,*APT] #g - ,! ,LEGACY ( ,FRE$OM 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#g4 ,! ,LEGACY ( ,FRE$OM 

  

,! MO/ TRIUMPHANT MOM5T ( ,JU/ITIA DOES NOT OCCUR 9 H] APO!OSIS AS 0B\RGEOIS RI<T10 :5 ! M>KETPLACE GIVES MAT]IALITY TO ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,RA!R1 IT OCCURS 9 ?OSE TIMES ( TRANSITION :5 JU/ICE IS EXTRICAT+ ITSELF FROM ! P>O*IAL WORLD ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS ! H]OIC MOM5T ( 9NOC5CE1 BE=E ! MAT]IALITY ( EQUIVAL5CE 9 ! =M ( ! COMMODITY RECLAIMS AN E>LY IDEALISM4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 JU/ICE IS EM]G5T1 CREATIVE1 & FRE% ) PROMISE -- NOT WORN D[N BY HI/ORY & ! MU/Y LOGIC ( ITS PREMISES4 ,! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE IS /ILL LOOS5+ ! GRIP ( ! BLOOD OA?1 PATRI>*Y1 & ! CIVIC P>O*IALISM ?AT D5IES RECOGNITION TO 9DIVIDUALISM & A COMMON HUMANITY4 ,IT IS OP5+ SOCIETY'S DOOR TO P]SONALITY ) ALL ITS WILD ECC5TRICITIES & TO ! /RANG] AS ! %AD[Y FIGURE ( ! 0\TSID]40 ,BUT BY ! B\RGEOIS ]A1 P>TICUL>LY ITS N9ETE5?-C5TURY CULTURAL APOGEE1 9DIVIDUAL FULFILLM5T REVEALS ITSELF AS NAK$ EGOTISM1 & ! DREAM ( A COMMON HUMANITY BECOMES ! ?READB>E CLOAK = H>% SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,P5ALTY = REW>D IS 9SCRIB$ ALL OV] ! FACE ( ! C5TURY & MEASUR$ \T UNREL5T+LY 9 ! CRUEL DIALECTIC ( ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS4 ,HEAV5 & HELL 9DE$ HANG TOGE!R1 AS ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO OBS]VE4 

,:AT1 !N1 ( FRE$OM -- ( ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS8 ,:]E DOES IT BEG9 TO SEP>ATE FROM ! LIB]ATORY A*IEVEM5TS ( JU/ICE & PICK UP ITS [N ?READ ( DEVELOPM5T8 ,I DO NOT MEAN A RETURN TO ORGANIC SOCIETY2 9/EAD1 ,I MEAN A NEW ADVANCE ?AT WILL 9CLUDE ! 9DIVIDUALITY FO/]$ BY JU/ICE'S MAXIM ( EQUALS & ! %>$ P>TICIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 A COMMON HUMANITY4 

,! WORD 0FRE$OM0 9ITIALLY APPE>S 9 A ,SUM]IAN CUNEI=M TABLET ?AT GIVES AN ACC\NT ( A SUCCESSFUL POPUL> REVOLT AGA9/ A HI<LY OPPRESSIVE REGAL TYRANNY1 ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO4 ,9 ,! ,SUM]IANS1 ,SAMUEL ,NOAH ,KRAM] TELLS US ?AT 09 ?IS DOCUM5T 4 4 4 WE F9D ! WORD 'FRE$OM' US$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 MAN'S RECORD$ HI/ORY2 ! WORD IS AM>GI :I* 4 4 4 MEANS LIT]ALLY 'RETURN TO ! MO!R4'0 ,ALAS1 ,KRAM] WOND]S1 0WE /ILL DO NOT KN[ :Y ?IS FIGURE ( SPEE* CAME TO BE US$ = 'FRE$OM4'0 ,!REAFT]1 0FRE$OM0 RETA9S ITS FEATURES AS A LONG+ TO 0RETURN TO ! MO!R10 :E!R TO ORGANIC SOCIETY'S MATRIC5TRIC AMBIANCE OR TO NATURE P]CEIV$ AS A B\NTIFUL MO!R4 ,! CLASSICAL WORLD IS PREOCCUPI$ ) JU/ICE1 FAIR DEAL+S1 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 & 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! \TSID] 9 ! WORLD CITY1 RA!R ?AN ) FRE$OM'S EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,FRE$OM IS VIEW$ AS UTOPI/IC & FANCIFUL1 & RELEGAT$ TO ! UND]WORLD ( REPRESS$ DREAMS1 MY/ICAL VISIONS1 & ,DIONYSIAN 0EXCESSES0 LIKE ! ,SATURNALIA & O!R EC/ATIC MY/ICAL RITUALS4 

,AS !ORY & AN EXPLICIT IDEAL1 FRE$OM AGA9 RISES TO ! SURFACE ( CONSCI\SNESS ) ,*RI/IANITY4 ,:5 ,AUGU/9E PLACES ! WAYF>+ 0,HEAV5LY ,CITY0 9TO ! WORLD AS A =CE = SOCIAL *ANGE1 HE ALSO LOCATES IT 9 A MEAN+FUL1 PURPOSEFUL HI/ORICAL DRAMA ?AT LEADS TO HUMANITY'S R$EMPTION4 ,H5CE HUMANK9D IS REMOV$ FROM ! MEAN+LESS RECURR+ CYCLES ( ANCI5T SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,H]E WE 5C\NT] ! RADICAL FACE ( HI/ORY'S 0D\BLE MEAN+0 AS IT WAS DEVELOP$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN FA!RS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,AUGU/9E1 CREATION 9ITIATES A DI/9CTLY L9E>1 TIME-LAD5 EVOLUTION ANALOG\S TO ! 9DIVIDUAL'S [N /AGES ( LIFE4 ,! P]IOD FROM ,ADAM TO ,NOAH IS HUMANITY'S *ILDHOOD1 ,NOAH TO ,ABRAHAM ITS BOYHOOD1 ,ABRAHAM TO ,DAVID ITS Y\?1 & ,DAVID TO ! ,BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY ITS MANHOOD4 ,AFT] ?IS1 HI/ORY PASSES 9TO TWO CONCLUD+ P]IODS BEG9N+ ) ! BIR? ( ,JESUS & 5D+ ) ! ,LA/ ,JUDGM5T4 ,)9 ?IS HI/ORY1 ! HEAV5LY & E>?LY CITIES >E 5GAG$ 9 AN IRRECONCILABLE S]IES ( CONFLICTS 9 :I* EA* A*IEVES EPISODIC TRIUMPHS OV] ! O!R4 ,H[EV]1 A DIALECTIC ( CORRUPTION & G]M9ATION ASSURES ! TRIUMPH ( ! HEAV5LY CITY OV] ! E>?LY4 ,R$EMPTION ?US CEASES TO BE ! >BITR>Y :IM ( A DEITY2 IT CEASES1 9 EFFECT1 TO BE EXCLUSIVELY TRANSC5D5TAL & BECOMES AN?ROPOLOGICAL4 ,HI/ORY IMP>TS TO FAI? A LOGIC & 9TELLIGIBILITY ?AT 9SPIRES HOPE1 MEAN+1 & ACTION4 ,AUGU/9E'S VIEW ( R$EMPTION IS PROSPECTIVE RA!R ?AN RETROSPECTIVE2 ! 0GOLD5 AGE0 ( ! PAGAN N[ LIES 9 A HI/ORICALLY CONDITION$ FUTURE1 ONE ?AT IS TO BE ATTA9$ 9 A BATTLE ) EVIL1 RA!R ?AN A LONG-LO/ NATURAL PA/4 ,9 ,AUGU/9E'S TIME1 ?IS VISION S]V$ TO DIFFUSE ! MILL5>IAN HOPES ( ! EM]G+ ,*RI/IAN WORLD = AN IMM95T ,SECOND ,COM+ ( ,*RI/4 ,BUT IT LAT] HAUNT$ ! ,*UR* LIKE A PO/PON$ DEBT1 :OSE CLAIMS MU/ BE HONOR$ BY ITS CL]ICAL CR$ITORS SOON] OR LAT]4 

,! DECISIVE IDEA 9 ,AUGU/9E'S WORK1 OBS]VES ,]N/ ,BLO*1 IS ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME A POLITICAL UTOPIA APPE>S 9 HI/ORY4 ,9 FACT1 IT PRODUCES HI/ORY2 HI/ORY COMES TO BE AS SAV+ HI/ORY 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! K+DOM1 AS A S+LE UNBROK5 PROCESS EXT5D+ FROM ,ADAM TO ,JESUS ON ! BASIS ( ! ,/OIC UNITY ( MANK9D & ! ,*RI/IAN SALVATION IT IS DE/9$ =4 

,BY PLAC+ ,*RI/IAN ES*ATOLOGY 9 A HI/ORICAL CONTEXT1 ,AUGU/9E 9ITIATES A CONCEPT ( UTOPIA ?AT IS E>?B\ND & FUTURE-ORI5T$4 ,HI/ORY HAS A GOAL ?AT EXT5DS BEYOND CYCLIC RETURN TO A F9AL CULM9ATION 9 ! PRACTICAL AFFAIRS ( HUMANITY4 ,BIBLICAL N>RATIVE P>ALLELS P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T2 H5CE IT CEASES TO BE AN 9V5TORY ( MIRACLES1 REW>DS1 & PUNI%M5TS4 ,! 0WORLD ORD]10 9 TURN1 CEASES TO BE ! CONSEQU5CE ( A TRANSC5D5TAL WORLD ?AT EXI/S BEYOND IT1 H[EV] MU* ,AUGU/9E P]MEATES IT ) ! ,WILL ( ,GOD4 ,IT IS AN ORD] 9 :I* ?AT ,WILL IS IMMAN5T 9 ! E>?LY WORLD AS WELL1 AN ORD] ?AT 9CLUDES CAUSALLY RELAT$ EV5TS AS WELL AS MIRACUL\S ONES4 

,BUT ,AUGU/9E NOT ONLY PROVIDES US ) ! FIR/ NOTION ( A POLITICAL UTOPIA2 HE EMPHATICALLY D5IGRATES POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,TO BE SURE1 E>LY ,*RI/IANITY HAD ALWAYS VIEW$ POLITICAL 5TANGLEM5TS AS TA9T$4 ,LIKE ! ,/OICS BE=E !M1 ! ,*UR* FA!RS ( ! LATE ,ROMAN WORLD >TICULAT$ ! 9DIVIDUAL'S FEEL+S ( 9CREAS+ SEP>ATION FROM ALL LEVELS ( POLITICAL P[] & SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,GONE W]E ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( ! POLIS1 ! HOPLITES OR MILITIAS ( CITIZ5-F>M]S1 ! CITIZ5-AMATEURS *OS5 BY LOT TO ADM9I/] ! DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC &1 MORE M>K$LY1 ! EMPIRE HAD LONG REPLAC$ !M ) S5ATORIAL & IMP]IAL RUL]S1 PR(ESSIONAL >MIES1 & AN ELABORATE1 F>-FLUNG BUREAUCRACY4 ,= ,/OICISM & ,*RI/IANITY TO PREA* A GOSPEL ( AB/95CE FROM POLITICAL ACTIVISM M]ELY EXPRESS$ 9 SPIRITUAL & E?ICAL T]MS A SITUATION ?AT HAD BECOME FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ AS FACT4 ,IT NEI!R *ALL5G$ ! POLITICAL ORD] ( ! TIME NOR ACQUIESC$ TO IT1 BUT M]ELY ACKN[L$G$ EXI/+ REALITIES4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ,AUGU/9E DID MORE ?AN C\NSEL 9DIFF]5CE TO POLITICAL AU?ORITY2 HE D5\NC$ IT4 ,FRANZ ,NEUMANN1 DESCRIB+ :AT4 HE CALLS ! 0,AUGU/9IAN POSITION10 ACUTELY NOTES ! DUAL NATURE ( ?IS D5UNCIATION4 ,AUGU/9E VIEW$ POLITICS AS EVIL3 0,POLITICAL P[] IS CO]CION1 EV5 9 ORIG9S & PURPOSE40 ,= HUMAN TO DOM9ATE HUMAN IS 0UNNATURAL03 

,ONLY AT ! 5D ( HI/ORY ) ! ADV5T ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD CAN & WILL CO]CION BE DISP5S$ )4 ,FROM ?IS PHILOSOPHY D]IVE TWO RADICALLY DIFF]5T1 YET 9H]5TLY RELAT$1 ATTITUDES3 ?AT ( TOTAL CON=MISM & ?AT ( TOTAL OPPOSITION TO POLITICAL P[]4 ,IF POLITICS IS EVIL1 )DRAWAL IS M&ATORY4 ,=MS ( GOV]NM5T & OBJECTIVES ( POLITICAL P[] BECOME IRRELEVANT4 ,SALVATION CAN BE ATTA9$ ?R\< FAI?1 & E>LY LIFE %\LD BE A M]E PREP>ATION = IT4 ,MONA/ICISM IS ! FIR/ CONSEQU5CE4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 H[EV]1 ! DEM& = ! IMM$IATE DE/RUCTION ( POLITICS & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,K+DOM ( ,GOD MAY EQUALLY BE SUPPORT$ BY ! ,AUGU/9IAN PREMISE4 ,! ,ANABAPTI/ MOVEM5T .<( ! ,RE=MATION ]A.> WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ /RIK+ MANIFE/ATION ( ! TOTAL REJECTION ( SOCIETY4 

,MORE ACCURATELY1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S REJECT$ ! POLITICAL WORLD REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE4 

,! CONFLICT LAT5T 9 ?IS DUAL MESSAGE ( POLITICAL QUIETISM & MESSIANIC ACTIVISM C\LD H>DLY BE SUPPRESS$ ONCE ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E BECAME 9CREAS+LY SECUL>IZ$4 ,! ,*UR* WAS ! MAJOR FACTOR BEH9D ITS [N TRANS=MATION FROM AN O!R-WORLDLY 9TO A WORLDLY P[] -- NOTABLY BY ITS GR[+ CONFLICT ) ! TEMPORAL P[] TO :I* ,PAUL9E ,*RI/IANITY HAD 5TRU/$ HUMANITY'S WORLDLY DE/9Y4 ,! MO/ EXPLOSIVE ( !SE CONFLICTS DEVELOP$ 9 ! ELEV5? C5TURY1 :5 ,POPE ,GREGORY ,V,I,I =BADE ! LAY 9VE/ITURE ( BI%OPS & CLAIM$ ?IS AU?ORITY EXCLUSIVELY = ! ,PAPACY4 ,! DISPUTE REA*$ ITS CULM9ATION :5 ! ,HOLY ,SEE EXCOMMUNICAT$ ! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMP]OR1 ,H5RY ,I,V1 = CONTUMACI\SLY RESI/+ ! ,*UR*'S CLAIMS1 & CALL$ UPON ,H5RY'S SUBJECTS TO D5Y HIM FEALTY4 

