,*APT] #f - ,JU/ICE -- ,EQUAL & ,EXACT 

#aihbaihb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#f4 ,JU/ICE -- ,EQUAL & ,EXACT 

  

,! NOTION ( 0FRE$OM0 DOES NOT SEEM TO EXI/ 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,AS WE SAW E>LI]1 ! WORD IS SIMPLY MEAN+LESS TO MANY PRELIT]ATE PEOPLES4 ,LACK+ ANY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ /RUCTURE ( DOM9ATION1 !Y HAVE NO WAY ( DEF9+ A CONDITION ?AT IS /ILL 9TR9SICALLY P>T ( !IR SOCIAL LIVES -- A CONDITION 9TO :I* !Y GR[ )\T ! ELABORATE HI]>*ICAL & LAT] CLASS /RUCTURES ( ! LATE ,NEOLI?IC & ( 0CIVILIZATION40 ,AS 0FRE$OM0 & 0DOM9ATION0 >E NOT 9 T5SION ) EA* O!R1 !Y LACK CONTRA/ & DEF9ITION4 

,BUT ! V]Y LACK ( DI/9CTION BETWE5 0FRE$OM0 & 0DOM9ATION0 LEAVES ORGANIC SOCIETY UNGU>D$ AGA9/ HI]>*Y & CLASS RULE4 ,9NOC5CE EXPOSES ! COMMUNITY TO MANIPULATION ON ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y LEVELS ( SOCIAL EXP]I5CE4 ,! ELD]S1 %AMANS1 LAT] ! PATRI>*S1 PRIE/LY CORPORATIONS1 & W>RIOR *IEFTA9S1 :O >E TO CORRODE ORGANIC SOCIETY1 NE$ ONLY PRODUCE %IFTS 9 EMPHASIS FROM ! P>TICUL> TO ! G5]AL -- FROM SPECIFIC ANIMALS TO !IR SPIRITS2 FROM ZOOMORPHIC TO AN?ROPOMORPHIC DEITIES2 FROM USUFRUCT TO COMMUNAL PROP]TY2 FROM DEMONIC TREASURE TO K+LY /OREH\SES2 FROM GIFTS TO COMMODITIES2 F9ALLY1 FROM M]E B>T] TO ELABORATE M>KETPLACES4 

,HI/ORY MAY HAVE BE5 BLOODY & ITS DE/9Y MAY BE A UNIV]SAL TRAG$Y ) H]OIC EF=TS & LO/ POSSIBILITIES PUNCTUAT+ ITS LONG C>E]4 ,BUT A BODY ( HOPELESS IDEALS & A MEAN+LESS MOVEM5T ( EV5TS IT WAS NOT4 ,) ! LOSS ( 9NOC5CE APPE>$ NEW CONCEPTS ?AT W]E TO HAVE A HI<LY EQUIVOCAL EFFECT ON SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 A C]TA9 IDEOLOGICAL >MOR+1 A GR[? ( 9TELLECTUAL P[]S1 AN 9CREAS+ DEGREE ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 P]SONAL AUTONOMY1 & A S5SE ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS AS DI/+UI%$ FROM FOLK P>O*IALISM4 ,TO BE EXPELL$ FROM ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 CAN BE REG>D$1 AS ,HEGEL WAS TO SAY1 AS AN IMPORTANT CONDITION = ITS RETURN -- BUT ON A LEVEL ?AT IS 9=M$ ) A SOPHI/ICATION ?AT CAN RESOLVE ! P>ADOXES ( P>ADISE4 

,! UNIV]SALIZATION ( IDEAS ACQUIRES ITS MO/ BEGUIL+ 9TELLECTUAL =M 9 ! EV]-EXPANSIVE MEAN+ PEOPLE GIVE TO FRE$OM4 ,ONCE UNFRE$OM EM]GES TO YIELD ! NOTION ( FRE$OM1 ! NOTION ACQUIRES A REM>KABLE LOGIC ( ITS [N ?AT PRODUCES1 9 ITS V>I\S BYWAYS & DIFF]5TIA1 A RI*LY >TICULAT$ BODY ( ISSUES & =MULATIONS -- A V]ITABLE G>D5 FROM :I* WE CAN LE>N & FROM :I* WE CAN PLUCK :AT WE WANT TO MAKE AN ATTRACTIVE B\QUET4 ,FROM ! LOSS ( A SOCIETY ?AT WAS ONCE FREE COMES ! VISION ( AN ADMITT$LY EMBELLI%$1 (T5 EXTRAVAGANTLY FANCIFUL GOLD5 AGE -- ONE ?AT MAY CONTA9 NORMS EV5 MORE LIB]ATORY 9 !IR UNIV]SALITY ?AN ?OSE :I* EXI/$ 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,FROM A 0BACKW>D-LOOK+0 UTOPIANISM1 COMMONLY BAS$ ON ! IMAGE ( A B\NTIFUL NATURE & UNFETT]$ CONSUMPTION >ISES A 0=W>D-LOOK+0 UTOPIANISM BAS$ ON ! IMAGE ( A B\NTIFUL ECONOMY & UNFETT]$ PRODUCTION4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO EXTREMES1 RELIGI\S & AN>*IC MOVEM5TS DEVELOP A MORE BALANC$1 AL?\< EQUALLY G5]\S1 VISION ( UTOPIA ?AT COMB9ES %>+ ) SELF-DISCIPL9E1 FRE$OM ) COORD9ATION1 & JOY ) RESPONSIBILITY4 

,ALMO/ CONCOMITANTLY ) ?IS UTOPIAN DEVELOPM5T1 L>GELY 0UND]GR\ND0 9 NATURE1 WE WITNESS ! OP5 EM]G5CE ( JU/ICE -- FIR/1 AS A SURROGATE = ! FRE$OM ?AT IS LO/ ) ! DECL9E ( ORGANIC SOCIETY1 LAT] AS ! 9EFFABLE PROTAGONI/ ( NEW CONCEPTIONS ( FRE$OM4 ,) JU/ICE1 WE HE> ! CLAIMS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! IDEAL ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY VOICE !IR OPPOSITION TO ! LIMITS IMPOS$ ON P]SONALITY & SOCIETY BY ! FOLK COLLECTIVE4 ,BUT FRE$OM1 TOO1 WILL DIVIDE & OPPOSE ITSELF AS M]E 0HAPP9ESS0 7,M>X7 & EXTRAVAGANT 0PLEASURE0 7,F\RI]7 -- AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ! *APT]S ?AT FOLL[4 ,SO1 TOO1 WILL LABOR -- CONCEIV$ AS ! 9DISP5SABLE TOIL 9 :I* EV]Y SOCIETY IS AN*OR$ OR AS ! FREE RELEASE ( HUMAN P[]S & CONSOCIATION EV5 9 ! REALM ( DEM&+ WORK4 

,COH]5CE REQUIRES ?AT WE TRY TO BR+ !SE V>I\S COMPON5TS ( ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM TOGE!R4 ,COH]5CE ALSO REQUIRES ?AT WE TRY TO 9T]L9K \R PROJECT ) NATURE TO IMP>T RATIONALITY NOT ONLY TO SOCIAL BUT ALSO TO NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,WE MU/ EXPLORE ! VALUES1 S5SIBILITIES1 & TE*NICS ?AT H>MONIZE \R RELATION%IP ) NATURE AS WELL AS \RSELVES4 ,COH]5CE F9ALLY REQUIRES ?AT WE TRY TO BR+ TOGE!R ! ?READS ( !SE %>$ HI/ORIES -- NATURAL & SOCIAL -- 9TO A :OLE ?AT UNITES DIFF]5TIA 9TO A MEAN+FUL 5SEMBLE1 ONE ?AT ALSO REMOVES HI]>*Y FROM \R S5SE ( MEAN+ & RELEASES SPONTANEITY AS AN 9=M$ & CREATIVE NISUS4 

,BUT A /RONG CAVEAT MU/ H]E BE RAIS$3 IDEAS1 VALUES1 & 9/ITUTIONS >E NOT M]E COMMODITIES ON ! %ELVES ( AN IDEOLOGICAL SUP]M>KET2 WE CANNOT PROMISCU\SLY DROP !M 9TO %OPP+ C>TS LIKE PROCESS$ GOODS4 ,! CONTEXT WE =M FROM IDEAS1 ! WAYS WE RELATE !M1 & ! MEAN+S WE IMP>T TO !M >E AS IMPORTANT AS ! COMPON5TS & S\RCES FROM :I* \R 0:OLE0 IS COMPOS$4 ,P]HAPS IT IS TRUE1 AS ! WORLD ( ,S*ILL] SEEM$ TO BELIEVE1 ?AT ! ,GREEKS SAID EV]Y?+4 ,BUT IF SO1 EA* ?9K] & PRACTITION] SAID IT 9 V]Y SPECIFIC WAYS1 (T5 ROOT$ 9 V]Y LIMIT$ SOCIAL CONDITIONS & = V]Y DIFF]5T PURPOSES4 ,WE CAN NEV] RETURN TO ! SETT+ 9 :I* !SE IDEAS W]E =M$ -- NOR %\LD WE TRY4 ,IT IS 5\< ?AT WE UND]/& ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 E>LI] TIMES & \R [N1 E>LI] IDEAS & \R [N4 ,ULTIMATELY1 WE MU/ CREATE \R [N CONTEXT = IDEAS1 IF !Y >E TO BECOME RELEVANT TO ! PRES5T & FUTURE4 ,& WE MU/ DISC]N ! OLD] CONTEXTS FROM :I* !Y EM]G$ -- ALL ! MORE NOT TO REPEAT !M4 ,TO PUT IT QUITE BLUNTLY1 FRE$OM HAS NO 0F\ND+ FA!RS10 ONLY FREE ?9K]S & PRACTITION]S4 ,IF IT HAD SU* 0FA!RS10 IT W\LD ALSO BE DIRELY 9 NE$ ( MORTICIANS TO 9T] IT1 = ?AT :I* IS 0F\ND$0 MU/ ALWAYS ANSW] TO ! CLAIMS ( MORTALITY4 

,FRE$OM1 CONCEIV$ AS A CLU/] ( IDEALS & PRACTICES1 HAS A V]Y CONVOLUT$ HI/ORY1 & A L>GE P>T ( ?IS HI/ORY HAS SIMPLY BE5 UNCONSCI\S4 ,IT HAS CONSI/$ ( UN/AT$ CU/OMS & HUMANI/IC IMPULSES ?AT W]E NOT >TICULAT$ 9 ANY SY/EMATIC FA%ION UNTIL !Y W]E VIOLAT$ BY UNFRE$OM4 ,:5 ! WORD FRE$OM DID COME 9TO COMMON USAGE1 ITS MEAN+ WAS (T5 CONSCI\SLY CONFUS$4 ,= C5TURIES1 FRE$OM WAS ID5TIFI$ ) JU/ICE1 MORALITY1 & ! V>I\S P]QUISITES ( RULE LIKE 0FREE TIME10 OR ELSE IT WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) 0LIB]TY0 AS A BODY ( 9DIVIDUAL1 (T5 EGOI/IC1 RI<TS4 ,IT ACQUIR$ ! TRAITS ( PROP]TY & DUTIES1 & WAS V>I\SLY CA/ 9 NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE T]MS SU* AS 0FRE$OM FROM 4 4 40 OR 0FRE$OM = 4 4 4 40 

,NOT UNTIL ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DID ?IS ,TEUTONIC WORD 7AS WE KN[ IT7 BEG9 TO 9CLUDE SU* METAPHYSICAL NICETIES AS FRE$OM FROM ! REALM ( NECESSITY OR FRE$OM FROM ! =TUNES ( FATE1 ! ,ANANKE & ,MOIRA ?AT ! ,GREEKS ADD$ TO ITS ELUCIDATION4 ,! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS MADE A MOCK]Y ( ! WORD & DIVE/$ IT ( MU* ( ITS IDEALI/IC CONT5T BY ATTA*+ IT TO TOTALIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES & C\NTRIES4 ,?US1 TO M]ELY 0DEF9E0 SO MAIM$ & TORTUR$ A WORD W\LD BE UTT]LY NAIVE4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 FRE$OM CAN BE/ BE EXPLICAT$ AS P>T ( A VOYAGE ( DISCOV]Y ?AT BEG9S ) ITS E>LY PRACTICE -- & LIMITS -- 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY1 ITS NEGATION BY HI]>*ICAL & CLASS 0CIVILIZATIONS10 & ITS P>TIAL REALIZATION 9 E>LY NOTIONS ( JU/ICE4 

,FRE$OM1 AN UN/AT$ REALITY 9 MANY PRELIT]ATE CULTURES1 WAS /ILL BURD5$ BY CON/RA9TS1 BUT !SE CON/RA9TS W]E CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! E>LY COMMUNITY'S MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO QU>REL ) FAM9E1 ) ! NE$ = COORD9AT+ ! HUNT ( L>GE GAME1 ) SEASONAL REQUIREM5TS = FOOD CULTIVATION1 & LAT]1 ) W>F>E4 ,TO VIOLATE ! ,CR[ HUNT+ REGULATIONS WAS TO 5DANG] EV]Y HUNT] & POSSIBLY PLACE ! WELF>E ( ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY 9 JEOP>DY4 ,IF ! VIOLATIONS W]E S]I\S 5\<1 ! VIOLATOR W\LD BE BEAT5 SO SEV]ELY ?AT HE MI<T V]Y WELL NOT SURVIVE4 ,! MILD-MANN]$ ,ESKIMO W\LD GRIMLY BUT COLLECTIVELY SELECT AN ASSASS9 TO KILL AN UNMANAGEABLE 9DIVIDUAL :O GRAVELY ?REAT5$ ! WELL-BE+ ( ! B&4 ,BUT ! VIRTUALLY UNBRIDL$ 09DIVIDUALISM0 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( P[] BROK]S 9 MOD]N SOCIETY WAS SIMPLY UN?9KABLE 9 PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES4 ,W]E IT EV5 CONCEIVABLE1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 TOTALLY UNACCEPTABLE TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,CON/RA9T1 NORMALLY GUID$ BY PUBLIC OP9ION1 CU/OM1 & %AME1 WAS 9EVITABLE 9 ! E>LY SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY -- NOT AS A MATT] ( WILL1 AU?ORITY1 OR ! EX]CISE ( P[]1 BUT BECAUSE ,H WAS UNAVOIDABLE4 

,P]SONAL FRE$OM IS ?US CLE>LY RE/RICT$ FROM A MOD]N VIEWPO9T4 ,*OICE1 WILL1 & 9DIVIDUAL PROCLIVITIES C\LD BE EX]CIS$ OR EXPRESS$ )9 CONF9ES P]MITT$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,UND] B5IGN CIRCUM/ANCES1 BEHAVIOR MI<T 5JOY AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( LATITUDE UNTIL IT WAS RE/RICT$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( BLATANT SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 ,BUT :]E DOM9ATION DID APPE>1 IT WAS A ?ANKLESS PH5OM5ON :I*1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 YIELD$ V]Y LITTLE ( ?AT MU*-REV]$ WE/]N %IBBOLE?1 0DYNAMISM10 9 ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( A COMMUNITY4 ,POLYNESIA1 ) ITS SUP]B CLIMATE & RI* NATURAL L>GESSE ( PRODUCE1 WAS NEV] ! BETT] = ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 & ITS WAY ( LIFE WAS BR\<T TO ! $GE ( %E] CATA/ROPHE BY ,EUROPEAN COLONIZ]S4 0,:]E NATURE IS TOO LAVI%1 %E KEEPS .<MAN.> 9 H&1 LIKE A *ILD 9 LEAD+ /R+S10 ,M>X WAS TO DISDA9FULLY OBS]VE ( CULTURES 9 B5IGN 5VIRONM5TS ?AT W]E (T5 MORE DEVOT$ TO 9T]NAL ELABORATION ?AN 0SOCIAL PROGRESS40 0,IT IS NOT ! TROPICS ) !IR LUXURIANT VEGETATION1 BUT ! TEMP]ATE ZONE1 ?AT IS ! MO!R C\NTRY ( CAPITAL40 

