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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,! ,EM]G5CE ( ,HI]>*Y 

  

,! BREAKD[N ( E>LY ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE SOCIETY M>KS A DECISIVE TURN+ PO9T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,9 ! MILL5NIA-LONG ]A ?AT SEP>ATES ! E>LIE/ HORTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES FROM ! 0HI< CIVILIZATIONS0 ( ANTIQUITY1 WE WITNESS ! EM]G5CE ( T[NS1 CITIES1 & F9ALLY EMPIRES -- ( A QUALITATIVELY NEW SOCIAL >5A 9 :I* ! COLLECTIVE CONTROL ( PRODUCTION WAS SUPPLANT$ BY ELITI/ CONTROL1 K9%IP RELATIONS BY T]RITORIAL & CLASS RELATIONS1 & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES OR C\NCILS ( ELD]S BY /ATE BUREAUCRACIES4 

,?IS DEVELOPM5T OCCURR$ V]Y UNEV5LY4 ,:]E SETTL$ AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES W]E 9VAD$ BY PA/ORAL NOMADS1 ! %IFT FROM ONE SOCIAL >5A TO ANO!R MAY HAVE OCCURR$ SO EXPLOSIVELY ?AT IT ACQUIR$ APOCALYPTIC PROPORTIONS4 ,LANGUAGES1 CU/OMS1 & RELIGIONS SEEM$ TO REPLACE EA* O!R ) BEWILD]+ RAPIDITY2 OLD 9/ITUTIONS 7BO? HEAV5LY & E>?LY7 W]E EFFAC$ BY NEW ONES4 ,BUT SU* SWEEP+ *ANGES W]E R>E4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 PA/ & PRES5T W]E SUBTLY MELD$ TOGE!R 9TO A /RIK+ V>IETY ( SOCIAL =MS4 ,9 SU* CASES1 WE WITNESS A SL[ ASSIMILATION ( TRADITIONAL =MS TO NEW 5DS1 A REPEAT$ USE ( OLD RELATION%IPS = NEW PURPOSES4 ,9 ! COMPLEX 9T]P5ETRATION ( OLD BY NEW1 E>LY SOCIAL =MS MAY HAVE L+]$ ON ?R\< ! 5TIRE SPAN ( PO/-,NEOLI?IC HI/ORY4 ,NOT UNTIL ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM DID ! PEASANT VILLAGE & ITS CULTURAL REP]TORY DISAPPE> AS ! LOCUS ( RURAL LIFE -- A FACT ?AT WILL BE ( CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE :5 WE CONSID] HUMANITY'S LEGACY ( FRE$OM4 

,ACTUALLY1 ! MO/ COMPLETE %IFT OCCURR$ 9 ! PSY*IC APP>ATUS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,EV5 AS ! ,MO!R ,GODDESS CONT9U$ TO OCCUPY A =EMO/ PLACE 9 MY?OLOGY 7BUT (T5 ADORN$ ) ! DEMONIC TRAITS REQUIR$ BY PATRI>*Y71 WOM5 BEGAN TO LOSE :ATEV] P>ITY !Y HAD ) M5-A *ANGE ?AT OCCURR$ NOT ONLY 9 !IR SOCIAL /ATUS BUT 9 ! V]Y VIEW !Y HELD ( !MSELVES4 ,BO? 9 HOME & ECONOMY1 ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR %$ ITS TRADITIONAL EGALIT>IAN FEATURES & ACQUIR$ AN 9CREAS+LY HI]>*ICAL =M4 ,MAN /AK$ \T A CLAIM = ! SUP]IORITY ( HIS WORK OV] WOMAN'S2 LAT]1 ! CRAFTSMAN ASS]T$ HIS SUP]IORITY OV] ! FOOD CULTIVATOR2 F9ALLY1 ! ?9K] AFFIRM$ HIS SOV]EIGNTY OV] ! WORK]S4 ,HI]>*Y E/ABLI%$ ITSELF NOT ONLY OBJECTIVELY1 9 ! REAL1 WORKADAY WORLD1 BUT ALSO SUBJECTIVELY1 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL UNCONSCI\S4 ,P]COLAT+ 9TO VIRTUALLY EV]Y REALM ( EXP]I5CE1 IT HAS ASSIMILAT$ ! SYNTAX ( EV]YDAY DISC\RSE -- ! V]Y RELATION%IP ,BETWE5 SUBJECT & OBJECT1 HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,DIFF]5CE WAS RECA/ FROM ITS TRADITIONAL /ATUS AS UNITY 9 DIV]SITY 9TO A L9E> SY/EM ( SEP>ATE1 9CREAS+LY ANTAGONI/IC P[]S -- A SY/EM VALIDAT$ BY ALL ! RES\RCES ( RELIGION1 MORALITY1 & PHILOSOPHY4 

,:AT ACC\NTS = !SE VA/ *ANGES 9 HUMANITY'S DEVELOPM5T1 ASIDE FROM ! METEORIC IMPACT ( ! GREAT HI/ORICAL 9VASIONS8 ,& W]E !IR D>K]1 (T5 BLOODY ASPECTS ! UNAVOIDABLE P5ALTIES WE HAD TO PAY = SOCIAL PROGRESS8 ,\R ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS T\* ON ONE ( ! MAJOR SOCIAL PROBLEMATICS ( \R TIME -- ! ROLE ( SC>CITY1 REASON1 LABOR1 & TE*NICS 9 WR5*+ HUMANITY FROM ITS 0BRUTAL0 ANIMAL WORLD 9TO ! GLITT]+ LI<T ( 0CIVILIZATION10 OR 9 ,M>XIAN T]M9OLOGY1 FROM A WORLD DOM9AT$ BY 0NECESSITY0 TO ONE DOM9AT$ BY 0FRE$OM40 ,MY USE H]E ( ! WORD DOM9AT$ IS NOT TO BE TAK5 LI<TLY2 ITS IMPLICATIONS = ,M>XIAN !ORY WILL BE EXAM9$ LAT] 9 ?IS WORK4 ,= ! PRES5T1 LET ME NOTE ?AT ,5LI<T5M5T &1 MORE PO9T$LY1 ,VICTORIAN IDEOLOGIES -- ! IDEOLOGIES ?AT ,M>X %>$ 9 !IR BROAD CONT\RS ) LIB]AL ECONOMI/S -- EXPLA9$ 0MAN'S ASC5T0 FROM ,NEOLI?IC 0B>B>ISM0 TO CAPITALISM 9 /RIK+LY SIMIL> WAYS4 ,!SE EXPLANATIONS >E WOR? REEXAM9+ -- NOT SO MU* TO REFUTE !M BUT TO PLACE !M 9 A L>G] P]SPECTIVE ?AN N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIAL !ORY C\LD POSSIBLY ATTA94 

,ACCORD+ TO !SE VIEWS1 HI/ORY'S ONW>D M>* FROM ! /ONE AGE TO ! MOD]N OCCURR$ PRIM>ILY = REASONS RELAT$ TO TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T3 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ADVANC$ AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES1 9CREAS+ MAT]IAL SURPLUSES1 & ! RAPID GR[? ( HUMAN POPULATIONS4 ,)\T ! 9CREASES 9 MAT]IAL SURPLUSES & LABOR 0RES\RCES0 ?AT ,NEOLI?IC SOCIETY FIR/ BEGAN TO MAKE POSSIBLE1 HUMANITY C\LD NEV] HAVE DEVELOP$ A COMPLEX ECONOMY & POLITICAL /RUCTURE4 ,WE [E ! ADV5T ( 0CIVILIZATION0 TO ! E>LY >TS ( SY/EMATIC FOOD CULTIVATION & 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ TOOLS LIKE ! :EEL1 KILN1 SMELT]1 & LOOM4 ,ALL !SE PROVID$ AN 9CREAS+ ABUNDANCE ( FOOD1 CLO?+1 %ELT]1 TOOLS1 & TRANSPORTATION4 ,) ?IS BASIC RES]VE ( FOOD & TE*NICS1 HUMANITY ACQUIR$ ! LEISURE TIME TO GA9 A GREAT] 9SI<T 9TO NATURAL PROCESSES & SETTL$ 9TO S$5T>Y LIFE-WAYS FROM :I* EM]G$ \R T[NS & CITIES1 A L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE BAS$ ON GRA9S1 ! PL[1 & ANIMAL P[]1 & F9ALLY A RUDIM5T>Y1 MA*9E TE*NOLOGY4 

