONDEMN$ ,ECKH>T7 & RU?LESSLY HUNT$ D[N BY ! T]RITORIAL LORDS4 ,FEW POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9 ! M$IEVAL WORLD SEEM TO HAVE 9SPIR$ GREAT] FE> AMONG ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ?IS ]A OR MORE S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ ! V]Y BASIS ( ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AN ?IS 0%EPH]DS' CRUSADE40 

,! ,PA/\REAUX HAD !IR ,G]MAN P>ALLEL 9 ! ,FLAGELLANTS -- ! L>GE B&S ( SELF-AFFLICT+ P5IT5TS :O SC\RG$ !MSELVES & ONE ANO!R ) :IPS & BRAN*ES4 ,H]E1 ASCETICISM WAS C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( EC/ATIC SELF-TORTURE2 9 ITS [N WAY1 IT WAS P]HAPS MORE A DOCTR9E ( ! FLE% ?AN A D5IAL ( IT4 ,LIKE ! ,PA/\REAUX1 !IR FOCUS BECAME 9CREAS+LY WORLDLY2 />T+ AS A SPIRITUALLY R$EMPTIVE MOVEM5T1 !Y SOON BECAME A SOCIAL MOVEM5T & LAUN*$ VIOL5T ATTACKS UPON ! CL]GY -- &1 IMPLICITLY1 UPON ! RUL+ CLASSES AS A :OLE4 ,!IR REPUDIATION ( 9/ITUTIONAL ,*RI/IANITY EXT5D$ NOT ONLY TO ! CL]GY'S CLAIMS TO DIV9E AU?ORITY BUT EV5 TO ! VALIDITY ( ! SACRAM5T ( ! ,EU*>I/4 ,IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R !Y ACCEPT$ ANY NE$ = PRIE/LY 9T]V5TION BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! DEITY2 !Y PAT5TLY ANTICIPAT$ ! ,RE=MATION BY CLAIM+ ?AT !Y W]E DIRECTLY 9/RUCT$ & GUID$ BY ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT1 A NOTION ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( VIRTUALLY ALL RADICAL ,RE=MATION IDEOLOGIES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y DID NOT HESITATE TO VIOL5TLY DISRUPT ,*UR* S]VICES & ANGRILY ORATE AGA9/ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,PAPACY4 

,TO CONF9E ! ANTICL]ICAL FEATURES ( ! ,PA/\REAUX1 ,FLAGELLANTS1 & ! LAT] ,RE=MATION MOVEM5TS M]ELY TO DOCTR9AL DISPUTES OR ATTEMPTS BY UND]CLASS ELEM5TS TO PLUND] ,*UR* PROP]TIES W\LD BE TO GRAVELY MISREAD A DEEP] CON/ELLATION ( RADICAL MOTIVES ?AT (T5 GUID$ SU* MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,*UR* WAS MORE ?AN A L>GE PROP]TY-[N] 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & ITS WEAL? WAS NOT SIMPLY AN AFFRONT TO ! ,*RI/IAN COMMITM5T TO POV]TY4 ,! ,*UR* WAS ALSO A MASSIVE HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE -- ! REALITY & SYMBOL ( OV]BE>+ AU?ORITY4 ,TO ! %EPH]DS & P5IT5TS ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY -- 9DE$1 TO ! 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! NEW UNIV]SITIES1 ! BUR<]S 9 ! NEW T[NS1 & EV5 ! NEWLY EM]G+ PROLET>IAT ( ! ,L[L&S & NOR!RN ,ITALY -- ! ,*UR*'S CLAIM ?AT IT W\LD BRIDGE ! *ASM IT HAD OP5$ BETWE5 ! ORD9>Y 9DIVIDUAL & ! ,DEITY WAS AN AFFRONT TO ,*RI/IANITY'S GOSPEL ( 9W>DNESS1 SELFHOOD1 & ITS IMPLICIT RECOGNITION ( ! ACCESSIBILITY ( EA* S\L TO ,GOD4 ,*RI/IAN CL]ICS1 NO LESS ?AN ! PAGAN PRIE/S BE=E !M1 VIEW$ !MSELVES AS BROK]S BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! ,DEITY -- ! SURROGATES = ! CONGREGATION'S CONTACT ) ,GOD4 

,H[EV] SPIRITUAL ! ANTICL]ICAL REBELLIONS ( ! TIME MAY SEEM TO ! MOD]N M9D1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ANTICL]ICALISM HAD A GROSSLY UND]RAT$ AN>*IC DIM5SION4 ,9 TRY+ TO REMOVE ! CL]GY FROM ITS FUNCTION AS HUMANITY'S DELEGATE TO ! SPIRITUAL K+DOM1 ALL ! ANTICL]ICAL MOVEM5TS ( ! TIME W]E /RIK+ A BL[ AGA9/ ! NOTION ( REPRES5TATION ITSELF & ITS D5IAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S COMPET5CE TO MANAGE HIS OR H] SPIRITUAL AFFAIRS4 ,?AT ! ,*UR*'S WEAL? WAS AN EXTRAORD9>ILY MAGNETIC LODE/ONE & ITS MORAL HYPOCRISY A S\RCE ( POPUL> FURY >E 9DUBITABLE SOCIAL FACTS ?AT SURFAC$ REPEAT$LY4 ,BUT ! ,*UR* WAS ALSO A POLITICAL *ALL5GE4 ,ITS HI]>*Y WAS (F5SIVE TO ! PRE9DU/RIAL M9D BECAUSE IT *ALL5G$ -- 9DE$1 OB/RUCT$ -- ! 9DIVIDUAL'S FRE$OM TO P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 ! SPIRITUAL K+DOM1 TO RELATE TO ! ,DEITY )\T M$IATION1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY CONC]N+ MATT]S ( FAI? 7A FREE 0NATION ( PROPHETS0 AS ,*RI/OPH] ,HILL WAS TO CALL ! RADICAL COMMUNITIES ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION74 

,! ,*UR*1 9 EFFECT1 GAVE NO RECOGNITION TO ! CONGREGATION'S CLAIMS TO COMPET5CE2 IT HAD A K+DOM1 NOT A COMMUNITY2 A ,/ATE1 NOT A POLIS4 ,BO? CL]ICAL & TEMPORAL LORDS S5S$ ?AT ANTICL]ICAL MOVEM5TS C\LD EASILY TURN 9TO CIVIL 9SURRECTIONS -- & SU* 9SURRECTIONS (T5 FOLL[$ RELIGI\S UNRE/4 ,! ,PA/\REAUX MOVEM5T WAS %ORTLY FOLL[$ BY ! REPEAT$ 9SURRECTIONS ( ,FLEMI% WORK]S AGA9/ ! COMM]CIAL >I/OCRACIES ( ! ,L[L& CITIES4 ,! ,LOLL>D 0H]ESY0 9 ,5GL& & ! ,LU!RAN 0H]ESY0 9 ,G]MANY PREC$$ PEASANT REVOLTS 9 BO? C\NTRIES4 ,UNTIL FAIRLY REC5T TIMES1 RELIGI\S UNRE/ WAS (T5 ! PRELUDE TO SOCIAL UNRE/4 ,WIDESPREAD RELIGI\S DISSID5CE F$ DIRECTLY 9TO ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS & ! 0,GREAT ,AWAK5+0 9FLU5C$ ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#g#gS4 

,ACCORD+LY1 BO? ! ,PA/\REAUX & ! ,FLAGELLANTS W]E CONT95TAL PRECURSORS ( ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANTS' ,REVOLT ( #a*a & ! EXHORTATIONS ( ,JOHN ,BALL1 ONE ( ITS LEAD]S 7ALBEIT A RA!R M9OR ONE74 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! REVOLT ITSELF HAD LIMIT$ GOALS3 ! PEASANTS W]E RESI/+ 5S]FM5T & ! RIGID CEIL+S ?AT HAD BE5 IMPOS$ ON !IR E>N+S4 ,BUT SOCIALLY1 PEOPLE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY HAD CEAS$ TO ?9K ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM AS ! DI/ANT PRACTICE ( A GOLD5 AGE1 BURI$ IRRETRIEVABLY 9 ! PA/4 ,9/EAD1 !Y BEGAN TO P]CEIVE !SE IDEALS AS PREORDA9$ RI<TS ?AT HUMANITY C\LD HOPE TO A*IEVE 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 

,! =TUNES ( ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANTS' ,REVOLT -- ITS TEMPOR>Y SUCCESSES & ITS DEFEAT AT ! TREA*]\S H&S ( ! MON>*Y -- >E MATT]S ( HI/ORICAL DETAIL4 ,:AT C\NTS1 H]E1 IS ! T5OR ( ! S]MONS ?AT ,BALL & POSSIBLY MANY ( HIS COMPATRIOTS DELIV]$ TO ! PEASANTS BE=E & DUR+ ! UPRIS+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,FROISS>T1 :O *RONICL$ ! REVOLT FROM AN >I/OCRATIC VIEWPO9T1 ,BALL /AK$ \T ! RI<T ( ALL PEOPLE TO SOCIAL EQUALITY & TO ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,IF EV]YONE IS 0DESC5D$ FROM ONE FA!R & ONE MO!R1 ,ADAM & ,EVE1 H[ CAN ! LORDS SAY OR PROVE ?AT !Y >E MORE LORDS ?AN WE -- SAVE ?AT !Y MAKE US DIG & TILL ! GR\ND SO ?AT !Y CAN SQU&] :AT WE PRODUCE80 ,?IS WAS A FI]Y QUE/ION ?AT MU/ HAVE P]MEAT$ ! 5TIRE L&1 AS WELL AS ! SPIRIT 7IF NOT ! GOALS71 ( ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANTS' ,REVOLT & ! CONT95TAL REBELLIONS ?AT W\LD LAT] FOLL[4 ,BALL'S ATTACK UPON ! 9JU/ICES 9FLICT$ ON ! ,5GLI% PEASANTRY WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO AN APPEAL = ! ALREADY RITUALIZ$ LOOT+ EXP$ITION ?AT M>K$ MANY E>LI] MOVEM5TS4 ,HE DEM&$ A MORE RADICAL & F>-REA*+ 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION03 A /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 :I* 0ALL ?+S >E 9 COMMON & !RE IS NEI!R VILLE9 NOR NOBLE1 BUT ALL ( US >E ( ONE CONDITION40 

,!SE SOCIAL IDEALS W]E TO F9D !IR CULM9ATION 9 ! ,TABORITES ( ,BOHEMIA1 A MOVEM5T ?AT APPE>$ A C5TURY OR SO AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANTS' ,REVOLT4 ,! ,TABORITES W]E AN (F%OOT ( ! QUASI-,PROTE/ANT ,HUSSITES :O1 9 #a#d#a#i1 REBELL$ 9 ,PRAGUE AGA9/ ,G]MAN & ,PAPAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,= NE>LY TWO DECADES1 ! ,HUSSITES SUCCESSFULLY RESI/$ ! ,CA?OLIC >MIES ( ! ,EMP]OR ,SIGISMUND & ! COMB9$ =CES ( ! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 

,BUT ! MORE EXTREME ,TABORITES W]E AV[$LY COMMUNI/IC 9 !IR SOCIAL IDEALS4 ,S5D+ =? !IR APPEALS & !IR >MIES FROM !IR NEWLY F\ND$ CITY ( ,TABOR 7NAM$ AFT] ! M\NTA9 ( ,*RI/'S TRANSFIGURATION71 !Y DEM&$ ! ABOLITION NOT ONLY ( TAXES1 DUES1 R5T1 & IMPO/S1 BUT ALSO ( ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,K5NE? ,REXRO?1 9 HIS P]CEPTIVE ACC\NT ( ! COMMUNAL MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 DESCRIBES !M AS 