,BUT ORGANIC SOCIETY1 DESPITE ! PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS IT FAC$ 7FROM A MOD]N VIEWPO9T71 NEV]!LESS FUNCTION$ UNCONSCI\SLY ) AN IMPLICIT COMMITM5T TO FRE$OM ?AT SOCIAL !ORI/S W]E NOT TO ATTA9 UNTIL FAIRLY REC5T TIMES4 ,RAD9'S CONCEPT ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM RE/S ON AN UN>TICULAT$ PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM4 ,TO BE ASSUR$ ( ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE IRRESPECTIVE ( ONE'S PRODUCTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ! COMMUNITY IMPLIES ?AT1 :]EV] POSSIBLE1 SOCIETY WILL COMP5SATE = ! 9FIRMITIES ( ! ILL1 H&ICAPP$1 & OLD1 JU/ AS IT WILL = ! LIMIT$ P[]S ( ! V]Y Y\NG & !IR DEP5D5CY ON ADULTS4 ,EV5 ?\< !IR PRODUCTIVE P[]S >E LIMIT$ OR FAIL+1 PEOPLE WILL NOT BE D5I$ ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT >E AVAILABLE TO 9DIVIDUALS :O >E WELL-5D[$ PHYSICALLY & M5TALLY4 ,9DE$1 EV5 9DIVIDUALS :O >E P]FECTLY CAPABLE ( MEET+ ALL !IR MAT]IAL NE$S CANNOT BE D5I$ ACCESS TO ! COMMUNITY'S COMMON PRODUCE1 AL?\< DELIB]ATE %IRK]S 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY >E VIRTUALLY UNKN[N4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM ?US AFFIRMS ! EXI/5CE ( 9EQUALITY )9 ! GR\P -- 9EQUALITY ( PHYSICAL & M5TAL P[]S1 ( SKILLS & VIRTUOSITY1 ( PSY*ES & PROCLIVITIES4 ,IT DOES SO NOT TO IGNORE !SE 9EQUALITIES OR D5IGRATE !M1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO COMP5SATE = !M4 ,EQUITY1 H]E1 IS ! RECOGNITION ( 9EQUITIES ?AT >E NOT ! FAULT ( ANYONE & ?AT MU/ BE ADJU/$ AS A MATT] ( UNSPOK5 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT EV]YONE IS 0EQUAL0 IS PAT5TLY PREPO/]\S IF !Y >E REG>D$ AS 0EQUAL0 9 /R5G?1 9TELLECT1 TRA9+1 EXP]I5CE1 TAL5T1 DISPOSITION1 & OPPORTUNITIES4 ,SU* 0EQUALITY0 SC(FS AT REALITY & D5IES ! COMMONALITY & SOLID>ITY ( ! COMMUNITY BY SUBV]T+ ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TO COMP5SATE = DIFF]5CES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT IS A HE>TLESS 0EQUALITY10 A MEAN-SPIRIT$ ONE ?AT IS SIMPLY ALI5 TO ! V]Y NATURE ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,AS LONG AS ! MEANS EXI/1 !Y MU/ BE %>$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ACCORD+ TO NE$S -- & NE$S >E UNEQUAL 9S(> AS !Y >E GAUG$ ACCORD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL ABILITIES & RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,H5CE1 ORGANIC SOCIETY T5DS TO OP]ATE UNCONSCI\SLY ACCORD+ TO ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS -- ?AT IS1 A FREELY GIV51 UNREFLECTIVE =M ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR & DI/RIBUTION ?AT COMP5SATES 9EQUALITIES & DOES NOT YIELD TO ! FICTIVE CLAIM1 YET TO BE >TICULAT$1 ?AT EV]YONE IS EQUAL4 ,M>X WAS TO PUT ?IS WELL :51 9 OPPOSITION TO 0B\RGEOIS RI<T0 ) ITS CLAIM ( ! 0EQUALITY ( ALL10 FRE$OM AB&ONS ! V]Y NOTION ( 0RI<T0 AS SU* & 09SCRIBES ON ITS BANN]S3 FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 ,EQUALITY IS 9EXTRICABLY TI$ TO FRE$OM AS ! RECOGNITION ( 9EQUALITY & TRANSC5DS NECESSITY BY E/ABLI%+ A CULTURE & DI/RIBUTIVE SY/EM BAS$ ON COMP5SATION = ! /IGMA ( NATURAL 0PRIVILEGE40 

,! SUBV]SION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY DRA/ICALLY UND]M9$ ?IS PR9CIPLE ( AU!NTIC FRE$OM4 ,COMP5SATION WAS RE/RUCTUR$ 9TO REW>DS1 JU/ AS GIFTS W]E REPLAC$ BY COMMODITIES4 ,CUNEI=M WRIT+1 ! BASIS ( \R ALPHABETIC SCRIPT1 HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ! METICUL\S RECORDS ! TEMPLE CL]KS KEPT ( PRODUCTS RECEIV$ & PRODUCTS DISP]S$1 9 %ORT1 ! PRECISE ACC\NT+ ( GOODS1 POSSIBLY EV5 :5 ! L& WAS 0COMMUNALLY [N$0 & WORK$ 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA4 ,ONLY AFT]W>DS W]E !SE TICKS ON CLAY TABLETS TO BECOME N>RATIVE =MS ( SCRIPT4 ,! E>LY CUNEI=M ACC\NT+ RECORDS ( ! ,NE> ,EA/ PREFIGURE ! MORAL LIT]ATURE ( A LESS GIV+ & MORE DESPOTIC WORLD 9 :I* ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS WAS TO GIVE WAY TO M]E *>ITY4 ,!REAFT] 0RI<T0 WAS TO SUPPLANT FRE$OM4 ,NO LONG] WAS IT ! PRIM>Y RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIETY TO C>E = ITS Y\NG1 ELD]LY1 9FIRM1 OR UN=TUNATES2 !IR C>E BECAME A 0PRIVATE MATT]0 = FAMILY & FRI5DS -- ALBEIT V]Y SL[LY & ?R\< V>I\S SUBTLY %AD$ PHASES4 ,ON ! VILLAGE LEVEL1 TO BE SURE1 ! OLD CU/OMS /ILL L+]$ ON 9 !IR [N %AD[Y WORLD1 BUT ?IS WORLD WAS NOT P>T ( 0CIVILIZATION0 -- M]ELY AN 9DISP5SABLE BUT CONCEAL$ >*AISM4 

,) ! CORN+ ( ! W>RIORS & !IR MANORIAL ECONOMY1 A NEW SOCIAL DISPOSITION >OSE3 ! W>RIOR CODE ( MI<T4 ,BUT M]E CO]CION ALONE C\LD NOT HAVE CREAT$ ! RELATIVELY /ABLE SOCIETY1 L>GELY FEUDAL 9 /RUCTURE & VALUES1 ?AT IS DESCRIB$ = US 9 SU* DETAIL BY ! ,HOM]IC POETS4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS ! E?OS ( CO]CION -- ! MY/IFICATION ( C\RAGE1 PHYSICAL PR[ESS1 & A 0HEAL?Y0 LU/ = COMBAT & ADV5TURE4 ,IT WAS NOT MI<T AS SU* BUT ! BELIEF 9 ! /ATUS1 9DE$1 ! MANA1 ?AT MI<T CONF]R$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT L$ TO AN IDEOLOGY ( CO]CION1 :I* ! VICTOR & HIS VICTIM MUTUALLY ACKN[L$G$ & CELEBRAT$4 ,ACCORD+LY1 =TUNE ITSELF -- A D]IVATIVE ( ! GODDESS ( *ANCE ,TY*E 7,GREEK71 OR ,=TUNA 7,LAT97 -- ACQUIR$ ! =M ( A METAPHYSICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,V]Y FEW EXPRESSIONS1 POSSIBLY 9CANTATIONS1 >E OLD] ?AN ! 0CA/+ ( ! DIE0 & ! 0=TUNES ( W>40 ,TY*E & ,=TUNA N[ EM]G$ AS ! DI/9CT CORRELATES ( BRONZE-AGE W>RIOR A?LETICISM4 

,!SE BRONZE-AGE SOCIETIES W]E CLE>LY CLASS SOCIETIES1 & WEAL? 9 ! =M ( BOOTY G>N]$ BY RAIDS ABROAD & SURPLUSES AT HOME FIGUR$ PR(\NDLY 9 !IR NOTIONS ( =TUNE4 0,! WORLD ( ,AGAMEMNON & ,A*ILLES & ,ODYSSEUS WAS ONE ( PETTY K+S & NOBLES10 OBS]VES ,M4 ,I4 ,F9LEY1 0:O POSSESS$ ! BE/ L& & CONSID]ABLE FLOCKS1 & LIV$ A SEIGNORIAL EXI/5CE1 9 :I* RAIDS & LOCAL W>S W]E FREQU5T40 ,P[] & SOCIAL ACTIVITY C5T]$ >\ND ! NOBLE'S H\SEHOLD1 :I* WAS 9 FACT A =TRESS4 ,P[] 9 ?IS SOCIETY 0DEP5D$ UPON WEAL?1 P]SONAL PR[ESS1 CONNECTIONS BY M>RIAGE & ALLIANCE1 & RETA9]S40 ,WEAL? WAS 9DE$ A CRUCIAL FACTOR3 ITS ACCUMULATION & ACQUISITION DET]M9$ ! CAPACITY ( A NOBLE TO ACQUIRE RETA9]S1 :O W]E (T5 LITTLE LESS ?AN M]C5>IES1 TO ACQUIRE >MS1 & TO WAGE W>4 ,M>RIAGE WAS LESS AN 9/RUM5T ( CLAN ALLIANCES ?AN ( DYNA/IC P[]2 ! ,HOM]IC NOBLE ACQUIR$ L& & WEAL?1 NOT M]ELY K9SM51 ) A FAVORABLE MAT*4 ,9 FACT1 ! 0ALLIANCES0 HE E/ABLI%$ W]E M>K$ BY A GREAT DEAL ( TREA*]Y & FAI?LESSNESS1 FEATURES ?AT >E *>ACT]I/IC ( A POLITICAL SOCIETY RA!R ?AN A TRIBAL ONE4 ,TRIBAL SOCIETY WAS CLE>LY WAN+3 

,!RE IS NO ROLE ASSIGN$ TO TRIBES OR O!R L>GE K9%IP GR\PS4 ,9 ! TW5TY YE>S ,ODYSSEUS WAS AWAY FROM ,I?ACA1 ! NOBLES .<SUITORS ( ,P5ELOPE1 ,ODYSSEUS' WIFE.> BEHAV$ SC&AL\SLY T[>D HIS FAMILY & HIS POSSESSIONS2 YET HIS SON ,TELEMA*US HAD NO BODY ( K9SM5 TO :OM TO TURN = HELP1 NOR WAS ! COMMUNITY FULLY 9TEGRAT$4 ,TELEMA*US' CLAIMS AS ,ODYSSEUS' HEIR W]E ACKN[L$G$ 9 PR9CIPLE1 BUT HE LACK$ ! .<MAT]IAL & PHYSICAL.> P[] TO 5=CE !M4 ,! ASSASS9ATION ( ,AGAMEMNON BY HIS WIFE ,CLYTAEMNE/RA & H] P>AM\R ,EGIS ?US PLAC$ AN OBLIGATION ( V5GEANCE ON HIS SON ,ORE/ES1 BUT O!RWISE LIFE 9 ,MYC5AE W5T ON UN*ANG$1 EXCEPT ?AT ,AEGI/HUS RUL$ 9 ,AGAMEMNON'S PLACE4 

,APP>5TLY1 !SE DYNA/IC QU>RELS1 ASSASS9ATIONS1 & USURPATIONS W]E NOT ( SPECIAL CONC]N TO ! 0MASSES10 :O LIV$ AN UN*RONICL$ 9N] LIFE 9 !IR OBSCURE COMMUNITIES4 ,!Y SIMPLY W5T AB\T !IR [N BUS9ESS1 WORK+ !IR [N P>CELS ( L& OR ! 0BE/ L&0 EXPLICITLY [N$ BY ! NOBLES4 ,!Y H]D$ ! NOBLES' 0CONSID]ABLE FLOCKS40 ,AS A CLASS AP>T1 !IRS WAS ALSO AN 9T]E/ AP>T4 ,NO:]E 9 ! ,HOM]IC N>RATIVES DO !Y SEEM TO HAVE 9T]V5$ 9 ! CONFLICTS ( ! H]OES4 ,SO CONSID]ABLY WEAK5$ W]E ! P[]S ( ! DEMOCRATIC TRIBAL 9/ITUTIONS & SO EXT5SIVELY HAD K9%IP TIES BE5 REPLAC$ BY T]RITORIAL TIES & CLASS RELATION%IPS ?AT :5 ,TELEMA*US PLEAD$ HIS CASE AGA9/ ! SUITORS TO ! ASSEMBLY ( ,I?ACA1 ! ASSEMBLY 0TOOK NO ACTION1 :I* IS :AT ! ASSEMBLY ALWAYS DID 9 ! TWO .<,HOM]IC.> POEMS40 ,HOM]'S NOBLES1 TO BE SURE1 /ILL LIV$ BY AN >I/OCRATIC CODE ( HONOR1 09CLUD+ TABLE FELL[%IP1 GIFT-EX*ANGE1 SACRIFICE TO ! GODS & APPROPRIATE BURIAL RITES10 BUT ?IS >I/OCRATIC CODE & ITS OBVI\S ROOTS 9 E>LY SOCIETY W]E N[ CONT9UALLY VIOLAT$ BY GRE$1 ACQUISITIV5ESS1 & EGOTISM4 

,! NOBLES ( ! ,ODYSSEY W]E AN EXPLOITATIVE CLASS -- NOT ONLY MAT]IALLY BUT PSY*OLOGICALLY1 NOT ONLY OBJECTIVELY BUT SUBJECTIVELY4 ,! ANALYSIS ( ,ODYSSEUS 7DEVELOP$ BY ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO7 AS ! NASC5T B\RGEOIS MAN IS UN]R+ 9 ITS RU?LESS CL>ITY & DIALECTICAL 9SI<T4 ,>TIFICE1 TRICK]Y1 CUNN+1 DECEPTION1 DEBASEM5T 9 ! PURSUIT ( GA9 -- ALL M>K$ ! NEW 0DISCIPL9E0 ?AT ! EM]G+ RUL]S IMPOS$ ON !MSELVES TO DISCIPL9E & RULE !IR ANONYM\S UND]L+S4 0,TO BE CALL$ A M]*ANT WAS A GRAVE 9SULT TO ,ODYSSEUS10 ,F9LEY OBS]VES2 0M5 ( HIS CLASS EX*ANG$ GOODS C]EMONI\SLY OR !Y TOOK IT BY PLUND]40 ,?US WAS ! PRIMORDIAL CODE ( BEHAVIOR HONOR$ =MALLY4 ,BUT 0VALOR0 BECAME ! EXCUSE = PLUND]1 :I* TURN$ 9TO ! >I/OCRATIC MODE ( 0TRADE40 ,HONOR HAD 9 FACT ACQUIR$ ITS COMMODITY EQUIVAL5T4 ,PREC$+ ! PROSAIC M]*ANT ) GOODS & GOLD 9 H& WAS ! COLORFUL H]O ) %IELD & SWORD4 