,?IS WAS MORE ?AN AN EXT5SION ( ECCLESIA/ICAL P[]4 ,GREGORY WAS ASS]T+ ! HI<] AU?ORITY ( SPIRITUAL OV] POLITICAL P[]4 ,9 SO DO+1 HE *ALL5G$ POLITICAL P[] & PLAC$ IT 9 A TA9T$ E?ICAL LI<T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,POPE TRAC$ POLITICAL AU?ORITY AS SU* BACK TO EVIL & S9 9 A FA%ION ?AT MAKES ! ,AUGU/9IAN POSITION SEEM TEPID BY COMP>ISON4 ,?US1 DECLAIM$ ,GREGORY1 

,:O DOES NOT KN[ ?AT K+S & RUL]S TOOK !IR BEG9N+ FROM ?OSE :O1 BE+ IGNORANT ( ,GOD1 HAVE ASSUM$1 BECAUSE ( BL9D GRE$ & 9TOL]ABLE PRESUMPTION1 TO MAKE !MSELVES MA/]S ( !IR EQUALS1 NAMELY M51 BY MEANS ( PRIDE1 VIOL5CE1 BAD FAI?1 MURD]1 & NE>LY EV]Y K9D ( CRIME1 BE+ 9CIT$ !RETO BY ! PR9CE ( ! WORLD1 ! ,DEVIL8 

,TAK5 BY !MSELVES1 !SE HEADY WORDS MAT* ! MO/ /++ ATTACKS ?AT W]E TO BE LEVEL$ AGA9/ POLITICAL AU?ORITY BY ! REVOLUTION>Y *ILIA/IC LEAD]S ( ! ,RE=MATION P]IOD4 

,!REAFT]1 ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E BECAME 9CREAS+LY SOCIAL & SECUL> UNTIL RELIGI\S DISPUTES B>ELY CONCEAL$ H>% CLA%ES OV] ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! ,AUGU/9IAN POSITION4 ,! EV5TUAL SUBMISSION ( SAC]DOTAL TO SECUL> P[] DID NOT T]M9ATE !SE CONFLICTS4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT MADE !M \TRAGE\SLY WORLDLY 9 *>ACT]4 ,9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ,JOHN ( ,SALISBURY BLUNTLY TURN$ HIS BACK ON ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y ( HIS DAY1 A HI]>*Y BAS$ ON ! UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE ( RUL$ TO RUL]1 & PROCE$$ TO EXPLORE ! VALIDITY ( GOV]NANCE BY LAW4 ,TYRANNY -- BY :I* ,JOHN MEANT ! DISREG>D ( LAW AS DICTAT$ BY ! PEOPLE -- WAS BEYOND LEGITIMATION & C\LD BE OV]?R[N BY =CE4 ,?IS F>-REA*+1 AV[$LY REVOLUTION>Y POSITION WAS DRAWN NOT FROM ! ,*RI/IAN FA!R ,AUGU/9E1 BUT FROM ! REPUBLICAN !ORI/ ,CIC]O4 ,ITS M$IEVALI/IC REF]5CES TO 0PR9CES0 & 0K+S0 ASIDE1 IT HAD A DI/9CTLY REPUBLICAN R+4 

,:ILE ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E DRIFT$ 9TO ,?OMI/IC S*OLA/ICISM1 ) ITS EXPLICIT JU/IFICATION ( HI]>*Y & ITS DESIGNATION ( POLITICAL P[] AS 0NATURAL10 ,JOA*IM ( ,FIORE1 ALMO/ A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,JOHN ( ,SALISBURY1 BR\<T ! RADICAL ES*ATOLOGY ( ,*RI/IANITY COMPLETELY 9TO ! OP54 ,JOA*IM'S GOAL WAS NOT TO 0CLEANSE ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE ( !IR HORRORS10 OBS]VES ,BLO*4 0,!Y W]E ABOLI%$ 9/EAD1 OR RA!R A LUX NOVA WAS K9DL$ 9 IT -- ! ',?IRD ,K+DOM1' AS ! ,JOA*IMITES CALL$ IT40 ,! ,?IRD ,K+DOM -- ! COM+ HI/ORICAL /AGE ILLUM9$ BY ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT -- WAS TO SUCCE$ ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T /AGE BAS$ ON ! ,FA!R & ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T /AGE BAS$ ON ! ,SON4 ,) ! ILLUM9ATION PROVID$ BY ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT1 ALL MA/]S1 BO? SPIRITUAL & TEMPORAL1 W\LD DISAPPE>1 & 0:EAT0 W\LD REPLACE ! 0GRASS0 BR\<T BY ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T ]A & ! 0%EAVES0 BR\<T BY ! ,NEW4 

,JOA*IMISM F$ DIRECTLY 9TO ! GREAT *ILIA/IC MOVEM5TS ?AT SWEPT ?R\< ! M$IEVAL WORLD 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY & SURFAC$ AGA9 DUR+ ! ,RE=MATION4 ,BLO*'S ASSESSM5T ( ,JOA*IM'S 9FLU5CE IS WOR? NOT+3 

,= C5TURIES1 G5U9E & =G$ WRIT+S ( ,JOA*IM'S REMA9$ 9 CIRCULATION4 ,!Y APPE>$ 9 ,BOHEMIA & 9 ,G]MANY1 EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E SECTS ASPIR+ TO ORIG9AL ,*RI/IANITY W]E CLE>LY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,CALABRIAN PREA*+4 ,! ,HUSSITES' 0K+DOM ( ,GOD 9 ,BOHEMIA0 -- REPEAT$ A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT] 9 ,G]MANY BY ! ,ANABAPTI/S -- MEANT ,JOA*IM'S CIVITAS ,*RI/I4 ,BEH9D IT LAY ! MIS]Y ?AT HAD COME LONG S9CE2 9 IT LAY ! MILL5NIUM :OSE COM+ WAS DUE1 SO M5 /RUCK A BL[ ( WELCOME4 ,SPECIAL ATT5TION WAS PAID TO ! ABOLITION ( WEAL? & POV]TY2 ! PREA*+ ( ?OSE SEEM+ ROMANTICS TOOK BRO!RLY LOVE LIT]ALLY & 9T]PRET$ IT F9ANCIALLY4 0,DUR+ ITS J\RNEY ON E>?10 ,AUGU/9E HAD WRITT51 0! ,CITY ( ,GOD ATTRACTS CITIZ5S & GA!RS FRI5DLY PILGRIMS FROM ALL NATIONS1 REG>DLESS ( DIFF]5CES DUE TO CU/OMS1 LAWS1 & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT S]VE MAT]IAL GA9 & ASSURE E>?LY PEACE40 ,! ,JOA*IMITES' COM+ CIVITAS ,DEI1 ON ! O!R H&1 KEPT A %>P EYE ON 9/ITUTIONS ?AT S]V$ MAT]IAL GA9 & EXPLOITATION1 & ! TOL]ANCE IT PRACTIC$ -- NAMELY1 T[>D ,JEWS & HEA!NS -- C\LD NOT BUT BE ALI5 TO 9T]NATIONAL ECCLESIA/ICISM4 ,ITS CRIT]ION = CITIZ5%IP WAS NOT :E!R A MAN HAD BE5 BAPTIZ$1 BUT :E!R HE HE>D ! FRAT]NAL SPIRIT 9 HIMSELF4 

,! ,JOA*IMITE 0F9ANCIAL0 9T]PRETATION ( BRO!RLY LOVE C>RI$ ,*RI/IAN ES*ATOLOGY BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( ! ,AUGU/9IAN POSITION 9TO A DI/9CTLY SECUL> SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY & MOVEM5T4 ,! SOCIAL !ORIES ( ,MA*IAVELLI1 ,HOBBES1 & ,LOCKE [E !IR SECUL> QUALITY TO ! ASSIMILATION ( 0O!R-WORLDL9ESS0 TO 0?IS-WORLDL9ESS10 A PROCESS ?AT BEG9S ) ,JOHN ( ,SALISBURY & ,JOA*IM ( ,FIORE4 ,*RI/IAN SOCIAL !ORY1 P>TICUL>LY ITS RADICAL W+1 HAD OV]COME ! DUALITY BETWE5 HEAV5 & E>? ON :I* ,PAUL9E ,*RI/IANITY HAD BE5 N\RI%$4 ,ONCE ! SPLIT WAS TRANSC5D$1 HEAV5LY QUE/IONS W]E SUP]S$$ BY PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( LAW1 P[]1 AU?ORITY1 EQUALITY1 & FRE$OM4 ,POPE ,GREGORY ,V,I,I HAD OP5$ SLUICE GATES ?AT HIS ]A C\LD NEV] AGA9 CLOSE4 ,ONCE ! ,*UR* ITSELF BECAME ! PLAY?+ ( ! TEMPORAL P[]S & ! PAPACY AN 9/RUM5T ( ,ROME'S LOCAL PATRICIATE1 HEAV5 TOO BEGAN TO LOSE ITS HYPNOTIC P[] OV] ! HUMAN M9D1 & HOPE CEAS$ TO F9D REFUGE 9 ! SPIRITUAL DISP5SATION ( AN O!RWORLDLY ,K+4 ,:5 ! ,PURITANS ( #afdi REMOV$ ! HEAD ( ,*>LES ,I 9 ! NAME ( A NEW RELIGI\S CR$O1 !Y EFFECTIVELY REMOV$ ! HEAD ( !IR HEAV5LY ,FA!R AS WELL4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ C5TURY1 ! ,P>ISIAN SANS CULOTTES W]E TO REMOVE K+LY & QUE5LY HEADS ) 9VOCATIONS TO NO HI<] AU?ORITY ?AN REASON4 

,*RI/IAN HI/ORICISM1) ITS PROMISE ( AN E>LY UTOPI/IC FUTURE1 TAK5 TOGE!R ) ! ,*UR*'S APPEALS = DIRECT POPUL> SUPPORT AGA9/ ANTICL]ICAL ABUSES BY LAY AU?ORITY1 HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( M$IEVAL & E>LY MOD]N TIMES4 ,UNTIL ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM ACQUIR$ ! /ATUS ( (FICIAL DOGMA 9 NE>LY HALF ! WORLD1 ,*RI/IANITY WAS TO PLAY A PR$OM9ANT ROLE 9 ! SPIRITUAL & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( WE/]N SOCIETY4 ,NO DOCTR9E C\LD K9DLE MORE F]V5T HOPES AMONG ! OPPRESS$1 ONLY TO DA% !M TO ! GR\ND :5 ! CL]ICAL & CIVIL P[]S P]IODICALLY COMB9$ TO REPRESS SUBV]SIVE SECTS & RADICAL POPUL> MOVEM5TS4 ,CONTRADICTIONS )9 ,*RI/IAN RELIGI\S PRECEPTS W]E TO PROVIDE ! GR9D/ONE = %>P5+ ! KNIVES ( SOCIAL CRITICISM1 :I*1 9 TURN1 GAVE RISE TO NEW IDEAS = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,DESPITE ITS PAT5TLY CONFLICT+ MESSAGES1 ,*RI/IANITY (F]$ ! PR9CIPLES1 EXAMPLES1 SOCIAL METAPHORS1 E?ICAL NORMS1 & ABOVE ALL A SPIRITUAL EMPHASIS ON ! VIRTU\S LIFE ?AT W]E TO FO/] AN UNPREC$5T$ ZEALOTRY 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL REBELLION4 ,ITS E?ICAL IMPACT ON M$IEVAL MOVEM5TS = *ANGE CONTRA/S %>PLY ) ECONOMI/IC & MAT]IALI/IC EXPLANATIONS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,SU* A TREM5D\S MOVEM5T AS ,ANABAPTISM -- A MOVEM5T ?AT 5LI/$ NOBLES & LE>N$ SECT>IANS AS WELL AS POOR T[NSPEOPLE & PEASANTS 9 SUPPORT ( APO/OLIC COMMUNISM & LOVE -- C\LD NOT HAVE EM]G$ )\T AN*OR+ ITS V>I$ IDEALS 9 ,*RI/IAN E?ICAL IMP]ATIVES4 ,!SE IDEALS \TWEI<$ LIFE ITSELF 9 ! EYES ( ITS ACOLYTES4 

,TO DESCRIBE RELIGION1 P>TICUL>LY ,*RI/IANITY1 AS ! 0HE>T ( A HE>TLESS WORLD10 AS ,M>X DOES1 IS NOT TO DISMISS RELIGION BUT TO ACKN[L$GE ITS AUTONOM\S EXI/5CE AS AN E?ICAL DIM5SION ( SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! LATE ,ROMAN WORLD TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 EV]Y SIGNIFICANT RADICAL IDEAL WAS CA/ 9 T]MS ( ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E4 ,EV5 :5 PEOPLE LOOK$ BACKW>D T[>D A LO/ GOLD5 AGE OR =W>D TO A ,LA/ ,K+DOM1 !Y (T5 ALSO LOOK$ UPW>D TO A 0HEAV5LY0 DISP5SATION = 9SPIRATION1 IF NOT VALIDATION4 ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E WAS A /ELL> BODY 9 ! WORLD'S FIRMAM5T ( BELIEF -- A S\RCE ( ILLUM9ATION ?AT W\LD NOT BE DISC>D$ AS A GUID+ =CE 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS UNTIL ! EI<TE5? OR N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,FRE$OM'S EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS HAD NEV] TOTALLY DISAPPE>$ AS A PR9CIPLE ( 0COMP5SATION10 IF ONLY BECAUSE ?IS PR9CIPLE C\LD BE US$ TO PROVIDE CR$IBILITY = PRIVILEGE AS WELL AS EQUALITY4 ,:]E JU/ICE ASSAIL$ ! 9EQUITIES ( CLASS RULE OR ITS CLAIMS TO /ATUS AS A MATT] ( BIR?1 ! NOTION ( 0COMP5SATION0 RE9=C$ !SE 9EQUITIES BY ACCORD+ TO 0UNEQUALS0 A GREAT] 0COMP5SATORY0 9CREM5T 9 P[]1 WEAL?1 & AU?ORITY4 0,COMP5SATION0 ACKN[L$G$ ! 0SUP]IORITY0 ( ! SLAVE MA/] & FEUDAL LORD OV] !IR SLAVES & S]FS2 IT ACCORD$ ! RUL] ! AU?ORITY & MEANS TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ! NORMS ( RUL]%IP4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! NOBLES ( IMP]IAL ,ROME & FEUDAL ,EUROPE CLAIM$ ! 0FRE$OM0 TO LIVE ON V]Y UNEQUAL T]MS ) ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ B5EA? !M4 ,NORMALLY1 IT WAS TO ,CES> & ! FEUDAL MON>*S1 NOT TO LOCAL SATRAPS & LORDS1 ?AT ! OPPRESS$ TURN$ = JU/ICE4 ,NEI!R FRE$OM NOR JU/ICE W]E PREVAL5T AS PR9CIPLES 9 ,EUROPEAN MANORIAL SOCIETY2 RA!R1 A FAIRLY PRECISE SY/EM ( RI<TS & DUTIES WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 RUL+ & RUL$ CLASSES1 BAS$ ON HI<LY MODIFI$ CU/OMS & TRADITIONS ?AT D]IV$ FROM TRIBAL TIMES4 ,T]RITORIAL LORDS W]E TO BE COMP5SAT$ = !IR MILIT>Y PR[ESS 9 DEF5D+ !IR L&S & SUBJECTS FROM 0B>B>IAN0 RAID]S -- & FROM ! DYNA/IC CONFLICTS G5]AT$ BY FEUDAL SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,VILLE9S1 PEASANTS1 & S]FS W]E ALSO TO BE COMP5SAT$ = ! MAT]IAL SUPPORT !Y GAVE TO SECURE SAFETY & PEACE 9 A V]Y TR\BL$ ]A4.<#d#a.> ,9 EFFECT1 COMP5SATION = 9EQUALITIES HAD BE5 D5ATUR$ 9TO PRIVILEGE4 