EXTREME MILL5>IANS1 ! MO/ MILITANT SO F> 9 ! HI/ORY ( DISS5T4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ,*RI/'S ,SECOND ,COM+ 7DISGUIS$ AS A BRIG&7 & ! UNIV]SAL DE/RUCTION ( ! EVIL WORLD W\LD OCCUR ALMO/ IMM$IATELY1 AT FIR/ 9 #a#d#b2 & :5 ?AT DATE PASS$1 IT WAS NEV] PO/PON$ MORE ?AN A FEW YE>S4 

,! NEW DISP5SATION WAS TO BE V]Y BLOODY3 0,9 PREP>ATION = ! COM+ ( ! K+DOM IT WAS ! DUTY ( ! BRO!RHOOD ( SA9TS TO DR5* !IR SWORDS 9 ! BLOOD ( EVILDO]S1 9DE$ TO WA% !IR H&S 9 IT40 ,FOLL[+ UPON ?IS MACABRE BAPTISM 7AN IMAG]Y ?AT WAS NOT 5TIRELY ALI5 TO ,JOHN ,BALL & O!R MILL5>IANS71 0,*RI/ W\LD APPE> ON A M\NTA9 TOP & CELEBRATE ! COM+ ( ! K+DOM ) A GREAT MESSIANIC BANQUET ( ALL ! FAI?FUL40 

,DESPITE !IR ORGIA/IC COMMITM5T TO BLOOD & PUBLIC FE/IVALS1 ! ,TABORITES W]E L>GELY ASCETICS4 ,BUT LIKE MANY ,RE=MATION RADICALS1 !Y W]E ECUM5ICALLY 9T]MIX$ ) H$ONI/IC MILL5>IANS4 ,! H$ONI/S W]E LAT] TO BE EXPELL$ FROM ,TABOR & =M$ ! NOTORI\S ,ADAMITE SECT1 :I* ACTUALLY REFLECT$ A V]Y DIFF]5T *ILIA/IC DISPOSITION4 ,BO? T5D5CIES1 9 FACT1 W]E ALMO/ AV[$LY AN>*IC3 LAWS W]E TO BE ABOLI%$1 ! ELECT W\LD 5JOY IMMORTALITY1 & ! ,SECOND ,COM+ W\LD CREATE A WORLD ( MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE FREE FROM TOIL & PA91 EV5 9 *ILDBIR?4 ,ALL HUMAN AU?ORITY W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A COMMUNITY ( FREE PEOPLE 9 :I* 0NONE %ALL BE SUBJECT TO ANO!R40 

,9 APPRAIS+ ! ,TABORITE COMMUNE1 ,REXRO? A/UTELY NOTES3 

,IF SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY IS DOOM$ TO BECOME DE=M$ & CRIPPL$1 COMMUNISM 9 ONE CITY IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANY L5G? ( TIME4 ,SOON] OR LAT] ! G>RISON SOCIETY WILL WEAK5 BUT ! \TSIDE WORLD DOES NOT4 ,IT IS ALWAYS !RE WAIT+1 /RONGE/ P]HAPS 9 TIMES ( PEACE4 ,TABOR WAS NEV] ABLE TO BALANCE ITS POPUL> COMMUNISM ( CONSUMPTION ) AN ORGANIZ$ & PLANN$ COMMUNISM ( PRODUCTION1 NOR ! EX*ANGE ( GOODS BETWE5 CITY COMMUNES & PEASANT COMMUNES4 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 :5 ,TABOR & ! 5TIRE ,BOHEMIAN NATIONAL MOVEM5T W]E CRU%$ BY ,SIGISMUND1 0IT WAS ! PEASANT COMMUNISM ( ! ,HUTT]ITES & ,BRE?R5 :I* SURVIV$40 ,!Y L+] ON ) US AS P>O*IAL COLONIES ?AT /ILL PRES]V$ !IR ,RE=MATION TRADITIONS & LANGUAGE AS ! >*AEOLOGICAL REMA9S ( A LONG-LO/ WORLD4 

,BUT ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNAL MOVEM5T DID NOT DISAPPE> ) ! ,RE=MATION4 ,IT SURFAC$ AGA9 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! LATE #a#f#dS & E>LY #a#f#eS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! NOR? & WE/ ( ,5GL& -- ! 0D>K CORN]S ( ! L&10 ACCORD+ TO ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY4 ,A MOD]N BRE$ ( 0MA/]LESS M50 LIKE ,>*ILO*US MILL5NIA E>LI]1 !Y LIV$ L>GELY UPROOT$ & WAYF>+ LIVES4 ,) !IR EMPHASIS ON PRIVATE 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,SCRIPTURE1 !IR HATR$ ( CIVIL & ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY1 & !IR SOCIAL 0DEMOCRACY ( PROPHETS10 !Y FO/]$ A /RONG S5SE ( SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY 9 REGIONS ?AT ! ,P>LIAM5T>IANS HAD VIRTUALLY AB&ON$4 ,H]E WE F9D ! E>LY ,QUAK]S1 ,! ,FAMILIALI/S1 ! ,SEEK]S1 & ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y M51 SOME ( :OM ACTUALLY ROSE 9 >M$ REVOLT AGA9/ ,CROMWELL'S CONS]VATIVE CU/ODIAN%IP ( A REVOLUTION HE HAD NEV] />T$4 ,ONLY :5 ! WORLD1 0TURN$ UPSIDE D[N0 BY ! REVOLUTION1 HAD BE5 RE/OR$ TO ITS NORMAL PHILI/9E CONC]NS1 DID ES*ATOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS DISAPPE> COMPLETELY OR TAKE ! =M ( TRACTABLE SECTS & SOCIETIES4 ,! WIDE-RANG+ DEF9ITIONS ( FRE$OM RAIS$ BY ! ,M>CIONITE GNO/ICS & PRACTIC$ BY ASCETIC COMMUNI/S SU* AS ! ,TABORITES W]E ?OR\<LY TRANSMUT$ 7(T5 ) CONSID]ABLE ATTRITION7 9TO RATIONALLY DISCIPL9$ & HI<LY SECUL> IDEOLOGIES4 ,TODAY1 WE F]V5TLY DEBATE !IR T5ETS UND] V]Y DIFF]5T NAMES1 H>DLY M9DFUL ( !IR P$IGREE OR ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y ANTICIPAT$ \R !ORIES & PRACTICES4 ,! MO/ WELL-KN[N ( !SE RADICAL MOVEM5TS REA*$ !IR APOGEE 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 !N DRA/ICALLY N>R[$ !IR MILL5>IAN SCOPE4 ,!Y BECAME AMIABLE S]VICE ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS ! ,SOCIETY ( ,FRI5DS 7,QUAK]S71 ) V]Y LITTLE AW>5ESS ( !IR [N FI]Y1 (T5 VIOL5T1 *ILIA/IC ORIG9S4 

,BY ! ,RE=MATION1 MO/ ASCETIC MILL5>IAN MOVEM5TS W]E GR\P$ UND] ! BROAD RUBRIC ( 0 ,ANABAPTISM10 A SIMPLE DOCTR9E ?AT REJECT$ 9FANT BAPTISM = ADULT BAPTISM ON ! RA!R S\ND BASIS ?AT ONLY MATURE PEOPLE C\LD UND]/& ! SUBTLETIES ( ! ,*RI/IAN CALL+4 ,BUT TO ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! TIME1 9CLUD+ MANY /AID ,PROTE/ANTS1 ! WORD ,ANABAPTISM1 LIKE ! WORD AN>*I/ TODAY1 WAS US$ MORE AS A PEJORATIVE SYMBOL ( PUBLIC OPPROBRIUM ?AN AS AN AU!NTIC BODY ( IDEAS4 ,! T]M WAS US$ PROMISCU\SLY TO 9CLUDE SU* WIDELY DISP>ATE SOCIAL & RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS AS ! ,BOHEMIAN NATIONALI/S 9 ,PRAGUE1 ! MANIC ,TABORITE MILL5>IANS1 & EV5 !IR FR5ZI$ (F-%OOTS SU* AS ! ,ADAMITE SECTS OR ! PACIFI/ ,HUTT]ITES4 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT H>DLY ANY F\ND]S OR E>LY ACOLYTES ( ,ANABAPTISM W]E SP>$ ! BEAUTITUDES ( M>TYRDOM4 ,9S(> AS !Y W]E REAL MILL5>IANS1 ALL ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 REAL & IMAG9>Y1 >E UTT]LY SEP>AT$ FROM \R [N TIME BY ! IDEOLOGICAL *ASM ( RELIGION3 ! 0,SECOND ,COM+10 ! MIRACUL\S P[]S ( ,*RI/1 & ! !OCRATIC PROCLIVITIES ?AT (T5 SUB/ITUT$ A 0MESSIANIC0 HI]>*Y = AN ECCLESIA/ICAL ONE4 ,ACTUALLY1 MANY ( !SE MILL5>IANS W]E NOT COMMUNI/S AT ALL2 AT BE/ !IR COMMUNISM WAS M>G9AL4 

,BUT FROM ?IS HI<LY MIX$ WELT] ( 9DEP5D5T1 (T5 CONFLICT+ OR 9T]SECT+ BELIEFS1 !RE EM]GES ONE FIGURE :O BRIDGES ! *ASM FROM RELIGI\S TO SECUL> COMMUNISM4 ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY IS P]HAPS BE/ KN[N AS ! LEAD] & !ORI/ ( ! ,DIGG]S1 A M9USCULE GR\P ( AGR>IAN COMMUNI/S :O 9 #afdi TRI$ TO CULTIVATE ! 0FREE0 OR WA/E L&S ON ,/4 ,GEORGE'S ,HILL NE> ,LONDON4 ,ACTUALLY1 !SE EXP]IM5TS1 :I* W]E CONCEIV$ AS AN 0EXEMPL>Y0 EF=T TO PROMOTE COMMUNAL IDEALS1 W]E IGNOR$ 9 !IR DAY4 ,:AT REALLY SWEPT ! ,DIGG] MOVEM5T 9TO HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS ( RADICAL MOVEM5TS WAS ,W9/ANLEY'S [N PAMPHLETS1 & !SE RECEIV$ MO/ RECOGNITION LONG AFT] ,W9/ANLEY HIMSELF HAD PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY4 