,9DE$1 ! COMMODITY CONT9U$ TO MAKE ITS P$E/RIAN WAY AGA9/ ALL CODES4 ,9 ,HOM]IC TIMES !RE IS 0SEAF>+ & A VITAL CONC]N = TRADE1 MORE EXACTLY = ! IMPORT ( COPP]1 IRON1 GOLD & SILV]1 F9E CLO?S & O!R LUXURIES10 NOTES ,F9LEY4 0,EV5 *IEFTA9S >E P]MITT$ TO GO ON EXP$ITIONS = SU* PURPOSES1 BUT G5]ALLY TRADE & M]*&IZ+ SEEM TO BE ! BUS9ESS ( =EIGN]S40 ,?US IS /ATUS ADORN$1 AFFIRM$1 & ITS APPETITE = ACC\T]M5TS & LUXURIES 7! MAT]IAL SUB/ANCE ( PRIVILEGE7 SATISFI$ BY ! /ATUSLESS4 

,H]E1 WE WITNESS A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,:5 *IEFTA9S1 H[EV] FEW 9 NUMB]1 >E PREP>$ TO 9T]M+LE ) =EIGN]S1 9DE$ P$E/RIAN TRAD]S1 & TRUCK ) !M1 EV5 ! W>RIOR CODE IS 9 ! BALANCE4 ,MI<T AS RI<T CAN NO LONG] 5JOY ITS HI< PRE/IGE 9 SOCIETY'S DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS4 ,A NEW E?OS HAD TO EM]GE IF ! 9TEGRITY ( TRADE & ! SECURITY ( TRAD]S WAS TO BE PRES]V$ & PORT CITIES W]E TO BECOME VIABLE COMM]CIAL C5T]S4 ,PIRACY & LOOT+ C\LD ONLY BE EPISODIC3 !IR REW>DS W]E 9DE$ ! M]E B\NTY & SPOILS ( W>4 ,& ! NOBLES ( BRONZE-AGE ,GREECE W]E BY NO MEANS OSSIFI$ CREATURES ( CU/OM & TRADITION4 ,LIKE !IR PE]S 9 ,5GL&1 MILL5NIA LAT] 7AS ! 5CLOSURE MOVEM5TS ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ONW>D W]E TO %[71 !Y W]E GOV]N$ BY NAK$ SELF-9T]E/ & BY AN 9CREAS+ DESIRE = ! BETT] ?+S ( LIFE4 

,! NEW CODE ?AT WAS N[ TO SUPPLANT VALOR & CO]CION ALSO HAD A V]Y OLD P$IGREE1 NOTABLY 9 A RECIPROCITY ?AT HAD BECOME /&>DIZ$ & LO/ ITS 0ACCID5TAL =M0 7TO USE ,M>X'S T]M9OLOGY7 AS A MODE ( EX*ANGE2 9DE$1 ONE ?AT WAS BUILT ON A CLE> & CODIFIABLE NOTION ( EQUIVAL5TS4 ,! NOTION ( EQUIVAL5CE1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM USUFRUCT1 ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 & ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS1 WAS NOT )\T ITS COSMIC GR&EUR 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( A =MAL1 QUANTIFIABLE1 EV5 GEOMETRIC ORD]4 ,TY*E & ,=TUNA >E TOO IRASCIBLE TO SUPPORT ! SPIRIT ( CALCULATION1 =ESI<T1 & RATIONALITY REQUIR$ BY SY/EMATIC COMM]CE4 ,*ANCE IS 9 ! 0LAP ( ! GODS10 & 9 ,HOM]IC ,GREECE1 !SE DEITIES W]E H>DLY ! MO/ /ABLE & PR$ICTABLE ( COSMIC AG5TS4 ,UNTIL CAPITALISM COMPLET$ ITS HOLD ON SOCIAL LIFE1 M]*ANTS W]E ! P>IAHS ( SOCIETY4 ,!IR 9SECURITIES W]E ! MO/ CONSPICU\S NEUROSES ( ANTIQUITY & ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 H5CE !IR NE$ = P[] WAS NOT M]ELY A LU/ BUT A COMPELL+ NECESSITY4 ,DESPIS$ BY ALL1 DISDA9$ EV5 BY ! ANCI5T L[LY1 !Y HAD TO F9D FIRM & /ABLE COORD9ATES BY :I* TO FIX !IR DE/9IES 9 A PREC>I\S WORLD4 ,:E!R AS *IEFTA9 OR AS /ATUSLESS TRAD]1 HE :O W\LD V5TURE ON ! /ORMY WAVES ( COMM]CE NE$$ MORE ?AN ,TY*E OR ,=TUNA BY :I* TO NAVIGATE4 

,! NEW CODE ?AT $G$ ITS WAY 9TO ?OSE PREC$+ IT PICK$ UP ! PR9CIPLE ( AN EXACT1 QUANTIFIABLE EQUIVAL5CE FROM ADVANC$ =MS ( RECIPROCITY1 BUT )\T ABSORB+ !IR S5SE ( S]VICE & SOLID>ITY4 ,MI<T WAS BR\<T TO ! SUPPORT ( FAIR-DEAL+S & CONTRACT1 NOT M]ELY TO VIOL5T ACQUISITION & PLUND]4 ,! COSMIC NATURE ( EQUIVAL5CE C\LD BE VALIDAT$ BY ! MO/ DRAMATIC FEATURES ( LIFE4 0,HEAV5 & HELL 4 4 4 HANG TOGE!R10 DECL>E ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO -- & NOT M]ELY 9 ! COMM]CE ( ! ,OLYMPIAN GODS ) ! *TONIC DEITIES1 ( GOOD ) EVIL1 ( SALVATION ) DISA/]1 ( SUBJECT ) OBJECT4 ,9DE$1 EQUIVAL5CE IS AS ANCI5T AS ! V]Y NOTIONS ( HEAV5 & HELL1 & IS TO HAVE ITS [N 9VOLUT$ DIALECTIC AS ! SUB/ITUTION ( ,DIKE = ,TY*E & ,JU/ITIA = ,=TUNA4 

,9 ! H]OIC AGE ?AT CELEBRAT$ ,ODYSSEUS' LONG J\RNEY FROM ,TROY TO ,I?ACA1 M5 /ILL TRAC$ EQUIVAL5CE BACK TO ITS 0NATURAL0 ORIG9S3 

,JU/ AS ! ,GEM9I -- ! CON/ELLATION ( ,CA/] & ,POLLUX -- & ALL O!R SYMBOLS ( DUALITY REF] TO ! 9EVITABLE CYCLE ( NATURE1 :I* ITSELF HAS ITS ANCI5T SIGN 9 ! SYMBOL ( ! EGG FROM :I* !Y CAME1 SO ! BALANCE HELD BY ,ZEUS1 :I* SYMBOLIZES ! JU/ICE ( ! 5TIRE PATRI>*AL WORLD1 REF]S BACK TO M]E NATURE4 ,! /EP FROM *AOS TO CIVILIZATION1 9 :I* NATURAL CONDITIONS EX]T !IR P[] NO LONG] DIRECTLY BUT ?R\< ! M$IUM ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 HAS NOT *ANG$ ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,9DE$1 M5 PAID = ?IS V]Y /EP BY WOR%IP+ :AT !Y W]E ONCE 9 ?RALL TO ONLY 9 ! SAME WAY AS ALL O!R CREATURES4 ,BE=E1 ! FETI%ES W]E SUBJECT TO ! LAW ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,N[ EQUIVAL5CE HAS ITSELF BECOME A FETI%4 ,! BL9DFOLD OV] ,JU/ITIA'S EYES DOES NOT ONLY MEAN ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO ASSAULT UPON JU/ICE1 BUT ?AT JU/ICE DOES NOT RESULT 9 FRE$OM40.<#c#d.> 

,JU/ITIA1 9 FACT1 PRESIDES OV] A NEW IDEOLOGICAL DISP5SATION ( EQUALITY4 ,NOT ONLY IS %E BL9DFOLD$2 %E ALSO HOLDS A SCALE BY :I* TO MEASURE EX*ANGE FAIRLY -- 0EQUAL & EXACT40 ,GUILT & 9NOC5CE >E JURIDICAL SURROGATES = ! EQUITABLE ALLOTM5TS ( ?+S ?AT APPE> 9 ! M>KETPLACE4 ,9DE$1 ALL SCALES CAN EV] DO IS TO R$UCE QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CES TO QUANTITATIVE ONES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 EV]YONE MU/ BE EQUAL BE=E ,JU/ITIA2 H] BL9DFOLD PREV5TS H] FROM DRAW+ ANY DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 H] SUPPLICANTS4 ,BUT P]SONS >E V]Y DIFF]5T 9DE$1 AS ! PRIMORDIAL EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS HAD RECOGNIZ$4 ,JU/ITIA'S RULE ( EQUALITY -- ( EQUIVAL5CE -- ?US COMPLETELY REV]SES ! OLD PR9CIPLE4 ,9ASMU* AS ALL >E !ORETICALLY 0EQUAL0 9 H] UNSEE+ EYES1 AL?\< (T5 GROSSLY UNEQUAL 9 FACT1 %E TURNS ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS 9TO ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS4 ,! ANCI5T WORDS >E ALL !RE1 BUT LIKE ! MANY *ANGES 9 EMPHASIS ?AT PLAC$ ! IMPR9T ( DOM9ATION ON TRADITIONAL VALUES & S5SIBILITIES1 !Y UND]GO A SEEM+LY M9OR %IFT4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE1 AS SYMBOLIZ$ BY ! SCALES 9 ,JU/ITIA'S H&1 CALLS = BALANCE1 NOT COMP5SATION4 ,! BL9DFOLD PREV5TS H] FROM MAK+ ANY *ANGES ( MEASURE DUE TO DIFF]5CES AMONG H] SUPPLICANTS4 ,H] SPECI\S 0EQUALITY0 ?US YIELDS A V]Y REAL 9EQUALITY4 ,TO BE RI<T IS TO BE 0JU/0 OR 0/RAI<T10 & BO?1 9 TURN1 NEGATE EQUALITY ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,H] 0JU/0 OR 0/RAI<T0 JUDGM5T YIELDS A V]Y UNBALANC$ & CROOK$ DISPOSITION ?AT WILL REMA9 CONCEAL$ TO MU* ( HUMANITY = ?\S&S ( YE>S -- EV5 AS ! OPPRESS$ 9VOKE H] NAME AS !IR GU>DIAN & GUIDE4 

,R>ELY HAS IT BE5 POSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% ! CRY = ,JU/ICE ) ITS 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS FROM ! CRY = ,FRE$OM ) ITS EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,EV]Y IDEAL ( EMANCIPATION HAS BE5 TA9T$ BY ?IS CONFUSION1 :I* /ILL LIVES OH 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ! OPPRESS$4 ,USUFRUCT HAS BE5 CONFUS$ ) PUBLIC PROP]TY1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY ) REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 9DIVIDUAL COMPET5CE ) POPULI/ ELITES1 ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM ) EQUAL OPPORTUNITY4 ,! DEM& ( ! OPPRESS$ = EQUALITY ACQUIRES1 AS ,5GELS PUT IT1 0A D\BLE MEAN+40 ,9 ONE 9/ANCE1 IT IS ! 0SPONTANE\S REACTION AGA9/ ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES1 AGA9/ ! CONTRA/ ( RI* & POOR 4 4 4 SURFEIT & />VATION2 AS SU* IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT & F9DS ITS JU/IFICATION 9 ?AT1 & 9DE$ ONLY 9 ?AT40 ,9 ! O!R 9/ANCE1 ! DEM& = EQUALITY BECOMES A REACTION AGA9/ JU/ICE AS ! RULE ( 0EQUIVAL5CE0 7:I* ,5GELS SEES SIMPLY AS ! 0B\RGEOIS DEM& = EQUALITY071 & 09 ?IS CASE IT /&S & FALLS ) B\RGEOIS EQUALITY ITSELF40 ,5GELS GOES ON TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! DEM& ( ! OPPRESS$ = EQUALITY 70! PROLET>IAN DEM& = EQUALITY07 IS 0! DEM& = ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES40 ,BUT MORE ?AN ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES IS 9VOLV$ 9 FRE$OM4 ,9 MORE G5]AL T]MS1 0! PROLET>IAN DEM& = EQUALITY0 IS A DEM& = ! 09JU/ICE0 ( AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,IT REJECTS ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE = ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 ! EQUALIZATION BY COMP5SATION ( 9ESCAPABLE 9EQUALITIES1 9 %ORT1 ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,?IS DEM& HAS BE5 REPEAT$LY ?R[N \T ( FOCUS1 (T5 = C5TURIES AT A TIME1 BY /ORMY BATTLES = ,JU/ICE1 = ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 

,! REALM ( JU/ICE1 H[EV]1 ALSO PREP>ES ! GR\ND = FRE$OM BY REMOV+ ! >*AISMS ?AT L+] ON FROM ! FOLK WORLD ( EQUALITY4 ,PRIMORDIAL FRE$OM ) ITS RULE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM & ITS EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS WAS /RIK+LY P>O*IAL4 ,ASIDE FROM ITS LAVI% CODE ( HOSPITALITY1 ORGANIC SOCIETY MADE NO REAL PROVISIONS = ! RI<TS ( ! /RANG]1 ! \TSID]1 :O WAS NOT L9K$ BY M>RIAGE OR RITUAL TO ! K9 GR\P4 ,! L>G] WORLD BEYOND ! P]IMET] ( 0,! ,PEOPLE0 WAS 09ORGANIC10 TO USE ,M>X'S APPROPRIATE T]M4 ,LOYALTIES EXT5D$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ( OBLIGATION TO ?OSE :O %>$ ! COMMON BLOOD OA? ( ! COMMUNITY & TO ALLIES UNIT$ BY MAT]IAL SY/EMS ( GIFT RECIPROCITY4 ,! NOTION ( A HUMANITY 9 :I* ALL HUMAN BE+S >E CONSID]$ UNIT$ BY A COMMON G5ESIS WAS /ILL L>GELY ALI54 ,PRIMORDIAL PEOPLES MAY BE 9QUISITIVE1 %Y1 OR CORDIAL T[>D /RANG]S -- OR !Y MAY KILL !M = ! MO/ :IMSICAL REASONS4 ,BUT !Y [E ! /RANG] NO OBLIGATION & >E B\ND BY NO CODE ?AT REQUIRES RESPECT OR SECURITY = ! UNPR$ICTABLE NEW BE+ ?AT IS 9 !IR MID/ -- H5CE1 ! UNPR$ICTABILITY ( !IR [N BEHAVIOR4 ,EV5 ,HELL5IC SOCIETY1 DESPITE ITS HI< CLAIMS TO RATIONALITY1 DID NOT ADVANCE TO A PO9T :]E ! RESID5T ALI5 5JOY$ AU!NTIC SOCIAL1 MU* LESS POLITICAL1 RI<TS BEYOND ! SECURITY & PROTECTION ! POLIS [$ TO EV]YONE :O LIV$ )9 ITS PREC9CTS4 ,= MU* ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ?IS DUBI\S /ATUS ( ! /RANG] WAS A DI/9CTLY WIDESPREAD CONDITION1 DESPITE ! CRUCIAL S]VICES SU* ALI5S P]=M$ = ! COMMUNITY & ITS CITIZ5S4 