,BUT ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 PRESUMABLY SO RI* 9 PROMISE = HUMANITY'S SELF-FULFILLM5T1 HAS NOT BE5 FREE ( A ,JANUS-FAC$ AMBIGUITY1 ( ITS D>K SIDE & TREA*]\S ASPECTS4 ,! /REAM ( HUMAN PROGRESS HAS BE5 A DIVID$ ONE3 ,! DEVELOPM5T T[>D MAT]IAL SECURITY & SOCIAL COMPLEXITY HAS G5]AT$ CONTRAPUNTAL =CES ?AT YIELD MAT]IAL 9SECURITY & SOCIAL CONFLICT UNIQUE TO 0CIVILIZATION0 AS SU*4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 )\T ! AGR>IAN ECONOMY ?AT ! E>LY ,NEOLI?IC 9TRODUC$1 SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BE5 MIR$ 9DEF9ITELY 9 A BRUTE SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY LIV+ *RONICALLY ON ! $GE ( SURVIVAL4 ,NATURE1 SO ! SOCIAL !ORI/S ( ! PA/ C5TURY HELD1 IS NORMALLY 0/+Y10 AN UNGIV+ & DECEPTIVE 0MO!R40 ,%E HAS FAVOR$ HUMANITY ) H] B\NTY ONLY 9 A FEW REMOTE >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,R>ELY HAS %E BE5 ! GIV+ NURTUR] CREAT$ 9 DI/ANT TIMES BY MY?OPEIC ?\<T4 ,! 0SAVAGE0 ( ,VICTORIAN E?NOGRAPHY MU/ ALWAYS /RUGGLE 7OR 0WRE/LE10 TO USE ,M>X'S T]M7 ) H] TO P]PETUATE LIFE -- :I* IS ORD9>ILY MIS]ABLE & M]CIFULLY BRIEF1 TOL]ABLE AT TIMES BUT NEV] SECURE1 & ONLY M>G9ALLY PL5TIFUL & IDYLLIC4 ,HUMANITY'S EM]G5CE FROM ! CON/RICTIVE WORLD ( NATURAL SC>CITY HAS ?US BE5 P]CEIV$ AS A L>GELY TE*NICAL PROBLEM ( PLAC+ ! UNGIV+ =CES ( NATURE UND] SOCIAL COMM&1 CREAT+ & 9CREAS+ SURPLUSES1 DIVID+ LABOR 7NOTABLY1 SEP>AT+ CRAFTS FROM AGRICULTURE71 & SU/A9+ 9TELLECTUALLY PRODUCTIVE URBAN ELITES4 ,?US1 GIV5 ! LEISURE TIME TO ?9K & ADM9I/] SOCIETY1 !SE ELITES C\LD CREATE SCI5CE1 5L>GE ! 5TIRE SPH]E ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 & SOPHI/ICATE HUMAN CULTURE4.<#a#d.> ,AS ,PR\DHON PLA9TIVELY DECL>$1 E*O+ !4 PREVAIL+ SPIRIT ( ! TIME3 

,YES1 LIFE IS A /RUGGLE4 ,BUT ?IS /RUGGLE IS NOT BETWE5 MAN & MAN -- IT IS BETWE5 MAN & ,NATURE2 & IT IS EA* ONE'S DUTY TO %>E IT4 

,M>X ASSUM$ ! SAME VIEW T[>D ! 0BURD5 ( NATURE4 0 ,BUT HE PLAC$ CONSID]ABLE EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DOM9ATION AS AN UNAVOIDABLE FEATURE ( HUMANITY'S DOM9ATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,UNTIL ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY 7BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS >GU$71 ! NEW SURPLUSES PRODUC$ BY PRECAPITALI/ TE*NICS MAY V>Y QUANTITATIVELY1 BUT R>ELY >E !Y SUFFICI5T TO PROVIDE ABUNDANCE & LEISURE = MORE ?AN A =TUNATE M9ORITY4 ,GIV5 ! RELATIVELY L[ LEVEL ( PRE9DU/RIAL TE*NICS1 5\< SURPLUSES CAN BE PRODUC$ TO SU/A9 A PRIVILEG$ CLASS ( RUL]S1 P]HAPS EV5 A SUB/ANTIAL ONE UND] EXCEPTIONALLY FAVORABLE GEOGRAPHIC & CLIMATIC CONDITIONS4 ,BUT !SE SURPLUSES >E NOT SUFFICI5T TO FREE SOCIETY AS A :OLE FROM ! PRESSURES ( WANT1 MAT]IAL 9SECURITY1 & TOIL4 ,IF SU* LIMIT$ SURPLUSES W]E EQUITABLY DIVID$ AMONG ! MULTITUDES :O PRODUCE !M1 A SOCIAL CONDITION W\LD EM]GE 9 :I* 0WANT IS MADE G5]AL10 AS ,M>X OBS]V$1 0& ) WANT ! /RUGGLE = NECESSITIES & ALL ! OLD %IT W\LD NECESS>ILY BE REPRODUC$40 ,AN EGALIT>IAN DIVISION ( ! SURPLUSES W\LD M]ELY YIELD A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EQUALITY 9 POV]TY1 AN EQUALITY ?AT W\LD SIMPLY P]PETUATE ! LAT5T CONDITIONS = ! RE/ORATION ( CLASS RULE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES PRESUPPOSES ! 0DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES10 ! ADVANCE ( TE*NOLOGY TO A PO9T :]E EV]YONE CAN BE FREE FROM ! BURD5S ( 0WANT10 MAT]IAL 9SECURITY1 & TOIL4 ,AS LONG AS SURPLUSES >E M]ELY M>G9AL1 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T OCCURS 9 A GRAY ZONE BETWE5 A REMOTE PA/ 9 :I* PRODUCTIVITY IS TOO L[ TO SUPPORT CLASSES & A DI/ANT FUTURE 9 :I* IT IS SUFFICI5TLY HI< TO ABOLI% CLASS RULE4 

,H5CE EM]GES ! O!R SIDE ( HUMANITY'S DRAMA3 ! NEGATIVE SIDE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 :I* CONVEYS ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! 0SOCIAL PROBLEM0 AS US$ BY ,M>XIAN !ORI/S4 ,TE*NICAL PROGRESS EXACTS A P5ALTY = ! B5EFITS IT ULTIMATELY CONF]S ON HUMANITY4 ,TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( NATURAL SC>CITY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NICS 5TAILS ! R$UCTION ( HUMANITY TO A TE*NICAL =CE4 ,PEOPLE BECOME 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 JU/ LIKE ! TOOLS & MA*9ES !Y CREATE4 ,!Y1 9 TURN1 >E SUBJECT TO ! SAME =MS ( COORD9ATION1 RATIONALIZATION1 & CONTROL ?AT SOCIETY TRIES TO IMPOSE ON NATURE & 9ANIMATE TE*NICAL 9/RUM5TS4 ,LABOR IS BO? ! M$IUM :]EBY HUMANITY =GES ITS [N SELF-=MATION & ! OBJECT ( SOCIAL MANIPULATION4 ,IT 9VOLVES NOT ONLY ! PROJECTION ( HUMAN P[]S 9TO FREE EXPRESSION & SELFHOOD BUT !IR REPRESSION BY ! P]=MANCE PR9CIPLE ( TOIL 9TO OB$I5CE & SELF-R5UNCIATION4 ,SELF-REPRESSION & SOCIAL REPRESSION =M ! 9DISP5SABLE C\NT]PO9T TO P]SONAL EMANCIPATION & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 