,:]EV] ?IS SY/EM ( RI<TS & DUTIES BROKE D[N1 ! OPPRESS$ (T5 RETURN$ TO ! EGALIT>IAN PREMISES ?AT HAD N\RI%$ ! PR9CIPLE ( COMP5SATION4 ,TO ! OPPRESS$1 :AT HELD = ! T]RITORIAL LORDS C\LD EASILY HOLD = !M2 !Y TOO C\LD CLAIM ! PRIVILEGES CONF]R$ BY 09EQUALITY40 ,H5CE ! 0BACKW>D LOOK0 TO A GOLD5 AGE WAS NOT ALWAYS EVID5CE ( NO/ALGIA OR ( AN E?ICAL DRAMA 9 :I* AU?ORITY & OPPRESSION W]E UNAVOIDABLE P5ALTIES = ORIG9AL S9 & ! LOSS ( 9NOC5CE4 ,(T51 ! 0BACKW>D LOOK0 9VOLV$ AN ATTEMPT BY ! OPPRESS$ TO RE/ORE FRE$OM'S EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS -- TO RECOV] ! V]Y PREMISES FROM :I* RUL+ CLASSES HAD REWORK$ ANCI5T TRADITIONS TO SUPPORT !IR [N 0COMP5SATORY0 PRIVILEGES4 

,BUT ) ,*RI/IANITY1 ?IS 0BACKW>D LOOK0 ACQUIR$ A VIBRANT S5SE ( FUTURITY -- & NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ,AUGU/9IAN OR ,JOA*IMITE HI/ORICISM4 ,TO ! PAGAN WORLD1 ! MEMORY ( A GOLD5 AGE ELICIT$ BASICALLY QUIETI/IC & NO/ALGIC RESPONSES4 ,EV5 9 ! ANCI5T CYCLES ( ET]NAL RECURR5CE1 IT WAS DOOM$ TO BE SUCCE$$ BY FAULT$ EPO*S4 ,FROM ,PLATO TO ! ,/OICS1 SOCIAL !ORY CONTA9S A QUIETI/IC CORE1 A S5SE ( FATALISM & RESIGNATION1 9 :I* 0IDEAL0 POLEIS >E FROZ5 9 !IR IDEALITY & !IR DI/ANCE FROM ! REAL WORLD1 OR ELSE R$UC$ TO PRIVATE G>D5S AS LOCI = AN E?ICAL RETREAT4 ,)9 ANY GIV5 SOCIAL CYCLE1 ! GOLD5 AGE C\LD NO LONG] BE EXPECT$ TO RETURN2 !RE WAS NO PO9T 9 /RIV+ = IT4 ,ALL EPO*S 9 ! CYCLE W]E AS PR$ET]M9$ AS ! 9EXORABLE CYCLES ( NATURE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! OPPRESS$ OR ! MORALLY 9SPIR$ DID NOT ALWAYS HE$ ?IS FATE ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ANTIQUITY IMP>T$ TO HI/ORY2 PLEBIANS & SLAVES C\LD RISE 9 GREAT 9SURRECTION>Y CONFLICTS4 ,BUT R>ELY W]E DOM9ATION & SLAV]Y BR\<T 9TO QUE/ION4 ,! SLAVE'S DREAM ( FRE$OM1 AS SOME %ORTLIV$ BUT SUCCESSFUL REBELLIONS SUGGE/1 WAS TO TURN ! SLAVE-MA/] 9TO A SLAVE4 ,V5GEANCE1 NOT HOPE1 WAS ! POOR MAN'S NOTION ( SETTL+ HIS ACC\NTS ) HIS OPPRESSOR4 

,*RI/IANITY1 BY CONTRA/1 (F]$ A DIFF]5T VISION4 ,AU?ORITY1 LAWS1 DOM9ATION1 & S]VITUDE W]E EXPLA9$ BY ! NE$ TO RE/RA9 A 0FALL5 HUMANITY40 ,S91 LIKE ! AFFLICTIONS 9 ,P&ORA'S BOX1 HAD BE5 RELEAS$ BY WOMAN'S 0ACCURS$ CURIOSITY10 BUT R$EMPTION & ITS ABOLITION ( AU?ORITY1 LAWS1 DOM9ATION1 & S]VITUDE LAY 9 ! (F+4 ,! ,*RI/IAN CL]GY RETA9$ AN ACTIVI/IC /ANCE T[>D ABSOLUTION & BR\<T ! FLOCK 9TO MOTION TO FI<T S91 ,MUSLIM 9FIDELS1 & ! T]RITORIAL LORDS AS ! NE$S ( ! ,*UR* HI]>*Y REQUIR$4 ,H5CE1 TO LOOK BACK TO ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 WAS ACTUALLY TO LOOK =W>D TO ITS RECOV]Y1 NOT TO BEMOAN ITS DISAPPE>ANCE4 ,! E?ICAL DRAMA ?AT EV5TUALLY W\LD YIELD ITS RECOV]Y WAS AN ACTIVE /RUGGLE ) ! P[]S ( EVIL & WRONG3 HUMANITY MADE ITS [N HI/ORY4 ,YAHWEH1 AS ! TRANSC5D5TAL EXPRESSION ( ,WILL1 HAD BE5 TRANSMUT$ 9TO ! MANY EXI/5TIAL WILLS ( ! ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATION4 ,) ! ,*RI/IAN EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUALITY & A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY1 ,=TUNA N[ RETURN$ 9 A MORE SPIRITUAL LI<T TO REMOVE ANY NOTION ( PR$ET]M9ATION ( ONE'S P]SONAL FATE -- A FEEL+ ?AT ,CALV9 WAS TO *ALL5GE DUR+ ! ,RE=MATION4 ,! ,*RI/IAN E?ICAL DRAMA BECAME A BATTLEGR\ND -- NOT A /AGE -- ?AT WAS OCCUPI$ BY FREE-WILL+ COMBATANTS1 NOT /YLIZ$1 C>EFULLY REHE>S$ ACTORS4 ,! MASKS US$ 9 CLASSICAL DRAMA TO EXPRESS AN ACTOR'S S5TIM5TS W]E REMOV$ TO %[ ! REAL FACE ( ! M$IEVAL & MOD]N 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY SCRIPT1 IT WAS ! ,BIBLE -- ) ALL ITS WR5*+ AMBIGUITIES -- NOT ! COLD & C>EFULLY WR\<T HEXAMET]S ( ANCI5T TRAG$Y4 

,?IS BATTLEGR\ND WAS M>K$ BY SEV]AL /RIK+ FEATURES ?AT GREATLY 9FLU5C$ ,EUROPEAN /RUGGLES = FRE$OM4 ,ITS P>ADISICAL G>D5S W]E LOCAT$ NOT ONLY 9 TIME BUT ALSO 9 PLACE4.<#d#b.> ,CONSIGN$ AS !Y MI<T BE TO ! PA/1 !Y NEV]!LESS OCCUPI$ A GEOGRAPHIC >EA ON E>?4 ,AS SU*1 !Y POS$ A CON/ANT SUBV]SIVE AFFRONT TO ! CLASS & PRIE/LY EMPHASIS ON ! SUP]NATURAL ) ITS AFT]LIFE REW>DS = OB$I5CE & VIRTUE4 ,?IS IMPLICIT OPPOSITION ( NATURE TO ,SUP]NATURE -- ( E>?LY REW>DS TO HEAV5LY -- IS CRUCIAL4 ,IT FL\TS ! AU?ORITY ( HEAV5 & TE/S ! +5UITY ( HUMANITY TO F9D ITS HAV5 ( FRE$OM & ABUNDANCE )9 LIFE ITSELF & ON ! E>?4 ,H5CE1 SU* VISIONS W]E NOT A UTOPOS1 OR 0NO PLACE0 BUT A DI/9CT 0SOME PLACE0 ) DEF9ITE B\ND>IES4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ATTEMPTS TO LOCATE ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 W]E MADE REPEAT$LY -- NOT ONLY SYMBOLICALLY BUT ALSO GEOGRAPHICALLY4 ,PONCE DE ,LEON'S PURSUIT ( ! 0,F\NTA9 ( ,Y\?0 IS M]ELY ONE ( 9NUM]ABLE EXPLORATIONS ?AT = C5TURIES OCCUPI$ ! LIVES & CLAIM$ ! =TUNES ( EXPLOR]S4 

,C]TA9LY1 ! OPPRESS$ BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 WAS /ILL ON E>?1 NOT 9 HEAV5 -- 9 NATURE1 NOT 9 ,SUP]NATURE4 ,9 ! \TRAGE\SLY H]ETICAL M$IEVAL IMAGE ( SU* A G>D51 ! 0,L& ( ,COKAYGNE10 ?IS PLACE WAS ! CREATION ( A B\NTIFUL MAT]NAL NATURAL WORLD -- AN AM>GI -- NOT AN AU/]E PAT]NAL DEITY4 ,! UTT]LY AN>*IC F\RTE5?-C5TURY V]SION ( ?IS 0SOME PLACE0 BROADLY SATIRIZES ! ,*RI/IAN HEAV51 AGA9/ :I* IT OPPOSES AN ALMO/ ,DIONYSIAN1 S5SU\SLY E>?Y WORLD ( NATURE -- A WORLD ?AT1 LIKE MAT]NAL LOVE1 GIVES FREELY ( ITS FRUITS TO A D5I$ & DES]V+ HUMANITY3 

,?\< P>ADISE BE M]RY & BRI<T1 ,COKAYGNE IS A FAIR] SI<T4 ,:AT IS !RE 9 ,P>ADISE BUT GRASS & FL[]S & GRE5 B\<S8 

,BY CONTRA/1 ,COKAYGNE HAS 0RIV]S GREAT & F9E ( OIL1 MILK1 HONEY1 & W9E40 ,FOOD IS B\NTIFUL1 COOK$ & BAK$ BY NATURE'S [N H&2 ET]NAL DAY REPLACES NI<T1 PEACE REPLACES /RIFE1 & 0ALL IS COMMON TO Y\NG & OLD1 TO /\<T & /]N1 MEEK & BOLD40 

,COKAYGNE1 M]ELY BY VIRTUE ( ITS LOCATION1 OP5LY FL\TS CL]ICAL S5SIBILITIES4 0,F> 9 ! SEA1 TO ! ,WE/ ( ,SPA91 IS A L& CALL$ ,COKAYGNE40 ,9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! POEM1 ,A4 ,L4 ,MORTON ADDS3 

,?IS WE/W>D PLAC+ CLE>LY CONNECTS ,COKAYGNE ) ! E>?LY P>ADISE ( ,CELTIC MY?OLOGY4 ,?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A P>ADISE WAS FIRMLY BELIEV$ 91 BUT ! *UR* ALWAYS PLAC$ ITS P>ADISE 9 ! ,EA/ & /RONGLY OPPOS$ ! BELIEF 9 A WE/]N P>ADISE AS A HEA!N SUP]/ITION4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS ECCLESIA/ICAL OPPOSITION ! BELIEF P]SI/$ 4 4 4 4 ,SO /RONG W]E !SE BELIEFS ?AT 9 ! =M ( ,/4 ,BR&5'S ,ISLE ! WE/]N P>ADISE HAD TO BE *RI/IANIZ$ & ADOPT$ BY ! ,*UR* ITSELF1 & A NUMB] ( EXP$ITIONS W]E S5T \T FROM ,IREL& & ELSE:]E 9 SE>* ( ! ,ISLE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! FACT ?AT ,COKAYGNE IS A WE/]N ISL& IS AN 9DICATION ?AT ! ,COKAYGNE !ME IS ( POPUL> & PRE-,*RI/IAN *>ACT]1 & ! WE/]N PLAC+ MAY 9 ITSELF BE TAK5 AS ONE ( ! SPECIFICALLY ANTI-CL]ICAL FEATURES4 