,BREAK+ ! B>RI]S RAIS$ BY PRIMORDIAL & >*AIC P>O*IALISM WAS ! WORK ( ,JU/ITIA & ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE4 ,& F> FROM CON/ITUT+ AN AU!NTIC 0BREAK10 ! *ANGES CAME V]Y SL[LY4 ,NOR W]E !SE *ANGES ! WORK ( AB/RACT !ORI/S OR ! FRUITS ( AN 9TELLECTUAL AWAK5+4 ,! AG5TS = ! NEW JURIDICAL DISPOSITION 9 ! RI<TS ( CITY DWELL]S W]E ! /RANG]S1 :O (T5 S]VIC$ ! CITY ) CRAFT OR COMM]CIAL SKILLS4 ,!Y W]E HELP$ BY ! OPPRESS$ G5]ALLY1 :O C\LD HOPE TO ESCAPE ! :IMSIES & 9SULTS ( >BITR>Y RULE ONLY BY 9SCRIB+ !IR RI<TS & DUTIES 9 AN 9VIOLABLE1 CODIFI$ =M4 ,JU/ITIA1 ,DIKE1 OR :ATEV] NAME %E ACQUIRES 9 ! 0CIVILIZATIONS0 ( ANTIQUITY1 IS 9 L>GE P>T ! GODDESS ( ! SOCIAL & E?NIC \TSID]4 ,H] RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE HONORS ! PLEA = EQUITY1 :I* MU/ BE CLE>LY DEF9$ 9 A WRITT5 LEGAL CODE IF H] SCALE & SWORD CAN R$RESS ! 9EQUITIES ?AT ! 0\TSID]0 & ! OPPRESS$ SUFF] UND] >BITR>Y RULE4 ,?US1 ,JU/ITIA MU/ BE >M$ NOT ONLY ) A SWORD BUT ) ! 0LEGAL TABLETS0 ?AT UNEQUIVOCALLY DEF9E RI<TS & DUTIES1 SECURITY & SAFETY1 REW>DS & PUNI%M5TS4 

,! E>LIE/ ( !SE LEGAL TABLETS1 ! ,BABYLONIAN ,CODE ( ,HAMMURABI 7CA4 #agi ,B4,C471 /ILL CONTA9S DI/9CT CLASS BIASES & ! 9/RUM5TALITIES ( CLASS OPPRESSION4 ,LIKE ! ,MOSAIC LEX TALIONIS1 ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE IS 5=C$ ) ALL ! FURY ( CLASS V5GEANCE4 ,! PRICE = SOCIAL 9FRACTIONS IS PAID ) EYES1 E>S1 LIMBS1 & TONGUES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( LIFE ITSELF4 ,BUT ! ,CODE DOES NOT TRY TO CONCEAL ! 0UNEQUAL0 CLASS NATURE ( ?IS V5GEANCE3 NOBLES GET ! BETT] ( COMMON]S1 M5 ( WOM51 & FREEM5 ( SLAVES4 ,H]E1 ! APPROPRIATION ( PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY'S EQUALITY ( 0UNEQUALS10 H[EV] P]V]T$ ITS =M1 /ILL CLAIMS ITS P5ALTY4 ,BUT ! ,CODE ALSO WEI<TS PRIVILEGE ) A GREAT] BURD5 ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,AL?\< ! NOBLES ( ,HAMMURABI'S TIME 0POSSESS$ A GREAT MANY P]QUISITES ( RANK10 AS ,H[>D ,BECK] & ,H>RY ,ELM] ,B>NES TELL US1 09CLUD+ ! RI<T TO EXACT HEAVILY DISPROPORTIONATE RETALIATION = P]SONAL 9JURIES 4 4 4 .<!Y.> C\LD ALSO BE MORE SEV]ELY PUNI%$ = !IR (F5SES &1 GUILTY OR NOT1 HAD HI<] FEES TO PAY40 

,! LAT] CODES W]E TO FREE !MSELVES FROM MO/ ( !SE 9EQUITABLE 0>*AISMS40 ,FROM ! EI<? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ONW>D1 WE CAN OBS]VE 9 ,HEBREW ,PALE/9E & 9 ,GREECE A /EADY UNFOLD+ ( ! DIALECTIC ( JU/ICE3 ! SL[ TRANS=MATION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY'S EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS 9TO CLASS SOCIETY'S 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS4 ,! ,MOSAIC LEX TALIONIS WAS FULLY E/ABLI%$ AS ! LAW ( ! L&1 DESPITE SU* TOK5 CONCESSIONS TO ! POOR 9 ! ,DEUT]ONOMIC ,CODE AS MORTGAGE RE/RICTIONS1 ! RELEASE EV]Y SEV5? YE> ( ,HEBREW BONDSM5 FROM DEBT SLAV]Y1 & ! HALL[+ ( ! FIFTIE? YE> AS A 0JUBILEE0 9 :I* EV]YONE REACQUIRES !IR POSSESSIONS4 ,LIKE ! 9JUNCTION 9 ,LEVITICUS ?AT EV]Y DEBT SLAVE BE TREAT$ AS A 0HIR$ S]VANT & AS A SOJ\RN]10 !SE GE/URES W]E L>GELY SYMBOLIC4 ,DEBT SLAV]Y ALONE1 ) ITS HUMILIAT+ /ATUS ( CRAV5 S]VICE1 VIOLAT$ ! V]Y S\L ( ! ANCI5T DES]T DEMOCRACY -- ! 0,B$\9 COMPACT0 -- >\ND :I* ! ,HEBREW TRIBES W]E UNIT$ DUR+ !IR 9VASION ( ,CANAAN4 ,?AT IT C\LD HAVE 5T]$ 9TO ! JURIDICAL LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY AT ALL WAS A CRUEL ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! COMPACT'S DISSOLUTION4 

,9 ,A!NS1 ! RE=MS 9ITIAT$ BY ,SOLON OP5$ ! WAY TO JURIDICAL EQUALITY BAS$ ON POLITICAL EQUALITY1 OR :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ,HELL5IC DEMOCRACY4 ,JU/ICE N[ OP5LY FUNCTION$ AS ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE1 ! RULE ( COMMODITY EQUIVAL5CE1 :I* PRODUC$ NEW CLASSES & 9EQUITIES 9 P]SONAL P[] & WEAL? EV5 AS IT GU>D$ ! DEMOS1 ! PEOPLE ( ,A!NIAN ANCE/RY1 FROM ! EX]CISE ( >BITR>Y SOCIAL P[]4 ,YET )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A SOCIETY PRESUMABLY GOV]N$ BY LAW 9/EAD ( P]SONS1 IT WAS ONLY ! DEMOS ?AT HAD COMPLETE CU/ODY ( ! POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,P]IKLES' FUN]AL ORATION MAY M>K A SECUL> & RATIONAL ASC5T 9 ! DIRECTION ( RECOGNIZ+ ! EXI/5CE ( A HUMANITAS1 BUT IT PROVIDES US ) NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! 0B>B>IAN0 WORLD &1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! 0\TSID]10 W]E ON A P> ) ! ,HELL5E &1 JURIDICALLY1 ! ANCE/RAL ,A!NIAN4 

,9 FACT1 ,A!NIAN ALI5 RESID5TS NOT ONLY LACK$ ! RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ASSEMBLIES LIKE ! ,ECCLESIA & ! ,B\LE OR 9 ! JURY SY/EM2 !Y HAD NO EXPLICIT JURIDICAL RI<TS ( !IR [N BEYOND ! SECURITY ( !IR PROP]TY & LIVES4 ,AS WE KN[1 !Y C\LD BUY NO L& 9 ! POLIS4 ,EV5 MORE /RIK+LY1 !Y HAD NO DIRECT REC\RSE TO ! JUDICIAL SY/EM4 ,!IR CASES C\LD ONLY BE PLEAD$ BY CITIZ5S 9 ,A!NIAN C\RTS4 ,?AT !IR RI<TS W]E ?OR\<LY RESPECT$ BY ! POLIS MAY SPEAK WELL = ITS E?ICAL /&>DS1 BUT IT ALSO ATTE/S TO ! EXCLUSIVITY ( ! RUL+ ELITE :OSE 9T5TIONS1 RA!R ?AN LAWS1 W]E ! GU>ANTORS ( ! ALI5'S RI<TS4 

,>I/OTLE1 AN ALI5 RESID5T ( ,A!NS1 DOES NOT EQUIVOCATE ON ! SUP]IORITY ( ! ,HELL5ES OV] ALL O!R PEOPLES4 ,9 CIT+ ! FAILURE ( ! HI<LY SPIRIT$ 0B>B>IANS0 ( ! NOR? TO ORGANIZE 9TO POLEIS ?AT C\LD 0RULE !IR NEI<BORS10 HE REVEALS ! EXT5T TO :I* HE1 TOGE!R ) ,PLATO1 ID5TIFI$ ! POLIS ) SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 ,MOREOV]1 HE ROOT$ ! CAPACITY ( ! ,HELL5ES TO =M POLEIS1 TO 0BE FREE10 & TO BE 0CAPABLE ( RUL+ ALL MANK9D0 9 !IR E?NIC ORIG9S & !IR EXI/5CE AS ! ,HELL5IC G5OS4.<#c#f.> ,BLOOD1 AS WELL AS GEOGRAPHY1 CONF]S ! CAPACITY TO RULE4 ,>I/OTLE SEES ! ,HELL5ES AS DIV]SIFI$ SU* ?AT 0SOME HAVE A ONE-SID$ NATURE0 & 0O!RS >E HAPPILY BL5D$0 9 SPIRIT$NESS & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,BUT TO HIM ! ABILITY TO =M POLEIS1 TO 0RULE10 IS A 0NATURAL QUALITY0 ?AT ALL[S = NO SOCIAL QUALIFICATIONS4 

,! =MAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! BLOOD GR\P 9TO A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS ?AT SEES A COMMON G5ESIS = EV]Y FREE 9DIVIDUAL WAS NOT TO RECEIVE JURIDICAL RECOGNITION UNTIL LATE 9 ANTIQUITY1 :5 ! ,EMP]OR ,C>ACALLA CONF]R$ CITIZ5%IP ON ! 5TIRE NONSLAVE MALE POPULATION ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT ,C>ACALLA WAS AS EAG] TO 5L>GE ! TAX BASE ( ! ,EMPIRE AS HE WAS TO PROP UP ITS SAGG+ S5SE ( COMMONALITY4 ,BUT ! ACT WAS HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HUMANITY'S EVOLUTION FROM ANIMALITY TO SOCIETY1 AN IMM5SE POPULATION ( HI<LY DISP>ATE /RANG]S RANG+ ?R\<\T ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 W]E BR\<T TOGE!R UND] A COMMON POLITICAL RUBRIC & GRANT$ EQUAL ACCESS TO LAWS ?AT HAD ONCE BE5 ! PRIVILEGE ( ONLY A SMALL E?NIC GR\P ( ,LAT9S4 ,JURIDICALLY1 AT LEA/1 ! EMPIRE HAD DISSOLV$ ! EXCLUSIVITY ( ! FOLK1 ! K9 GR\P1 ?AT HAD ALREADY DEVOLV$ FROM TRIBAL EGALIT>IANISM 9TO AN >I/OCRATIC FRAT]NITY ( BIR?4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! /RICTURES ( LATE ,ROMAN LAW1 G5EALOGY WAS DISSOLV$ 9TO M]ITOCRACY & ! BLOOD RELATION%IP 9TO A T]RITORIAL ONE1 !REBY VA/LY 5L>G+ ! HORIZONS ( ! HUMAN POLITICAL COMMUNITY4 

,C>ACALLA'S $ICT ON CITIZ5%IP WAS RE9=C$ BY A GR[+1 C5TURIES-LONG EVOLUTION ( ,ROMAN LAW AWAY FROM TRADITIONAL PATRI>*AL ABSOLUTISM & ! LEGAL SUBORD9ATION ( M>RI$ WOM5 TO !IR HUSB&S4 ,9 !ORY1 AT LEA/1 ! NOTION ( ! EQUALITY ( P]SONS WAS V]Y MU* 9 ! AIR DUR+ LATE IMP]IAL TIMES4 ,BY ! ?IRD C5TURY ,A4,D41 ,ROMAN 0NATURAL LAW0 -- ?AT COMB9$ BODY ( JURISPRUD5CE V>I\SLY CALL$ ! IUS NATURALE & ! IUS G5TIUM -- ACKN[L$G$ ?AT M5 W]E EQUAL 9 NATURE EV5 IF !Y FELL %ORT ( ?IS CONDITION 9 SOCIETY4 ,! DEP>TURE ?IS IDEA REPRES5T$ FROM ,>I/OTLE'S CONCEPT ( 0MANK9D0 WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN MONUM5TAL4 ,EV5 SLAV]Y1 SO BASIC TO ,ROMAN ECONOMIC LIFE1 HAD BE5 PLAC$ AT ODDS ) ! ,HELL5IC NOTION ( ! SLAVE'S 9BORN 9F]IORITY4 ,TO ,ROMAN JURI/S ( ! IMP]IAL P]IOD1 S]VITUDE N[ D]IV$ NOT FROM ! NATURAL 9F]IORITY ( ! SLAVE BUT1 AS ,H5RY ,MA9E HAS OBS]V$1 0FROM A SUPPOS$ AGREEM5T BETWE5 VICTOR & VANQUI%$ 9 :I* ! FIR/ /IPULAT$ = ! P]PETUAL S]VICES ( HIS FOE2 & ! O!R GA9$ 9 CONSID]ATION ! LIFE :I* HE HAD LEGITIMATELY =FEIT$40 ,*ATTEL SLAV]Y1 9 EFFECT1 WAS 9CREAS+LY VIEW$ AS CONTRACTUAL SLAV]Y4 ,AL?\< ,ROMAN SOCIETY NEV] CEAS$ TO VIEW ! SLAVE AS MORE ?AN A 0TALK+ 9/RUM5T10 ITS LEGAL MA*9]Y = DEAL+ ) SLAVES WAS TO BELIE ?IS DEGRADATION BY ! RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ 9 LATE IMP]IAL TIMES ON ! APPALL+LY 9HUMAN PRACTICES ( ! REPUBLICAN P]IOD4 