,= ! PRES5T1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO ASK IF ! PROBLEMATIC ,I HAVE SO SUMM>ILY PRES5T$ IS QUITE AS AUTONOM\S AS E>LI] SOCIAL !ORI/S HAVE CLAIM$4 ,IS IT AN 9ESCAPABLE DRAMA -- A DIALECTIC ?AT IS WOV5 9TO ! HUMAN CONDITION AS ! V]Y SUB/ANCE ( HI/ORY8 ,DOES \R 0DISEMB$D$NESS0 FROM NATURE1 \R 0ASC5T TO CIVILIZATION10 & \R HUMAN FULFILLM5T 9VOLVE A P5ALTY -- ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN AS A PRECONDITION = ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE BY HUMANITY -- ?AT MAY WELL TURN ! 0SUCCESS0 ( ?IS HI/ORIC PROJECT 9TO A GRIM MOCK]Y BY YIELD+ ! DEHUMANIZATION ( HUMANITY & ! IMMOLATION ( SOCIETY8 

,9 TRY+ TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS1 WE >E AGA9 BURD5$ BY ALL ! P>ADOXES CREAT$ BY H9DSI<T4 ,! DRAMA ?AT ,VICTORIAN ?\<T PRES5TS W\LD SEEM IRREFUTABLE IF WE W]E TO LOOK BACKW>D FROM A HI/ORY LAY]$ BY /AGES 9 :I* ! LA/ /AGE IMP>TS FUNCTIONS TO ! FIR/ SU* ?AT EV]Y /AGE IS A LOGICAL SOCIAL DESC5DANT ( PREVI\S ONES4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9 WISDOM 9 ! VIEW ?AT ! PRES5T 5L>GES ! MEAN+ ( ! PA/1 :I* DOES NOT YET KN[ ITSELF FULLY 9 ! LI<T ( ITS 0DE/9Y40 ,BUT ! NOTION ( 0DE/9Y0 MU/ NEV] BE SIMPLIFI$ TO MEAN PR$E/9Y4 ,HI/ORY MI<T WELL HAVE FOLL[$ DIFF]5T PA?S ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT C\LD HAVE YIELD$ 0DE/9IES0 QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE CONFRONT+ US4 ,& IF SO1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO ASK :AT FACTORS FAVOR$ ONE CON/ELLATION ( POSSIBILITIES OV] O!RS4 ,= ! FACTORS ?AT HAVE %AP$ \R [N HI/ORY >E DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 \R S5SIBILITIES AS ! BAD HABITS ( ! PA/ -- HABITS ?AT WE WILL HAVE TO COPE ) IF WE >E TO AVOID ! D>K SIDE ( ! FUTURE ?AT LIES BE=E US4 

,LET US CONSID] A FACTOR ?AT HAS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT IDEOLOGICAL ROLE 9 %AP+ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY3 ! 0/+9ESS0 ( NATURE4 ,IS IT A GIV5 ?AT NATURE IS 0/+Y0 & ?AT LABOR IS HUMANITY'S PR9CIPAL MEANS ( R$EMPTION FROM ANIMALITY8 ,9 :AT WAYS >E SC>CITY1 ABUNDANCE1 & PO/-SC>CITY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EA* O!R8 ,FOLL[+ ! ?RU/ ( ,VICTORIAN IDEOLOGY1 DO CLASS SOCIETIES EM]GE BECAUSE 5\< TE*NICS1 LABOR1 & 0MANP[]0 EXI/ SO ?AT SOCIETY CAN PLUND] NATURE EFFECTIVELY & R5D] EXPLOITATION POSSIBLE1 OR EV5 9EVITABLE8 ,OR DO ECONOMIC /RATA USURP ! FRUITS ( TE*NICS & LABOR1 LAT] TO CONSOLIDATE !MSELVES 9TO CLE>LY DEF9ABLE RUL+ CLASSES8 

,9 ASK+ !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I AM DELIB]ATELY REV]S+ ! WAY 9 :I* ,VICTORIAN SOCIAL !ORI/S HAVE TYPICALLY ORI5T$ SU* 9QUIRIES4 ,& ,I AM ASK+ NOT IF ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE GAVE RISE TO ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN BUT RA!R IF ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN GAVE RISE TO ! NOTION ( DOM9AT+ NATURE4 ,9 %ORT1 DID CULTURE RA!R ?AN TE*NICS1 CONSCI\SNESS RA!R ?AN LABOR1 OR HI]>*IES RA!R ?AN CLASSES EI!R OP5 OR =ECLOSE SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES ?AT MI<T HAVE PR(\NDLY ALT]$ ! PRES5T HUMAN CONDITION ) ITS DIM9I%+ PROSPECTS ( HUMAN SURVIVAL8 

,\R CONTEMPOR>Y COMMITM5T TO ! 0LOGIC ( HI/ORY0 9 ITS TYPICALLY ECONOMI/IC =M HAS MADE IT DIFFICULT TO PROVIDE A S]I\S & MEAN+FUL ACC\NT ( ! EXPLOSIVE CLA%ES BETWE5 TRADITION & 9NOVATION ?AT MU/ HAVE OCCURR$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,9/EAD ( LOOK+ AT ! PA/ FROM ! /&PO9T ( ITS ORIG9S1 WE HAVE MADE BO? PA/ & FUTURE CAPTIVE TO ! SAME BELIEF 9 ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL 9EXORABILITY ?AT WE HAVE IMPOS$ ON ! PRES5T4 ,H5CE WE HAVE BE5 S]V+ UP ! PRES5T AS ! HI/ORY ( ! PA/ -- A TYPICALLY ECONOMI/IC HI/ORY ?AT SLI<TS ! NE$ = F>-REA*+ *ANGES 9 LIFE/YLE1 WANTS1 SEXUAL /ATUS1 DEF9ITIONS ( FRE$OM1 & COMMUNAL RELATIONS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! /ANCE WE TAKE ) RESPECT TO HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS A RELEVANCE ?AT GOES BEYOND \R CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PA/4 ,RECA/ 9 A MORE OP5 & 9TELLECTUALLY UNCON/RA9$ MANN]1 IT MAY WELL PROVIDE US ) A VISION ?AT SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]S \R IMAGE ( A LIB]AT$ FUTURE4 