,! H]ETICAL 9S\CIANCE ( ! POEM IS REVEAL$ MO/ CLE>LY 9 ITS FLAGRANTLY 0COMMON0 TA/ES1 IF NOT 9 ITS DECLASSE & BOHEMIAN TONE4 ,TO ! MOD]N M9D1 IT IS NOTABLE = ITS LACK ( ANY TE*NOLOGICAL MEANS TO A*IEVE ITS B\NTY2 SU* A TE*NOLOGY1 9 ANY CASE1 WAS HOPELESSLY BEYOND HUMAN A*IEVEM5T AT ! TIME4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 !RE IS NO TOIL 9 ,COKAYGNE1 NO COMPULSORY EX]TION1 NO NE$ TO MA/] ONESELF OR O!RS = LABOR4 ,COKAYGNE IS CREAT$ NOT BY HUMANITY1 ITS >TS1 OR ITS 9/ITUTIONS BUT BY NATURE1 :I* GIVES FREELY ( ITS WEAL? & PLEASURES4 ,! NOTION ( NATURE AS A REALM ( 0SC>CE RES\RCES10 :I* IS >TICULAT$ CLE>LY 9 ,>I/OTLE'S ,POLITICS1 HAS YIELD$ TO ! NOTION ( NATURE AS A REALM ( PL5TY & ABUNDANCE2 H5CE1 NO NE$ EXI/S = 9/ITUTIONS & RE/RICTIONS ( ANY K9D1 OR = HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,9DE$1 ,COKAYGNE IS NOT A SOCIETY AT ALL BUT A FECUND L&1 & ITS HUMAN 9HABITANTS MAY LIVE 9 IT )\T PLAC+ ANY CON/RA9TS ON !IR DESIRES4 ,IT IS LIB]T>IAN -- 9DE$1 DELICI\SLY LIB]T9E -- BECAUSE NATURE IS NO LONG] ! PRODUCT ( A /]N1 DEM&+ ,CREATOR2 IT IS 9/EAD AN EMANCIPAT$ NATURE ?AT GOES H& 9 H& ) AN EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY & AN EMANCIPATION ( HUMAN FANTASY4 

,! PREMISES ON :I* ! 5TIRE VISION ( ,COKAYGNE RE/S >E /RANGELY MOD]N4 ,PEACE1 H>MONY1 & FRE$OM 9 ! MO/ ABSOLUTE S5SE >E PR$ICAT$ ON MAT]IAL SUP]FLUITY4 ,PEOPLE REQUIRE NO PROTECTION OR RULE2 !IR EV]Y DESIRE CAN BE SATISFI$ )\T TE*NICS OR ! NE$ TO BR+ O!R HUMAN BE+S 9TO P]SONAL OR 9/ITUTIONAL SUBJUGATION4 ,NO W>1 CONFLICT1 OR VIOL5CE M>S ,COKAYGNE'S L&SCAPE4 ,9 ! %E] SPL5DOR ( ?IS PL5TY & ! GIV+NESS ( NATURE1 ! 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 & 0REALITY PR9CIPLE0 >E 9 P]FECT CONGRU5CE4 ,H5CE NO CONCEIVABLE T5SIONS NE$ DI/URB ! SECURITY & PEACE ( ,COKAYGNE4 ,PLEASURE IS ! RULE1 ABUNDANCE 5ABLES DESIRE TO REPLACE M]E NE$1 BECAUSE EV]Y WI% CAN BE FULFILL$ )\T EX]TION OR TE*NICAL /RATEGIES4 

,COKAYGNE FUR!R IMPLIES A VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE ?AT IS B5IGN RA!R ?AN CONCEIV$ 9 S94 ,HUMANITY IS AFFLICT$ NOT BECAUSE IT HAS EAT5 ( ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( KN[L$GE BUT BECAUSE IT HAS EAT5 ( ! BITT] ROOT ( SC>CITY4 ,SC>CITY IS NOT ! P5ALTY ( S9 BUT RA!R ITS CAUSE4 ,GIV5 A LEVEL ( ABUNDANCE ?AT REMOVES ?IS BITT] ROOT1 9DIVIDUALS HAVE NO NE$ TO DOM9ATE1 MANIPULATE1 OR EMP[] !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS4 ,! APPETITE = P[] & ! DESIRE TO 9FLICT H>M >E REMOV$ BY NATURE'S %E] FECUNDITY4 

,! L& ( ,COKAYGNE APPE>S AGA91 AS A SANCTU>Y ( PRIVILEGE 9 ,RABELAIS'S ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME4 ,BUT = ! PRES5T1 ,I WI% TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ,COKAYGNE IS A CONSUM]I/ CONCEPT ( FRE$OM1 9VOLV+ N O LABOR1 TE*NICS1 OR CANONS O F PRODUCTIVITY4 ,?IS CONCEPT IS WOV5 ?R\< ! BROAD POPUL> MOVEM5TS ( HI/ORY = C5TURIES4 ,& EV5 :]E IT EBBS BRIEFLY1 ,COKAYGNE IS RECOV]$ BY H]ETICAL ELITES1 BY ! 0ELECT0 :O ACKN[L$GE NO AU?ORITY OR D5IAL ( PLEASURE O!R ?AN ?AT DICTAT$ BY !IR [N 09N] LI<T40 ,ALL[+ UNRE/RA9$ FRE$OM TO CONSUME1 TO TAKE FROM LIFE ITS PR(F]$ RI*ES1 ?IS VISION ( FRE$OM ACQUIRES A DI/9CTLY UTOPIAN =M4 ,IT PASSES FROM IMAG]Y & GEOGRAPHY 9TO A C]EBRAL S5SIBILITY -- A PHILOSOPHY1 AS IT W]E -- & A WAY ( LIFE ?AT IS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT4 ,DUR+ ! ,RE=MATION1 IT DEG5]ATES 9TO ! 0MILIT>Y COMMUNISM0 ( ! ,ADAMITE PLUND]]S4 ,9 \R [N TIME1 IT ACQUIRES DI/9CTLY ES!TIC QUALITIES AMONG ! ,SYMBOLI/ & ,SURREALI/ >TI/S :OSE DEM& = ! FULFILLM5T ( DESIRE >E 9SCRIB$ AS SLOGANS ON ! WALLS ( ,P>IS DUR+ ! ,MAY-,JUNE EV5TS ( #a#i#f#h4 ,*>LES ,F\RI]'S UTOPIAN VISIONS 9CORPORATE ! PROBLEMATIC ( SC>CITY1 NE$1 & LABOR ?AT ?IS TRADITION ( FRE$OM SEEKS TO RESOLVE BY NATURAL1 ELITI/1 OR ES!TIC MEANS2 BUT HIS PHALAN/]IES1 ! BASIC UNITS ( HIS UTOPIA1 >E TE*NICALLY ORI5T$ & 9VOLVE A REC\RSE TO /RATEGIES ?AT ROOT IT ONLY P>TLY 9 ! ,COKAYGNE IMAG]Y4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO !SE CONSUM]I/ CONCEPTS1 WE ALSO WITNESS ! EM]G5CE ( PRODUCTIVI/ CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM4 ,!SE NOTIONS ( HUMANITY'S ABILITY TO CREATE A COMMUNI/IC1 %>+1 & NONAU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY HAVE !IR MAT]IAL ROOTS 9 SCI5CE1 TE*NICS1 & ! RATIONAL USE ( LABOR4 ,9 ?IS VISION1 ! MEANS ?AT WILL YIELD ! RECONCILIATION ( HUMAN ) HUMAN >E SUPPLI$ NOT BY NATURE BUT BY 0MAN0 HIMSELF4 ,UTOPIAS ( PL5TY WILL BE CREAT$ BY HIS LABOR & CONSCI\SNESS1 BY HIS CAPACITY TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY = ! ATTA9M5T ( PRODUC]-ORI5T$ 5DS4 ,FRE$OM ?US IS SE5 AS ! TE*NICAL RATIONALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 A PROJECT (T5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! CONCEPT ( REASON ITSELF4 ,! MEANS1 AS IT W]E1 T5D TO BECOME ! 5DS ( ! UTOPIAN PROJECT & HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,NATURE IS P]CEIV$ AS NEI!R FECUND NOR EV5 G5]\S BUT1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 UNGIV+ & 9TRACTABLE TO HUMAN GOALS4 

,9ITIALLY1 ?IS T5D5CY 9 ! REALM ( FRE$OM IS HI<LY ASCETIC4 ,9EQUALITY WILL BE OV]COME BY A HUMANE1 LOV+ D5IAL ( ! MEANS ( LIFE BY =TUNATE 9DIVIDUALS = ! LESS =TUNATE4 ,EV]YONE WORKS AS BE/ AS HE OR %E CAN TO CREATE A COMMON FUND ( GOODS ?AT IS P>CEL$ \T ACCORD+ TO AU!NTICALLY VALID NE$S4 ,RADICAL ,*RI/IAN SECTS LIKE ! ,HUTT]ITES EMPHASIZ$ ! E?ICAL RA!R ?AN MAT]IAL DESID]ATA ?AT COME ) ?IS SIMPLE COMMUNI/IC WAY ( LIFE4 ,COMMUNISM TO !M WAS A SPIRITUAL DISCIPL9E1 NOT AN ECONOMY4 ,LAT]1 ! CONCEPT ( A FREE1 PRODUCTIVE1 COMMUNI/IC COMMUNITY DRAWS ITS PRIM>Y1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS EXCLUSIVE1 9SPIRATION FROM ECONOMIC MOTIVES ?AT 9VOLVE ! FO/]+ ( SELF-9T]E/ 70CLASS 9T]E/07 & TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,A DI/9CTLY B\RGEOIS SPIRIT 9FUSES1 IF NOT TOTALLY REPLACES1 AN E?ICAL IDEAL4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO VISIONS ( A GOLD5 AGE & ! ,LA/ ,K+DOM1 ! REALM ( FRE$OM IS SE5 NOT AS A BACKW>D-LOOK+ WORLD ( ! PA/ BUT A =W>D-LOOK+ WORLD ( ! FUTURE 9 :I* HUMANITY MU/ FA%ION ITSELF -- (T5 9 CONFLICT ) 9T]NAL AS WELL AS EXT]NAL NATURE4 

,BUT TO %>PLY POL>IZE E>LI] VISIONS ( FRE$OM >\ND CATEGORIES SU* AS CONSUM]I/ OR PRODUCTIVI/1 H$ONI/IC OR ASCETIC1 & NATURALI/IC OR ANT9ATURALI/IC IS GROSSLY >TIFICIAL & ONE-SID$4 ,9S(> AS !Y ASPIR$ TO FRE$OM1 ! SECTS & MOVEM5TS ?AT COMMONLY >E GR\P$ 9 !SE CATEGORIES W]E OPPOS$ TO HI]>*Y AS !Y UND]/OOD IT 9 !IR DAY 7P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS EXAGG]AT$ ECCLESIA/ICAL =M7 & 9TUITIVELY FAVOR$ A DISP5SATION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE BAS$ ON ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,BEYOND !SE TWO ATTRIBUTES1 H[EV]1 DIFFICULTIES >ISE4 ,ORD9>ILY1 MANY ( ! M$IEVAL & ,RE=MATION VISIONS ( FRE$OM W]E HI<LY ECLECTIC &1 LIKE ! CONCEPT ( JU/ICE1 PREGNANT ) D\BLE MEAN+S4 ,MOREOV]1 :E!R !SE VISION>IES REG>D$ !MSELVES AS REBELS OR CON=MI/S 9 REG>D TO ,*RI/IANITY'S 0TRUE0 MEAN+1 !IR IDEAS W]E GUID$ BY ,*RI/IAN PRECEPT4 ,! ,BIBLE PROVID$ ! COMMON REALM ( DISC\RSE & DISPUTE AMONG ALL P>TIES4 ,UNTIL ! ,RE=MATION1 :5 ! BREAKD[N ( FEUDAL SOCIETY L$ TO AN EXPLOSION ( COMMUNITY EXP]IM5TS1 ! 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS :O HELD TO V>I\S LIB]T>IAN IDEALS W]E SMALL 9 NUMB]1 (T5 WIDELY SCATT]$1 & LIV$ EXTREMELY PREC>I\S LIVES4 ,!IR IDEALS W]E L>GELY =M$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( SOCIAL TRANSITION -- 9 P]IODS ( TUMULTU\S *ANGE FROM ONE HI/ORIC ]A TO ANO!R4 

,?US1 GR\PS ?AT1 DUR+ ! BREAKD[N ( ! ANCI5T WORLD & ! YE>S ( E>LY ,*RI/IANITY1 MI<T HAVE EMPHASIZ$ A PRODUCTIVI/ & ASCETIC \TLOOK SOMETIMES %IFT$ !IR P]SPECTIVES DUR+ MORE /ABLE P]IODS TO A CONSUM]I/ & H$ONI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( FRE$OM4 ,COMP>ATIVELY L>GE POPUL> MOVEM5TS FROM ! LATE IMP]IAL ,ROMAN ]A BECAME HI<LY ELITI/ SECTS DUR+ M$IEVAL TIMES & DEVELOP$ A H>%LY PR$ATORY VIEW ( !IR RI<TS & !IR FRE$OMS4 ,NATURALI/IC FOLK VISIONS ( FRE$OM LIKE ! ,L& ( ,COKAYGNE UND]W5T A /RANGE %IFT+ ( MEAN+S1 ACQUIR+ A RABIDLY ANTICL]ICAL *>ACT] AT ONE TIME1 BECOM+ A VISC]AL1 E>?LY1 & ATTA9ABLE 0P>ADISE0 AT ANO!R TIME1 & PROVID+ A S\RCE ( RIBALD SATIRE AT /ILL A ?IRD4 ,! ,RE=MATION & ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! LATE #a#f#dS BR\<T VIRTUALLY ALL !SE T5D5CIES TO ! SURFACE 9 ! =M ( REBELLIONS & SIGNIFICANT PRACTICAL EXP]IM5TS4 ,AFT] ?AT !Y FAD$ AWAY & W]E SUPPLANT$ BY SECUL> UTOPIAS1 MORE SY/EMATICALLY WR\<T IDEALS1 & MAJOR SOCIAL MOVEM5TS SU* AS AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM4 ,H5CE1 :5 SPEAK+ ( CONSUM]I/ OR PRODUCTIVI/ VISIONS ( FRE$OM1 ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT !Y (T5 M]G$ & *ANG$ OV] TIME1 BE+ EMBODI$ EI!R AS IDEALS ( SMALL SECTS OR AS SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT GRIPP$ ! IMAG9ATION ( SIZABLE SEGM5TS ( ! POPULATION4 