,AS ,REXRO? ACCURATELY EMPHASIZES1 0,ALL ! T5D5CIES ( ! RADICAL ,RE=MATION0 -- &1 WE MAY ADD1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT MILL5>IAN MOVEM5TS ( E>LI] TIMES -- 0SEEM TO FL[ TOGE!R 9 ,W9/ANLEY1 TO BE BL5D$ & SECUL>IZ$1 & BECOME AN IDEOLOGY RA!R ?AN A !OLOGY4 0,W9/ANLEY WAS NOT A MILIT>Y COMMUNI/ LIKE ! ,TABORITES2 HE WAS A COMMITT$ PACIFI/1 & SO F> AS WE KN[1 HE REMA9$ ONE ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,NOR WAS HE A H$ONI/ LIKE ! ,ADAMITES2 HE ADH]$ TO A /RICTLY ASCETIC CONCEPT ( ! RI<TE\S LIFE4 ,BUT HIS VIEWS BECAME M>K$LY PAN!I/IC1 EV5 HO/ILE TO ANY NOTION ( AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC DEITY4 ,HIS NATURALISM BR+S HIM V]Y CLOSE TO ,5LI<T5M5T SOCIAL !ORY3 0,TO KN[ ! SECRETS ( NATURE IS TO KN[ ! WORKS ( ,GOD40 ,HIS D5IAL ( A SUP]NATURAL HEAV5 & HELL AS A 0/RANGE CONCEIT0 W\LD HAVE BR\<T HIM TO ! /AKE A FEW C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,HE EMPHASIZES ! NE$ NOT ONLY = 0COMMUNAL PROP]TY0 BUT P]HAPS EV5 = USUFRUCT4 0,! E>? ) ALL H] FRUITS ( ,CORN1 ,CATTLE1 & SU* LIKE WAS MADE TO BE A COMMON ,/ORE-,H\SE ( ,LIVELIHOOD10 HE DECL>ES1 0TO ALL MANK9D FRI5D & FOE1 )\T EXCEPTION40 ,!SE WORDS >E NOT M]ELY BRAVE BUT ALSO DEEPLY FELT4 ,REASON IS ! 0GREAT CREATOR0 ?AT 0MADE ! E>? A COMMON TREASURY0 & AN>*Y 79 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( 0NO-RULE07 WAS ITS E>LIE/ DISPOSITION -- = 0NOT ONE WORD WAS SPOK5 9 ! BEG9N+ ?AT ONE BRAN* ( MANK9D %\LD RULE OV] ANO!R40 

,9 TIME1 !SE LIB]T>IAN & COMMUNI/IC IDEALS SUFF]$ FROM ,W9/ANLEY'S BITT] 5C\NT]S ) ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOODS FOLL[+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,LEVEL] MOVEM5T 9 #afdi & ! ,CROMWELL REACTION ?AT SUCCE$$ IT4 ,HIS ,LAW ( ,FRE$OM 9 A ,PLAT=M OR1 ,TRUE ,MAGI/RACY ,RE/OR$1 WRITT5 9 #a#f#e#b1 REVEALS A DIS5*ANTM5T ) ! \TCOME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,DIGG] EXP]IM5TS -- MORE PRECISELY1 ! POPUL> 9DIFF]5CE ! ,DIGG]S 5C\NT]$ -- HAD ALT]$ ,W9/ANLEY'S HI< EXPECTATIONS4 ,HIS 0,TRUE ,MAGI/RACY0 IS A REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 NOT A DIRECT ONE2 IT IS MORE PUNITIVE ?AN LOV+1 & MORE C5TRALIZ$ & P]HAPS NE$LESSLY /RUCTUR$ ?AN LIB]T>IAN4 ,P]HAPS ?IS VISION HAD BE5 ) HIM FROM ! BEG9N+1 BUT IT /&S AT ODDS ) SOME ( HIS E>LI]1 MORE G5]AL VIEWS4 ,NOR DOES HIS WORK 5D 9 HOPE4 ,FEW L9ES >E MORE MEMORABLE & T\*+ ?AN ! POEM ?AT CONCLUDES ! PAMPHLET3 

,TRU? APPE>S 9 ,LI<T1 ,FALSEHOOD RULES 9 ,P[]2 ,TO SEE !SE ?+S TO BE1 IS CAUSE ( GRIEF EA* H\R4 ,KN[L$GE1 :Y DID/ ?\ COME1 TO W\ND1 & NOT TO CURE8 ,I S5T NOT = !E1 ?\ DID/ ME 9LURE4 ,:]E KN[L$GE DOES 9CREASE1 !RE SORR[S MULTIPLY1 ,TO SEE ! GREAT DECEIT :I* 9 ! ,WORLD DO? LIE 4 4 4 4 ,O DEA? :]E >T ?\8 WILT ?\ NOT TID+S S5D8 ,I FE> !E NOT1 ?\ >T MY LOV+ FRI5D4 ,COME TAKE ?IS BODY1 & SCATT] IT 9 ! ,F\R1 ,?AT ,I MAY DWELL 9 ,ONE1 & RE/ 9 PEACE ONCE MORE4 

,!REAFT]1 ,W9/ANLEY FAD$ 9TO ! OBLIVION ?AT ULTIMATELY DEV\R$ ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,BUT MORE ?AN MANY PROPON5TS ( LIKE VIEWS1 HE HAS RECEIV$ FROM PO/]ITY 0! ROSES ( REBELS FAIL$40 

,! H$ONI/IC TR5D 9 M$IEVAL *ILIASM1 LIKE ! GNO/IC ,OPHITES1 IS R$OL5T ) ASPIRATIONS = P]SONAL AUTONOMY4 ,M$IEVAL H$ONI/IC CONV5TICLES W]E COMPELL+LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ALMO/ COMPLETELY FREE ( PATRIC5TRIC VALUES4 ,*RI/IANITY'S P[]FUL MESSAGE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SANCTITY 9 ! EYES ( ,GOD1 ITS HI< VALUATION ( P]SONALITY & ! S\L1 & ITS EMPHASIS ON A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY BR$ A S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY & FRE$OM ?AT C\LD EASILY TURN AGA9/ CL]ICAL HI]>*Y & DOGMA4 ,DUR+ ! TWELF? & ?IRTE5? C5TURIES1 A V>IETY ( HI<LY RADICAL SECTS SURFAC$ FROM ! DEP?S ( ,*RI/IANITY'S FASC9AT+ CAULDRON ( IDEAS4 ,SOME1 LIKE ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 W]E QUITE EXPLICITLY RADICAL2 O!RS1 LIKE ! ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES1 W]E LESS SO4 ,CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO CONV5TICUL> NETWORKS & SECUL> ORD]S1 !SE SECTS PRODUC$ IDEAS ?AT SEV]ELY VEX$ ! ,*UR* & BR\<T IT 9TO %>P CONFLICT ) ITS [N DOCTR9AL (FSPR+4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT !OLOGICAL ISSUE ! ,*UR* HAD TO FACE WAS ! RISE ( A BROADLY PHILOSOPHICAL PAN!I/IC MOVEM5T4 ,A ?\S& YE>S E>LI] GNO/ICISM HAD RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( H[ A TRULY 0GOOD0 ,GOD C\LD HAVE CREAT$ A WOEFULLY S9FUL WORLD4 ,ITS !ORI/S ANSW]$ ?IS PUZZL+ PROBLEM NOT BY AN*OR+ !IR REPLY 9 0ORIG9AL S90 & A FALL5 HUMANITY BUT BY CREAT+ TWO DEITIES3 A 0GOOD10 TRANSC5D5TAL1 0ALI50 ,GOD :OSE SON ,JESUS HAD COME TO R$EEM ! WORLD1 & A FAULTY1 0JU/10 PETTY DEITY :O HAD CREAT$ ! MAT]IAL WORLD FROM :I* ! SPIRITUALLY PURE 0PNEUMATICS0 5JOY$ IMMUNITY4 ,IF S9 & ANY?+ 0FALL50 EXI/$ 9 ! GNO/IC ORBIT ( IDEAS1 IT WAS IMPUT$ PRIM>ILY TO ! ,CREATOR1 NOT TO HUMANITY4 ,& ! G5IUS ( GNO/ICISM WAS TO LOCATE ?IS CONCEPT ( ! DEFECTIVE )9 ! PETTY REALM ( 0JU/ICE10 :]E ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE & ! LEX TALIONIS PREVAIL$1 RA!R ?AN )9 ! REALM ( E?ICS1 :]E 0GOODNESS0 WAS ! NORM4 

,M$IEVAL PAN!ISM1 BY CONTRA/1 TRI$ TO RAISE A DUALI/IC VISION ( VIRTUE 9TO A UNIFI$ \TLOOK BY SEEK+ TO A*IEVE A MY/ICAL P]SONAL UNION ) ! SUPREME 0,ONE10 ! EMBODIM5T ( GOODNESS4 ,?IS \TLOOK /&S 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO BO? GNO/IC & ,*RI/IAN DUALISM &1 9 FACT1 LEADS TO ,SP9OZA'S LAT]1 MORE ,JUDAIC CONCEPT ( A UNIFY+1 0GODLY0 SUB/ANCE4 ,BY ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 MY/ICS SU* AS ,DAVID ( ,D9ANT & ,AMAURY CLAIM$ ?AT MATT] & M9D W]E ID5TICAL ) ,GOD -- 9DE$1 ?AT EV]Y?+ C\LD BE UNIFI$ AS ,GOD4 ,! SPREAD ( !SE PAN!I/IC IDEAS TO ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE ( ,P>IS & ,/RASB\RG PRODUC$ A NUMB] ( SECTS SU* AS ! ,NEW ,SPIRIT1 ! SI/]HOOD ( ! ,BEGU9ES & ! BRO!RHOOD ( ! ,BE<>DS1 & MO/ NOTORI\SLY1 ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT4 ,TO !SE SECTS1 HUMANITY WAS COMPOS$ ( ! SAME DIV9E SUB/ANCE AS ,GOD1 H5CE IT C\LD 5T] 9TO DIRECT COMMUNION ) ! DEITY4 ,SU* A VIEW NOT ONLY *ALL5G$ ! NE$ = ECCLESIA/ICAL 9T]V5TION BETWE5 HUMANITY & ,GOD1 BUT ALSO GAVE ITS ACOLYTES AN EXHIL>AT+ S5SE ( P]SONAL FRE$OM ?AT C\LD EASILY JU/IFY ! REMOVAL ( ALL WORLDLY RE/RICTIONS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR & OP5 ! WAY TO UNRE/RA9$ MORAL LIC5SE4 

,! SECUL> 0CONV5TS0 & 0MONA/]IES0 ?AT N[ BEGAN TO PROLIF]ATE ?R\<\T ! ,L[L&S1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 & NOR!RN ,ITALY QUICKLY /AK$ \T COEXI/+ CLAIMS TO ! DUTIES ( !IR ECCLESIA/ICAL C\NT]P>TS4 ,P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ ( !SE NEW LAY 9/ITUTIONS1 ! SI/]HOOD ( ! ,BEGU9ES & ! BRO!RHOOD ( ! ,BE<>DS1 PRES5T$ ! MO/ S]I\S ?REAT TO ! ,*UR*'S AU?ORITY4 ,W>S & PLAGUES HAD CREAT$ A V]Y L>GE NUMB] ( 0MA/]LESS0 PEOPLE1 MO/ ( :OM W]E =C$ 9TO LIVES ( BEGG>Y & CRIME4 ,:E!R AS A *>ITABLE ACT OR FROM A DESIRE TO 5LI/ !M 9 ! P]=MANCE ( 0GOOD WORKS10 A LITTLE-KN[N ECCLESIA/IC NAM$ ,LAMB]T BEGAN TO COLLECT ! WOM5 9TO LAY1 NUNLIKE GR\PS -- ! ,BEGU9ES -- :O W]E EXPECT$ TO D$ICATE !MSELVES TO *>ITABLE ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y W]E SOON EMULAT$ BY MANY DISPLAC$ & FOOTLOOSE M5 -- ! ,BE<>DS -- :O =M$ A CORRESPOND+ MALE NETWORK ?AT COLLABORAT$ ) ! WOM54 ,! ACC\NTS ( ! TWO LAY ORD]S1 L>GELY D]IV$ FROM HO/ILE CL]ICS1 >E H>%LY D]OGATORY4 ,*UR* & LAY GR\PS W]E RIVALS = ! SAME *>ITABLE S\RCES ( 9COME1 & 9EVITABLY !Y 5T]$ 9TO %>P CONFLICT ) EA* O!R4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,*UR* BEGAN TO TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ! ORD]S4 ,9 #a#c#a#a1 ! LAY ORD]S W]E CONDEMN$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,VI5NE & W]E LAT] P>TLY SCATT]$ BY ! ECCLESIA/ICAL & T]RITORIAL LORDS1 AL?\< SOME ,BEGU9E HO/ELS L+]$ ON AS *>ITABLE ALM%\SES4 