,! NOTION ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITY W\LD PROBABLY NOT HAVE REMA9$ MORE ?AN A POLITICAL /RATEGY = FISCAL & IDEOLOGICAL 5DS W]E IT NOT = ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW CR$O ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! WORD HUMANITY IS A B>R5 AB/RACTION IF IT IS NOT GIV5 EXI/5TIAL REALITY BY SELF-ASS]TIVE P]SONALITIES :O 5JOY A VISIBLE DEGREE ( AUTONOMY4 ,SU* BE+S C\LD H>DLY BE CREAT$ BY AN IMP]IAL $ICT4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ORGANIC SOCIETY DECL9$1 SO TOO DID ! 9T5SE S5SE ( COLLECTIVITY IT HAD FO/]$4 ,A NEW CONTEXT HAD TO BE CREAT$ = ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT W\LD R5D] IT FUNCTIONAL 9 AN 9CREAS+LY ATOMIZ$ WORLD4 ,NOT ?AT CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY OR ! M$IEVAL WORLD EV] PRODUC$ ! R&OM1 ISOLAT$1 SOCIALLY />V$ MONADS :O PEOPLE MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! WAN+ ( PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY PLAC$ A HI< PREMIUM ON A NEW TYPE ( 9DIVIDUAL3 A RES\RCEFUL1 COMP>ATIVELY SELF-SUFFICI5T1 & SELF-RELIANT EGO ?AT C\LD READILY ADAPT ITSELF TO -- IF NOT 0COMM&0 -- A SOCIETY ?AT WAS LOS+ ITS HUMAN SCALE & DEVELOP+ MORE COMPLEX POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & COMM]CIAL TIES ?AN ANY HUMAN COMMUNITY HAD KN[N 9 ! PA/4 

,SU* 9DIVIDUALS HAD ALWAYS EXI/$ ON ! M>G9S ( ! E>LY COLLECTIVE4 ,!Y W]E ORD9>ILY GIV5 A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9/ITUTIONAL EXPRESSION IF ONLY TO PROVIDE A SAFETY VALVE = M>K$ P]SONAL IDIOSYNCRACIES4 ,TRIBAL SOCIETY HAS ALWAYS MADE ALL[ANCES = AB]RANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR1 EXOTIC PSY*OLOGICAL TRAITS1 & P]SONAL AMBITION 7! 0BIG MAN0 SYNDROME7 -- ALL[ANCES ?AT F9D EXPRESSION 9 A HI< DEGREE ( SEXUAL FRE$OM1 %AMANI/IC ROLES1 & AN EXALTATION ( C\RAGE & SKILL4 ,FROM ?IS M>G9AL >EA1 SOCIETY RECRUIT$ ITS PRIE/S & W>RIOR-*IEFTA9S = COMM&+ POSITIONS 9 LAT]1 MORE HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BUT ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS NOT SIMPLY ONE ( BREAKD[N & RECOMPOSITION4 ,IT OCCURS ON A P]SONAL LEVEL & A SOCIAL LEVEL -- EGOC5TRIC & SOCIOC5TRIC4 ,VIEW$ ON ! P]SONAL LEVEL1 ! 9DIVIDUAL ACCOMPANIES ! EM]G5CE ( 0CIVILIZATION0 LIKE A BRA%1 UNRULY *ILD :OSE CRIES LIT]ALLY PI]CE ! AIR ( HI/ORY & PANIC ! MORE COMPOS$1 TRADITION-B\ND COLLECTIVITY ?AT CONT9UES TO EXI/ AFT] ! DECL9E ( ORGANIC SOCIETY4 ,! EGO'S PRES5CE IS /RID5TLY ANN\NC$ BY ! W>RIOR1 :OSE [N 0EGO B\ND>IES0 >E E/ABLI%$ BY TRANSGRESS+ ! B\ND>IES ( ALL TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES4 ,! ,SUM]IAN H]O ,GILGAME%1 = EXAMPLE1 BEFRI5DS ! /RANG]1 ,5KIDU1 :O %>ES HIS V>I\S FEATS AS A COMPANION1 NOT A K9SMAN4 ,VALOR1 RA!R ?AN L9EAGE1 M>KS !IR MY?-BECL\D$ P]SONAL TRAITS4 

,BUT MI/Y1 ALMO/ /]EOTYP$ FIGURES LIKE ,GILGAME% SEEM LIKE METAPHORS = 9DIVIDUALITY RA!R ?AN ! REAL ?+4 ,MORE CLE>LY ET*$ P]SONALITIES LIKE ,A*ILLES1 ,AGAMEMNON1 & ! ,HOM]IC W>RIORS >E (T5 CIT$ AS ! BE/ C&IDATES = WE/]N CONCEPTIONS ( ! NEWLY BORN EGO4 0,! MODEL ( ! EM]G+ 9DIVIDUAL IS ! ,GREEK H]O10 OBS]VES ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] 9 HIS FASC9AT+ DISCUSSION ( ! RISE & DECL9E ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 0,D>+ & SELF-RELIANT1 HE TRIUMPHS 9 ! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL & EMANCIPATES HIMSELF FROM TRADITION AS WELL AS FROM ! TRIBE40 ,?AT !SE QUALITIES ( D>+ & SELF-RELIANCE W]E TO BE PRIZ$ 9 ! ,GRECO-,ROMAN WORLD IS ACCURATE 5\<1 BUT IT IS D\BTFUL IF ! MODEL IS PROP]LY PLAC$4 ,9 FACT1 ! MO/ /RIK+ EGOS ( ! >*AIC WORLD W]E NOT ! BRONZE-AGE H]OES CELEBRAT$ BY ,HOM] BUT ! IRON-AGE ANTIH]OES SO CYNICALLY DESCRIB$ BY ,>*ILO*US4 ,9DE$1 ,>*ILO*US HIMSELF WAS ! EMBODIM5T ( ?IS HI<LY UNIQUE P]SONALITY4 ,HE L9KS A HIDD5 TRADITION ( ! EGO'S SELF-ASS]TION 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY ) ! CALCULAT+ 9DIVIDUAL ( EM]G+ 0CIVILIZATION40 

,UNLIKE A QUASI-MY?ICAL DESPOT LIKE ,GILGAME% OR A NEWLY->RIV$ >I/OCRAT LIKE ,A*ILLES1 ,>*ILO*US SPEAKS = A REM>KABLE BRE$3 ! DISPLAC$1 W&]+ B& ( M]C5>IES :O MU/ LIVE BY !IR WITS & CUNN+4 ,HE IS NO ,HOM]IC H]O BUT RA!R SOME?+ ( AN >M$ BOHEMIAN ( ! SEV5? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ,HIS SELF-POSSESSION & LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT /& 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! DISCIPL9$ LIFEWAYS ?AT >E CONGEAL+ >\ND ! MANORIAL SOCIETY ( HIS DAY4 ,HIS V]Y EXI/5CE ALMO/ SEEMS IMPROBABLE1 EV5 AN AFFRONT TO ! H]OIC PO/URE ( HIS ]A4 ,HIS OCCUPATION AS ! IT9]ANT SOLDI] REFLECTS ! SWEEP+ DECOMPOSITION ( SOCIETY2 HIS >ROGANT DISDA9 = TRADITION EXUDES ! NEGATIVITY ( ! M5AC+ REBEL4 ,:AT C>ES HE = ! %IELD HE HAS AB&ON$ 9 BATTLE8 0,MYSELF ,I SAV$ FROM DEA?2 :Y %\LD ,I WORRY AB\T MY %IELD8 ,LET IT BE GONE3 ,I %ALL BUY ANO!R EQUALLY GOOD40 ,SU* S5TIM5TS C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 EXPRESS$ BY A ,HOM]IC H]O ) HIS >I/OCRATIC CODE ( >MS & HONOR4 ,NOR DOES ,>*ILO*US JUDGE HIS COMM&]S BY !IR ME9 & /ATUS4 ,HE DISLIKES A 0TALL G5]AL1 /RID+ =? ON HIS LONG LEGS2 :O PRIDES HIMSELF ON HIS LOCKS1 & %AVES HIS *9 LIKE A FOP4 ,LET HIM BE A SMALL MAN10 HE DECL>ES1 0P]HAPS EV5 B[-LEGG$1 AS LONG AS HE /&S FIRM ON HIS FEET1 FULL ( HE>T40 

,>*ILO*US & HIS W&]+ B& ( COMPANIONS >E ! E>LIE/ RECORD WE HAVE ( ?AT LONG L9E ( 0MA/]LESS M50 :O SURFACE REPEAT$LY DUR+ P]IODS ( SOCIAL DECOMPOSITION & UNRE/ -- M51 & LAT] WOM51 :O HAVE NO ROOTS 9 ANY COMMUNITY OR TRADITION1 :O COLONIZE ! WORLD'S FUTURE RA!R ?AN ITS PA/4 ,!IR *>ACT]S >E LIT]ALLY /RUCTUR$ TO DEFY CU/OM1 TO SATIRIZE & %ATT] E/ABLI%$ MORES1 TO PLAY ! GAME ( LIFE BY !IR [N RULES4 ,M>G9AL AS !Y MAY BE1 !Y >E ! H>B+]S ( ! 9T5SELY 9DIVIDUAT$ REBEL :O IS DE/9$ TO 0TURN ! WORLD UPSIDE D[N40 ,!Y HAVE BROAD %\LD]S1 NOT PUNY NEUROSES1 & EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 A WILD1 EXPLETIVE-RIDDL$ POETRY OR ORATORY4 ,SOCIETY MU/ H5CE=? ALWAYS W>ILY /EP ASIDE :5 !Y APPE> ON ! HORIZON & SIL5TLY PRAY ?AT !Y WILL PASS BY UNNOTIC$ BY ITS RE/IVE COMMON]S -- OR ELSE IT MU/ SIMPLY DE/ROY !M4 

,BUT !SE >E ! FEW %>PLY ET*$ P]SONALITIES ( HI/ORY1 ! H&FUL ( M>G9AL REBELS :OSE SIGNIFICANCE V>IES ) ! /ABILITY ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!IR =TUNES DEP5D UPON ! RECEPTION !Y RECEIVE BY MU* L>G]1 (T5 9]T1 MASSES ( PEOPLE4 ,ON ANO!R1 MORE BROADLY BAS$ LEVEL ( HI/ORY1 ! NOTION ( 9DIVIDUALITY BEG9S TO P]COLATE 9TO !SE SEEM+LY 9]T 0MASSES10 & !IR P]SONALITIES >E EMANCIPAT$ NOT BY ,>*ILO*US & HIS TYPE BUT BY SOCIETY ITSELF1 :I* HAS A NE$ = AUTONOM\S EGOS :O >E FREE TO UND]TAKE ! V>I$ FUNCTIONS ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ON ?IS SOCIAL LEVEL1 9 %ORT1 IS NOT AN ISOLAT$1 IDIOSYNCRATIC P]SONAL PH5OM5ON2 IT IS A *ANGE 9 ! TEMP]1 \TLOOK1 & DE/9Y ( MILLIONS :O >E TO PEOPLE 0CIVILIZATION0 = C5TURIES TO COME & 9ITIATE ! HI/ORY ( ! MOD]N EGO UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,JU/ AS ! CONTEMPOR>Y PROLET>IAT WAS FIR/ =M$ BY SEV]+ A TRADITIONAL PEASANTRY FROM AN >*AIC MANORIAL ECONOMY1 SO ! RELATIVELY FREE CITIZ5 ( ! CLASSICAL CITY-/ATE1 ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 & ! MOD]N NATION-/ATE WAS 9ITIALLY =M$ BY SEV]+ ! Y\NG MALE FROM AN >*AIC BODY ( K9%IP RELATION%IPS4 

,LIKE ! BLOOD OA?1 ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY CON/ITUT$ A HI<LY COHESIVE MORAL OB/ACLE TO POLITICAL AU?ORITY -- NOT BECAUSE IT OPPOS$ AU?ORITY AS SU* 7AS WAS ! CASE ) ORGANIC SOCIETY7 BUT RA!R BECAUSE IT =M$ ! NEXUS = ! AU?ORITY ( ! FA!R4 ,IRONICALLY1 PATRI>*Y REPRES5T$1 9 ITS K9%IP CLAIMS1 ! MO/ W>P$ TRAITS ( ORGANIC SOCIETY 9 AN ALREADY DI/ORT$ & *ANG+ SOCIAL WORLD4.<#c#g.> ,H]E1 TO PUT IT SIMPLY1 G]ONTOCRACY IS WRIT L>GE4 ,IT ANSW]S NOT TO ! NE$S ( ! ORGANIC SOCIETY'S PR9CIPLE ( %>+ & SOLID>ITY BUT TO ! NE$S ( ! OLDE/ AMONG ! ELD]S4 ,NO SY/EM ( AGE HI]>*Y HAS A MORE OV]BE>+ CONT5T1 A MORE REPRESSIVE MODE ( OP]ATION4 ,9 ! E>LIE/ =M ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! PATRI>* WAS ANSW]ABLE TO NO ONE = ! RULE HE EX]CIS$ OV] ! MEMB]S ( HIS FAMILY4 ,HE WAS ! 9C>NATION1 P]HAPS ! HI/ORICAL S\RCE1 ( >BITR>Y P[]1 ( DOM9ATION ?AT C\LD BE SANCTION$ BY NO PR9CIPLE1 MORAL OR E?ICAL1 O!R ?AN TRADITION & ! IDEOLOGICAL TRICKS PROVID$ BY ! %AMAN4 ,LIKE ,YAHWEH1 HE WAS ! PRIMAL 0,I0 9 A COMMUNITY BAS$ ON ! 0WE40 ,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ?IS IMPLOSION ( 9DIVIDUATION 9TO A S+LE BE+1 ALMO/ >*ETYPAL 9 NATURE1 IS A PORT5T ( WIDESPREAD 9DIVIDUALITY & EGOTISM1 BUT 9 A =M SO W>P$ ?AT IT WAS TO BECOME ! QUASI-MAGICAL P]SONIFICATION ( ,WILL BE=E A MULTITUDE ( 9DIVIDUAL WILLS W]E TO APPE>4 

,JU/ICE SL[LY TRANS=M$ ! PATRI>*'S /ATUS1 FIR/ BY TURN+ ! FE>$ FA!R 9TO ! RI<TE\S FA!R1 JU/ AS IT TRANS=M$ ,YAHWEH FROM A DOM9E]+1 JEAL\S ,GOD 9TO A JU/ ,GOD4 ,PATRI>*Y1 9 EFFECT1 CEAS$ TO BE M]E >BITR>Y AU?ORITY4 ,IT BECAME JURIDICAL AU?ORITY ?AT WAS ANSW]ABLE TO C]TA9 PRECEPTS ( RI<T & WRONG4 ,BY TURN+ ! CRUDE1 W>RIOR MORALITY ( 0MI<T IS RI<T0 9TO ! RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE & ! LEX TALIONIS ( EQUITY1 JU/ICE PRODUC$ ! TRANSITION FROM M]E >BITR>Y CO]CION TO CO]CION ?AT MU/ BE JU/IFI$4 ,CO]CION N[ HAD TO BE EXPLA9$ ACCORD+ TO CONCEPTS ( EQUITY & 9EQUITY1 RI<T & WRONG4 ,JU/ICE1 9 EFFECT1 PROVID$ ! TRANSITION FROM >BITR>Y & EV5 SUP]NATURAL P[] TO JURIDICAL P[]4 ,FROM A TYRANT1 ! PATRI>* BECAME A JUDGE & RELI$ ON GUILT1 NOT M]ELY FE>1 TO ASS]T HIS AU?ORITY4 