,AL?\< ,BIBLICAL 9T]PRETATION & EXEGESIS =M$ ! >5A = ! ES*ATOLOGICAL DEBATES & CONFLICTS ( ! LATE IMP]IAL & M$IEVAL WORLDS1 ! S\RCES = NE>LY ALL V]SIONS ( ! ,LA/ ,K+DOM OR ,LA/ ,DAYS W]E HI<LY ECLECTIC4 ,IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! OP5+ C5TURIES ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A W]E NO LESS TUMULTU\S ?AT ! ,RE=MATION SOME ?IRTE5 HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]4 ,! V]Y CONSOLIDATION ( ,*RI/IANITY AS AN ORGANIZ$ BODY ( CANON & DOGMA HUNG 9 ! BALANCE -- LESS BECAUSE ( ITS CONFLICTS ) 5TR5*$ PAGAN RELIGIONS ?AN BECAUSE ( ITS [N 9T]NAL DIVISIONS4 ,AT ! \TSET1 ! ,PAUL9E ,*UR* 9 ,ROME 7FROM :I* ,CA?OLICISM WAS TO EM]GE7 /OOD %>PLY AT ODDS ) ITS ,JAMESIAN C\NT]P>T 9 ,J]USALEM4 ,! TWO C5T]S ( ! NEW FAI? W]E DIVID$ NOT ONLY BY GEOGRAPHY BUT ALSO BY CONFLICT+ VIEWS ( ,*RI/IANITY AS A WORLD RELIGION4 ,PAUL9E ,*RI/IANITY /OOD = ACCOMMODATION TO ! ,ROMAN ,/ATE & = AN IDEOLOGICALLY ECUM5ICAL ORI5TATION T[>D ! G5TILES4 ,JAMESIAN ,*RI/IANITY C5T]$ >\ND A NATIONALI/IC RESI/ANCE TO ! 0:ORE0 ,ROME & >\ND ! PRES]VATION ( A L>GELY ,JUDAIC BODY ( TRADITIONS4 ,*RI/IANITY'S PROBLEM ( DI/ANC+ ITSELF FROM ITS ,JUDAIC ORIG9S WAS TRAGICALLY RESOLV$ BY ! FALL ( ,J]USALEM 9 #g ,A4,D4 ,!REAFT]1 ! ,JAMESIAN ,*UR* DISAPPE>$ ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ,JUDEA & ! UNCOMPROMIS+ ,ZEALOTS :O HAD PRODUC$ ! ,*RI/IAN ,MESSIAH4 

,BUT ! ,*UR*'S DRIFT T[>D RECONCILIATION ) ! ,/ATE N[ 5C\NT]$ A CRISIS4 ,! 0GNO/IC REVOLT10 AS IT HAS BE5 SO BROADLY DEPICT$1 =M$ A RADICALLY UNIQUE RE9T]PRETATION ( ! ,JUDEA-,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E & ( ! E>LY ,*UR*'S CONCILIATORY ATTITUDE T[>D POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,VIEW$ FROM A RELIGI\S ASPECT1 GNOSIS IS LIT]ALLY 0ILLUM9AT$0 BY ITS ,HELL5IC DEF9ITION AS 0KN[L$GE40 ,ITS EMPHASIS ON RELIGION T5DS TO BE AV[$LY 9TELLECTUAL & ESOT]IC4 ,BUT MORE SO ?AN ! ,GREEK IDEALS ( WISDOM 7SOPHIA7 & REASON 7N\S71 ITS EMPHASIS ON REVELATION IS CONSI/5TLY O!RWORLDLY4 ,& ITS ES*ATOLOGICAL ORI5TATION DRAWS AMPLY ON ! >*AIC COSMOGONIES ( ,ZOROA/RIANISM1 ,BUDDHISM1 ,*RI/IANITY ITSELF1 & A WIDE V>IETY ( PAGAN CULTS ?AT 9VAD$ ,ROMAN SOCIETY DUR+ ITS DECL9E4 ,NEI!R ,JUDAISM NOR ,PAUL9E ,*RI/IANITY W]E IMMUNE TO ANY ( !SE F>-REA*+ SYNCRETIC MELDS ( RELIGI\S & QUASIRELIGI\S BELIEF4 ,BUT ,JUDAIC NATIONALISM ASIDE1 !IR BATTLEGR\NDS W]E N>R[] ?AN ?OSE ( ! GNO/IC RELIGIONS ?AT BEGAN TO EM]GE 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD C5TURIES ,A4,D4 

,GNO/ICISM MU/ BE DEALT ) V]Y PRUD5TLY BE=E ANY ( ITS T5D5CIES >E DESCRIB$ AS A ,*RI/IAN 0H]ESY40 ,9 ITS ,MANI*EAN =M1 IT IS SIMPLY A DIFF]5T RELIGION1 LIKE ,ISLAM OR ,BUDDHISM4 ,9 ITS ,OPHITE =M1 IT IS A TOTAL1 UTT]LY AN>*I/IC1 9V]SION ( ,*RI/IAN CANON & DOGMA4 ,& 9 ITS ,M>CIONITE =M1 ITS PO9T ( CONTACT ) ,*RI/IANITY IS BO? TOO 9TIMATE & TOO *ALL5G+ TO BE REG>D$ AS EI!R ,*RI/IAN OR NON-,*RI/IAN4 ,9 VIRTUALLY ALL ITS =MS 7& !Y >E TOO NUM]\S TO ELUCIDATE H]E71 GNO/ICISM SL[LY P]COLAT$ ?R\< ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 AFFECT+ LAT] RADICAL SECTS & MOVEM5TS ?AT W]E TO OP5 />TL+ NEW VISIONS ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL FRE$OM4 ,GNO/ICISM MATUR$ AS A RIVAL ( ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E 9 ! M$IEVAL ,CA?>I1 & IT CIRCUIT\SLY & 9DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ DEVIATIONS FROM ,*RI/IANITY SU* AS ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 C]TA9 CRE$S ( APO/OLIC ,*RI/IANITY1 & E>LY HI/ORICAL S*ISMS 9 ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,IT F9ALLY REAPPE>$ AS AN 9CREAS+LY WORLDLY PAN!ISM AMONG REVOLUTION>Y RADICALS 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 SU* AS ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY1 ! ,DIGG] LEAD]4 ,9 !SE FIVE MAJOR TR5DS ?AT W]E TO DE/ABILIZE ALMO/ EV]Y =M ( 5TR5*$ OR EM]G+ OR?ODOXY1 GNO/ICISM EI!R ANTICIPAT$ OR 9FLU5C$ ! RELIGIO-SOCIAL CONFLICTS ?AT W]E TO PR(\NDLY EXP& ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM -- A LEGACY CONCEIV$ AS A HI/ORY ( NOT ONLY DOCTR9ES BUT ALSO ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,! 0GNO/IC RELIGION10 AS ,HANS ,JONAS HAS CALL$ IT 9 HIS MAT*LESS ACC\NT ( ! SUBJECT1 IS MU* TOO COMPLEX TO DISCUSS 9 DETAIL H]E4 ,\R PROP] CONC]NS >E ?OSE COMMON FEATURES ?AT GIVE A REM>KABLY EMANCIPATORY QUALITY TO DOCTR9ES LOOSELY DESCRIB$ AS 0GNO/IC ,*RI/IANITY40 ,*RI/IAN GNO/ICS %>$ ) O!R GNO/ICS A DRAMATIC DUALISM1 A ,PLATONI/IC DOCTR9E ( ! 0?REE-S\LS0 & AN 0E?ICS0 7IF SU* IT CAN BE CALL$7 ?AT EXHIBITS V]Y *ALL5G+1 9DE$ MOD]N CONCEPTS ( HUMAN FRE$OM & ! MEAN+ ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,:AT UNIFI$ ! 0GNO/IC RELIGION0 IS A COSMOGONIC DRAMA & AN ES*ATOLOGY AS COMPELL+ AS ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN4 ,BASICALLY1 ! HUMAN CONDITION IS %AP$ BY A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO PR9CIPLES3 ! 0GOOD0 & ITS 0O!R0 :I* COMMONLY IS 9T]PRET$ AS AN EVIT MALEVOL5T1 OR EV5 0,SATANIC0 PR9CIPLE4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES ORD9>ILY W]E P]SONIFI$ AS DEITIES BY ! GNO/ICS1 BUT IT W\LD BE A CRUCIAL ]ROR TO ID5TIFY !M ) ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN DRAMA ( A HEAV5LY DEITY & HIS DEMONIC ALT] EGO4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,MANI*EANISM1 :I* BECAME ,PAUL9E ,*RI/IANITY'S MO/ IMPORTANT RIVAL 9 ! ?IRD & F\R? C5TURIES1 PAT5TLY ABSORB$ ! IMAGE ( A ,GOD :O IS LIT]ALLY REPRES5T$ BY LI<T & A ,SATAN :O IS CONCEIV$ AS D>KNESS & MAT]IALITY4 ,VAL5T9US 7C4#a#b#e-#a#f71 :OSE GNO/IC !OLOGY EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ,ROME & ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 DEVELOP$ A HI<LY EXOTIC COSMOGONY ( 0,EONS0 ?AT T]M9ATE 9 ! P]SON ( ,JESUS1 :O PROVIDES HUMANITY ) ! GNOSIS = DIV9+ ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,DEMIURGE1 ! CREATOR ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 & ! ,MO!R OR ,SOPHIA1 :O CAN BE REPRES5T$ = \R PURPOSES AS A BANI%$ SPIRITUAL PR9CIPLE4 ,SALVATION OCCURS :5 ! COSMOS IS RE/OR$ TO A UNIV]SAL 0FULLNESS0 ( SPIRIT BY ! M>RIAGE ( ,SOPHIA TO ,JESUS4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ! ,*RI/IAN GNO/ICS GR\P$ HUMAN S\LS 9TO ! SPIRITUALLY PURE & ILLUM9AT$ PNEUMATICS1 ! IMP]FECT PSY*ICS :O C\LD BE ILLUM9AT$1 & ! HOPELESSLY MAT]IAL HYLICS1 :O >E 9CAPABLE BY !IR V]Y CON/ITUTION ( R$EMPTION & ILLUM9ATION4 ,!SE DI/9CTIONS PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! IMAG]Y ( AN 0ELECT0 OR 0*OS50 ELITE :OSE CLAIMS UPON SOCIETY >E VIRTUALLY LIMITLESS1 [+ TO !IR [N P]FECT & PURE NATURE4 ,SIMIL> DI/9CTIONS W]E TO M>K SOME ( ! MO/ RADICAL H]ESIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ,RE=MATION4 

,9 T]MS ( GNO/ICISM'S E?ICAL CONSEQU5CES1 ! DOCTR9E CLOSE/ TO ,*RI/IANITY ITSELF1 & P]HAPS MORE ACCESSIBLE TO A ,*RI/OLOGICAL 9T]PRETATION ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL BEHAVIOR1 IS ! ,GOSPEL ( ,M>CION 7C4 #a#d#d71 :O PREC$ES ,VAL5T9US4 ,A ,*RI/IAN BI%OP :O WAS LAT] EXCOMMUNICAT$ FROM ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*1 ,M>CION />T$ FROM A HI<LY SELECTIVE RE9T]PRETATION ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T4 ,HE DOES NOT BURD5 US ) ! MY?OLOGICAL MAT]IAL ?AT (T5 PREOCCUPI$ ! GNO/IC TEA*]S1 NOR DOES HE RESORT TO ! DUBI\S ALLEGORICAL 9T]PRETATIONS C5TRAL TO ! ,CA?OLIC !OLOGIANS ( HIS DAY & \RS4 ,HE CLAIMS TO 9T]PRET ! MEAN+ ( ! GOSPEL & ! PASSION ( ,JESUS LIT]ALLY -- 9DE$1 TO S+LE \T 9 ,PAUL'S WRIT+S ! TRULY AU!NTIC ,*RI/IAN CRE$4 ,H5CE1 NOT ONLY DO HIS VIEWS SEEM TO RETA9 A CLE> ,*RI/IAN ID5TITY 7A FACT ?AT VEX$ ! ,*UR* FA!RS 5ORM\SLY71 BUT ALSO HIS WORK BECAME !IR MO/ DISQUIET+ DOCTR9AL 0H]ESY40 ,NEV]!LESS1 AT ITS CORE ,M>CIONISM REMA9$ IRREM$IABLY GNO/IC & OP5$ ! MO/ DRAMATIC CLEAVAGE 9 ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 A CLEAVAGE 9 :I* LAT] 0H]ESIES0 W]E TO F9D REFUGE4 ,HIS GNO/ICISM HAS A SIMPLICITY ?AT IS NOT 5C\NT]$ 9 O!R GNO/IC TEA*]S4 ,ITS V]Y DIRECTNESS GAVE HIS 0H]ESY0 F>-REA*+ E?ICAL CONSEQU5CES ?AT W]E LAT] E*O$ BY SU* CULTIC GR\PS AS ! ,OPHITES 9 ,M>CION'S [N ]A1 ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT CONV5TICLES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & ! ,PURITAN 0,SA9TS0 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,LIKE ! GNO/IC DOCTR9ES G5]ALLY1 ,M>CION'S DOCTR9ES >E RIGOR\SLY DUALI/IC4 ,! WORLD1 9CLUD+ HUMANITY1 HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY A ,DEMIURGE1 AN OPPRESSIVE CREATOR4 ,9 M>K$ CONTRA/ IS A SUP]IOR1 UNKN[N ,GOD1 AN 0ALI50 ACOSMIC DEITY :O EMBODIES 0GOODNESS0 & IS ! FA!R ( ! ,*RI/ P]SON4 ,! 0GOOD0 ,GOD IS ! ALI51 EV5 TO ! PEOPLE :OSE SALVATION ,JESUS IS TO A*IEVE4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ?IS DEITY IS ALI5 TO ! COSMOS ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$ 5TIRELY BY ! ,DEMIURGE4 ,EA* DIV9ITY IS SEP>ATE FROM & ANTI!TICAL TO ! O!R4 ,! ,DEMIURGE IS 0JU/02 HIS ANTI!SIS1 ! ALI5 ,GOD1 IS 0GOOD40 ,H]E1 ,M>CION UNCANNILY OPPOSES 0JU/NESS0 OR JU/ICE TO 0GOODNESS0 -- :I*1 BY A M]E FRACTION ( A /EP =W>D1 C\LD YIELD ! CONCEPT ( 0FRE5ESS40 ,?IS REM>KABLE ANTI!SIS BETWE5 A CALCULAT+1 PETTY 0JU/NESS0 & A G5]\S1 OV]FL[+ 0GOODNESS0 EXPRESSES ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE 9SI<TS 9 ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM4 ,M>CION DOES NOT EQUIVOCATE AB\T ! MORAL CONTRA/ CREAT$ BY !SE TWO DEITIES4 ,LIKE ! PETTY1 WEAK1 MEAN-SPIRIT$ WORLD HE HAS CREAT$1 ! ,DEMIURGE IS WOR?Y ( HIS [N PRODUCT1 AS ! ,*UR* FA!R ,T]TULLIAN COMPLA9$3 0,TURN+ UP !IR NOSES1 ! UTT]LY %AMELESS ,M>CIONITES TAKE TO TE>+ D[N ! WORK ( ! ,CREATOR0 -- &1 ONE C\LD ADD1 ! ,CREATOR HIMSELF4 ,AS TO ! 0GOOD0 ,GOD ( ,M>CION1 ,T]TULLIAN TELLS US ?AT HE IS 0NATURALLY UNKN[N & NEV] EXCEPT 9 ! ,GOSPEL REVEAL$40 ,HE IS AS ALI5 TO HUMANITY AS HE IS TO EV]Y?+ ! ,DEMIURGE HAS CREAT$1 BUT HIS OV]FL[+ GOODNESS 9DUCES HIM TO S5D HIS ,SON 9TO ! ,DEMIURGE'S WORLD & R$EEM ITS HUMAN 9HABITANTS4 