,BUT MANY ,BEGU9ES & ,BE<>DS W]E ABSORB$ 9TO A NEW 0H]ESY0 -- ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT4 ,9 !IR ACC\NT ( WE/]N MY/ICISM1 ,?OMAS ,KATS>OS & ,NA?ANIEL ,KAPLAN DISCUSS H[ ?IS 0H]ESY0 GREW AT A 0TREM5D\S RATE0 & WAS PRIM>ILY RESPONSIBLE = ! CONV5+ ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,VI5NE4 ,TO ! ,*UR*1 ! ACOLYTES ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT MAY HAVE SEEM$ LIKE ! ULTIMATE ( 0H]ESIES10 IF NOT ! V]Y 9C>NATION ( ,SATANISM4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT /OOD AT IRR$EEMABLE ODDS ) ,*RI/IAN OR?ODOXY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,JEFFREY ,B4 ,RUSSELL'S DEF9ITIVE SUMM>Y1 ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT 0=M$ A LOOSELY CON/RUCT$ GR\P ( SECTS DUR+ ! ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,RH9EL& & C5TRAL ,G]MANY40 ,RUSSELL PLACES ! 0H]ESY0 PRIM>ILY 9 ! T[NS 09 :I* B\RGEOIS PATRICIANS HAD GA9$ CONTROL & 9 :I* ! >TISANS W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( ASS]T+ !IR RI<TS AGA9/ ! PATRICIANS40 ,! P]IOD 9 :I* ! 0H]ESY0 FL\RI%$ WAS ONE ( WIDESPREAD CLASS CONFLICT BETWE5 ! M]*ANT PR9CES & ! >TISAN CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FL&]S4 ,BUT ,RUSSELL RI<TLY NOTES ?AT 0,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO G5]ALIZE AB\T ! SOCIAL CLASS ( ! ,BRE?R540 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE *RONICL]1 0!Y 9CLUDE MONKS1 PRIE/S1 & M>RI$ PEOPLE2 ANO!R DESCRIBES !M AS LABOR]S1 *>COAL BURN]S1 BLACKSMI?S1 & SW9EH]DS2 & YET ANO!R 9DICATES ?AT !Y W]E R\< & ILLIT]ATE M540 ,H[EV]1 ,RUSSELL W>NS US ?AT ,M>XI/ HI/ORIANS MAY T5D TO EXAGG]ATE ! ELEM5TS ( CLASS W>F>E H]E1 BUT ! DOCTR9ES ( ! ,BRE?R5 DO CLE>LY 9DICATE ?AT SOCIAL PROTE/ WAS 9VOLV$4 ,= 9/ANCE1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT A H&MAID5 OR S]F C\LD TAKE & SELL HIS MA/]'S GOODS )\T HIS P]MISSION4 ,?AT TI!S NE$ NOT BE PAID TO ! ,*UR* IS ALSO A DOCTR9E 9DICATIVE ( MORE ?AN /RICTLY !OLOGICAL DISCONT5T4 

,BUT A RADICAL E?ICAL DOCTR9E -- OR AN 0AMORAL0 ONE 9 ! GNO/IC S5SE -- !RE SURELY WAS4 ,IT WAS BAS$ ON ! 0BELIEF ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL ,*RI/IAN IS JU/IFI$ BY ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT DWELL+ )9 HIM & ?AT IT IS FROM )91 RA!R ?AN FROM ! 9/ITUTIONAL ,*UR*1 ?AT ALL GRACE PROCE$S40 ,ACCORD+LY1 ACOLYTES ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT >E 9 A /ATE ( GRACE1 V]Y MU* LIKE ! GNO/IC 0PNEUMATICS10 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR BEHAVIOR4 0,A MAN .<& C]TA9LY A WOMAN.> CAN P]=M A S9FUL ACT )\T BE+ 9 S91 & AS LONG AS HE ACTS ) ! 9T5TION ( FOLL[+ ! WILL ( ! ,SPIRIT1 HIS ACTION IS GOOD40 

,NORMAN ,COHN WAS TO IMP>T AN ALMO/ LEG5D>Y QUALITY TO ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT AMONG Y\NG C\NT]CULTURAL RADICALS ( ! #a#i#fS BY L9K+ IT ) ! MY/ICAL AN>*ISM ( ,HE9RI* ,SUSO4 ,?IS ,DOM9ICAN FOLL[] ( ,ECKH>T1 LIKE ! MA/] HIMSELF1 WAS A HI<LY $UCAT$ ASCETIC1 & HE WROTE VIGOR\S D5UNCIATIONS ( ! MORE PLEBEIAN H$ONI/IC SECTS ( ! P]IOD4 ,COHN DESCRIBES A SKET* WRITT5 AB\T #acc 9 ! *IEF /RON<OLD ( ! H]ESEY1 ,COLOGNE1 .<9 :I*.> ! ,CA?OLIC MY/IC ,SUSO EVOKES ) ADMIRABLE T]S5ESS ?OSE QUALITIES 9 ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT :I* MADE IT ESS5TIALLY AN>*IC4 ,HE DESCRIBES H[ ON A BRI<T ,SUNDAY1 AS WE W]E SITT+ LO/ 9 M$ITATION1 AN 9CORPOREAL IMAGE APPE>$ TO HIS SPIRIT4 ,SUSO ADDRESSES ! IMAGE4 

0,:5CE HAVE Y\ COME80 

,! IMAGE ANSW]S3 0,I COME FROM NO:]E40 

0,TELL ME1 :AT >E Y\80 

0,I AM NOT40 

0,:AT DO Y\ WI%80 

0,I DO NOT WI%40 

0,?IS IS A MIRACLE6 ,TELL ME1 :AT IS Y\R NAME80 

0,I AM CALL$ ,NAMELESS ,WILDNESS40 

0,:]E DOES Y\R 9SI<T LEAD TO80 

0,9TO UNTRAMMEL$ FRE$OM40 

0,TELL ME1 :AT DO Y\ CALL UNTRAMMEL$ FRE$OM80 

0,:5 A MAN LIVES ACCORD+ TO ALL HIS CAPRICES )\T DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 ,GOD & HIMSELF1 & )\T BE=E OR AFT]40 

,SUSO'S DIALOGUE W\LD BE TANTALIZ+LY 9COMPLETE IF WE DID NOT HAVE O!R PRON\NCEM5TS BY ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT ?AT CL>IFY ITS MEAN+4 ,! DIALOGUE IS DEF9ITELY LIB]T9E 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS & 9VOLVES ! DIV9E 9 HUMAN MOTIVATION4 ,?US1 ACCORD+ TO SOME ( !SE PRON\NCEM5TS3 0,HE :O RECOGNIZES ?AT ,GOD DOES ALL ?+S 9 HIM1 HE %ALL NOT S94 ,= HE MU/ NOT ATTRIBUTE TO HIMSELF1 BUT TO ,GOD1 ALL ?AT HE DOES40 ,A MAN ) A CONSCI5CE1 !N1 0IS HIMSELF A ,DEVIL1 & HELL & PURGATORY1 TORM5T+ HIMSELF10 = 0,NO?+ IS S9 EXCEPT :AT IS ?\<T ( AS S940 ,AS ,COHN NOTES1 

,EV]Y ACT P]=M$ BY A MEMB] ( ?IS ELITE WAS FELT TO BE P]=M$ 0NOT 9 TIME BUT 9 ET]NITY02 IT POSSESS$ A VA/ MY/ICAL SIGNIFICANCE & ITS VALUE WAS 9F9ITE4 ,?IS WAS ! SECRET WISDOM :I* ONE ADEPT REVEAL$ TO A SOME:AT P]PLEX$ 9QUISITOR ) ! ASSURANCE ?AT IT WAS 0DRAWN FROM ! 9N]MO/ DEP?S ( ! ,DIV9E ,ABYSS0 & WOR? F> MORE ?AN ALL ! GOLD 9 ! MUNICIPAL TREASURE ( ,]FURT4 0,IT W\LD BE BETT]10 HE ADD$1 0?AT ! :OLE WORLD %\LD BE DE/ROY$ & P]I% UTT]LY ?AN ?AT A 'FREE MAN' %\LD REFRA9 FROM ONE ACT TO :I* HIS NATURE MOVES HIM40 

,ACCORD+LY1 ADEPTS ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT GAVE UP ALL P5IT5TIAL & ASCETIC BEHAVIOR = A LIFE ( PURE PLEASURE1 NOT M]ELY ONE ( HAPP9ESS4 ,MORE ?AN 0R$10 OR FI]Y1 !IR \TLOOK ON LIFE WAS 0PURPLE10 OR S5SU\S4 ,WE HAVE NO VOCABUL>Y )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ORD9>Y LIFE TO DESCRIBE ?IS REM>KABLE EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,IT S\<T MORE ?AN ! PHYSICALLY ORGIA/IC BUT RA!R ! CONV]SION ( REALITY 9TO A SURREALITY ( EXP]I5CE & A DIV9ATION ( ! NATURE ( ?+S4 ,! HALO LAT] DISC]N$ BY ,&RE ,BRETON'S ,NADA 9 ! WORLD >\ND H]1 EV5 9 ! MO/ COMMONPLACE OBJECTS1 WAS H]E MADE 9TO A METAPHYSICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,BUT IT WAS A PRACTICAL PR9CIPLE1 NOT M]ELY AN IDEOLOGICAL ONE4 ,VIGILS1 FA/+1 & ALL S5SU\S D5IAL W]E BR\<T TO AN 5D2 ! BODY WAS TO BE 9DULG$ ) ! *OICE/ W9ES & MEATS & CLO!D 9 ! MO/ S5SU\S G>M5TS4 ,AT TIMES1 ! ADEPTS W\LD EV5 DRESS AS NOBLES :I*1 AS ,COHN NOTES1 WAS 0A SOCIAL AFFRONT & S\RCE ( CONFUSION 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 DIFF]5CES 9 DRESS D5OT$ DIFF]5CES 9 /ATUS40 

,BUT ! ACOLYTES ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y MOVEM5T DID NOT /OP ) SU* PLEASURES AS FOOD & DRESS2 !Y PROCE$$ TO PRACTICE A PROMISCU\S 0MY/ICALLY COLOR$ ]OTICISM40 ,SEXUAL PROMISCUITY WAS SE5 NOT AS AN ACT ( DEFILEM5T BUT RA!R AS ONE ( PURIFICATION4 ,A WOMAN WAS ALL ! MORE 0*A/E0 = P>TAK+ ( UN9HIBIT$ SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE1 AS1 ( C\RSE1 WAS A MAN4 ,9DE$1 0ONE ( ! SURE/ M>KS ( ! 'SUBTLE 9 SPIRIT' WAS1 PRECISELY1 ! ABILITY TO 9DULGE 9 PROMISCUITY )\T FE> ( ,GOD OR QUALMS ( CONSCI5CE10 OBS]VES ,COHN4 