,?IS TRANS=MATION ( ! PATRI>*'S /ATUS OCCURR$ AS A RESULT ( G5U9E T5SIONS 9 ! OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,! ELABORATION ( HI]>*Y1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9CIPI5T CLASSES1 & ! E>LY APPE>ANCE ( ! CITY & ,/ATE COMB9$ AS SOCIAL =CES TO 9VADE ! FAMILY & /AKE \T A SECUL> CLAIM ON ! ROLE ( ! PATRI>* 9 ! SOCIALIZATION & DE/9Y ( ! Y\NG4 ,ORGANIZ$ RELIGIONS1 TOO1 /AK$ \T !IR [N CLAIM4 ,WOM5 W]E L>GELY EXCLUD$ FROM ?IS PROCESS ( SECUL>IZATION & POLITICIZATION2 !Y REMA9$ ! *ATTELS ( ! MALE COMMUNITY4 ,BUT ! Y\NG M5 W]E 9CREAS+LY CALL$ UPON TO TAKE ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES AS SOLDI]S1 CITIZ5S1 BUREAUCRATS1 CRAFTSM51 FOOD CULTIVATORS -- 9 %ORT1 A HO/ ( DUTIES ?AT C\LD NO LONG] BE RE/RICT$ BY FAMILIAL =MS4 

,AS SOCIETY %IFT$ /ILL FUR!R FROM K9%IP TO T]RITORIAL =MS1 FROM BROADLY HI]>*ICAL TO SPECIFICALLY CLASS & POLITICAL =MS1 ! NATURE ( PATRI>*Y CONT9U$ TO *ANGE4 ,AL?\< PATRI>*Y RETA9$ MANY ( ITS CO]CIVE & JURIDICAL TRAITS1 IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY A MODE ( RATIONAL AU?ORITY4 ,Y\NG M5 W]E GRANT$ !IR BIR?RI<T AS CITIZ5S4 ,NO LONG] W]E !Y M]ELY SONS2 ! FA!R WAS OBLIG$ TO GUIDE HIS FAMILY ACCORD+ TO ! WAYS ( REASON4 ,HE WAS NOT SIMPLY ! JU/ FA!R1 BUT ALSO ! WISE FA!R4 ,9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 CONDITIONS N[ EM]G$ = DEVALU+ ! PATRI>*AL CLAN-FAMILY & = ITS SUB/ITUTION BY ! PATRIC5TRIC NUCLE> FAMILY1 ! REALM ( A HI<LY PRIVATIZ$ MONOGAM\S RELATION%IP BETWE5 TWO P>5TS & !IR (FSPR+4 ,UND] ! EGIS ( JU/ICE1 ! ,/ATE ACQUIR$ 9CREAS+ CONTROL OV] ! HI<LY 9SULAT$ DOME/IC WORLD-9ITIALLY1 BY DISSOLV+ ! 9T]NAL =CES ?AT HELD ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY TOGE!R ) ITS [N JURIDICAL CLAIMS4 .<#c#h.> 

,! DISSOLUTION ( ! ALL-5COMPASS+ PATRI>*AL 0,I0 9TO FAIRLY SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUALS ) 0EGOB\ND>IES0 ( !IR [N GA9$ GREAT] IMPETUS ) ! EXPANSION ( ! POLIS 9TO ! COSMOPOLIS -- ) ! SMALL1 SELF-5CLOS$ 0CITY-/ATE0 9TO ! L>GE1 OP5 0WORLD CITY0 ( ! ,HELL5I/IC ]A4 ,) ! GR[+ ROLE ( ! /RANG] AS CRAFTSMAN1 TRAD]1 & SEA-F>+ M]*ANT1 ! NOTION ( ! DEMOS UNIT$ BY BLOOD & E?ICAL TIES 9TO A SUPREME COLLECTIVE 5TITY GAVE WAY TO ! CLAIMS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,N[1 NOT M]ELY CITIZ5%IP BUT ! PRIVATE 9T]E/S ( ! WAYF>+ EGO1 P>TLY %AP$ BY ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/1 BECAME ! GOALS ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! COSMOPOLIS IS A TREM5D\S COMM]CIAL EMPORIUM &1 = ITS TIME1 A M]*ANT'S PLAYGR\ND4 ,WE CAN CLOSELY TRACE ! 9DIVIDUAL'S =TUNES FROM ! K9%IP GR\P & FROM ! 5CLAVE ( ! PATRI>*1 9TO ! 0CITY-/ATE10 P>TICUL>LY ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 :]E 9DIVIDUALITY ASSUMES RI*LY >TICULAT$ CIVIC QUALITIES & A VIBRANT COMMITM5T TO POLITICAL COMPET5CE4 ,FROM ! 0BRO!R0 OR 0SI/]0 ( ORGANIC SOCIETY1 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! 0CITIZ50 ( POLITICAL SOCIETY1 NOTABLY ! SMALL CIVIC FRAT]NITY4.<#c#i.> 

,BUT AS ! CIVIC FRAT]NITY EXP&S 9 SCOPE BEYOND A HUMANLY COMPREH5SIBLE SCALE1 ! EGO DOES NOT DISAPPE>2 IT ACQUIRES HI<LY PRIVATIZ$1 (T5 NEUROTIC1 TRAITS ?AT C5T] >\ND ! PROBLEMS ( A NEW 9W>DNESS4 ,IT RETREATS 9TO ! DEP?S ( SUBJECTIVITY & SELF-PREOCCUPATION4 ,! COSMOPOLIS DOES NOT (F] ! SOCIAL REW>DS ( ! POLIS -- A HI<LY *>G$ CIVICISM1 AN EMPHASIS ON ! E?ICAL UNION ( COMPET5T4 CITIZ5S1 OR FIRM BONDS ( SOLID>ITY OR PHILIA4 

,NOR DOES IT (F] A NEW S5SE ( COMMUNITY4 ,H5CE1 ! EGO MU/ FALL BACK ON ITSELF1 ALMO/ CANNIBALI/ICALLY AS WE %ALL SEE 9 \R [N ]A1 TO F9D A S5SE ( MEAN+ 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,EPICURUS1 ! PRIVATIZ$ PHILOSOPH] ( RETREAT P> EXCELL5CE1 (F]S IT A G>D5 9 :I* TO CULTIVATE ITS ?\<TS & TA/ES -- ) A WALL1 TO BE SURE1 TO BLOCK IT (F FROM ! BU/LE ( A SOCIAL WORLD IT CAN NO LONG] CONTROL4 ,9DE$1 ! ,/ATE ITSELF TAKES ITS REV5GE ON ! V]Y 9SOL5T CREATURE IT HELPS TO CREATE3 ! 0WORLD CITIZ510 :O IS N[ HELPLESS UND] ! OV]BE>+ P[] ( A C5TRALIZ$ IMP]IAL APP>ATUS & ITS BUREAUCRATIC M9IONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! EGO REQUIRES MORE ?AN A PLACE1 H[EV] WELL-CULTIVAT$1 9 :I* TO F9D ITS BE>+S4 ,DIVE/$ ( ITS NI*E 9 ! POLIS1 IT MU/ F9D A NEW NI*E 9 ! COSMOPOLIS -- OR1 AS ANY COSMOPOLIS LIT]ALLY SUGGE/S1 9 ! KOSMOS4 ,HUMANITAS N[ BECOMES A KOSMOS1 A NEW PR9CIPLE = ORD]+ EXP]I5CE2 & ! 0CITY-/ATE10 LIKE ! FOLK WORLD BE=E IT1 BECOMES AN OBJECT ( IDEOLOGICAL D]ISION4 ,9ITIALLY1 ?IS D]ISIVE \TLOOK TAKES ! =M ( ! POLITICALLY QUIETI/IC PHILOSOPHY ( ,/OICISM ?AT ! $UCAT$ CLASSES EMBRACE 9 LATE ANTIQUITY4 

,! ,/OICS1 :OSE IDEAS W]E TO N\RI% ! ,*RI/IAN CL]GY = C5TURIES TO COME1 BR\<T ! FRUITS ( JU/ICE -- ! 9DIVIDUAT$ EGO & ! IDEAL ( 0UNIV]SAL CITIZ5%IP0 -- 9TO CONV]G5CE ) EA* O!R DUR+ ! AGE ( ! COSMOPOLIS & ,EMPIRE4 ,EPICTETUS1 :OSE WRIT+S APPE>$ DUR+ ONE ( ! MO/ /ABLE P]IODS ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,AGE1 RADICALLY CLE>S ! GR\ND = ?IS NEW1 RA!R MOD]N1 TYPE ( EGO4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 HE H>%LY D]IDES ! POLIS'S S5SE ( EXCLUSIVITY AS ATAVI/IC3 

,PLA9LY Y\ CALL Y\RSELF ,A!NIAN OR ,COR9?IAN AFT] ?AT MORE SOV]EIGN REALM :I* 9CLUDES NOT ONLY ! V]Y SPOT :]E Y\ W]E BORN1 & ALL Y\R H\SEHOLD1 BUT ALSO ?AT REGION FROM :I* ! RACE ( Y\R =EBE>S HAS COME D[N TO Y\4 

,BUT ?IS IS PAT5TLY ABSURD1 HE DECL>ES1 & %ALL[3 

,:5 A MAN HAS LE>N$ TO UND]/& ! GOV]NM5T ( ! UNIV]SE & HAS REALIZ$ ?AT !RE IS NO?+ SO GREAT OR SOV]EIGN OR ALL-9CLUSIVE AS ?IS FRAME ( ?+S :]E9 M5 & ,GOD >E UNIT$1 & ?AT FROM IT COMES ! SE$S FROM :I* >E SPRUNG NOT ONLY MY FA!R OR GR&FA!R1 BUT ALL ?+S ?AT >E BEGOTT5 & ?AT GR[ UPON ! E>?1 & RATIONAL CREATURES 9 P>TICUL> -- = !SE ALONE >E BY NATURE FITT$ TO %>E 9 ! SOCIETY ( ,GOD1 BE+ CONNECT$ ) ,HIM BY ! BOND ( REASON -- :Y %\LD HE NOT CALL HIMSELF A CITIZ5 ( ! UNIV]SE & A SON ( ,GOD8 

,9 ITS UNIV]SALITY & SWEEP1 ?IS /ATEM5T VOIC$ NE>LY TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO MAT*ES ! MO/ F]V5T 9T]NATIONALISM ( \R [N ]A4 ,BUT H]E ,EPICTETUS WAS =MULAT+ NOT A PROGRAM = 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGE BUT RA!R AN E?ICAL /ANCE4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! ,/OICS W]E UTT]LY QUIETI/IC4 ,FRE$OM1 TO ,EPICTETUS1 CONSI/S EXCLUSIVELY ( 9T]NAL S]5ITY1 ( A MORAL 9SULATION FROM ! REAL WORLD -- ONE ?AT IS SO ALL-9CLUSIVE ?AT IT CAN REJECT EV]Y MAT]IAL NE$ & SOCIAL 5TANGLEM5T1 9CLUD+ LIFE ITSELF4 ,BY ! V]Y NATURE ( A 0FRE$OM0 C>RI$ TO SU* QUIETI/IC L5G?S1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANY BE+ 

TO BE DI/URB$ OR H9D]$ BY ANY?+ BUT ITSELF4 ,IT IS A MAN'S [N JUDGM5T :I* DI/URBS HIM4 ,= :5 ! TYRANT SAYS TO MAN1 0,I WILL *A9 Y\R LEG10 HE ?AT VALUES HIS LEG SAYS3 0,NAY1 HAVE M]CY10 BUT HE ?AT VALUES HIS WILL SAYS3 0,IF IT SEEMS MORE PR(ITABLE TO Y\1 *A9 IT40 

,9 HIS [N WAY1 ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ! SO-CALL$ 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*I/ ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 WAS TO TURN ?IS ,/OIC NOTION ( ! UTT]LY SELF-CONTA9$ EGO ON ITS FEET & 9FUSE IT ) A MILITANCY -- 9DE$1 AN >ROGANCE -- ?AT W\LD APPALL ! ,/OICS4 ,BUT 9 PR9CIPLE1 BO? ,EPICTETUS & ,/IRN] CREAT$ A UTOPI/IC VISION ( 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT M>K$ A NEW PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! AFFIRMATION ( P]SONALITY 9 AN 9CREAS+LY IMP]SONAL WORLD4 

,HAD ?IS DOCTR9E ( WORLDLY DIS5*ANTM5T & P]SONAL )DRAWAL DRIFT$ (F 9TO HI/ORY ) ! EMPIRE ?AT N\RI%$ IT1 LAT] P]IODS MI<T HAVE SE5 IT M]ELY AS ! PASSIONLESS VOICE ( A DY+ ]A1 LIKE ! EXOTIC CULTS & WORLD-WE>Y POEMS ?AT 9TON$ ! 5D ( ANTIQUITY4 ,BUT ,*RI/IANITY WAS TO REWORK ,/OICISM'S QUIETI/IC DOCTR9E ( P]SONAL WILL 9TO A NEW S5SIBILITY ( HEI<T5$ SUBJECTIVITY & P]SONAL 9VOLVEM5T1 9ADV]T5TLY OP5+ NEW DIRECTIONS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,IT IS EASY -- & L>GELY ACCURATE -- TO SAY ?AT ! ,*UR* HAS BE5 A PROP = ! ,/ATE4 ,C]TA9LY ,PAUL'S 9T]PRETATION ( ,JESUS' MESSAGE TO 0R5D] UNTO ,CES> :AT IS ,CES>'S0 LEAVES ! TR\BL$ WORLD UNBLEMI%$ BY ANY POLITICAL & SOCIAL *ALL5GES4 ,E>LY ,*RI/IANITY HAD NO QU>REL ) SLAV]Y1 IF WE 9T]PRET ,PAUL'S 9JUNCTIONS CORRECTLY4 ,YET :5 ,PAUL P]SUADES ,ONESIMUS1 ! RUNAWAY ,*RI/IAN SLAVE1 TO RETURN TO HIS ,*RI/IAN MA/]1 ,ONESIMUS IS DESCRIB$ AS 0?AT DE> & FAI?FUL BRO!R :O IS A FELL[ CITIZ5 ( Y\RS10 = SLAVE1 MA/]1 & ,PAUL >E !MSELVES 0SLAVES0 TO A HI<] 0,MA/] 9 HEAV540 0,CITIZ50 & 0SLAVE10 H]E1 >E US$ 9T]*ANGEABLY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,*RI/IANITY 5T]$ 9TO A DEEP 9VOLVEM5T ) ! =TUNES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL SLAVE4 ,BETWE5 ,*RI/IAN PRIE/ & HUMAN *ATTEL !RE WAS A CONFESSIONAL BOND ?AT WAS LIT]ALLY SANCTIFI$ BY A P]SONAL DEITY & BY ! 9TIMATE RELATION%IP ( A SACR$ CONGREGATION4 