,H[ EASILY WE CAN SLIP 9TO A CONV5TIONAL HI/ORICAL /ANCE CAN BE SE5 FROM REC5T F]V5T CONTROV]SIES >\ND ! MEAN+ GIV5 TO ! CONCEPT ( SC>CITY4 ,IT HAS BECOME RA!R FA%IONABLE TO DESCRIBE SC>CITY SIMPLY AS A FUNCTION ( NE$S SO ?AT ! FEW] \R NE$S & ! SMALL] \R TOOL-KIT1 ! MORE 0ABUNDANT10 EV5 0AFFLU5T10 NATURE BECOMES4 ,9 ITS DIV9E SIMPLICITY1 ?IS CONT5TION REMOVES ! NE$ TO /RIKE A BALANCE BETWE5 HUMANITY'S OBVI\S POT5TIALITIES = PRODUC+ A RI* LIT]>Y TRADITION1 SCI5CE1 A S5SE ( PLACE1 & A BROAD CONCEPT ( %>$ HUMANITY ON ! ONE SIDE1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! LIMITS ?AT AN ORAL TRADITION1 MAGIC1 A NOMADIC WAY ( LIFE1 & A P>O*IAL S5SE ( FOLKDOM BAS$ ON K9%IP PLACE ON !SE POT5TIALITIES4 ,ACTUALLY1 BY EMPHASIZ+ MAT]IAL AFFLU5CE P] SE 9 T]MS ( NE$S & RES\RCES1 ?IS FUNCTIONAL APPROA* TO SC>CITY SUBTLY CAPITULATES TO ! V]Y ECONOMI/IC /ANCE IT IS MEANT TO CORRECT4 ,IT M]ELY RECREATES FROM A HUNT]-GA!R] VIEWPO9T A CALCULUS ( RES\RCES & WANTS ?AT A B\RGEOIS VIEWPO9T IMP>T$ TO SOCIAL !ORY DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY4 

,AT ! RISK ( AN EXCURSUS1 :I* MAY TRY ! READ]'S PATI5CE1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO DISCUSS ! ISSUE ( SC>CITY 9 SOME:AT G5]AL T]MS & !N RETURN TO MY MORE CONCRETE ACC\NT ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y4 ,SC>CITY IS NOT M]ELY A FUNCTIONAL PH5OM5ON ?AT CAN BE DESCRIB$ PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( NE$S OR WANTS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 )\T A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 LIFE ITSELF IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & )\T4 A C]TA9 EXCESS 9 !SE MEANS1 LIFE IS DEGRAD$ TO A CRUEL /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! LEVEL ( NE$S4 ,LEISURE TIME1 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 IS NOT FREE TIME ?AT FO/]S 9TELLECTUAL ADVANCES BEYOND ! MAGICAL1 >TI/IC1 & MY?OPEIC4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! 0TIME0 ( A COMMUNITY ON ! $GE ( SURVIVAL IS 0SUFF]+ TIME40 ,IT IS A TIME :5 HUNG] IS ! ALL-5COMPASS+ FE> ?AT P]SI/5TLY LIVES ) ! COMMUNITY1 A TIME :5 ! DIM9UTION ( HUNG] IS ! COMMUNITY'S CON/ANT PREOCCUPATION4 ,CLE>LY1 A BALANCE MU/ BE /RUCK BETWE5 A SUFFICI5CY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE1 A RELATIVE FRE$OM ( TIME TO FULFILL ONE'S ABILITIES ON ! MO/ ADVANC$ LEVELS ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5T1 & ULTIMATELY1 A DEGREE ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & RECIPROCITY ?AT CAN BE CALL$ TRULY HUMAN 9 FULL RECOGNITION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,NOT ONLY ! FUNCTIONAL DICTATES ( NE$S & WANTS BUT ALSO A CONCEPT ( HUMAN BE+S AS MORE ?AN 0?9K+ ANIMALS0 7TO USE ,PAUL ,%EP>D'S EXPRESSION7 MU/ BE 9TRODUC$ TO DEF9E :AT WE MEAN BY SC>CITY4 

,!SE DI/9CTIONS RAISE A SECOND & P]HAPS MORE COMPLEX PROBLEM3 SC>CITY CAN NOT ONLY IMPAIR HUMAN SURVIVAL BUT ALSO IMP$E ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES4 ,H5CE1 SC>CITY CAN BE DEF9$ ,9 T]MS ( ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPACT & ALSO ITS CULTURAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,!RE IS A PO9T AT :I* SOCIETY BEG9S TO 9T]V5E 9 ! =MATION ( NE$S TO PRODUCE A V]Y SPECIAL TYPE ( SC>CITY3 A SOCIALLY 9DUC$ SC>CITY ?AT EXPRESSES SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,SU* SC>CITY MAY OCCUR EV5 :5 TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T SEEMS TO R5D] MAT]IAL SC>CITY COMPLETELY UNW>RANT$4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ,I AM NOT REF]R+1 H]E1 TO NEW OR MORE EXOTIC WANTS ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T MAY TURN 9TO NE$S4 ,A SOCIETY ?AT HAS 5L>G$ ! CULTURAL GOALS ( HUMAN LIFE MAY G5]ATE MAT]IAL SC>CITY EV5 :5 ! TE*NICAL CONDITIONS EXI/ = A*IEV+ \T-RI<T SUP]FLUITY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE4 

,! ISSUE ( SC>CITY IS NOT M]ELY A MATT] ( QUANTITY OR EV5 ( K9D2 IT CAN ALSO BE A SOCIALLY CONTRADICTORY HYPO/ATIZATION ( NE$ AS SU*4 ,JU/ AS CAPITALISM LEADS TO PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 SO TOO IT LEADS TO CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION4 ,! GREAT B\RGEOIS MAXIM1 0GR[ OR DIE10 HAS ITS C\NT]P>T 9 0BUY OR DIE40 ,& JU/ AS ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES IS NO LONG] RELAT$ TO !IR FUNCTION AS USE-VALUES1 AS OBJECTS ( REAL UTILITY1 SO WANTS >E NO LONG] RELAT$ TO HUMANITY'S S5SE ( ITS REAL NE$S4 ,BO? COMMODITIES & NE$S ACQUIRE A BL9D LIFE ( !IR [N2 !Y ASSUME A FETI%IZ$ =M1 AN IRRATIONAL DIM5SION1 ?AT SEEMS TO DET]M9E ! DE/9Y ( ! PEOPLE :O PRODUCE & CONSUME !M4 ,M>X'S FAM\S NOTION ( ! 0FETI%IZATION ( COMMODITIES0 F9DS ITS P>ALLEL 9 A 0FETI%IZATION ( NE$S40 ,PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 9 EFFECT1 ACQUIRE SUPRAHUMAN QUALITIES ?AT >E NO LONG] RELAT$ TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! SUBJECT'S RATIONAL CONTROL ( ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,!Y >E GOV]N$ 9/EAD BY AN UBIQUIT\S M>KET1 BY A UNIV]SAL COMPETITION NOT ONLY BETWE5 COMMODITIES BUT ALSO BETWE5 ! CREATION ( NE$S -- A COMPETITION ?AT REMOVES COMMODITIES & NE$S FROM RATIONAL COGNITION & P]SONAL CONTROL4.<#a#e.> 

,NE$S1 9 EFFECT1 BECOME A =CE ( PRODUCTION1 NOT A SUBJECTIVE =CE4 ,!Y BECOME BL9D 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES BECOMES BL9D4 ,OR*E/RAT$ BY =CES ?AT >E EXT]NAL TO ! SUBJECT1 !Y EXI/ BEYOND ITS CONTROL LIKE ! PRODUCTION ( ! V]Y COMMODITIES ?AT >E MEANT TO SATISFY !M4 ,?IS AUTONOMY ( NE$S1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IS DEVELOP$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! SUBJECT4 ,IT REVEALS A FATAL FLAW 9 SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF1 9 ! AUTONOMY & SPONTANEITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO CONTROL ! CONDITIONS ( HIS OR H] [N LIFE4 