,SOME ADEPTS ATTRIBUT$ A TRANSC5D5TAL1 QUASIMY/ICAL VALUE TO ! SEXUAL ACT ITSELF1 :5 IT WAS P]=M$ BY SU* AS !Y4 ,! ,HOM9ES 9TELLIG5TIAE CALL$ ! ACT 0! DELI<T ( ,P>ADISE0 & 0! ACCLIVITY0 7:I* WAS ! T]M US$ = ! ASC5T TO MY/ICAL EC/ASY72 & ! ,?UR+IAN 0,BLOOD ,FRI5DS0 ( #aee REG>D$ IT AS A SACRAM5T1 :I* !Y CALL$ 0,*RI/]IE40 ,= ALL ALIKE1 ADULT]Y POSSESS$ A SYMBOLIC VALUE AS AN AFFIRMATION ( EMANCIPATION4 

,H5CE1 FRE$OM TO ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT MEANT EV5 MORE ?AN ! RI<T TO ORGIA/IC PLEASURE1 AN EC/ASY ( ! S5SES2 IT MEANT TOTAL SPONTANEITY ( BEHAVIOR & A COSMIC REATTUNEM5T TO NATURE1 ! EMBODIM5T ( ,GOD4 ,P]HAPS UNKN[N TO ITS ACOLYTES1 ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT RE/OR$ ,SUP]NATURE TO NATURE1 & NATURE1 9 TURN1 TO AN ALMO/ 5*ANT$ MY?OPEIC /ATUS 9 ! SPIRITUAL BALANCE ( ?+S4 ,SU* IDEAS OR 9TUITIONS W]E NOT TO DIE EASILY2 !Y SPOKE TOO DEEPLY TO ! 9N]1 LIBID9AL RECESSES ( HUMAN DESIRE4 ,H5CE ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 OR ITS DOCTR9ES1 REMA9$ A P]SI/5T 0H]ESY0 = C5TURIES -- ONE ?AT HAS RECURR$ RI<T UP TO ! PRES5T DAY AS 9DEP5D5T R$ISCOV]IES BY ! ,SYMBOLI/S 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ,SURREALI/S 9 ! #a#i#bS1 & 9 ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! #a#i#fS4 ,IT CON/ITUT$ AN 9DISP5SABLE DIM5SION ( FRE$OM AS A RELEASE FROM ! 9T]NAL REGIM5TATION ( FEEL+ & BODILY MOVEM5TS -- ! SUBJECTIVE ASPECT ( ! EXI/5TIALLY LIB]AT$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,)\T ?IS ASPECT ! NOTION ( FRE$OM REMA9S AN EXT]NALIZ$ SOCIAL AB/RACTION ?AT HAS NO SPACE = ITS 0H]ETICS10 ITS CREATIVE >TI/S1 & ITS 9TELLECTUAL 9NOVATORS4 

,DUR+ ! ,HUSSITE UPHEAVAL1 ! DOCTR9ES ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT APPE>$ AMONG ! ,ADAMITES -- ! MO/ AN>*I/IC W+ ( ! NORMALLY ASCETIC ,TABORITES4 ,SUBJECT$ TO H>% P]SECUTION )9 ,TABOR ITSELF1 ?IS GR\P WAS DRIV5 FROM ! CITY & *AS$ D[N BY ! ,HUSSITE MILIT>Y COMM&]1 ,JAN ,ZISKA4 ,?OSE :O ESCAP$ ,ZISKA'S TROOPS =TIFI$ !MSELVES ON AN ISL& 9 ! ,RIV] ,NEZ>KA & E/ABLI%$ A FREE1 QUASIMILIT>Y COMMUNITY ?AT COMB9$ ! H$ONI/IC LIFEWAYS ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT ) ! MO/ RADICAL COMMUNI/IC PRACTICES ( ! ,TABORITES4 ,! ,ADAMITES W]E NOT A QUIESC5T 5CLAVE ( DEV\TLY RELIGI\S ADEPTS LIKE ! ,ANABAPTI/S3 SMALL AS !Y W]E 9 NUMB]S1 !Y W]E A H>%1 DEM&+ SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT DEVELOP$ ITS [N 0AMORAL0 MORALITY & A CRUSAD+ ZEAL\SNESS ?AT (T5 DEG5]AT$ 9TO %E] RAP9E4 ,!IR BLOOD?IR/Y EXP$ITIONS 9TO ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE & ! BUT*]Y !Y PRACTIC$ MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO UNRAVEL ! PROBLEMS 9H]5T 9 0MILIT>Y0 OR 0W>RIOR0 COMMUNISM -- PROBLEMS ?AT ,I WILL EXAM9E %ORTLY4 

,! ,FREE ,SPIRIT ACQUIR$ ITS MO/ IDIOSYNCRATIC EXPRESSION DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 :5 A NEW1 ALBEIT H>MLESS1 SECT -- ! ,RANT]S -- SC&ALIZ$ ! ,PURITAN REVOLUTION>IES ) !IR [N BR& ( H$ONISM4 ,A4 ,L4 ,MORTON1 :O HAS WRITT5 ONE ( ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE ACC\NTS ( !IR ACTIVITIES & BELIEFS1 EMPHASIZES ?AT BO? !OLOGICALLY & POLITICALLY1 ! ,RANT]S CON/ITUT$ ! 0EXTREME LEFT W+ ( ! SECTS0 ?AT AB\ND$ AT ! TIME4 ,! ,RANT]S PU%$ ALL ! RADICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ,PURITANISM & ITS (F%OOT SECTS 0TO !IR FUR!/ LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS0 & 0EV5 A LITTLE BEYOND40 ,?IS TR5D SOON CULM9AT$ 9 OP5 CONFLICT ) ! LAW4 ,AS ,MORTON OBS]VES1 

,! CONVICTION ?AT ,GOD EXI/$ 91 & ONLY 91 MAT]IAL OBJECTS & M5 L$ !M AT ONCE TO A PAN!I/IC MY/ICISM & A CRUDELY PLEBEIAN MAT]IALISM1 (T5 9CONGRU\SLY COMB9$ 9 ! SAME P]SON4 ,!IR REJECTION ( SCRIPTURE LIT]ALISM L$ SOMETIMES TO AN 5TIRELY SYMBOLIC 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,BIBLE & AT O!RS TO A BLUNT & CONTEMPTU\S REJECTION4 ,!IR BELIEF ?AT ! MORAL LAW NO LONG] HAD AU?ORITY = ! PEOPLE ( A NEW AGE 5JOY+ ! LIB]TY ( ! SONS ( ,GOD L$ TO A CONVICTION ?AT = !M NO ACT WAS S9FUL1 A CONVICTION ?AT SOME HA/5$ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 

,TO SPEAK ( ! ,RANT]S AS AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T OR EV5 AS A SECT 9 ANY ORGANIZ$ S5SE IS TO UND]/ATE ! HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC FOCUS ( !IR IDEAS4 ,IT C\LD BE EASILY >GU$ ?AT !RE W]E ALMO/ AS MANY ,RANT] IDEOLOGIES AS !RE W]E ,RANT]S4 ,:AT /&S \T CLE>LY AMID ! M$LEY ( !IR IDEAS IS NOT ONLY !IR H$ONI/IC PROCLIVITIES1 :I* W]E (T5 EXPRESS$ ) WILD AB&ON1 BUT ALSO !IR SCORN = ALL AU?ORITY1 BO? CIVIL & RELIGI\S4 ,NOT EV5 ! ,BIBLE WAS IMMUNE TO D5IGRATION4 ,! ,RANT]S ,LA/ ,S]MON DEPICTS ! ,SCRIPTURES1 P]HAPS ! MO/ SACR$ S+LE DOCUM5T ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 AS BUT ME] ,ROMANCE1 & CONTRADICTORY TO ITSELF2 ONLY 9V5T$ BY ! ,WITTS ( ,=M] ,AGES1 TO KEEP ,PEOPLE 9 SUBJECTION1 & 9 ,EGYPTIAN SLAV]Y2 LIKEWISE1 ,?AT !RE WAS AS MU* TRU? 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,TOM ,?UMB1 OR ,! ,KNI<TS ( ! ,SUN1 AS !RE WAS 9 ?AT ,BOOK4 

,UNLIKE E>LI] 0H]ETICS10 ! WRIT] MAKES NO APPEAL TO AU?ORITY2 AU?ORITY ITSELF IS COMPLETELY DISSOLV$ 9 MOCK]Y & S>CASM4 

,NOR C\LD ! ,RANT]S CLAIM A MONOPOLY ON \TW>DLY S5SU\S BEHAVIOR DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,NUDITY & PROBABLY A MY/ICAL BELIEF 9 ! P[] ( UN9HIBIT$ SEXUALITY TO A*IEVE A COMMUNION ) ,GOD FILT]$ ?R\< MANY SECT>IAN MOVEM5TS ( ! TIME4 ,QUITE RESPECTABLE ,QUAK]S1 ,*RI/OPH] ,HILL TELLS US1 MADE =AYS BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ASCETICISM & W5T 0'NAK$ = A SIGN1' ) ONLY A LO9 CLO? >\ND !IR MIDDLES40 ,9DE$1 ! 

,QUAK] DOCTR9E ( P]FECTIBILITY CONT9U$ TO TE/IFY AGA9/ ! HATR$ ( ! BODY4 4 4 4 .<,!Y.> ?\<T LACE-MAK+ AN UNSUITABLE OCCUPATION = MEMB]S ( !IR ,SOCIETY1 BUT !Y HAD NO OBJECTION TO BREW+ OR KEEP+ AN ALE-H\SE4 

,O!R SECT>IANS W]E PROBABLY PREP>$ TO GO MU* FUR!R ALONG ! ROAD ( H$ONISM OR ! RESPECT = ! FLE% ?AN MOD]ATE ,RANT]S1 BUT ! ECUM5ICAL USE ( ! WORD 0,RANT]0 SUBSUM$ !IR DOCTR9ES & PRACTICES4 

,EV5 MORE ?AN E>LY ANTIQUITY'S 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION10 ! M$IEVAL FOLK UTOPIAS1 ,*RI/IANITY'S APOCALYPTIC DOCTR9ES1 GNO/ICISM'S CONCEPT ( A 0GOOD0 ,GOD :O IS ALI5 TO A PETTY 0JU/0 ,CREATOR1 & F9ALLY ! LONG L9E ( SECT>IES ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! OV]TLY SECUL> ,RANT]S -- ALL 9CREAS+LY DI/+UI%$ FRE$OM FROM JU/ICE1 ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS FROM ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS4 ,ALL !IR DOCTR9ES OR PRACTICES W]E BAS$ ON COMP5SATION & COMPLEM5T>ITY4 ,! MORE H$ONI/IC ( !SE SECTS & MOVEM5TS V5TUR$ EV5 FUR!R3 ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM WAS EXP&$ FROM A LIMIT$ IDEAL ( HAPP9ESS BAS$ ON ! CON/RA9TS ( %>$ NE$S 9TO AN IDEAL ( PLEASURE BAS$ ON ! SATISFACTION ( DESIRE4 