,?IS EXI/5TIAL QUALITY REFLECTS A FEATURE ( ,*RI/IANITY ?AT HAS SURVIV$ EV]Y EPO* S9CE ITS APPE>ANCE3 ,UNIV]SAL CITIZ5%IP IS MEAN+LESS 9 ! ABS5CE ( REAL1 UNIQUE1 CONCRETE CITIZ5S4 ,! CONCEPT ?AT HUMANITY IS A 0FLOCK0 UND] A S+LE ,%EPH]D ATTE/S TO ! EQUALITY ( ALL P]SONS UND] A S+LE LOV+ ,GOD4 ,!Y >E EQUAL NOT BECAUSE !Y %>E A POLITICAL RECOGNITION ( !IR COMMONALITY BUT RA!R A SPIRITUAL RECOGNITION BY !IR ,FA!R4 ,9 ,JESUS1 SOCIAL RANK & HI]>*Y DISSOLVE BE=E ! LEVEL+ P[] ( FAI? & LOVE4 ,ON ?IS SPIRITUAL T]RA91 WORLDLY MA/]S CAN BE LESS ?AN !IR SLAVES 9 ! EYES ( ,GOD1 ! WEAL?IE/ LESS ?AN ! POORE/1 & ! GREATE/ ( K+S LESS ?AN !IR L[LIE/ SUBJECTS4 ,AN ALL-P]VASIVE EGALIT>IANISM LIB]ATES ! SUBJECT FROM ALL RANKS1 HI]>*IES1 & CLASSES ?AT >E DEF9$ BY SOCIAL NORMS4 ,NOT M]ELY CITIZ5%IP BUT ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS & ! ABSOLUTE VALUE ( EV]Y S\L UNITES ! CITIZ5S ( ! ,HEAV5LY ,CITY 9TO A 0HOLY BRO!RHOOD40 

,! WORLDLY IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS MESSAGE >E /AT$ F> MORE COMPELL+LY 9 ! EXEGETICAL LIT]ATURE ( ,AUGU/9E ?AN 9 ! HOLY WRIT ( ,PAUL4 ,LIKE ,EPICTETUS & ,PAUL1 ,AUGU/9E COMPLETELY DISSOLVES ! G5OS 9TO A 0,HEAV5LY ,CITY0 ?AT 9VITES HUMANITY AS A :OLE TO BECOME ITS CITIZ5S4 ,NO FOLK IDEOLOGY CAN ADMIT ?IS K9D ( CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9TO ITS \TLOOK ( ! WORLD4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,HEAV5LY ,CITY -- = ,AUGU/9E1 ITS E>LY VOICE IS ! UNIV]SAL ,*UR* -- MELDS ALL DIV]SITY AMONG PEOPLES1 ALL CITIZ5S FROM ALL NATIONS & TONGUES .<9TO.> A S+LE PILGRIM B&4 ,%E TAKES NO ISSUE ) ?AT DIV]SITY ( CU/OMS1 LAWS1 & TRADITIONS :]EBY HUMAN PEACE IS S\<T & MA9TA9$4 ,9/EAD ( NULLIFY+ OR TE>+ D[N1 %E PRES]VES & APPROPRIATES :ATEV] 9 ! DIV]SITIES ( DIV]SE RACES IS AIM$ AT ONE & ! SAME OBJECTIVE ( HUMAN PEACE1 PROVID$ ONLY ?AT !Y DO NOT /& 9 ! WAY ( FAI? & WOR%IP ( ! ONE SUPREME & TRUE ,GOD4 

,LE/ ?IS BE DISMISS$ M]ELY AS ,/OIC & ,PAUL9E QUIETISM -- OR WORSE1 CL]ICAL OPPORTUNISM ?AT R5D]S ! ,*UR* 9F9ITELY ADAPTABLE -- ,AUGU/9E ADDS ?AT ! 

,HEAV5LY ,CITY1 SO LONG AS IT IS WAYF>+ ON E>?1 NOT ONLY MAKES USE ( E>?LY PEACE BUT FO/]S & ACTIVELY PURSUES ALONG ) O!R HUMAN BE+S A COMMON PLAT=M 9 REG>D TO ALL ?AT CONC]NS \R PURE HUMAN LIFE & DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) FAI? & WOR%IP4 

,! ,*UR* DOES NOT M]ELY R5D] UNTO ,CES> :AT IS ,CES>'S2 IT REPLACES HIS CLAIMS TO DOM9US BY A CL]ICAL DOM9ION & HIS CLAIMS TO DEUS BY A HEAV5LY DEITY3 

,?IS PEACE ! PILGRIM ,CITY ALREADY POSSESSES BY FAI? & IT LIVES HOLILY & ACCORD+ TO ?IS FAI? AS LONG AS1 TO ATTA9 ITS HEAV5LY COMPETITION1 IT REF]S EV]Y GOOD ACT DONE = ,GOD OR = HIS FELL[ MAN4 ,I SAY 0FELL[ MAN0 BECAUSE1 ( C\RSE1 ANY COMMUNITY LIFE MU/ EMPHASIZE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 

,AUGU/9E'S AMBIGUITIES >E MORE EXPLOSIVE & IMPLICITLY MORE RADICAL ?AN HIS C]TA9TIES4 ,LAT5T 9 !SE REM>KS IS ! POT5TIAL QU>REL ( ,*UR* ) ,/ATE ?AT ]UPTS ) ,POPE ,GREGORY ,V,I,I & ! 9VE/ITURE CRISIS ( ! ELEV5? C5TURY4 ,! ECUM5ICALISM ( ! REM>KS OP5S ! WAY TO \TRAGE\S COMPROMISES NOT ONLY ) PAGANISM & ITS OV]T NATURALI/IC PROCLIVITIES BUT TO AN>*IC T5D5CIES ?AT DEM& ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! IMM$IATE E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,HEAV5LY ,CITY ON E>?4 ,! 0PEACE ( ! PILGRIM ,CITY0 WILL BE R$UC$ TO A *IM]A BY UNCEAS+ 0H]ESIES10 9CLUD+ DEM&S = A RETURN TO ! COMMUNI/IC PRECEPTS & EGALIT>IANISM ( ! APO/OLIC ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATION4 ,F9ALLY1 ,AUGU/9E'S HI/ORICISM ADMITS NOT ONLY ( ! 9DEF9ITE PO/PONEM5T ( ,*RI/'S RETURN TO E>? 7SO SIMIL> TO ! UNFULFILL$ PROMISE ( COMMUNISM 9 ! ,M>XIAN LEGACY7 BUT ALSO ( ! EV5TUAL C]TA9TY ( ,*RI/'S RETURN TO RI<T ! ILLS ( ! WORLD 9 A DI/ANT MILL5NIA6 ]A4 ,[+ TO HIS AMBIGUITIES1 ,AUGU/9E CREAT$ IMM5SE PROBLEMS ?AT BELEAGU]$ WE/]N ,*RI/IANITY = C5TURIES & 5RI*$ ! WE/]N CONCEPTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) NOT ONLY A NEW S5SE ( ID5TITY BUT ALSO A NEW S5SE ( 5*ANTM5T4 

,! SECUL>IZATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! DIS5*ANTM5T ( P]SONALITY ?AT CAME ) ,MA*IAVELLI'S EMPHASIS ON ! AMORALITY ( POLITICAL LIFE & ,LOCKE'S NOTION ( ! PROPRIET>Y 9DIVIDUAL DIVE/$ ! SELF & HUMANITY ( !IR UTOPIAN CONT5T4 ,TRAGICALLY1 BO? W]E R$UC$ TO OBJECTS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MANIPULATION4 ,*RI/IANITY HAD MADE ! SELF A WAYF>+ S\L1 RESPL5D5T ) ! PROMISE ( CREATIVE FAI? & 9FUS$ ) ! SPELL ( A GREAT E?ICAL ADV5TURE4 ,B\RGEOIS NOTIONS ( SELFHOOD W]E N[ TO MAKE IT A MEAN-SPIRIT$1 EGOI/IC1 & NEUROTIC ?+1 RIDDL$ BY CUNN+ & 9SECURITY4 ,! NEW GOSPEL ( SECUL> 9DIVIDUALITY CONCEIV$ ! SELF 9 ! =M HOMO ECONOMICUS1 A WRIGGL+ & /RUGGL+ MONAD1 LIT]ALLY POSSESS$ BY EGOTISM & AN AMORAL COMMITM5T TO SURVIVAL4 

,FROM ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ONW>D1 WE/]N ?\<T CA/ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! EGO & ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 NOTABLY NATURE1 9 L>GELY OPPOSITIONAL T]MS4 ,PROGRESS WAS ID5TIFI$ NOT ) SPIRITUAL R$EMPTION BUT ) ! TE*NICAL CAPACITY ( HUMANITY TO B5D NATURE TO ! S]VICE ( ! M>KETPLACE4 ,HUMAN DE/9Y WAS CONCEIV$ NOT AS ! REALIZATION ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL & SPIRITUAL POT5TIALITIES1 BUT AS ! MA/]Y ( 0NATURAL =CES0 & ! R$EMPTION ( SOCIETY FROM A 0DEMONIC0 NATURAL WORLD4 ,! \TLOOK ( ORGANIC SOCIETY T[>D NATURE & TREASURE WAS COMPLETELY REV]S$4 ,IT WAS NATURE ?AT N[ BECAME DEMONIC & TREASURE ?AT N[ BECAME FECUND4 ,! SUBJUGATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 :I* ! ,GREEKS HAD FATALI/ICALLY ACCEPT$ AS ! BASIS = A CULTIVAT$ LEISURE CLASS1 WAS N[ CELEBRAT$ AS A COMMON HUMAN 5T]PRISE TO BR+ NATURE UND] HUMAN CONTROL4 

,?IS FASC9AT+ REWORK+ ( ,*RI/IAN ES*ATOLOGY FROM A SPIRITUAL PROJECT 9TO AN ECONOMIC ONE IS FUNDAM5TAL TO AN UND]/&+ ( LIB]AL IDEOLOGY 9 ALL ITS V>IANTS -- &1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 TO ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 ,SO ?OR\<LY DOES IT P]MEATE ! 09DIVIDUALI/IC0 PHILOSOPHIES ( ,HOBBES1 ,LOCKE1 & ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S ?AT IT (T5 REMA9S ! UNSPOK5 ASSUMPTION = MORE DEBATABLE SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,) ,HOBBES1 ! 0/ATE ( NATURE0 IS A /ATE ( DISORD]1 ( ! 0W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL40 ,! MAT]IAL /+9ESS ( PHYSICAL NATURE REAPPE>S AS ! E?ICAL /+9ESS ( HUMAN NATURE 9 ! ISOLAT$ EGO'S RU?LESS /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL1 P[]1 & FELICITY4 ,! *AOTIC CONSEQU5CES ?AT ! 0/ATE ( NATURE0 MU/ 9EVITABLY YIELD CAN ONLY BE CONTA9$ BY ! ORD]$ UNIV]SE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,:AT IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ,HOBBES' NOTION ( ! ,/ATE IS ! EXT5T TO :I* HE DIVE/S NATURE ( ALL E?ICAL CONT5T4 ,EV5 MORE UN]R+LY ?AN ,KEPL]1 :O M>VEL$ AT ! MA!MATICAL SYMMETRY ( ! UNIV]SE1 ,HOBBES IS ! ME*ANICAL MAT]IALI/ P> EXCELL5CE4 ,NATURE IS M]E MATT] & MOTION1 BL9D 9 ITS RE/LESS *ANGES & P]MUTATIONS1 )\T GOAL OR SPIRITUAL PROMISE4 ,SOCIETY1 SPECIFICALLY ! ,/ATE1 IS ! REALM ( ORD] PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IMPROVES ! 9DIVIDUAL'S *ANCES TO SURVIVE & PURSUE HIS PRIVATE AIMS4 ,IT IS NOT F>-FET*$ TO SAY ?AT ,HOBBES' RU?LESS D5IAL ( ALL E?ICAL MEAN+ TO ! UNIV]SE1 9CLUD+ SOCIETY1 CREATES ! 9TELLECTUAL SETT+ = A /RICTLY UTILIT>IAN 9T]PRETATION ( JU/ICE4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT LIB]AL IDEOLOGY WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ,HOBBES' WORK1 IT WAS =C$ TO DEAL ) JU/ICE EXCLUSIVELY AS A MEANS TO SECURE SURVIVAL1 FELICITY1 & ! PRAGMATICS ( MAT]IAL A*IEVEM5T4 

,LOCKE1 :O TRI$ TO S(T5 ?IS ,HOBBESIAN LEGACY ) A B5IGN CONCEPT ( HUMAN NATURE1 DEALS MORE EXPLICITLY ) EXT]NAL NATURE4 ,BUT1 IRONICALLY1 HE DOES SO ONLY TO DEGRADE IT FUR!R AS ! M]E OBJECT ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,NATURE IS ! S\RCE ( PROPRIETOR%IP1 ! COMMON POOL ( RES\RCES FROM :I* LABOR REMOVES ! 9DIVIDUAL'S MEANS ( LIFE & WEAL?4 ,:ATSOEV] MAN 0REMOVES \T ( ! ,/ATE ?AT ,NATURE HA? PROVID$1 & LEFT IT 91 HE HA? MIX$ HIS ,LABOR )1 & JOYN$ TO IT SOME?+ ?AT IS HIS [N1 & !REBY MAKES IT HIS PROP]TY40 ,LE/ IT BE ?\<T ?AT NATURE & LABOR JO9 PEOPLE TOGE!R1 ,LOCKE ASSURES US ?AT ! V]Y OPPOSITE IS ! CASE3 

,IT BE+ BY HIM REMOV$ FROM ! COMMON /ATE NATURE PLAC$ IT 91 HA? BY ?IS LABOR SOME?+ ANNEX$ TO IT1 ?AT EXCLUDES ! COMMON RI<T ( O!R ,M54 ,= ?IS ,LABOR BE+ ! UNQUE/IONABLE ,PROP]TY ( ! ,LABOR]1 NO MAN BUT HE CAN HAVE A RI<T TO :AT ?AT IS ONCE JOYN$ TO1 AT LEA/ :]E !RE IS 5\<1 & AS GOOD LEFT 9 COMMON = O!RS4 

,:AT RAISES ,LOCKE BEYOND M]E PROPRIET>Y PLATITUDES IS ! PRON\NC$ FUNCTION HE IMP>TS TO LABOR4 ,! ISOLAT$ EGO1 :I* ,HOBBES RESCU$ FROM ! HAZ>DS ( ME*ANICAL NATURE BY A POLITICAL COV5ANT1 ,LOCKE /RIK+LY RESCUES BY AN ECONOMIC ONE4 ,SO F>1 ,HOBBES & ,LOCKE >E AS ONE 9 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y FILT] ANY SPIRITUAL QUALITIES \T ( !IR SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIES4 ,:]E ,HOBBES IS >RE/$ BY ! PROBLEM ( HUMAN SURVIVAL 9 A BASICALLY *AOTIC OR MEAN+LESS WORLD1 ,LOCKE ADVANCES ! HI<] CLAIMS ( PROP]TY & P]SON1 & P]HAPS MORE /RIK+LY = \R AGE1 ! CRUCIAL ROLE ( LABOR 9 %AP+ ?AT MO/ FASC9AT+ PIECE ( PROP]TY -- ! 9DIVIDUAL ITSELF4 ,= IT IS 0,LABOR1 9 ! ,BEG9N+1 .<?AT.> GAVE A ,RI<T ( ,PROP]TY1 :]E-EV] ANY ONE WAS PLEAS$ TO IMPLOY IT1 UPON :AT WAS COMMON10 & IT WAS PROP]TY 0:I* ,LABOR & 9DU/RY BEGAN0 ?AT UND]P9N$ ! 0,COMPACT & ,AGREEM5T0 ?AT CREAT$ CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL A*IEVES ITS ID5TITY AS ! 0,PROPRIETOR ( HIS [N ,P]SON1 & ! ACTIONS OR ,LABOR ( IT40 ,HUMAN ACTIVITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS HUMAN LABOR4 ,H[ PR(\NDLY ,LOCKE OP5$ A GULF BETWE5 ,GRECO-,*RI/IAN ?\<T & LIB]AL IDEOLOGY CAN BE/ BE SE5 :5 WE RECALL ?AT = ,>I/OTLE1 HUMAN ACTIVITY IS BASICALLY ?9K+1 & = ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY1 SPIRITUALITY4 