,TO BREAK ! GRIP ( ! 0FETI%IZATION ( NE$S10 TO DISPEL IT1 IS TO RECOV] ! FRE$OM ( *OICE1 A PROJECT ?AT IS TI$ TO ! FRE$OM ( ! SELF TO *OOSE4 ,! WORDS FRE$OM & *OICE MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$3 !Y EXI/ COJO9TLY & >E TI$ TO ! IDEAL ( ! AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL :O IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,AL?\< A HUNT]-GA!R] COMMUNITY MAY BE FREE FROM ! NE$S ?AT BELEAGU] US1 IT MU/ /ILL ANSW] TO V]Y /RICT MAT]IAL IMP]ATIVES4 ,SU* FRE$OM AS IT HAS IS ! PRODUCT NOT ( *OICE BUT ( LIMIT$ MEANS ( LIFE4 ,:AT MAKES IT 0FREE0 >E ! V]Y LIMITATIONS ( ITS TOOL-KIT1 NOT AN EXPANSIVE KN[L$GE ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,9 A TRULY FREE SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 NE$S W\LD BE =M$ BY CONSCI\SNESS & BY *OICE1 NOT SIMPLY BY 5VIRONM5T & TOOL-KITS4 ,! AFFLU5CE ( A FREE SOCIETY W\LD BE TRANS=M$ FROM A WEAL? ( ?+S 9TO A WEAL? ( CULTURE & 9DIVIDUAL CREATIVITY4 ,H5CE1 WANT W\LD DEP5D NOT ONLY ON TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT ALSO ON ! CULTURAL CONTEXT 9 :I* IT IS =M$4 ,NATURE'S 0/+9ESS0 & TE*NOLOGY'S LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE IMPORTANT1 BUT ONLY AS SECOND>Y FACTORS 9 DEF9+ SC>CITY & NE$4 

,! PROBLEMS ( NE$S & SC>CITY1 9 %ORT1 MU/ BE SE5 AS A PROBLEM ( SELECTIVITY -- ( *OICE4 ,A WORLD 9 :I* NE$S COMPETE ) NE$S JU/ AS COMMODITIES COMPETE ) COMMODITIES IS ! W>P$ REALM ( A FETI%IZ$1 LIMITLESS WORLD ( CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS WORLD ( LIMITLESS NE$S HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ! IMM5SE >MAM5T>IUM ( ADV]TIS+1 ! MASS M$IA1 & ! GROTESQUE TRIVIALIZATION ( DAILY LIFE1 ) ITS /EADY DIS5GAGEM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ANY AU!NTIC CONTACT ) HI/ORY4 ,AL?\< *OICE PRESUPPOSES A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IT DOES NOT IMPLY ! EXI/5CE ( A M9DLESS ABUNDANCE ( GOODS ?AT SMO!RS ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CAPACITY TO SELECT USE-VALUES RATIONALLY1 TO DEF9E HIS OR H] NE$S 9 T]MS ( QUALITATIVE1 ECOLOGICAL1 HUMANI/IC1 9DE$1 PHILOSOPHICAL CRIT]IA4 ,RATIONAL *OICE PRESUPPOSES NOT ONLY A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE ) M9IMAL LABOR TO ACQUIRE !M2 IT PRESUPPOSES ABOVE ALL A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,FRE$OM FROM SC>CITY1 OR PO/-SC>CITY1 MU/ BE SE5 9 ?IS LI<T IF IT IS TO HAVE ANY LIB]ATORY MEAN+4 ,! CONCEPT PRESUPPOSES ?AT 9DIVIDUALS HAVE ! MAT]IAL POSSIBILITY ( *OOS+ :AT !Y NE$ -- NOT ONLY A SUFFICI5CY ( AVAILABLE GOODS FROM :I* TO *OOSE BUT A TRANS=MATION ( WORK1 BO? QUALITATIVELY & QUANTITATIVELY4 ,BUT NONE ( !SE A*IEVEM5TS IS ADEQUATE TO ! IDEA ( PO/-SC>CITY IF ! 9DIVIDUAL DOES NOT HAVE ! AUTONOMY1 MORAL 9SI<T1 & WISDOM TO *OOSE RATIONALLY4 ,CONSUM]ISM & M]E ABUNDANCE >E M9DLESS4 ,*OICE IS VITIAT$ BY ! ASSOCIATION ( NE$S ) CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION -- ) ! USE ( ADV]TIS+ & ! MASS M$IA TO R5D] ! ACQUISITION ( GOOD AN IMP]ATIVE -- TO MAKE 0NE$0 9TO 0NECESSITY0 DEVOID ( RATIONAL JUDGM5T4 ,:AT IS ULTIMATELY AT /AKE = ! 9DIVIDUAL :OSE NE$S >E RATIONAL IS ! A*IEVEM5T ( AN AUTONOM\S P]SONALITY & SELFHOOD4 ,JU/ AS WORK1 TO USE ,M>X'S CONCEPTS1 DEF9ES ! SUBJECT'S ID5TITY & PROVIDES IT ) A S5SE ( ! ABILITY TO TRANS=M OR ALT] REALITY1 SO NE$S TOO DEF9E ! SUBJECT'S RATIONALITY & PROVIDE IT ) A CAPACITY TO TRANS=M & ALT] ! NATURE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ BY WORK4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! SUBJECT IS OBLIG$ TO =M JUDGM5TS ?AT REFLECT ! EXT5T TO :I* IT IS RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL1 FREE & AUTONOM\S OR UND] ! SWAY ( =CES BEYOND ITS CONTROL4 ,PO/-SC>CITY PRESUPPOSES ! =M]2 CONSUM]ISM1 ! LATT]4 ,IF ! OBJECT ( CAPITALISM OR SOCIALISM IS TO 9CREASE NE$S1 ! OBJECT ( AN>*ISM IS TO 9CREASE *OICE4 ,H[EV] MU* ! CONSUM] IS DELUD$ 9TO ! BELIEF ?AT HE OR %E IS *OOS+ FREELY1 ! CONSUM] IS HET]ONOM\S & UND] ! SWAY ( A CONTRIV$ NECESSITY2 ! FREE SUBJECT1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AUTONOM\S & SPONTANE\SLY FULFILLS HIS OR H] RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ WANTS4 

,9 SUMM>Y1 IT IS NOT 9 ! DIM9UTION OR EXPANSION ( NE$S ?AT ! TRUE HI/ORY ( NE$S IS WRITT54 ,RA!R1 IT IS 9 ! SELECTION ( NE$S AS A FUNCTION ( ! FREE & SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! SUBJECT ?AT NE$S BECOME QUALITATIVE & RATIONAL4 ,NE$S >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! 0NE$]0 & ! CONTEXT 9 :I* HIS OR H] P]SONALITY IS =M$4 ,! AUTONOMY ?AT IS GIV5 TO USE-VALUES 9 ! =MATION ( NE$S LEAVES \T ! P]SONAL QUALITY1 HUMAN P[]S1 & 9TELLECTUAL COH]5CE ( !IR US]4 ,IT IS NOT 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIVITY ?AT CREATES MUTILAT$ USE-VALUES BUT SOCIAL IRRATIONALITY ?AT CREATES MUTILAT$ US]S4 