,BUT ! REALIZATION ( ANY ( !SE IDEALS CLE>LY PRESUPPOS$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( HUMANITY FROM A CONDITION ( S9 TO ONE ( 0GRACE10 :I*1 9 TURN1 HAD PRESUPPOSITIONS ( ITS [N4 ,GRACE C\LD BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY AN 9T]NAL -- 9DE$1 A PSY*OLOGICAL OR SPIRITUAL -- TRANS=MATION ( ONE'S V]Y S5SE ( BE+4 ,AS CONCEIV$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 ?IS *ANGE HAD TO BE SO F>-REA*+ 9 ITS DEP? & SCOPE ?AT IT L$ 9TO ! V]Y NOTION ( TRANSUB/ANTIATION ITSELF -- A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! V]Y SUB/ANCE ( SELFHOOD4 ,*RI/IANITY1 9 I TS (FICIAL =M1 IMPOS$ ! OV]T DISCIPL9E ( ! LAW1 ( ! ,DEUT]ONOMIC ,CODE1 ON ! FAI?FUL2 HUMANITY1 AFT] ALL1 WAS UNRULY & PR$ISPOS$ TO EVIL BY ORIG9AL S94 ,FRE$OM WAS TO BE RES]V$ = HEAV5 -- IF1 9DE$1 FRE$OM IT C\LD BE TRULY CALL$1 BEYOND ! MORAL PL5ITUDE VOIC$ BY ! ,S]MON ON ! ,M\NT4 ,ON E>?1 HUMANITY WAS EXPECT$ TO LIVE BY CONV5TIONAL CODES ( JU/ICE1 BO? ECCLESIA/ICAL & TEMPORAL4 ,LU!R MADE HEAV5LY FRE$OM AN AFFAIR ( ! 9N] LIFE1 ( A DEEPLY SUBJECTIVE FAI? ?AT HAD RELATIVELY LITTLE TO DO ) ! E>?LY WORLD'S WORKS2 ,CALV91 BY PLAC+ A /RONG] EMPHASIS ON WORKS1 PROVID$ ! DOCTR9AL BASIS = ! SOCIAL ACTIVISM SO CONG5IAL TO ! EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE & ! REVOLUTION>Y ,5GLI% ,PURITANS4 ,BUT :E!R ,CA?OLIC OR ,PROTE/ANT1 (FICIAL ,*RI/IANITY QUICKLY LO/ ITS P[] AS A TRANSC5D5TAL =CE4 ,IT HAD ALWAYS BE5 PR$ISPOS$ TO ADAPTATION4 ,9ITIALLY1 IT ACCOMMODAT$ ITSELF TO ,CES>2 LAT] 7AL?\< GRUDG+LY71 TO FEUDALISM'S T]RITORIAL LORDS2 & F9ALLY1 TO CAPITALISM 7= :I* IT PROVID$ AN IMAGE ( AN 5TREPR5EURIAL ,JESUS1 :O TRADES 9 S\LS & M>KETS ! GOSPEL74 

,! GNO/ICS1 BY CONTRA/1 APPEAL$ TO ! M9D & TO ! P[] ( KN[L$GE 9 BR++ HUMANITY 9TO !IR UNIQUE CONCEPTION ( GRACE4 ,?IS L(TY 5DEAVOR C\LD H>DLY HOPE TO SUCCE$ ON DOCTR9AL GR\NDS ALONE -- H5CE ! SOCIALLY )DRAWN NATURE ( GNO/ICISM DUR+ LATE ANTIQUITY4 0,CIVILIZATION0 HAD CREAT$ A NEW *>ACT]-/RUCTURE1 A NEW 9T]NAL DISCIPL9E = CONTA9+ ! SPIRIT3 A 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 ?AT D5I$ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! PASSIONS1 SPONTANEITY1 & DESIRE4 ,SOCIETY'S FE> ( ! ,HOBBESIAN 0NATURAL MAN0 HAS ANT$AT$ BY C5TURIES ,FREUD'S COMMITM5T TO 0CIVILIZATION0 & ITS 9H]5TLY REPRESSIVE /RATEGIES4 ,IF GNOSIS1 OR KN[L$GE1 WAS TO GUIDE HUMAN BEHAVIOR & BR+ HEAV5 TO E>?1 IT HAD TO BE RE9=C$ BY A PSY*IC 0BATT]+ RAM0 ?AT C\LD DEMOLI% ! 9DIVIDUAL'S 0CIVILIZ$0 7?AT IS1 C>EFULLY POLIC$7 *>ACT] /RUCTURE4 ,A HALLUC9OG5IC /RATEGY HAD TO BE DEVIS$ TO D]ANGE ! ,/ATI/1 LAT] ECONOMI/IC1 EPI/EMOLOGY ?AT CLASS SOCIETY HAD 9/ILL$ 9 ! HUMAN P]SONALITY4.<#d#e.> 

,ONE H]ETICAL ,*RI/IAN T5D5CY WAS TO *OOSE ASCETICISM AS ITS HALLUC9OG51 !REBY TOTALLY 9V]T+ PLEASURE1 EV5 HAPP9ESS1 9 AN EC/ATIC D5IAL ( ! S5SES & ELEM5T>Y BODILY NE$S4 ,?IS 0POOR MAN'S0 PLEASURE1 SO TO SPEAK1 FULLY RECOGNIZ$ ! P[]S ( ! FLE% & ACC$$ TO !M MORE BY MI/REAT+ ! BODY & ITS URGES ?AN BY D5Y+ !M4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,HE9RI* ,SUSO IS ONE ( ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y EXEMPL>S ( ?IS DOCTR9E4 ,! PSY*OTIC SELF-TORTURE HE 9FLICT$ ON HIS BODY TO A*IEVE A HALLUC9OG5IC & EC/ATIC COMMUNION ) HIS GNO/IC-TYPE DEITY GOES F> BEYOND ! \T]MO/ LIMITS ( ASCETICISM4 ,IT REVEALS A MASO*I/IC 9VOLVEM5T ) ! FLE% ?AT BEGG>S ! M>TYRDOM ( ! SA9TS4 

,! H$ONI/IC ,OPHITES1 ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 ,ADAMITES1 & ,RANT]S1 ON ! O!R H&1 EVOK$ ! RI* MAN'S PLEASURES AS A BATT]+ RAM = D]ANG+ 0CIVILIZATION'S0 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 & *>ACT] /RUCTURE4 ,!IR HALLUC9OG5IC /RATEGY = PRODUC+ A P]SONALITY 7NOT M]ELY A M9D7 ?AT WAS RECEPTIVE TO GNOSIS C5T]$ >\ND ! UN9HIBIT$1 SPONTANE\S CLAIMS ( ! BODY -- A 0DISCIPL9E0 ( 9DISCIPL9E ?AT DEPLOY$ ! 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 TO DISSOLVE ! 0REALITY PR9CIPLE40 ,*OICE FOODS & G>M5TS1 SEXUAL PROMISCUITY1 ! RI<T TO /EAL & EV5 KILL W]E ALL COMB9$ 9TO A PROGRAM = R$EMPTION ?AT HAD LO/ ALL ITS O!RWORLDLY /ATUS4 ,:AT C\LD CONCEIVABLY BE MORE EC/ATIC ?AN ! ORGIA/IC DELIRIUM ( UN9HIBIT$ SEXUALITY ?AT ! 0GOOD0 ,GOD SURELY M&AT$ = ! ACOLYTE 9 HIS OR H] REJECTION ( ! 0JU/0 ,CREATOR -- ! F\NT ( S9FUL WORLD8 ,9DE$1 CRIME MADE ONE AN 0\TLAW0 9 ! LIT]AL1 ALMO/ HOLY S5SE ( ! T]M3 IT PITT$ ! ACOLYTE AGA9/ ! ,CREATOR'S MEAN-SPIRIT$ REALM ( JU/ICE & OP5$ ! WAY TO A DUEL BETWE5 ! 0DIV9E SP>K0 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! MUNDANE 9TEGUM5T ?AT CONCEAL$ IT4 ,) A FEW *ANGES 9 WORDS ?IS GOSPEL CAN BE SUDD5LY TRANS=M$ 9TO ,BAKUN9'S HYPO/ATIZATION ( ! B&IT & FOLK ATTITUDES T[>D B&ITRY4 

,MOREOV]1 A NEW WORLD CON/RUCT$ >\ND ! RI* MAN'S PLEASURES WAS A DESID]ATUM 9 ITSELF4 ,IT ACTUALIZ$ ! PROMISE ( ! FOLK UTOPIAS LIKE ,COKAYGNE1 & GAVE !M CONTEMPORANEITY & AN ID5TIFIABLE PLACE1 NOTABLY 9 ! CONV5TICLE ( ! H$ONI/IC H]ETICS4 ,BUT H]E1 ! H$ONI/IC H]ETICS 5C\NT]$ A DILEMMA3 UNRE/RA9$ & UNDISCRIM9AT+ DESIRE PRESUPPOSES A PL5ITUDE ( GOODS TO SATISFY ! HOLY COMMUNITY4 ,H[EV]1 NEI!R NATURE NOR ! TE*NOLOGICAL >MAM5T>IUM ( ! TIME C\LD POSSIBLY BE SO ALL-PROVID+4 ,ASCETICISM 5C\NT]$ A DILEMMA ( ITS [N3 IT NOT ONLY DEM&$ IMM5SE MAT]IAL SACRIFICES = V]Y T5U\S E?ICAL REW>DS1 BUT IT ALSO AB&ON$ ! V]Y HOPE ( ATTA9+ !M 9 A FUTURE UTOPIA4 ,! ASCETIC RADICALS /OOD AT ODDS ) ! TIME-HONOR$ 0BLACK R$I/RIBUTION0 ?AT 9SURG5T PEOPLES HAVE ALWAYS 9VOK$2 9DE$1 PLEASURE ITSELF HAD CEAS$ TO BE A DESID]ATUM4 ,NEI!R ( ! TWO DISCIPL9ES C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO 5LI/ HUMANITY AS A :OLE 7AL?\< ASCETICISM -- AS WE %ALL SEE -- HELD MU* GREAT] PROMISE AS A POPUL> MORALITY ?AN H$ONISM74 

,H5CE ! H$ONI/S & MANY ( ! ASCETICS TURN$ TO AN ELITI/1 NEO-,PLATONI/ DOCTR9E ( S\LS4 ,ONLY ! ELECT -- A SMALL GR\P ( 0PNEUMATICS0 OR 0,SA9TS0 -- C\LD HOPE TO A*IEVE GRACE2 !IR RETA9]S1 ! 0PSY*ICS10 MI<T ASPIRE TO ELEVATE !IR /ATUS TO 0SA9?OOD0 BY MAK+ CONTACT ) ! ELECT1 S]VIC+ !IR NE$S1 & HE$+ !IR WISDOM4 ,! RE/ ( HUMANITY1 :E!R RI* OR POOR1 WAS SIMPLY DOOM$4 ,!SE UN=TUNATES W]E ! IRR$EEMABLE M9IONS ( ! 0JU/0 ,CREATOR1 & !Y LIV$ 9 A HOPELESSLY FALL5 /ATE4 ,!Y C\LD BE PLUND]$ & KILL$2 9DE$1 IT BECAME A DISCIPL9E AMONG ! ELECT TO USE !M = ITS [N 5DS4 

,FROM A !ORETICAL VIEWPO9T1 FRE$OM HAD ACQUIR$ A SCOPE & -- P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS GNO/IC & LATE M$IEVAL =MS -- A DEGREE ( SOPHI/ICATION UNPREC$5T$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 JU/ICE & FRE$OM HAS YET TO MAKE ITS WAY ?R\< ! MAZE ( PRES5T-DAY RADICAL IDEOLOGIES2 AP>T FROM A FEW 9DIVIDUAL !ORI/S1 ! TWO IDEALS >E /ILL VICTIMS ( CONSID]ABLE CONFUSION4 ,! DUAL FUNCTIONS ( PLEASURE & ASCETICISM -- 9DE$1 ( DESIRE & NE$ -- HAVE YET TO BE CL>IFI$ 9 CONTEMPOR>Y RADICAL ?\<T4 ,SO1 TOO1 DO ! NOTIONS ( SC>CITY & PO/-SC>CITY4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 0FRE$OM FROM0 & 0FRE$OM =0 -- ?AT IS1 BETWE5 NEGATIVE & POSITIVE FRE$OM -- HAS BE5 C>EFULLY ANALYZ$ 9 CATEGORIES & JURIDICAL T5ETS2 BUT WE /ILL AWAIT A FULL DISCUSSION ( A RECON/RUCTIVE UTOPIANISM ?AT CAN CL>IFY 9 PRACTICE ! BROAD] DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 AU?ORITY & AN 9=M$ SPONTANEITY4 