,EXAM9+ ,M>CION'S E?ICAL CONCLUSIONS RAISES ! QUE/ION :E!R HE ADVANCES ANY E?ICS AT ALL4 ,DISAPPROVAL1 AV]SION1 DI/A/E = ! 0JU/0 ,DEMIURGE & HIS WORLD >E APP>5T1 BUT !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ,M>CION HAS ANY O!R E?ICAL /ANCE4 ,9 A COSMOS ?AT IS TA9T$ BUT BLAMELESS & BURD5$ BY JU/ICE RA!R ?AN GOODNESS1 IT IS4 FAIR TO ASK :E!R ,M>CION BELIEVES 9 ! EXI/5CE ( EVIL -- EV5 :E!R 0GOODNESS0 CAN HAVE MEAN+ BEYOND ITS ANTI!TICAL & POL>IZ$ RELATION%IP TO JU/ICE4 ,HUMANITY'S R$EMPTION SEEMS TO 9VOLVE A TRANSC5D5CE RA!R ?AN AN ACT ( E?ICAL HYGI5E4 ,9S(> AS HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS CONC]N$1 ,M>CION PREA*ES A GOSPEL ( UNCOMPROMIS+ ASCETISM -- NOT AS A MATT] ( E?ICS1 AS ,HANS ,JONAS OBS]VES1 0BUT ( METAPHYSICAL ALIGNM5T40 ,BY REFUS+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 S5SUAL PLEASURES & WORLDLY EV5TS1 ! ,M>CIONITES FUNCTION$ AS OB/RUCTIONI/S TO ! ,DEMIURGE'S CREATION2 ! REPRODUCTION ( ! SPECIES1 = EXAMPLE1 M]ELY REPRODUCES ! WORLD FROM :I* HUMANITY MU/ BE RESCU$4 

,M>CION'S AMORAL ASCETICISM NOT ONLY PROVIDES A SWEEP+ 9V]SION ( ! ASCETIC IDEAL BUT ALSO UN9T5TIONALLY L5DS ITSELF TO AN UTT]LY LIB]T9E APPROA*4.<#d#c.> ,! ,OPHITES1 A GNO/IC CULT ?AT SURFAC$ 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 EXT5D$ ,M>CION'S 0AMORAL0 /ANCE & HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T TO ! PO9T ( AN OV]T NIHILI/IC 0MORALITY40 ,GRANT+ ,M>CION'S VIEW ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T & MO/ ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T AS TA9T$ DOCUM5TS ( ! 0JU/0 ,GOD1 ! ,OPHITES CONCLUD$ ?AT A CORRECT 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 ALLEGORY 5NOBLES ! S]P5T & ,EVE4 ,BY P]SUAD+ ,EVE &1 ?R\< H]1 ,ADAM TO EAT ( ! FRUIT ( ! TREE ( KN[L$GE1 ! S]P5T 9TRODUCES GNOSIS 9TO ! WORLD4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT ! 0JU/0 DEITY VIEWS ?IS S$UCTION AS 0ORIG9AL S910 = ) GNOSIS HUMANITY ACQUIRES ! MEANS TO DISCOV] ! TRULY DESPICABLE NATURE ( ! ,CREATOR & UNMASK HIM & HIS N>R[NESS ( SPIRIT4 ,HIPPOLYTUS1 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! ,P]ATAL1 AN ,OPHIC CULT1 EXT5DS ?IS DRAMATIC 9V]SION TO 9CLUDE ! MURD] ( ,ABEL BY ,CA93 

,?IS G5]AL ,S]P5T IS ALSO ! WISE ,WORD ( ,EVE4 ,?IS IS ! MY/]Y ( ,$52 ?IS IS ! RIV] '?AT FL[S \T ( ,$54 ,?IS IS ALSO ! M>K ?AT WAS SET UPON ,CA91 :OSE SACRIFICE ! GOD ( ?IS WORLD DID NOT ACCEPT :]EAS HE ACCEPT$ ! BLOODY SACRIFICE ( ,ABEL3 = ! LORD ( ?IS WORLD DELI<TS 9 BLOOD4 ,?IS ,S]P5T IS HE :O APPE>$ 9 ! LATT] DAYS 9 HUMAN =M AT ! TIME ( ,H]OD4 

,RADICAL 0AMORALITY0 ?US TURNS UPON ASCETISM TO 5C\RAGE UNRE/RA9$ FRE$OM & ! OP5 DEFIANCE ( ! ,DEMIURGE'S MORAL T5ETS4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>CION1 ! ,OPHITES ACCEPT ! ?REE-S\L CLASSIFICATION ( GNO/ICISM1 ) ITS PNEUMATICS1 PSY*ICS1 & HYLICS4 ,M>CION W\LD NOT HAVE ACCEPT$ ?IS PROTOTYPIC NOTION ( ! 0ELECT10 :I* 9FECT$ NOT ONLY (FICIAL ,*RI/IANITY BUT ALSO MANY ( ! RADICAL 0H]ESIES0 ?AT W]E IDEOLOGICALLY RELAT$ TO GNO/ICISM4 ,9 FACT1 H]E WE REA* ! LIMITS ( GNO/ICISM AS A 0GOSPEL0 ( FRE$OM4 ,?+S BE+ :AT !Y >E1 ONLY ! FEW -- AN ELITE BY NATURE MODEL$ P>TLY ON ,PLATO'S 0GU>DIANS0 7ALBEIT )\T !IR 0ASCETICISM0 & 0COMMUNISM07 -- >E FREE TO 9DULGE !IR EV]Y APPETITE4 ,IF GNO/ICISM HAD BE5 LEFT AT ?IS PO9T1 IT W\LD HAVE RETREAT$ BACK TO A QUE/IONABLE LIB]T9ISM ?AT C\LD NO LONG] BE ID5TIFI$ ) ,M>CION'S G5]\S LIB]T>IAN MESSAGE4 

,:AT MATT]S IS NOT SO MU* ! ELITI/ CONCLUSIONS ?AT ! GNO/IC CULTS ADOPT$ BUT ! ES*ATOLOGICAL /RATEGY !Y US$ -- A /RATEGY ?AT C\LD EASILY BE DIVE/$ ( ITS ELITI/ SEQUELAE4 ,BAS$ ON ?IS /RATEGY1 ! CLAIM ( CULTS SU* AS ! ,OPHITES TO 0=BIDD5 ?+S0 79CLUD+ ORGIA/IC ONES7 C\LD ALSO BE VIEW$ AS A 0METAPHYSICAL ALIGNM5T40 ,ALL 0MORAL0 JUDGM5T1 NOT ONLY ?AT ( ! OR?ODOX ,*RI/IAN1 IS TA9T$4 ,! 0MORAL0 CODE IS M]ELY ! 0COMPLEM5T ( ! PHYSICAL LAW1 & AS SU* ! 9T]NAL ASPECT ( ! ALL-P]VAD+ COSMIC RULE10 OBS]VES ,JONAS4 0,BO? EMANATE FROM ! LORD ( ! WORLD AS AG5CIES ( HIS RULE1 UNIFI$ 9 ! D\BLE ASPECT ( ! ,JEWI% ,GOD AS CREATOR & LEGISLATOR40 ,HUMAN WILL 9 NORMATIVE LAW IS APPROPRIAT$ 0BY ! SAME P[]S ?AT CONTROL HIS BODY4 ,HE :O OBEYS IT HAS ABDICAT$ ! AU?ORITY ( HIS SELF40 ,TO DEFY ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,CREATOR & HIS JURIDICAL M9IONS WAS TURN$ FROM A 0M]ELY P]MISSIVE PRIVILEGE ( FRE$OM0 9TO 0A POSITIVE METAPHYSICAL 9T]E/ 9 REPUDIAT+ ALLEGIANCE TO ALL OBJECTIVE NORMS 4 4 4 40 

,JONAS SEES 9 GNO/IC LIB]T9ISM MORE ?AN M]E DEFIANCE2 IT IS 0A POSITIVE OBLIGATION TO P]=M EV]Y K9D ( ACTION1 ) ! IDEA ( R5D]+ TO NATURE ITS [N & !REBY EXHAU/+ ITS P[]S40 ,ACCORD+LY1 0S9N+0 BECOMES 0SOME?+ LIKE A PROGRAM40 ,ITS COMPLETION IS A 0DUE R5D]$ AS ! PRICE ( ULTIMATE FRE$OM40 ,JONAS CONCLUDES ?AT IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R 

! PREA*]S ( !SE VIEWS LIV$ UP TO !IR [N PR(ESSIONS4 ,TO SC&ALIZE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! PRIDE ( REBELS1 BUT MU* ( IT MAY SATISFY ITSELF 9 PROVOCATIV5ESS ( DOCTR9E RA!R ?AN ( DE$S4 ,YET WE MU/ NOT UND]RATE ! EXTREMES TO :I* REVOLUTION>Y DEFIANCE & ! V]TIGO ( FRE$OM C\LD GO 9 ! VALUE-VACUUM CREAT$ BY ! SPIRITUAL CRISIS4 ,! V]Y DISCOV]Y ( A NEW VI/A 9VALIDAT+ ALL =M] NORMS CON/ITUT$ AN AN>*ICAL CONDITION1 & EXCESS 9 ?\<T & LIFE WAS ! FIR/ RESPONSE TO ! IMPORT & DIM5SIONS ( ?AT VI/A4 

,BUT CAN ?IS EXPLORATION ( ! GNO/ICS 5D ) A DISCIPL9E ( 9DISCIPL9E8 ,A WILD COMPULSION TO BE FREE8 ,GNO/ICISM'S COMMITM5T TO 0GOODNESS0 & PHYSICAL 9DULG5CE IMPLIES ! LAT5T EXI/5CE ( MORE CREATIVE IMPULSES ?AN A 0MORAL NIHILISM40 ,WE HE> ! MESSAGE ( ,RABELAIS'S ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME1 :OSE DEVOTEES >E NO LONG] SPIRITUAL PNEUMATICS BUT E>?LY RATIONALI/S2 WE ALSO HE> ! MESSAGE ( ,F\RI]'S 0PHALAN/]Y10 :I* RESONATES ) A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & TE*NICAL DISP5SATION3 ITS PSY*OLOGICAL COSMOS ( P]SONAL AFF9ES1 ITS GA/RONOMIC DELI<TS1 ITS >TI/IC & V>IEGAT$ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 ITS CONCEPT ( WORK AS PLAY1 & ITS G5]\S 7= ,F\RI]'S TIME7 COMMITM5T TO ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM54 ,NO HI]>*Y OR SY/EM ( DOM9ATION 9FECTS ?IS MESSAGE4 ,F\RI] CAN BE PLAC$ AT LEA/ P>TLY 9 ! GNO/IC TRADITION BY VIRTUE ( HIS EMPHASIS ON HUMAN SPONTANEITY1 P]SONAL FRE$OM1 & A REFUSAL TO D5Y ! CLAIMS ( ! FLE%4 ,?IS IS EV5 MORE TRUE = ,RABELAIS1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ( HIS ELITI/ ,R5AISSANCE PROCLIVITIES & HIS CL]ICAL BACKGR\ND4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! D5IAL ( JU/ICE = 0GOODNESS0 & ( REPRESSION = FRE$OM PROVIDE A MORE SECURE COMMON GR\ND = ! HUMANI/IC UTOPIANS ( ! MOD]N WORLD & ! GNO/ICS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD ?AN !IR DIZZY+ IDIOSYNCRACIES W\LD LEAD US TO BELIEVE4 

,WE ALSO HE> ANO!R MESSAGE4 ,:]E IMAG9ATION IS P]MITT$ TO \T/RIP ALL ! CON/RA9TS ?AT IDEOLOGY1 MORALITY1 & 0LAW0 PLACE ON HUMAN CREATIVE P[]S1 :AT EM]GES IS ! VOICE ( >T1 NOT M]ELY ( !OLOGY4 ,RELIGION HAS ALWAYS BE5 A RITUALIZ$ DRAMA ?AT APPEALS TO ES!TIC NE$S AS WELL AS TO FAI?4 ,& GNO/ICISM %>$ ) ! CULTIC MY/]IES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 AS WELL AS ) ,*RI/IANITY1 A NE$ TO A*IEVE A D]ANGEM5T ( ! S5SES1 AN EC/ATIC UNION ( SPIRIT ) BODY ?AT !OLOGY DESCRIB$ AS A UNION ( WOR%IP] ) DEITY4 ,A WORLD ?AT IS R5D]$ ASKEW IS A WORLD ?AT CAN BE SE5 ANEW -- & *ANG$ ACCORD+ TO ! DICTATES ( >T AS WELL AS REASON4 ,H]E9 LIES ! GREAT P[] ( IMAG9ATION ?AT HAS VITALIZ$ RADICAL MOVEM5TS = C5TURIES3 A 0WORLD TURN$ UPSIDE D[N0 ?AT HAS BE5 ! GOAL ( GREAT AN>*IC MOVEM5TS1 FROM ! ANCI5T WORLD TO ! ,FR5* /UD5T RADICALS ( #a#i#f#h4 