,SC>CITY DOES NOT MEAN ! SAME ?+ :5 APPLI$ TO A 0SAVAGE10 PEASANT1 SLAVE1 S]F1 >TISAN1 OR PROLET>IAN1 ANY MORE ?AN IT MEANS ! SAME ?+ :5 IT IS APPLI$ TO A *IEFTA91 LORD1 MA/]1 NOBLE1 GUILD-MA/]1 OR M]*ANT4 ,! MAT]IAL NE$S ( A 0SAVAGE10 PEASANT1 SLAVE1 S]F1 >TISAN1 & PROLET>IAN >E NOT SO DECISIVELY DIFF]5T FROM EA* O!R1 BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES ?AT DO >ISE D]IVE FROM ! FACT ?AT !IR 9DIVIDUAL DEF9ITIONS ( SC>CITY HAVE *ANG$ SIGNIFICANTLY AS A RESULT ( DIFF]5CES BETWE5 NE$ /RUCTURES4 ,(T51 ! NE$S ( !SE OPPRESS$ CLASSES >E G5]AT$ BY !IR RUL+-CLASS C\NT]P>TS4 ,! HI/ORY ( :ITE BREAD 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGY ( NE$S1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A METAPHOR = ! EXT5T TO :I* TA/ES ASSOCIAT$ ) G5TILITY -- NOT ) PHYSICAL WELL-BE+ & SURVIVAL -- >E TURN$ 9TO ! NE$S ( ! L[LY AS COMPELL+LY1 9 ! FETI%ISM ( NE$S1 AS ! V]Y MEANS ( SURVIVAL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ASCETIC REJECTION BY ! L[LY ( !IR RUL]S' NE$S HAS FUNCTION$ AS A COMP5SAT+ ROLE 9 IMP>T+ TO ! OPPRESS$ A L(TY S5SE ( MORAL & CULTURAL SUP]IORITY OV] !IR BETT]S4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! FETI%ISM ( NE$S HAS IMP$$ HUMANITY 9 US+ ITS TE*NICS RATIONALLY & SELECT+ ITS NE$S CONSCI\SLY4 

,\R [N SKEW$ CONCEPTS ( SC>CITY & NE$S >E EV5 MORE COMPELL+ EVID5CE ( ?IS FETI%ISM4 ,UNTIL COMP>ATIVELY REC5T TIMES1 NE$S RETA9$ SOME DEGREE ( CONTACT ) MAT]IAL REALITY & W]E TEMP]$ BY SOME DEGREE ( RATIONALITY4 ,= ALL ! CULTURAL DIFF]5CES ?AT SURR\ND$ ! CONCEPT ( SC>CITY & NE$S 9 ! PA/1 !IR FETI%IZATION WAS ALMO/ M9IMAL BY COMP>ISON ) \R [N TIMES4 ,BUT ) ! EM]G5CE ( A COMPLETE M>KET SOCIETY1 ! IDEAL ( BO? LIMITLESS PRODUCTION & LIMITLESS NE$S BECAME ?OR\<LY MY/IFI$ -- NO LESS BY SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGUES ?AN BY !IR B\RGEOIS C\NT]P>TS4 ,! RE/RA9TS ?AT ,GREEK SOCIAL !ORI/S LIKE ,>I/OTLE TRI$ TO PLACE ON ! M>KET1 H[EV] MU* !Y W]E HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*1 W]E COMPLETELY REMOV$1 & OBJECTS OR USE-VALUES BEGAN TO 9FILTRATE ! L(TY HUMAN GOALS ?AT SOCIETY HAD ELABORAT$ FROM ! DAYS ( !IR CONCEPTION 9 ! POLIS4 ,! IDEALS ( ! PA/1 9 EFFECT1 HAD BECOME SO ?OR\<LY BEWIT*$ BY ?+S ?AT !Y W]E SOON TO BECOME ?+S RA!R ?AN IDEALS4 ,HONOR1 TODAY1 IS MORE IMPORTANT AS A CR$IT RAT+ ?AN A S5SE ( MORAL PROBITY2 P]SONALITY IS ! SUM ( ONE'S POSSESSIONS & HOLD+S RA!R ?AN A S5SE ( SELF-AW>5ESS & SELF-CULTIVATION4 ,ONE CAN CONT9UE ?IS LI/ ( CONTRA/S 9DEF9ITELY4 

,HAV+ DEMOLI%$ ALL ! E?ICAL & MORAL LIMITS ?AT ONCE KEPT IT 9 H&1 M>KET SOCIETY 9 TURN HAS DEMOLI%$ ALMO/ EV]Y HI/ORIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATURE1 TE*NICS1 & MAT]IAL WELL-BE+4 ,NO LONG] IS NATURE'S 0/+9ESS0 A FACTOR 9 EXPLA9+ SC>CITY1 NOR IS SC>CITY CONCEIV$ AS A FUNCTION ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT EXPLA9S ! CREATION OR SATISFACTION ( NE$S4 ,BO? ! CULTURE & ! TE*NICS ( MOD]N CAPITALISM HAVE UNIT$ TO PRODUCE CRISES NOT ( SC>CITY BUT ( ABUNDANCE OR1 AT LEA/1 ! EXPECTATION ( ABUNDANCE1 ALL *IT-*AT AB\T 0DIM9I%+ RES\RCES0 ASIDE4 ,WE/]N SOCIETY MAY ACCEPT ! REALITY ( ECONOMIC CRISES1 9FLATION1 & UNEMPLOYM5T1 & POPUL> CR$ULITY HAS NOT REJECT$ ! MY? ( A 0/+Y0 NATURE ?AT IS RUNN+ \T ( RAW MAT]IALS & 5]GY RES\RCES4 ,ABUNDANCE1 ALL ! MORE BECAUSE IT IS BE+ D5I$ = /RUCTURAL ECONOMIC REASONS RA!R ?AN NATURAL ONES1 /ILL OR*E/RATES ! POPUL> CULTURE ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,TO MIX SOLID ,VICTORIAN METAPHORS ) CONTEMPOR>Y ONES3 IF 0SAVAGES0 HAD TO P]=M H]OIC TE*NICAL FEATS TO EXTRICATE !MSELVES FROM ! 0CLAW-&-FANG0 WORLD ( ! JUNGLE & >RIVE AT A S5SE ( !IR HUMANITY1 !N MOD]N CONSUM]S ( M>KET SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO P]=M EQUALLY H]OIC E?ICAL FEATS TO EXTRICATE !MSELVES FROM ! %OPP+ MALLS & RECOV] !IR [N S5SE ( HUMANITY4 

,TO 0DISEMB$0 !MSELVES FROM ! %OPP+ MALL1 !Y MAY REQUIRE MORE P[]FUL AG5TS ?AN E?ICS4 ,!Y MAY WELL REQUIRE A SUP]FLUITY ( GOODS SO IMM5SE 9 QUANTITY ?AT ! PREVAIL+ FETI%ISM ( NE$S WILL HAVE TO BE DISPELL$ ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,H5CE1 ! E?ICAL LIMITS ?AT W]E SO R$OL5T ) MEAN+ FROM ,HELL5IC TIMES ONW>D MAY BE 9ADEQUATE TODAY4 ,WE HAVE >RIV$ AT A PO9T 9 HI/ORY'S ACC\NT ( NE$ :]E ! V]Y CAPACITY TO SELECT NE$S1 :I* FRE$OM FROM MAT]IAL SC>CITY WAS EXPECT$ TO CREATE1 HAS BE5 SUBV]T$ BY A /RICTLY APPETITIVE S5SIBILITY4 ,SOCIETY MAY WELL HAVE TO BE OV]9DULG$ TO RECOV] ITS CAPACITY = SELECTIVITY4 ,TO LECTURE SOCIETY AB\T ITS 09SATIABLE0 APPETITES1 AS \R RES\RCE-CONSCI\S 5VIRONM5TALI/S >E WONT TO DO1 IS PRECISELY :AT ! MOD]N CONSUM] IS NOT PREP>$ TO HE>4 ,& TO IMPOV]I% SOCIETY ) CONTRIV$ %ORTAGES1 ECONOMIC DISLOCATIONS1 & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION IS C]TA9 TO %IFT ! MY/IFICATION ( NE$S OV] TO A MORE S9I/] SOCIAL E?OS1 ! MY/IFICATION ( SC>CITY4 ,?IS E?OS -- ALREADY CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO ! 0LIFE-BOAT E?IC10 0TRIAGE10 & A NEW B\RGEOIS IMAG]Y ( 0CLAW-&-FANG0 CALL$ SURVIVALISM -- M>KS ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D EC(ASCISM4 