,BUT :AT IS ! HI/ORICAL SUBJECT ?AT WILL CREATE A FREE SOCIETY8 ,:AT IS ! CONTEXT )9 :I* ?AT SUBJECT IS =M$8 ,! ,*RI/IAN & GNO/IC RADICALS FAC$ BO? !SE QUE/IONS MORE RESOLUTELY ?AN !Y FAC$ ! LOGIC ( !IR [N PREMISES4 ,!Y WAV]$ & DIVID$ ON SU* ISSUES AS ! FULL LOGIC ( ASCETISM & PLEASURE -- A LOGIC :I* ONLY ! ASCETIC ,CA?>I & ! H$ONI/IC ,ADAMITES FOLL[$ TO ! 5D -- BUT !Y W]E G5]ALLY CLE> AB\T :I* AG5TS W\LD A*IEVE A HOLY E/ATE4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! ANSW]S W]E ELITI/1 REFLECT+ A ,MANI*EAN IMAGE ( ! WORLD COMPOS$ ( 0,SA9TS0 & 0S9N]S40 ,*RI/IANS W]E EXPECT$ TO ACCEPT A DIV9E DISPOSITION ?AT FAVOR$ ! 0,SA9TS0 OV] ! 0S9N]S02 9DE$1 9 ! CASE ( ! H$ONI/S1 !Y W]E TO ACCEPT ! EXPLOITATION ( ! 0S9N]S0 BY ! 0,SA9TS40 

,BUT EV5 9 ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES SU* ELITI/ CONCLUSIONS W]E H>DLY ! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CES ( ,*RI/IAN OR GNO/IC RADICALISM4 ,M>CION HAD NEV] ACCEPT$ !M AT ! BEG9N+S ( ! GNO/IC 0H]ESY10 NOR HAD ,W9/ANLEY AT ! 5D ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,RE=MATION4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 BO? M5 W]E ASCETIC 9 !IR \TLOOK4 ,AN ASCETIC SOCIAL DISPOSITION C\LD HAVE 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE POPUL> APPEAL IF IT WAS SUITABLY MOD]AT$ BY E?ICAL >GUM5TS = A BALANC$ RE/RICTION ( NE$S1 AS OPPOS$ TO ,CA?>I FA/S TO ! DEA? OR ,SUSO'S ORGY ( SELF-TORTURE4 ,! F\RTE5? & FIFTE5? C5TURIES MAY WELL HAVE M>K$ A UNIQUE WAT]%$ = WE/]N HUMANITY4 ,HI/ORY SEEM$ TO BE POIS$ AT A JUNCTURE3 SOCIETY C\LD /ILL *OOSE TO FOLL[ A C\RSE ?AT YIELD$ A MODE/ SATISFACTION ( NE$S BAS$ ON COMPLEM5T>ITY & ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,OR IT C\LD CATAPULT 9TO CAPITALISM ) ITS RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE & ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS1 BO? RE9=C$ BY COMMODITY EX*ANGE & A CANON ( 0UNLIMIT$ NE$S0 ?AT CONFRONT 0SC>CE RES\RCES40 

,MANY CONCRETE FACTORS FAVOR$ ! *OICE ( ! LATT] OV] ! =M]4 ,P]HAPS1 AS OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S SEEM TO BELIEVE1 CAPITALISM WAS ! 09EVITABLE0 \TCOME ( ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM4 ,P]HAPS -- BUT ,*RI/IANITY & ITS V>I\S 0H]ESIES0 HAD OP5$ A TRANSC5D5TAL LEVEL ( DISC\RSE ?AT EMBRAC$ NOT ONLY ! 9TELLECTUALS1 ECCLESIA/ICS1 & $UCAT$ NOBLES ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO REA*$ \T TO MULTITUDES ( ! OPPRESS$1 P>TICUL>LY ITS T[N DWELL]S4 ,= ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 M$IEVAL SOCIETY WAS NOT ONLY PRE9DU/RIAL BUT ALSO E?ICALLY ORI5T$4 ,IT LIV$ NOT ONLY ON A MUNDANE LEVEL ( SELF-9T]E/ & MAT]IAL GA9 BUT ALSO ON AN IDEALI/IC LEVEL ( P]SONAL R$EMPTION & GRACE4 ,ONE CANNOT EXPLA9 ! E>LY CRUSADES ( ! POOR1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! EXT5T TO :I* MANY NOBLES CONV]T$ TO RADICAL ,ANABAPTI/ SECTS1 ON ! O!R1 )\T RECOGNIZ+ ! 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE ( ! E?ICAL SPH]E = PEOPLE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,H5CE1 ! ASCETIC ,*RI/IAN RADICALS HAD A TRANSCLASS CON/ITU5CY AT !IR DISPOSAL3 A HI/ORICAL SUBJECT :O WAS NEI!R PLEBEIAN NOR PATRICIAN BUT ,*RI/IAN 79 A MUTILAT$ BUT DEEPLY S5SITIVE MEAN+ ( ! T]M74 ,?IS ,*RI/IAN C\LD BE MOTIVAT$ BY E?ICAL IDEALS TO AN EXT5T ?AT W\LD PUZZLE MOD]N 9DIVIDUALS4 ,PLUND]1 EXPLOITATION1 & ! PLEASURES ( ! FLE% C]TA9LY NEV] LO/ !IR HOLD ON ! ,*RI/IAN'S ,JANUS-FAC$ \TLOOK4 ,HI]>*Y1 CLASS RULE1 & 0CIVILIZATION0 HAD LEFT !IR DEEP-SEAT$ W\NDS ON ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY FROM ! DAYS ( ITS 9CEPTION4 ,BUT ! M$IEVAL \TLOOK WAS MORE S*IZOPHR5IC & SOMETIMES MORE APOCALYPTIC1 9 AN E?ICAL S5SE2 ?AN CONTEMPOR>Y 9DIVIDUALS CAN EV] UND]/&4 

,?IS E?ICAL WORLD1 TO BE SURE1 DID NOT HANG FREELY SUSP5D$ 9 ! E!REAL AIR ( IDEALISM1 NOR DID IT >ISE FROM HI<-M9D$ 9SPIRATION ALONE4 ,IT EM]G$ FROM A RI*LY TEXTUR$ SOCIAL CONTEXT ( HUMAN-SCAL$ T[NS1 VIBRANT & HI<LY V>IEGAT$ NEI<BORHOODS1 & CLOSELY-KNIT VILLAGES4 ,! 0MA/]LESS0 M5 & WOM5 :O PROVID$ ! LEAV5+ = ! EMANCIPATORY 9TUITIONS ?AT AB\ND$ W]E ROOTLESS \TSID]S OR FOOTLOOSE W&]]S :OSE FUNCTIONAL L9EAGE GOES BACK TO >*ETYPAL FIGURES SU* AS ,>*ILO*US4 ,BUT ?IS ALSO WAS TRUE ( ! ,BIBLICAL PROPHETS1 ( ,JESUS & HIS DISCIPLES1 & ( ! ,*UR*'S GREAT MISSION>IES4 ,! IDEAL ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY 9CLUD$ BO? ! ISOLAT$ VILLAGE & ! WORLDWIDE ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATION4 ,! SOLE PASSPORT ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS EVID5CE ( BAPTISM & A TE/AM5T ( COMMON FAI?4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! CONGREGATION'S VIEW ( SOCIETY WAS MORE 9TEGRAT$ & EXPANSIVE ?AN IT IS TODAY1 DESPITE \R RHETORIC ( 0ONE WORLD0 & ! 0GLOBAL VILLAGE40 ,IMPORTANT AS MAT]IAL 9T]E/S W]E 9 ! PA/1 EV5 ! MO/ OPPRESS$ /RATA 9 ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY W\LD HAVE F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO R$UCE SOCIAL PROBLEMS TO ECONOMIC ONES4 ,SO RI*LY TEXTUR$ & >TICULAT$ A SOCIETY ASSUM$ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT MAT]IAL NE$ C\LD NOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM E?ICAL PRECEPT4 ,TO ATTA9 A 0,*RI/IAN0 SOCIETY1 H[EV] BROADLY SU* WORDS W]E 9T]PRET$1 NOT ONLY DID SY/EMS ( [N]%IP & ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS HAVE TO BE *ANG$1 BUT EV5 AS LATE AS ,RE=MATION TIMES1 0MATT]S ( ! S\L0 -- ! ACCEPT$ MORES1 BELIEFS1 9/ITUTIONS1 &1 9 A MORE P]SONAL VE91 ONE'S *>ACT] & SEXUAL LIFE -- REQUIR$ ALT]ATION4 ,!SE BROAD] NE$S -- 9DE$2 ?IS VIEW ( NE$ ITSELF -- CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO M]E 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 IDEOLOGIES )\T =C+ ! M5TALITY ( A M>KET SOCIETY ON A L>GELY MANORIAL ONE1 HI< TE*NOLOGY ON >TISAN%IP1 AN 9DU/RIAL WORLD ON A DOME/IC ONE1 AN ATOMIZ$ LABOR =CE ON A HI<LY COMMUNAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION BAS$ ON GUILDS & AN ATOMIZ$ SOCIETY ON A RI*LY ASSOCIATIVE BODY ( HUMAN RELATIONS4 

,WAS CAPITALISM A MORE 0SOPHI/ICAT$0 SUB/ITUTE = M$IEVAL SOCIETY8 ,TO SAY 0YES0 W\LD BE >ROGANT PRESUMPTION & AN 9SULT TO ! HI<LY COMPLEX CIVILIZATIONS1 BO? PA/ & PRES5T1 ?AT HAVE RESI/$ 0MOD]NIZATION40 ,TO EMPHASIZE ! PREEM95CE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY 9 HI/ORY IS1 SUBTLY1 TO ELEVATE A DEAD5+1 HOMOG5IZ+ MASS M$IA OV] ! SPIRITUAL YE>N+ ELICIT$ BY RELIGI\S C]EMONIES1 A ME*ANI/IC SCI5TISM OV] A COLORFUL MY?OPEIC S5SIBILITY1 & AN ICY 9DIFF]5CE TO ! FATE ( ONE'S IMM$IATE NEI<BORS OV] A RI*LY 9T]TW9$ SY/EM ( MUTUAL AID4 ,N[ ?AT TORTURE HAS RETURN$ TO ! MOD]N WORLD AS A RATIONALIZ$ TE*NIQUE = 9T]ROGATION & PUNI%M5T1 ! M$IEVAL RACK HAS BECOME PICAYUNE BY COMP>ISON4 ,& :ILE MOD]N SOCIETY NO LONG] DRAGS ITS H]ETICS TO ! /AKE1 IT 9C9]ATES MILLIONS ( UTT]LY 9NOC5T PEOPLE 9 GAS *AMB]S & NUCLE> 9F]NOS4 