,GNO/ICISM1 BY GIV+ DESIRE AN UNYIELD+ CLAIM ON ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE ( EXP]I5CE1 DOES NOT SEEM TO LIMIT ITS CR$O ( 0ILLUM9ATION0 TO A LIMIT$ PLACE 9 P]SONAL LIFE4 ,ITS APPEAL TO DEFIANCE AS AN 0OBLIGATION0 IS A PROGRAM = EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,! GNO/IC EXP]I5CE1 IF SU* IT CAN BE CALL$1 IS NOT LOCK$ 9TO EPISODIC RITUALS & C]EMONIES2 IT IS AN ONGO+1 UNRELIEV$ CALL+4 ,GNOSIS IS EXPECT$ TO TRANSFIGURE EV]Y DETAIL ( ONE'S 5C\NT] ) REALITY -- TO CREATE A TRANSMUNDANE REALITY ( 0GOODNESS0 ?AT IS CLOSE TO A COMMUNION ) ! TRUE ,GOD4 ,TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ,SURREALISM1 IT PLACES A 0HALO0 OV] ! ORD9>Y ?+S & EV5TS ?AT NORMALLY DRIFT BY US UNP]CEIV$4 ,! V]Y SPONTANEITY IT FO/]S 9 ! SELF IS ! CORRELATE ( A P]MAN5T /ATE ( DESIRE RA!R ?AN M]E NE$1 ( A PASSIONATE P]CEPTION ( ! WORLD RA!R ?AN ONE DEAD5$ BY CU/OM1 R\T9E1 & PR$ICTABILITY4 

,IF !SE CREATIVE1 9DE$1 ES!TIC1 ASPECTS ( ! RADICAL GNO/IC 0PROGRAMS0 >E DEPICT$ ACCURATELY1 !N ! CLOS+ C5TURIES ( ANTIQUITY ANTICIPAT$ A MORE UNIV]SAL SECUL> IMPULSE TO FRE$OM ?AN A /RICTLY RELIGI\S 9T]PRETATION ( GNO/ICISM W\LD LEAD US TO BELIEVE4 ,:AT GNO/ICISM SEEMS TO IMPLY IS A COLONIZATION ( EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE BY DESIRE4 ,S*ILL]'S DREAM ( AN ES!TICALLY 5*ANT$ WORLD & ,BRETON'S HYPO/ATIZATION ( 0! M>VEL\S0 AS ! EXPLOSIVE GR5ADES ?AT UNSORT ! WORLD ( GIV5 REALITY W\LD BE COT]M9\S ) ! GNO/IC EXP]I5CE ( 0EC/ATIC ILLUM9ATION40 ,BUT ! GNO/ICS W]E NOT 0POLITICAL ANIMALS0 9 ,>I/OTLE'S S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,!Y W]E NOT CITIZ5S ( ! POLIS OR COSMOPOLIS BUT ULTIMATELY ( A HI<LY SPIRITUAL WORLD4 ,!Y EMPHASIZ$ 9W>D-ORI5T$ EXP]I5CES1 NOT AN ACTIVE CONTACT ) ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,! ,CA?>I1 A GNO/IC SECT ?AT FL\RI%$ DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 HAD A PROGRAM = SELF-EXT9CTION4 ,!IR EXTREME REJECTION ( ! 0HYLIC0 OR MAT]IAL -- FROM REPRODUCTION TO FOOD -- W\LD HAVE GU>ANTE$ A RETREAT FROM ! ,DEMIURGE'S COSMOS 9TO AN UTT]LY 9EFFABLE ONE HAD ! ,ALBIG5SIAN 0CRUSADE0 ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY NOT L$ TO !IR VIRTUAL EXT]M9ATION4 

,COMMUNISM1 :I* CANNOT EASILY BE R$UC$ TO CULTIC CONV5TICLES1 DREW ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ,ACTS 9 ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T & O!R 0,JUDAIC0 WRIT+S ?AT ,M>CION W\LD HAVE BANI%$ FROM ,*RI/IAN CANON & DOGMA4 ,BECAUSE IT WAS APO/OLIC 9 ITS EF=TS TO E/ABLI% ITS E?ICAL LEGITIMACY & SUP]IORITY AGA9/ ! ,*UR*'S SELF-9T]E/ & GRE$1 COMMUNISM HAS NO DISC]NIBLE ROOTS 9 ANCI5T GNO/ICISM4 ,BUT ,*RI/IANITY'S AMPLE HI/ORY -- BE IT ! ACC\NT ( ITS WAYW>D HI]>*Y OR ( !IR 0H]ETICAL0 OPPON5TS -- IS NOT A /ORY ( DOCTR9AL CONSI/5CY4 ,JU/ AS ! ,*UR* WAS TO B5D BE=E ! ONSLAU<T ( *ANG+ EV5TS1 SO TOO DID ! DEV\T CONGREGATIONS \TSIDE ITS FOLD4 ,BY ! TIME ( ,LU!R & ,CALV9 -- & P]HAPS MO/ M>K$LY DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY -- H]ETICAL & RECALCITRANT CONGREGATIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y H]ETICAL 0,SA9TS0 7AS !Y CALL$ !MSELVES7 W]E TO SURFACE FROM !IR HIDD5 FOLDS 9 ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY & MOVE TO ! C5T] ( POLITICAL LIFE4 ,WE %ALL 9VE/IGATE ! ACTIVITIES ( !SE 0,SA9TS10 !IR V>I\S T5D5CIES1 !IR POLITICS1 & !IR GR[+ SECUL>ITY 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES1 ! ,PURITAN RADICALS CEAS$ TO BE M]E SPIRITUAL CONV5TICLES2 FROM RELIGI\S 0,SA9TS0 !Y BECAME 0,GOD'S ,5GLI%M540 ,ONCE-HIDD5 H]ETICAL CONGREGATIONS & RELIGI\S PULPITS N[ OCCUPI$ ! SEATS ( REBELLI\S P>LIAM5TS1 P>LIAM5T>Y RO/RUMS1 & 7P]HAPS MORE COMPELL+LY7 ! T5TS1 B>RACKS1 & MILIT>Y C\NCILS ( ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL'S ,NEW ,MODEL >MY4 

,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT AB\T ?IS SWEEP+ 5TRY ( ,*RI/IAN H]ETICS 9TO POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS IS NOT M]ELY ! SECUL>ITY ( ! DEVELOPM5T4 ,AT HE>T1 MO/ ( ! ]/:ILE H]ETICS W]E !OCRATS -- & NOT V]Y TOL]ANT ONES AT ?AT1 P>TICUL>LY 9 MATT]S ( RELIGI\S DOGMA4 ,! V>I\S ,PURITAN SECTS ( ! LATE SIXTE5? & E>LY SEV5TE5? C5TURIES HAD NO LOVE = !IR 5EMIES & NO *>ITY T[>D 0,PAPI/S10 H[EV] UNEASILY !Y LIV$ ) ONE ANO!R )9 A COMMON ,PROTE/ANT FOLD4 ,BUT !Y W]E NONCON=MI/S4 ,!IR HATR$ ( AU?ORITY (T5 GREATLY EXCE$$ !IR HATR$ ( (FICIAL RELIGI\S DOGMA4 ,! ATTEMPT ( (FICIAL ,5GLI% ,PROTE/ANTISM 7?AT IS1 ! ,ANGLICAN ,*UR*'S ATTEMPT TO CONTA9 ITS ,PRESBYT]IAN DISSID5TS1 & ! DISSID5TS' ATTEMPT1 ONCE !Y BECAME ASC5DANT1 TO CONTA9 ! ,PURITANS7 WAS NE>LY AS FI]CE AS ! EF=TS ( ! ,5GLI% ,*UR* AS A :OLE TO EXORCIZE ITS ,CA?OLIC PA/4 ,NONCON=MITY ?US 9TRODUC$ A MILL5NIA-LONG TRADITION ( FI]Y DISPUTES OV] ECCLESIA/ICAL /RUCTURE AS SU*4 ,! ,*UR* POLICY RAIS$ /ORMY QUE/IONS &1 F9ALLY1 REBELLIONS >\ND ! RI<T ( ! K+ TO HEAD ! ,5GLI% ,*UR*1 ! RI<T ( BI%OPS TO CONTROL CONGREGATIONS1 & ! FRE$OM ( ! CONGREGATION -- 9DE$1 ( EA* MEMB] -- TO ANSW] TO NO AU?ORITY :ATEV] BEYOND ! CLAIMS ( HIS OR H] 09N] VOICE40 

,*RI/IANITY1 9 EFFECT1 HAD 9ADV]T5TLY SPAWN$ A REM>KABLY NEW 0POLITICS03 A POLITICS DI/9CTLY LIB]T>IAN 9 ITS ORI5TATION1 (T5 AN>*IC 9 ITS /RUCTURE1 & REM>KABLY UNFETT]$ 9 ! RE/RICTIONS IT PLAC$ ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,IT HAD CREAT$ AN E?ICAL >5A = A GODLY CITIZ5%IP :OSE LIB]T>IAN SCOPE WAS EV5 BROAD] ?AN ?AT ( ! ,A!NIAN CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,UNLIKE ! CITIZ5 ( ! POLIS1 ! ,*RI/IAN 0H]ETIC0 HAD TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ONE WAS ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO ,GOD1 & H5CE HAD TO BE 9 A HI<] E/ATE ( CITIZ5%IP 9 ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM ?AN 9 ! E>?LY CITY4 ,BY VISUALIZ+ !MSELVES AS ,GOD'S 0ELECT10 ! 0,SA9TS0 MAY HAVE BE5 ELITI/S1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y W]E =C$ BY P]SECUTION 9TO ! M$IEVAL & E>LY ,RE=MATION UND]GR\ND ( DAMN$ H]ETICS4 ,BUT AS ! ,RE=MATION PROVID$ A SWEEP+ IMPETUS = SOCIAL ACTIVISM1 & AS !OCRACIES APPE>$ 9 ,G5EVA UND] ,CALV91 9 ,SCOTL& UND] ,KNOX1 & F9ALLY 9 ,5GL& UND] ,CROMWELL1 QUE/IONS ( AU?ORIT>IAN V]SUS LIB]T>IAN /RUCTURE CEAS$ TO BE M]ELY ECCLESIA/ICAL ISSUES4 ,!Y BECAME POLITICAL & SOCIAL ISSUES AS WELL4 ,! ,PURITAN ,NEW ,MODEL >MY ?AT BR\<T ,5GLI% ROYALTY TO ITS KNEES & PLAC$ ,K+ ,*>LES ON ! SCAFFOLD WAS ITSELF A RI*LY >TICULAT$1 (T5 RAG+ BODY ( RADICAL CONGREGATIONS -- ! >5A ( FI]Y H]ETICAL S]MONIZ]S -- ?AT WAS REPRES5T$ BY RANK-&-FILE 0AGITATORS0 7AS ! SOLDI]S' REPRES5TATIVES W]E ACTUALLY CALL$7 :O SAT ON ! ,>MY ,C\NCIL TOGE!R ) MAJOR-G5]ALS4 ,TOGE!R !Y =MULAT$ & FURI\SLY >GU$ OV] ISSUES ( NOT ONLY MILIT>Y POLICY BUT ALSO SOCIAL & POLITICAL POLICY4 ,ON AT LEA/ TWO OCCASIONS1 ,CROMWELL NE>LY LO/ CONTROL ( HIS [N MILIT>Y 0,SA9TS0 9 NE> OR \TRI<T MUT9IES4 

,BY SPAWN+ NONCON=MITY1 H]ETICAL CONV5TICLES1 & ISSUES ( AU?ORITY OV] P]SON & BELIEF1 ,*RI/IANITY CREAT$ NOT M]ELY A C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORIT>IAN ,PAPACY BUT ALSO ITS V]Y ANTI!SIS3 A QUASIRELIGI\S AN>*ISM4 ,UP TO ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY & = SEV]AL G5]ATIONS LAT]1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL /RUCTURES ( FRE$OM W]E AS C5TRAL TO ,*RI/IAN DISC\RSE AS W]E ISSUES ( RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY4 

,FROM ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,5LI<T5M5T UNTIL \R [N TIME1 ! WAN+ ( ?IS REALM ( DISC\RSE ON ! /RUCTURES ( FRE$OM WAS TO HAVE ! SAME TRAGIC CONSEQU5CES AS ! SECUL>IZATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! DIS5*ANTM5T ( P]SONALITY TO :I* ,I HAVE AIREADY ALLUD$4 ,! MORAL ISSUES ( FRE$OM W]E TO SUFF] A DECL9E ) ! SECUL>ISM 9TRODUC$ BY ,MA*IAVELLI1 ,HOBBES1 ,LOCKE1 ,B5?AM1 & ! ,VICTORIAN LIB]ALS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! V]Y NOTION ?AT FRE$OM -- ?AT IS1 ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP 9 ! ,P]IKLEAN & ,HELL5IC S5SE -- PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( C]TA9 DI/9CT LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS WAS TO BE ECLIPS$ BY DEBATES & ANALYZES ON ! SUBJECTS ( PROP]TY [N]%IP1 ! MY/IQUE ( NATIONHOOD 7& ! NATION-/ATE71 & ! T5D5CY TO EQUATE 9/ITUTIONAL C5TRALIZATION ) SOCIAL RATIONALISM4 ,HOBBES1 ,LOCKE1 & ,M>X W]E OBVI\SLY CONC]N$ ) SECURITY & PROP]TY :5 !Y DID NOT DISC\RSE ON ! NATURE & NE$ ( C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY4 ,! ACTIVE REVOLUTION>IES ( ! MOD]N ]A-,CROMWELL1 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,BABEUF1 ,BLANQUI1 & ,L591 TO CITE ! MO/ FAMILI> ( ! LOT -- W]E DOGMATIC C5TRALI/S :O (T5 MOV$ BEYOND ! LIMITS ( LIB]AL REPUBLICANISM 9 ORD] TO FO/] HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL =MS4 ,EXCEPT = REJO9D]S BY ! AN>*I/S & C]TA9 UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S :O HAD EM]G$ FROM ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,*RI/IAN H]ETICS FAD$ \T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION 9TO A HI/ORICAL LIMBO1 AT LEA/ UNTIL COMP>ATIVELY REC5T TIMES4 ,! NATION-/ATE WAS N[ EQUAT$ ) COMMUNITY2 ! NOTION ( A REPRES5TATIVE REPUBLIC1 ) ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( ! POLIS4 ,! V]Y T]MS ( ! DEBATE OV] AU?ORITY HAD BECOME SO DI/ORT$ ?AT ! DEBATE ITSELF VIRTUALLY CEAS$ TO BE 9TELLIGIBLE TO LAT] G5]ATIONS4 