,IF T]MS LIKE SC>CITY & NE$ >E SO CONDITIONAL1 ONCE HUMANITY IS ASSUR$ SURVIVAL & MAT]IAL WELL-BE+1 :Y DID HI/ORY BETRAY ! RI* HUMANI/IC IDEALS IT WAS TO CREATE SO (T5 9 ! PA/ -- ESPECIALLY :5 AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES C\LD HAVE MADE !M A*IEVABLE8 ,AT ! ?RE%OLD ( HI/ORY1 AS A READ+ ( ! ANCI5T TEXTS 9DICATES1 AN 9]TIAL T5D5CY DEVELOP$ 9 :I* ! ATTA9M5T ( ! FEW TO A HI< E/ATE WAS 9EXTRICABLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! DEBASEM5T ( ! MANY TO A L[ E/ATE4 ,! BAS RELIEFS ( ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT1 & LAT] ! WRIT+S ( ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE1 LEAVE NO D\BT ?AT ! PRECONDITION = ! EM]G5CE ( TRIBAL 0BIG M50 9VOLV$ NOT ONLY MAT]IAL SUFFICI5CY BUT CULTURAL 9F]IORITY4 ,P[]1 P]SONALITY1 & SOCIAL IMMORTALITY >E 5TANGL$ COMPLETELY ) P[]LESSNESS1 DEP]SONALIZATION1 & (T5 G5OCIDE4 0,BIG0 & 0SMALL0 HAVE NEV] BE5 DIFF]5CES 9 SIZE1 SOCIALLY SPEAK+1 BUT DIFF]5CES 9 CONTRA/1 JU/ LIKE 0NE$S0 & 0LUXURIES0 OR 0SC>CITY0 & 0SECURITY40 ,EV5 TO A M9D AS P]CEPTIVE AS ,>I/OTLE'S1 ! GREATNESS ( ! ,HELL5ES WAS NATURE'S COMP5SATION = ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! B>B>IANS4 ,?IS NOTION1 SO COMPELL+ 9 ALL ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 RUL] & RUL$1 (T5 FAVORS DISPLAY OV] P]SONAL WEAL?1 G5]OSITY OV] ACQUISITION1 H>D9ESS OV] COM=T1 & SELF-D5IAL OV] LUXURY4 ,IT IS ! =M] TRAITS1 RA!R ?AN ! LATT]1 ?AT ELEVATE ! 0WELL-BORN0 OV] ! 0ILL-BORN40 ,MU* ?AT PASSES = LUXURY 9 ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD WAS A LAVI% EXHIBITION ( P[] RA!R ?AN PLEASURE4 ,REPRESSION HAS COMMONLY BE5 ! AFFIRMATION ( AU?ORITY1 NOT M]ELY ( EXPLOITATION1 & WE (T5 MIS9T]PRET HI/ORY :5 WE SUPPOSE ?AT ! KN\T HAS BE5 APPLI$ SOLELY TO EXTRACT LABOR RA!R ?AN OB$I5CE4 ,9DE$1 ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! PA/ HAVE DEALT ) ! RUL$ AS *ILDR51 NOT M]ELY AS TOIL]S -- A FIT ?AT HAS ITS TEMPLATE AS MU* 9 PATRI>*Y AS IT DOES 9 TE*NICS4 

,BUT H[ DID !SE HI]>*ICAL VALUES CRY/ALLIZE \T ( ! EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ UP TO N[8 ,:AT SOCIAL SUB/ANCE GAVE !M REALITY LONG BE=E CLASSES & /ATES EM]G$ TO GIVE !M ALMO/ UN*ALL5G$ P[]8 ,TO IGNORE ! 9CREASES 9 PRODUCTIVITY & POPULATION ( ! E>LY ,NEOLI?IC W\LD BE AS SIMPLI/IC AS TO MAKE !M ! ALL-IMPORTANT FACTOR ?AT *ANG$ E>LY SOCIETY'S COMPLEM5T>Y VALUES 9TO LAT] SOCIETY'S EGOC5TRIC ONES4 ,GR[+ SURPLUSES & 0MANP[]0 >E MU* TOO WEI<TY A FACT TO BE IGNOR$ 9 EXPLA9+ HUMANITY'S MOVEM5T 9TO HI/ORY4 

,BUT H]E1 TOO1 WE 5C\NT] A P>ADOX ?AT REV]SES ! CONV5TIONAL 9T]PRETATION SURPLUSES 9 GOODS & LABOR >E GIV5 9 PRODUC+ 0CIVILIZATION40 ,! ,NEOLI?IC VILLAG]S W]E MORE A SPECIES ( HOMO COLLECTIVICUS ?AN ! HOMO ECONOMICUS WE >E TODAY4 ,!IR SOCIAL \TLOOK WAS %AP$ BY ! HABITS ( USUFRUCT & ! NORMS ( ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 NOT BY APPETITES ( ACQUISITION & RIVALRY4 ,CA/ 9TO ! AV>ICI\S & ATOMIZ$ WORLD ( CAPITALISM1 !Y W\LD BE HORRIFI$ BY ! IMP]SONAL RELATION%IPS & GRASP+ EGOTISM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?US1 ! PSY*OLOGICAL1 9/ITUTIONAL1 & CULTURAL PROBLEMS !SE VILLAG]S FAC$ 9 DEAL+ ) !IR NEW SURPLUSES MU/ HAVE BE5 =MIDABLE4 ,H[ C\LD !Y DISPOSE ( !M )\T TRANSGRESS+ ! COMMUNITY'S NORMS ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM8 ,H[ C\LD !Y PRES]VE ! H>MONY & UNITY ( ! COMMUNITY 9 ! FACE ( NEW POSSIBILITIES = DIFF]5TIALS ( WEAL?8 

,TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS 9 T]MS ( TODAY'S SOCIAL /&>DS W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE1 = !SE /&>DS HAD YET TO BE DEVIS$4 ,MANY O!R /&>DS1 (T5 TOTALLY AT ODDS ) \R [N1 W]E ADOPT$ -- MO/ NOTABLY1 DISACCUMULATION RA!R ?AN ACCUMULATION1 ( :I* ! POTLAT* C]EMONIES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,9DIANS >E AN EXTREME EXAMPLE4 ,EV5 IF WE LOOK BEYOND TRIBAL LIFE TO MORE POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES1 WE WITNESS AN ORGY ( MORTU>Y CON/RUCTION & ! RE>+ ( LAVI% PUBLIC BUILD+S ( :I* ,EGYPT'S PYRAMIDS & ,MESOPOTAMIA'S ZIGGURATS >E EXTREME EXAMPLES ( ANO!R K9D4 ,CONV5TIONAL !ORIES BAS$ ON CLASS ANALYZES TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 RUL]%IP RE/$ LESS ON PROPRIETOR%IP1 P]SONAL POSSESSIONS1 WEAL?1 & ACQUISITION -- 9 %ORT1 ! OBJECTS ?AT CONF] P[] -- ?AN IT DID ON ! SYMBOLIC WEI<T ( /ATUS1 COMMUNAL REPRES5TATION1 RELIGI\S AU?ORITY1 & ! DISACCUMULATION ( GOODS ?AT ! ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE HAD HALL[$4 