,MU* ?AT WE W\LD CALL ! IDEOLOGICAL1 MORAL1 CULTURAL1 & 9/ITUTIONAL 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY WAS DEEPLY 9T]TW9$ ) ITS ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL 0BASE40 ,BO? 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 & 0BASE0 W]E 5RI*$ & BROAD5$ BY ! WEAL? EA* BR\<T TO ! O!R4 ,ECONOMIC LIFE & TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T EXI/$ )9 A WIDE-RANG+ ORBIT ( CULTURAL RE/RA9TS AS WELL AS CULTURAL CREATIVITY4 ,FRE$OM C\LD BE DEF9$ NOT M]ELY 9 MAT]IAL T]MS BUT 9 E?ICAL T]MS AS WELL4 ,?AT CAPITALISM WAS TO DI/ORT ?IS WIDE-RANG+ ORBIT & VIRTUALLY DE/ROY IT HAS ALREADY BE5 EMPHASIZ$ BUT CAN BE> SOME REPETITION4 ,! ]A ?AT SEP>ATES ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES FROM ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS TO BE M>K$ BY A T]RIFY+ DET]IORATION ( COMMUNITY LIFE1 BY A R$UCTION ( HI<LY *]I%$ POPUL> IDEALS TO BRAZ5 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 & BY A DIS9TEGRATION ( 9DIVIDUALITY 9TO EGOTISM4 ,FRE$OM & ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT :O HAD UPHELD ITS IDEALS SUFF]$ ! D5ATUR+1 RATIONALIZATION1 & ECONOMIZATION ?AT HAVE BECOME ! FATE ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY & ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9DE$1 CAPITALISM HAS R$EF9$ ! T]MS BY :I* TO DISCUSS ! NATURE & PROSPECTS ( FRE$OM1 & 9 SOME RESPECTS IT HAS EXP&$ ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM ITSELF4 ,BUT ITS ECONOMI/IC FOCUS IS V]Y REAL4 ,CAPITALISM REFLECTS ! AU!NTIC ECONOMIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & ( ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ITSELF1 BY AN ECONOMY ?AT HAS ABSORB$ EV]Y CULTURAL1 E?ICAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL ISSUE 9TO A MAT]IAL SY/EM ( NE$S & TE*NICS4 

,SU* ECONOMI/IC 9T]PRETATIONS ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY >E NOT M]E IDEOLOGICAL DI/ORTIONS2 !Y ACCURATELY DEPICT ! DOM9ANT REALITY ( \R TIME4 ,:AT IS SO TR\BL+ AB\T ?IS IMAGE IS ?AT IT MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO TRANSC5D ! V]Y LEVEL ( LIFE IT DESCRIBES4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y CRITIQUE ( ! 0B\RGEOIS TRAITS0 ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 TE*NICS1 & 9DIVIDUALITY IS ITSELF TA9T$ BY ! V]Y SUB/ANCE IT CRITICIZES4 ,BY EMPHASIZ+ ECONOMICS1 CLASS 9T]E/1 & ! 0MAT]IAL SUB/RATE0 ( SOCIETY AS SU*1 SU* CRITIQUES >E ! BE>]S ( ! V]Y 0B\RGEOIS TRAITS0 !Y PURPORT TO OPPOSE4 ,!Y >E 9 P]IL\S DEFAULT ( !IR COMMITM5T TO TRANSC5D ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & TO RECOV] ! E?ICAL LEVEL ( DISC\RSE & IDEALS CAPITALISM SO SAVAGELY DEGRAD$4 ,9 ! P>LANCE ( MANY RADICAL !ORI/S1 A 0RATIONAL SOCIETY0 (T5 MEANS LITTLE MORE ?AN A HI<LY RATIONALIZ$ SOCIETY1 & 0FRE$OM0 (T5 MEANS LITTLE MORE ?AN ! EFFECTIVE COORD9ATION ( HUMANITY 9 ! A*IEVEM5T ( ECONOMIC 5DS4 

,BY 0ECONOMIZ+0 ! TOTALITY ( LIFE1 CAPITALISM 0ECONOMIZ$0 ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION10 ! /RUCTURES ( FRE$OM1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT4 ,! COMMUNAL CONTEXT = ?IS SUBJECT HAS BE5 L>GELY DISSOLV$4 ,! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION IMPOS$ A NEW IMP]ATIVE ON ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM3 TO DISCUSS HUMAN EMANCIPATION MEAN+FULLY1 ONE N[ HAD TO EXORCIZE ! DEMONS ( MAT]IAL D5IAL1 A NEW SY/EM ( 0SC>CITY0 L>GELY CREAT$ BY ! M>KET SY/EM1 & ! NATURE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,FRE$OM IS N[ COMPLETELY 5TANGL$ ) ECONOMICS1 A LIB]AT$ LIFE ) ! NOTION ( 0SC>CE RES\RCES10 UTOPIA ) TE*NICS1 & ! E?ICAL REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT ) ! PROLET>IAT4 

,BUT HAS ! 0ECONOMIZATION0 ( FRE$OM BE5 A TOTAL REGRESSION 9 \R LEVEL ( DISC\RSE8 ,ACTUALLY1 ECONOMICS1 TOO1 HAS AN ECOLOGICAL DIM5SION4 ,I REF] NOT TO 0,BUDDHI/10 0CONVIVIAL10 0/EADY-/ATE0 OR 0,?IRD ,WAVE0 ECONOMICS BUT TO ! *>ACT] ( WORK1 TE*NICS1 & NE$S ?AT A FREE SOCIETY MU/ CONFRONT4 ,HAV+ UPROOT$ COMMUNITY & DISSOLV$ ! TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 CAPITALISM HAS =C$ US TO DEF9E ! RELATION%IP ( ! E?ICAL LIFE TO ! MAT]IAL4 ,IT MATT]S V]Y LITTLE1 N[1 :E!R OR NOT ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS 0DESIRABLE02 ! FACT IS ?AT IT HAS HAPP5$1 & WE >E OBLIG$ TO DEAL ) ITS REALITY4 ,:E!R AS W\ND OR SC> TISSUE1 ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 N[ 9CLUDES ! QUE/ION ( \R TE*NICAL 9T]ACTION ) NATURE -- :AT ,M>X CALL$ HUMANITY'S 0METABOLISM0 ) NATURE -- NOT JU/ \R ATTITUDE T[>D NATURE & \R E?ICAL 9T]ACTION ) EA* O!R4 

,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT TE*NICAL ISSUES CAN H5CE=? BE SUB/ITUTES = E?ICAL DISC\RSE & RELATIONS4 ,BUT PLAC$ 9 !IR PROP] CONTEXT1 !Y CAN ACTUALLY HELP TO REV]SE ! 0ECONOMIZATION0 ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,EV]Y APPEAL ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 BE IT 0CLASS CONSCI\SNESS0 OR 0P]SONAL CONSCI\SNESS10 IS AN APPEAL TO ! CREATIVITY ( M9D & AN EXPRESSION ( BELIEF 9 HUMAN VIRTUE4 ,M>X ! 0MAT]IALI/10 ,HEGEL 0! IDEALI/10 ,KROPOTK9 ! 0ECOLOGI/10 & ,F\RI] ! 0UTOPIAN0 HAVE ALL EMB>K$ ON ! SAME VOYAGE ( HOPE3 A BELIEF 9 ! P[]S ( HUMAN REASON TO ATTA9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,NONE HAS HAD A C\RT ( APPEAL MORE SUPREME ?AN ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ?\<T & 9SI<T4 ,! MAT]IAL DISP5SATION ?AT CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ = ! FUTURE IS ITSELF A 0FRE$OM0 -- ONE ?AT HAS >IS51 IRONICALLY1 FROM ! V]Y CONTEXT ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,IT IS A FRE$OM NOT M]ELY TO *OOSE ! K9DS ( GOODS SOCIETY %\LD PRODUCE 7! FRE$OM ( A PRODUCTIVI/ UTOPIA71 BUT TO *OOSE FROM AMONG ! EXTRAVAGANT1 (T5 IRRATIONAL >RAY ( NE$S ?AT CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ 7! FRE$OM ( A CONSUM]I/ UTOPIA74 ,:5 !SE TWO FRE$OMS >E MELD$ 9TO A /ILL HI<] ONE1 ! UTOPIAN DREAM ?AT LIES AHEAD CAN BE NEI!R /RICTLY PRODUCTIVI/ NOR CONSUM]I/4 ,9 LI<T ( ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE PRODUCTS & NE$S1 BO? AS PRODUC] & CONSUM]1 ONE CAN 5VISION A HI<] IDEAL ( FRE$OM -- ONE ?AT REMOVES ! TA9T ( ECONOMISM & RE/ORES ! E?ICAL BASIS ( PA/ TIMES1 & ?AT IS 9FUS$ ) ! OPTIONS OP5$ BY TE*NICAL A*IEVEM5T4 ,POT5TIALLY1 AT LEA/1 WE >E FAC$ ) ! BROADE/ CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM KN[N ?US F>3 ! AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL'S FRE$OM TO %APE MAT]IAL LIFE 9 A =M ?AT IS NEI!R ASCETIC NOR H$ONI/IC1 BUT A BL5D ( ! BE/ 9 BO? -- ONE ?AT IS ECOLOGICAL1 NATIONAL1 & >TI/IC4 

,! EM]G5CE ( A POSSIBILITY1 TO BE SURE1 IS NOT A GU>ANTEE ?AT IT WILL BECOME AN ACTUALITY4 ,TO DRAW UPON ,POTTI]'S L9ES 9 HIS 9SPIR$ REVOLUTION>Y HYMN1 0,! ,9T]NATIONALE10 H[ WILL A NEW SOCIETY 0RISE ON NEW F\NDATIONS08 ,UND] :AT 0BANN]0 CAN HUMANITY 0BE ALL0 AGA98 ,9 VIEW ( ! />K ALT]NATIVES ?AT FAC$ ! ,ADAMITES & 0MILIT>Y0 OR 0W>0 COMMUNISM 9 MOD]N1 AU?ORIT>IAN CONTEXTS1 H[ CAN HUMAN SOCIETY N[ PRODUCE A SUFFICI5CY ( GOODS = EV]YONE 7RA!R ?AN AN ELITE7 & PROVIDE ! 9DIVIDUAL ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE AMONG NE$S AS WELL AS PRODUCTS8 ,)9 ! MAT]IAL REALM ( LIFE1 ?IS IS ! MO/ COMPLETE =M ( HUMAN AUTONOMY ?AT WE CAN EV] HOPE TO A*IEVE -- BO? AS AN EXPRESSION ( RATIONAL CRIT]IA = MAK+ *OICES & ( ! RATIONAL COMPET5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DO SO4 ,9DE$1 IF WE CAN BELIEVE 9 ! COMPET5CE ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS TO DET]M9E POLICY 9 ! CIVIL REALM1 WE CAN ALSO BELIEVE 9 ! COMPET5CE ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS TO DET]M9E !IR NE$S 9 ! MAT]IAL REALM AS WELL4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! BACKW>D LOOK T[>D A GOLD5 AGE HAS ITSELF BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! V]Y PA/ 9TO :I* IT TRI$ TO PE]4 ,ONCE CAPITALISM CAME 9TO ! WORLD & TA9T$ IT ) A 0S5SE ( SC>CITY10 ONE N[ HAD TO LOOK =W>D -- NOT ONLY UPW>D T[>D ! HEAV5S BUT ALSO D[NW>D T[>D ! E>? -- TO ! MAT]IAL WORLD ( TE*NOLOGY & PRODUCTION4 

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