,! IMAG]Y ( A RECURR+ HI/ORY1 L>GELY CYCLIC 9 *>ACT]1 (T5 REPLAC$ ,*RI/IANITY'S ES*ATOLOGICAL VISION ( ! ,LA/ ,DAYS1 ) ITS POPULI/ REW>D ( A ,L& ( ,COKAYGNE OR AT LEA/ AN E>?LY ,J]USALEM4 ,! REPUBLICAN IDEAL ?AT P]MEAT$ ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS ALWAYS HAUNT$ BY A ,CAES>I/ %AD[1 A REPUBLICAN ,BONAP>TISM1 ?AT ITS [N CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORIANS JU/IFI$ AS A /ABILIZ+ FACTOR 9 ,EUROPE'S M>* T[>D FRE$OM1 SPECIFICALLY T[>D FRE$OM ( TRADE4 ,! ,JACOB9S READ ,PLUT>* NOT ONLY AS A GUIDE TO ,ROMAN VIRTUE BUT ALSO AS A REVOLUTION>Y H&BOOK2 P]HAPS IT WAS MORE G]MANE AS A S\RCE ( SOCIAL =ECA/S ?AN ,R\SSEAU'S ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 :I* WAS READ AS A S\RCE ( SOCIAL !ORY4 ,!Y AWAIT$ !IR ,NAPOLEON AS SURELY AS ! ,ROMAN PLEBES AWAIT$ !IR ,CES>4 ,SEE+ ! WORLD ) ! NEW S5SE ( RECURR5CE ?AT HAD REPLAC$ ! ,*RI/IAN EMPHASIS ON A L9E> HI/ORY1 !Y VIEW$ !IR C>DS AS /ACK$ & ACCEPT$ ! FALL ( ! REPUBLIC ITSELF FATALI/ICALLY -- 9DE$1 9 ALMO/ A DREAMLIKE TRANCE1 IF ,ROBESPI]RE'S P]SONAL PASSIVITY BETWE5 HIS OV]?R[ & HIS EXECUTION IS ANY 9DICATION4 

,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :I* EXPLOD$ AS AN AN>*IC CONF$]AL IMAGE ( A ,FRANCE ADM9I/]$ BY A ,COMMUNE COMPOS$ ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNES1 ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM HAD DECORAT$ ITSELF ) REPUBLICAN TRAPP+S AT BE/ & DICTATORIAL ONES AT WOR/4 ,BY ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#a#g1 ,L59 HAD COMB9$ ,BRUTUS & ,CES> 9 ONE P]SON4 ,DESPITE HIS SLOGAN ( 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS60 -- & EV5 E>LI] 9 ! SUMM] ( ! SAME YE>1 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,%OP ,COMMITTEES60 7A /RICTLY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ DEM&7 -- ,L59 READILY DISP5S$ ) BO? =MS & REPLAC$ !M BY ! ,P>TY AS A ,/ATE ORGAN4 

,! ,P>TY1 AS SU*1 WAS ! UNIQUE /RUCTURAL 9NOVATION ( ! PO/-,RE=MATION ]A4 ,ITS CONTEMPORANEITY & ITS IMPACT ON POLITICAL LIFE HAVE R>ELY BE5 FULLY APPRECIAT$4 ,FROM ! TWELF? C5TURY ONW>D1 ,*RI/IAN H]ETICS F\ND !IR HOME 9 ! SMALL1 HI<LY DEC5TRALIZ$1 P]SONALLY 9TIMATE CONV5TICLE -- AN ALMO/ CELLUL> TYPE ( ASSOCIATION ?AT FO/]$ AN 9T5SE =M ( 9TIMACY & SUPPORT ?AT WAS SORELY LACK+ 9 ! L>G] ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS ( ! TIME4 ,!SE FAMILY-LIKE UNITS L5T !MSELVES UNIQUELY TO A CONF$]AL =M ( 9T]ACTION AMONG GR\PS FROM :I*1 CELL BY CELL1 A TRULY ORGANIC BODY POLITIC C\LD BE CON/RUCT$4 ,) ! ONSET ( ! ,RE=MATION1 AS SU* GR\PS BECAME 9CREAS+LY 9VOLV$ 9 SECUL> AFFAIRS1 !Y FUNCTION$ MORE LIKE SOCIAL ORGANISMS ?AN LIKE ,/ATE OR POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BRO!RHOODS SU* AS ! ,HUTT]ITES EV5 BECAME ALT]NATIVE COMMUNI/IC SOCIETIES1 SELF-SUFFICI5T & COMPLETE UNTO !MSELVES4 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE /RIK+ IS ! FACT ?AT ! CONV5TICLE =M ( ASSOCIATION NEV] DISAPPE>$1 DESPITE ! ASC5DANCY ( ! ,P>TY4 ,COMPLETELY SECUL> 9 *>ACT] BUT NO LESS SMALL1 9TIMATE1 & DEC5TRALIZ$1 IT P]SI/$ )9 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS ! 0AFF9ITY GR\P40 ,FROM ,SPA9 IT SPREAD ?R\<\T ! WORLD ) ! REC5T GR[? ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 ACQUIR+ ! NAMES ( 0COLLECTIVE10 0COMMUNE10 & 0COOP]ATIVE0 ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT 9 ! #a#i#fS4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,P>TY WAS SIMPLY A MIRROR-IMAGE ( ! NATION-/ATE1 & ITS =TUNES W]E COMPLETELY TI$ TO ! ,/ATE'S DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,P>TY WAS MEANT TO BE V]Y L>GE1 (T5 EMBRAC+ SIZABLE MASSES ( PEOPLE :O W]E KNITT$ TOGE!R BUREAUCRATICALLY 9 DEP]SONALIZ$1 C5TRALIZ$ ORGANS4 ,:5 ! ,P>TY WAS NOT 09 P[]10 IT WAS M]ELY ! DIS9H]IT$ TW9 ( ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS1 (T5 REPLICAT+ IT 9 EV]Y DETAIL4 ,:5 ! ,P>TY WAS 09 P[]10 IT BECAME ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 ,R>ELY HAS IT BE5 UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY & ! ,NAZI ,P>TY W]E !MSELVES COMPLETE ,/ATE APP>ATUSES ?AT COMPLETELY SUPPLANT$ ! PREEXI/+ ,/ATE /RUCTURES !Y 0SEIZ$40 ,HITL]1 NO LESS ?AN ,L591 WAS TO FOLL[ ,M>X'S FAM\S MAXIM ?AT ! ,/ATE MU/ NOT BE M]ELY OCCUPI$ BUT 0SMA%$0 & REPLAC$ BY A NEW ONE4 

,BUT ,M>X WAS /AT+ A FACT AB\T P>TIES 9 G5]AL ?AT1 AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 HAD ALREADY CEAS$ TO BE A NOVELTY4 ,! MOD]N ,/ATE C\LD MORE PROP]LY BE CALL$ A 0P>TY-/ATE0 ?AN A 0NATION-/ATE40 ,ORGANIZ$ FROM ! TOP D[NW>D ) A BUREAUCRATIC 9FRA/RUCTURE FLE%$ \T BY A MEMB]%IP1 ! ,P>TY POSSESSES AN 9/ITUTIONAL FLEXIBILITY ?AT IS MU* GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! (FICIAL ,/ATE4 ,/RUCTURALLY1 ITS REP]TORY ( =MS RANGES FROM ! LOOSELY CON/RUCT$ REPUBLIC TO HI<LY TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES4 ,AS A S\RCE ( 9/ITUTIONAL 9NOVATION1 ! ,P>TY CAN BE SCULPT$ & MOLD$ TO PRODUCE ORGANIZATIONAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ) AN EASE ?AT ANY ,/ATE (FICIAL W\LD 5VY4 ,& ONCE 9 P[]1 ! ,P>TY CAN MAKE !SE =MS P>T ( ! POLITICAL MA*9]Y ITSELF4 ,\R [N ]A HAS GIV5 ! ,P>TY AN AUTONOMY UNEQUAL$ BY ANY ,/ATE 9/ITUTION1 FROM ! ANCI5T PH>AOHS TO ! MOD]N REPUBLICS4 ,AS ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM & ,G]MAN FASCISM DRAMATICALLY DEMON/RAT$1 P>TIES HAVE %AP$ ,EUROPEAN /ATES MORE READILY ?AN /ATES HAVE %AP$ !IR P>TIES4 

,YET ! ASC5DANCY ( ! NATION-/ATE1 ! P>TY1 &1 9 MORE REC5T YE>S1 ! HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE DID NOT LACK IDEOLOGICAL REACTIONS AGA9/ !M4 ,! ,5GLI% '',SA9TS0 :O C>RI$ ,CROMWELL TO P[] NEV] 5C\NT]$ ! HI<LY COORD9AT$ 9/ITUTIONS OR EV5 ! C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACIES ?AT ! ABSOLUTE MON>*S ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T &1 P]HAPS1 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! ,JACOB9 0DESPOTISM ( FRE$OM0 HAD FA%ION$ 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES4 ,ONLY ! ,PAPACY1 A FEEBLE 9/ITUTION BY ! TIME ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 HAD ANTICIPAT$ ANY /ATELIKE APP>ATUS LIKE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS TO PRODUCE4 ,! ,TUDOR & ,/U>T MON>*IES1 :ILE MORE C5TRALIZ$ ?AN ,5GLI% ROYAL H\SES ( ! PA/1 W]E /ILL TOO 9EPT TO ANTICIPATE ! WORLD ( NATION-/ATES ?AT W\LD FOLL[4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION -- FIR/ UND] ,ROBESPI]RE & LAT] UND] ,BONAP>TE -- HAD FA%ION$ ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE ) A V5GEANCE4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,EUROPE1 ! WORD 0,SA9T0 WAS REPLAC$ BY ! WORD 0PATRIOT40 ,:ILE ,M>X EXULT$ 9 ! WILLFULL RU?LESSNESS ( ! NATION-/ATE1 LESS]-KN[N REVOLUTION>IES DREW LESS FAVORABLE1 ICILY CLE> ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN LESSONS ( !IR [N4 ,ONE SU* WAS ,JEAN ,V>LET1 A POPUL> /REET ORATOR 7OR ,5RAGE7 ( #agic :O MANAG$ TO SURVIVE ,ROBESPI]RE'S MURD]\S PURGE ( ! ,P>ISIAN RADICALS4 ,V>LET DECID$ 7FLATLY CONTRADICT+ HIS MORE CELEBRAT$ CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF7 ?AT 0,GOV]NM5T & ,REVOLUTION >E 9COMPATIBLE40 ,?IS /ATEM5T1 9 ITS SWEEP & G5]ALITY1 WAS MORE UNEQUIVOCAL ?AN ANY CONCLUSION VOIC$ BY ! RADICAL 0,SA9TS0 AB\T ! ,/ATE OR EV5 AU?ORITY4 ,IT WAS AN>*I/4 ,9DE$1 ,V>LET HAD BE5 ! T>GET ( ?IS V]Y EPI!T BY HIS LIB]AL OPPON5TS 9 ! FEV]I% DAYS ( #agic -- AS1 9 FACT1 ! ,LEVEL]S HAD BE5 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION MORE ?AN A C5TURY E>LI]1 :5 A PAP] FAVORABLE TO ,CROMWELL DESCRIB$ !M AS 0,SWITZ]IZ+ ,AN>*I/S40 

,! T]M WAS TO /ICK & TO ACQUIRE AN EV]-RI*] MEAN+ ON ! M>G9S ( ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,BO? ,?OMAS ,PA9E & ,JEFF]SON DREW CONCLUSIONS SOME:AT SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,V>LET FROM ! QUASIDICTATOR%IP ( ! ,JACOB9S & ITS ,BONAP>TI/ SEQUELAE4 ,EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN ,PA9E'S D]OGATORY REM>KS AB\T GOV]NM5T W]E ! ESS5TIALLY RECON/RUCTIVE CONF$]AL NOTIONS ?AT ,JEFF]SON ADVANC$ TO ,DE/UTT DE ,TRACY 9 #a#h#a#a4 ,CONC]N$ ) ! NE$ = RELATIVELY F$]ALI/ 9/ITUTIONAL =MS AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY1 ,JEFF]SON A/UTELY DIAGNOS$ ! REASONS :Y REPUBLICAN ,FRANCE SO EASILY SLIPP$ 9TO IMP]IAL ,FRANCE ) ,NAPOLEON'S C\P D'ETAT3 

,! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ,FRANCE WAS LO/ )\T A /RUGGLE BECAUSE ! P>TY ( 0UN ET 9DIVISIBLE0 HAD PREVAIL$4 ,NO PROV9CIAL .<& ONE C\LD EASILY ADD1 LOCAL.> ORGANIZATIONS EXI/$ TO :I* ! PEOPLE MI<T RALLY UND] ! LAWS1 ! SEATS ( ! ,DIRECTORY W]E VIRTUALLY VACANT1 & A SMALL =CE SUFFIC$ TO TURN ! LEGISLATURE \T ( !IR *AMB]1 & SALUTE ITS LEAD] *IEF ( ! NATION4 

,HAV+ CONC5TRAT$ ALL POLITICAL AU?ORITY 9 ! NATIONAL ,/ATE1 ! ,JACOB9S & !IR SUCCESSORS1 ! ,DIRECTORY1 HAD D5UD$ ! C\NTRY ( ALL LOCAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ FOCI ( P[] FROM :I* ! REVOLUTION C\LD M\NT AN EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! ,BONAP>TI/ MON>*Y4 

,?AT ,JEFF]SON IMPUT$ A GREAT] WISDOM TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION = ITS CONF$]AL ORI5TATION RAISES ISSUES ?AT MU/ BE DEF]R$ TO A LAT] DISCUSSION4 ,JEFF]SON HIMSELF WAS NO 0,SWITZ]IZ+ ,AN>*I/10 & ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION DID NOT REPRODUCE ,SWITZ]L&'S CANTONAL =M ( CONF$]ATION4.<#d#d.> ,BUT A CONF$]ALI/ ORI5TATION WAS TO L+] ON-9 ! WRIT+S ( ,PR\DHON1 :O PROVOCATIVELY DECL>$ HIMSELF TO BE AN 0AN>*I/E02 9 ,BAKUN91 :O WAS TO HELP MAKE AN>*ISM 9TO A MOVEM5T2 & 9 ,KROPOTK91 :O WAS TO VA/LY 5RI* AN>*ISM ) A WEAL? ( HI/ORICAL TRADITIONS1 A /RIK+LY PRAGMATIC VISION ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL & SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES IT (F]$1 & A CREATIVE VISION DRAWN L>GELY FROM ! WRIT+S ( ,ROB]T ,[5 & ,*>LES ,F\RI]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,*APT] #g - ,! ,LEGACY ( ,FRE$OM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #g - ,! ,LEGACY ( ,FRE$OM -- ,ADD$4 

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