,?IS R$UCTION ( SOCIAL ?\<T TO POLITICAL ECONOMY PROCE$$ ALMO/ UNABA%$LY 9TO ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 CLE>LY REFLECT+ ! DEBASEM5T ( ALL SOCIAL TIES TO ECONOMIC ONES4 ,EV5 BE=E MOD]N SCI5CE D5UD$ NATURE ( ALL E?ICAL CONT5T1 ! BURGEON+ M>KET ECONOMY ( ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD DIVE/$ IT ( ALL SANCTITY4 ,! DIVISION )9 ! M$IEVAL GUILDS BETWE5 WEAL?Y MEMB]S & POOR ULTIMATELY DISPELL$ ALL S5SE ( SOLID>ITY ?AT HAD UNIT$ PEOPLE BEYOND A COMMONALITY ( CRAFT4 ,NAK$ SELF-9T]E/ E/ABLI%$ ITS EM95CE OV] PUBLIC 9T]E/2 9DE$1 ! DE/9Y ( ! LATT] WAS R$UC$ TO ?AT ( ! =M]4 ,! OBJECTIFICATION ( PEOPLE AS M]E 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION FO/]$ ! OBJECTIFICATION ( NATURE AS M]E 0NATURAL RES\RCES40 

,WORK TOO HAD LO/ ITS SANCTITY AS A R$EMPTIVE MEANS = RESCU+ A FALL5 HUMANITY4 ,IT WAS N[ R$UC$ TO A DISCIPL9E = BR++ EXT]NAL NATURE UND] SOCIAL CONTROL & HUMAN NATURE UND] 9DU/RIAL CONTROL4 ,EV5 ! APP>5T *AOS ?AT M>KET SOCIETY 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! GUILD1 VILLAGE1 & FAMILY /RUCTURE ?AT =M$ ! BASES ( ! PRE9DU/RIAL WORLD WAS SE5 AS ! SURFACE EFFECTS ( A HIDD5 LAWFULNESS 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL SELF-9T]E/1 BY SEEK+ ITS [N 5DS1 S]V$ ! COMMON GOOD4 ,?IS 0LIB]AL0 IDEOLOGY P]SI/$ 9TO ! LATT] P>T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :]E IT IS CELEBRAT$ NOT M]ELY )9 ! CONF9ES ( *UR* & ACADEMY1 BUT BY ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ DEVICES ( ! MASS M$IA4 

,BUT :AT1 AFT] ALL1 WAS ?IS COMMON GOOD 9 A SOCIETY ?AT CELEBRAT$ ! CLAIMS ( SELF-9T]E/ & NAK$ EGOTISM8 ,& :AT R$EMPTION DID ON]\S TOIL PROVIDE = A HUMANITY ?AT HAD BE5 SUMMON$ TO SURR5D] ITS SPIRITUAL IDEALS = MAT]IAL GA98 ,IF LIB]ALISM C\LD ADD NO?+ TO ! CONCEPT ( JU/ICE O!R ?AN ,LOCKE'S HYPO/ATIZATION ( PROPRIETOR%IP1 & IF PROGRESS MEANT NO?+ MORE ?AN ! RI<T TO UNLIMIT$ ACQUISITION1 !N MO/ ( HUMANITY HAD TO BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! PALE ( ! 0GOOD LIFE0 BY PAT5TLY SELF-S]V+ CLASS CRIT]IA ( JU/ICE & PROGRESS4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 LIB]AL !ORY HAD NOT ONLY BE5 DEBAS$ TO POLITICAL ECONOMY1 BUT TO A TOTALLY ASOCIAL DOCTR9E ( 9T]E/4 ,?AT HUMAN BE+S ACT$ 9 SOCIETY AT ALL C\LD BE EXPLA9$ ONLY BY ! COMPULSION ( NE$S & ! PURSUIT ( P]SONAL GA94 ,9 A ME*ANICAL WORLD ( MATT] & MOTION1 EGOTISM HAD BECOME = ISOLAT$ HUMAN MONADS :AT GRAVITATION WAS = MAT]IAL BODIES4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE EF=T TO PROVIDE LIB]ALISM ) AN E?ICAL CR$O BEYOND M]E PROPRIETOR%IP & ACQUISITION WAS MADE 9 ! SAME YE> ?AT ! ,FR5* SANS CULOTTES TOPPL$ ! MO/ LUM9\S /RON<OLD ( TRADITIONAL SOCIETY4 ,9 #a#g#h#i1 ,J]EMY ,B5?AM PUBLI%$ HIS ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,MORALS & ,LEGISLATION1 ADVANC+ ! MO/ COH]5T JU/IFICATION = PRIVATE 9T]E/ AS AN E?ICAL GOOD4 ,9 A MAJE/IC OP5+ ?AT COMP>ES ) ,R\SSEAU'S ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT & ,M>X'S ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,B5?AM 9TON$ ! GREAT LAW ( UTILIT>IAN E?ICS3 

,NATURE HAS PLAC$ MANK9D UND] ! GOV]NANCE ( TWO SOV]EIGN MA/]S1 PA9 & PLEASURE4 ,IT IS = !M ALONE TO PO9T \T :AT WE \<T TO DO1 AS WELL AS DET]M9E :AT WE %\LD DO4 

,9 ANY CASE1 !Y 0GOV]N US 9 ALL WE DO1 9 ALL WE SAY1 9 ALL WE ?9K40 ,?US CAU<T UP 9 ! UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ?AT PR$ET]M9E \R BEHAVIOR IRRESPECTIVE ( \R WI%ES -- A =MULA ?AT LIES AT ! HE>T ( SCI5TISM1 :E!R LIB]AL OR SOCIALI/ -- ,B5?AM AB&ON$ 0METAPHOR & DECLAMATION0 = A CALCULUS ( PA9 & PLEASURE1 A SY/EM ( MORAL BOOKKEEP+ ?AT ID5TIFIES EVIL ) ! =M] & GOOD ) ! LATT]4 ,?IS UTILIT>IAN CALCULUS IS EXPLICITLY QUANTIFIABLE3 ,SOCIAL HAPP9ESS IS SE5 AS ! GREATE/ GOOD = ! GREATE/ NUMB]4 ,H]E1 SOCIAL GOOD COMPRISES ! SUM ( PLEASURES D]IV$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALS :O MAKE UP ! COMMUNITY4 ,TO ! S5SORY ATOMISM ( ,LOCKE1 ,B5?AM ADD$ AN E?ICAL ATOMISM ( HIS [N1 BO? ( :I* SEEM TO =M EXACT FITS TO A MONADIC AGE ( FREE-FLOAT+ EGOS 9 A FREE-FALL+ M>KETPLACE3.<#d.> 

,SUM UP ALL ! VALUES ( ALL ! PLEASURES ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ?OSE ( ALL ! PA9S ON ! O!R4 ,! BALANCE1 IF IT IS ON ! SIDE ( ! PLEASURE1 WILL GIVE ! GOOD T5D5CY ( ! ACT UPON ! :OLE & IF ON ! SIDE ( PA91 ! BAD T5D5CY ( IT UPON ! :OLE4 

,:AT APPLIES TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9 ,B5?AM'S VIEW1 CAN BE EXT5D$ TO ! COMMUNITY AS ! SUM ( ALL GOOD & BAD T5D5CIES TO :I* EA* ( ITS MEMB]S IS EXPOS$4 

,R>ELY DO WE 5C\NT] 9 ,JU/ITIA'S *ECK]$ C>E] A MORE UNADORN$ ATTUNEM5T ( H] SCALE TO E?ICAL QUANTA4 ,EV5 ACTS ?AT YIELD A CALCULABLE PR$OM9ANCE ( PLEASURE OR PA9 >E ATOMIZ$ & L5D !MSELVES1 9 ,B5?AM'S VIEW1 TO CLE>LY DEL9EABLE EPISODES1 JU/ LIKE *APT]S 9 A ,RI*>DSON NOVEL4 ,:AT IS /RIK+ AB\T ,B5?AM'S E?ICAL ATOMISM IS ! K9D ( RATIONALITY IT EMPLOYS4 ,>I/OTLE'S E?ICS1 TOO1 WAS BUILT ON ! IDEA ( HAPP9ESS4 ,BUT HAPP9ESS 9 ! ,GREEK VIEW WAS A GOAL WE PURSU$ AS AN 0AN 5D 9 ITSELF10 NOT AS A 0MEANS TO SOME?+ ELSE40 ,IT WAS D]IV$ FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( HUMAN BE+S AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ALL O!R LIV+ ?+S1 A NATURE ?AT C\LD NEV] BE =MULAT$ ) ! PRECISION ( MA!MATICS4 ,IF HAPP9ESS WAS A RATIONAL & VIRTU\S WAY ( LIFE1 AS ,>I/OTLE >GU$1 IT ATTA9$ ITS FULL REALIZATION 9 ! CONTEMPLATIVE M9D & 9 AN E?ICAL MEAN ?AT ROSE ABOVE EXCESS ( ANY K9D4 

,B5?AM1 BY CONTRA/1 (F]$ HIS READ]S NO E?ICS 9 ANY TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M BUT RA!R A SCI5TI/IC ME?ODOLOGY BAS$ ON A DIGITAL CALCULATION ( PLEASURABLE & PA9FUL UNITS4 ,! QUALITATIVE 9TANGIBLES ( HUMAN S5TIM5TS W]E COD$ 9TO >I?METIC VALUES ( PLEASURE & PA9 ?AT C\LD BE CANCEL$ OR DIM9I%$ TO YIELD 0SURPLUSES0 ( EI!R HAPP9ESS OR MIS]Y4 ,BUT TO DISMISS ,B5?AM M]ELY AS AN E?ICAL BOOKKEEP] IS TO MISS ! PO9T ( HIS 5TIRE APPROA*4 ,IT IS NOT ! E?ICAL CALCULUS ?AT COMPRISES ! MO/ VULN]ABLE FEATURES ( UTILIT>IAN E?ICS BUT ! FACT ?AT LIB]ALISM HAD D5ATUR$ REASON ITSELF 9TO A M]E ME?ODOLOGY = CALCULAT+ S5TIM5TS -- ) ! SAME OP]ATIONAL TE*NIQUES ?AT BANK]S & 9DU/RIALI/S USE TO ADM9I/] !IR 5T]PRISES4 ,NE>LY TWO C5TURIES LAT]1 ?IS K9D ( RATIONALITY WAS TO HORRIFY A LESS CR$UL\S PUBLIC AS A =M ( !RMONUCLE> E?ICS 9 :I* V>Y+ SUMS ( BOMB %ELT]S W]E TO YIELD MORE OR LESS CASUALTIES 9 ! EV5T ( NUCLE> W>4 

,?AT A LAT] G5]ATION ( LIB]ALS REPRES5T$ BY ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL REBELL$ AGA9/ ! CRUDE R$UCTION ( E?ICS TO M]E PROBLEMS ( FUNCTIONAL UTILITY DID NOT RESCUE LIB]ALISM FROM A PAT5T LOSS ( NORMATIVE CONCEPTS ( JU/ICE & PROGRESS4 ,9DE$1 IF 9T]E/S ALONE DET]M9E SOCIAL & E?ICAL NORMS1 :AT C\LD PREV5T ANY IDEAL ( JU/ICE1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & SOCIAL PROGRESS FROM GA9+ PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE8 ,! 9ABILITY ( LIB]AL !ORY TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION 9 ANY T]MS O!R ?AN PRACTICAL UTILITY LEFT IT MORALLY BANKRUPT4 ,H5CE=?1 IT WAS TO PREA* A /RICTLY OPPORTUNI/IC MESSAGE ( EXP$I5CY RA!R ?AN E?ICS1 ( MELIORISM RA!R ?AN EMANCIPATION1 ( ADAPTATION RA!R ?AN *ANGE4 

,BUT WE >E CONC]N$1 = ! MOM5T1 ) LIB]ALISM NOT AS A CAUSE OR IDEOLOGY1 BUT RA!R AS ! EMBODIM5T ( JU/ICE4 ,AN>*ISM & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM PR(ESS TO BE CONC]N$ ) FRE$OM4 ,FASCISM IS CONC]N$ NEI!R ) JU/ICE NOR FRE$OM BUT M]ELY ) ! 9/RUM5TALITIES ( NAK$ DOM9ATION2 ITS V>I\S IDEOLOGIES >E PURELY OPPORTUNI/IC4 ,H5CE ! FATE ( JU/ICE REPOSES ) ! FATE ( ! IDEAS ( SU* S]I\S ?9K]S AS ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,!IR FAILURE TO ELICIT AN E?ICS FROM JU/ICE ?AT C\LD RE/ ON ITS RULE ( EQUIVAL5CE LEAVES ONLY ,B5?AM'S UTILIT>IAN E?ICS -- A CRUDE1 QUANTITATIVE !ORY ( PA9S & PLEASURES -- AS JU/ICE'S D5\EM5T4 

,LET US NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES ?AT ,B5?AM'S ME?ODOLOGY OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 HIS E?ICS HAVE DROPP$ BEL[ ! CURR5T IDEOLOGICAL HORIZON4 ,IT /ILL RISES AT DAWN & SETS AT DUSK1 RESPL5D5T ) ! MULTITUDE ( COLORS PRODUC$ BY ITS POLLUT$ ATMOSPH]E4 ,T]MS LIKE 0PLEASURE0 & 0PA90 HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$ AS MORAL HOMILIES2 !Y M]ELY COMPETE ) T]MS LIKE 0B5EFITS0 & 0RISKS10 0GA9S0 & 0LOSSES10 ! 0TRAG$Y ( ! COMMONS10 0TRIAGE10 & ! 0LIFEBOAT E?IC40 ,! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS /ILL PREVAILS OV] ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,:AT IS SO /UNN+ TO ! C>EFUL OBS]V] IS ?AT IF JU/ICE NEV] CAME TO COMP5SATE BUT M]ELY TO REW>D1 ITS SPIRIT HAS F9ALLY BECOME MEAN & ITS CO9AGE SMALL4 ,LIKE EV]Y LIMIT$ IDEAL1 ITS HI/ORY HAS ALWAYS BE5 GREAT] ?AN ITS PRES5T4 ,BUT ! FUTURE ( JU/ICE ?REAT5S TO BETRAY EV5 ITS CLAIMS TO HAVE UPHELD ! 0RI<TS0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & HUMANITY4 ,= AS HUMAN 9EQUALITY 9CREASES 9 FACT1 IF NOT 9 !ORY1 ITS IDEOLOGY ( EQUIVAL5CE ASSAILS ! IDEAL ( FRE$OM ) ITS CYNICAL OPPORTUNISM & A SLEAZY MELIORISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiha 3 ,*APT] #f - ,JU/ICE -- ,EQUAL & ,EXACT -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #f - ,JU/ICE -- ,EQUAL & ,EXACT -- ,ADD$4 

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