,H5CE1 ! MORAL PREMISES ( ! E>LY ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE W]E NEV] TOTALLY DISC>D$ UNTIL MILL5NIA LAT]1 ) ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,!Y W]E MANIPULAT$1 MODIFI$1 & (T5 GROTESQUELY DI/ORT$4 ,BUT !Y P]SI/$ LIKE AN 9CUBUS )9 ! NEW ORD] ( RELATION%IPS -- A M5AC+ =CE FROM ! PA/1 ALWAYS LURK+ )9 SOCIETY AS ! MEMORY ( A 0GOLD5 AGE40 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ NOTIONS ( SC>CITY1 EM]G+ SURPLUSES1 TE*NICAL ADVANCES1 & AU?ORIT>IAN VALUES C\LD HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =MATION ( CLASSES & ! ,/ATE 9 ! FACE ( ! DI/RIBUTIVE PROBLEMS SURPLUSES CREAT$ = !SE EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE TO SOCIAL =MS LIKE CLASS1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ACQUISITIV5ESS1 & EV5 PATRI>*Y MAY WELL HAVE EXCE$$ ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT 0FREE M>KET0 CAPITALISM 5C\NT]$ 9 REMOV+ ! RESI/ANCE ( ,5GLI% AGR>IAN SOCIETY TO A M>KET ECONOMY 7TO BORR[ FROM ,K>L ,POLANYI'S ACC\NT74 ,JU/ AS WE MU/ LOOK )9 ! M$IEVAL WORLD TO F9D ! G]M9AL B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ?AT EV5TUALLY DISSOLV$ ! MANOR & GUILDS ( FEUDAL SOCIETY1 SO WE MU/ LOOK )9 ! PRIMORDIAL COMMUNITY TO F9D ! E>LY EMBRYONIC /RUCTURES ?AT TRANS=M$ ORGANIC SOCIETY 9TO CLASS SOCIETY4 ,!SE /RUCTURES MU/ BE REG>D$ AS MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN CLASSES4 ,!Y W]E HI]>*IES ROOT$ 9 AGE1 SEX1 & QUASI-RELIGI\S & QUASI-POLITICAL NE$S ?AT CREAT$ ! P[] & ! MAT]IAL RELATION%IPS FROM :I* CLASSES W]E =M$4 ,GIV5 ORGANIC SOCIETY'S EMPHASIS ON USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT CLASS RULE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! ,/ATE C\LD HAVE EM]G$1 FULLY ACC\T]$ & OMNIPRES5T1 L>GELY BECAUSE SURPLUSES R5D]$ !IR EXI/5CE POSSIBLE4 

,ORGANIC SOCIETIES1 EV5 ! MO/ EGALIT>IAN1 >E NOT HOMOG5E\S SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,EA* MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY IS DEF9$ BY C]TA9 EV]YDAY ROLES BAS$ ON SEX1 AGE1 & ANCE/RAL L9EAGE4 ,9 E>LY ORGANIC SOCIETIES1 !SE ROLES DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 /RUCTUR$ ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES1 NOR DO !Y SEEM TO HAVE 9VOLV$ ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,G5]ALLY1 !Y SIMPLY DEF9E ! 9DIVIDUAL'S RESPONSIBILITIES TO ! COMMUNITY3 ! RAW MAT]IALS1 AS IT W]E1 = A FUNCTIONAL /ATUS 9 ! COMPLEX NEXUS ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS4 ,L9EAGE DET]M9ES :O CAN OR CANNOT M>RY :OM1 & FAMILIES RELAT$ BY M>RIAGE >E (T5 AS OBLIGAT$ TO HELP EA* O!R AS >E K9 DIRECTLY RELAT$ BY BLOOD TIES4 ,AGE CONF]S ! PRE/IGE ( EXP]I5CE & WISDOM4 ,F9ALLY1 SEXUAL DIFF]5CES DEF9E ! COMMUNITY'S BASIC DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,EV5 BE=E MAT]IAL SURPLUSES BEGAN TO 9CREASE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! ROLES EA* 9DIVIDUAL PLAY$ BEGAN TO *ANGE FROM EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IPS 9TO ELITES BAS$ 9CREAS+LY ON SY/EMS ( OB$I5CE & COMM&4 ,TO MAKE ?IS ASS]TION RAISES A NUMB] ( V]Y PROVOCATIVE QUE/IONS4 ,:O W]E !SE EM]G+ ELITES8 ,:AT WAS ! BASIS ( !IR PRIVILEGES 9 E>LY SOCIETY8 ,H[ DID !Y REWORK ORGANIC SOCIETY'S =MS ( COMMUNITY /ATUS -- =MS BAS$ ON USUFRUCT1 A DOME/IC ECONOMY1 RECIPROCITY1 & EGALIT>IANISM -- 9TO :AT W]E LAT] TO BECOME CLASS & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETIES8 ,!SE QUE/IONS >E NOT ACADEMIC3 !Y DEAL ) EMOTIONALLY *>G$ NOTIONS ?AT /ILL LURK TO ?IS V]Y DAY 9 ! UNCONSCI\S APP>ATUS ( HUMANITY1 NOTABLY ! 9FLU5CE ( BIOLOGICAL FACTS1 SU* AS SEX1 AGE1 & ANCE/RY ON SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,UNLESS !SE NOTIONS >E C>EFULLY EXAM9$ & ! TRU?S SEP>AT$ FROM ! UNTRU?S1 WE >E LIKELY TO C>RY AN >*AIC LEGACY0 ( DOM9ATION 9TO :ATEV] SOCIAL FUTURE AWAITS US4 

,( ! ?REE ROLES CIT$1 ! SEX-L9K$ & AGE-L9K$ >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT & SOME:AT 9T]TW9$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! HI]>*IES ?AT PREC$$ SOCIAL CLASSES & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,= ! PURPOSES ( CL>ITY1 H[EV]1 WE MU/ EXPLORE !SE ROLES SEP>ATELY4 ,TO >GUE OV] :E!R ! SOCIALIZATION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9TO SEX-RELAT$ ROLES IS BAS$ ON BIOLOGICAL FACTS W\LD BE TO BELABOR ! OBVI\S2 ! PHYSICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 CLE>LY PRODUCE DIFF]5T SEX-RELAT$ CAPACITIES1 AT LEA/ 9 MAT]IALLY UNDEVELOP$ SOCIETIES4 ,BUT ! NATURE ( !SE CAPACITIES & ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y >E REFLECT$ BY ! /ATUS ( WOM5 9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES >E ISSUES ?AT HAVE BE5 SO HI<LY COLOR$ BY CULTURAL BIASES ?AT R>ELY >E !Y ADEQUATELY EXAM9$ 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE4 ,MELVILLE ,JACOBS RI<TLY W>NS US ?AT3 

,AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( ,EURO-,AM]ICAN ORIG9S FACE A PROBLEM ( EXAM9+ !IR PROJECTIONS ( IDEAS & FEEL+S AB\T WOM5'S /ATUS 9TO ANO!R SOCIOCULTURAL SY/EM4 ,TO PUT IT BADLY1 JUDGM5TS BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S AB\T ! /ATUS ( ! FEM99E SEX1 :5 ! PROV5I5CE ( SU* SCI5TI/S IS 9 WE/]N CIVILIZATION :OSE WOM5 OCCUPI$ A L[ /ATUS ?R\<\T ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 >E AT ONCE SUSPECT IF !Y HAVE NOT OBTA9$ WORD-=-WORD NATIVE COMM5TS & !N CLOSELY ANALYZ$ BO? !M & OV]T BEHAVIOR4 ,& ?IS IS NOT A K9D ( RESE>* :I* CAN BE COMPLET$ 9 A DAY OR TWO4 

,SU* RESE>* HAS YET TO BE COMPLET$ = MO/ CULTURES1 DESPITE G5]ATIONS ( %>P DISPUTE 9 MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,! FACT IS ?AT MALE BIASES T[>D WOM5 ALMO/ CONSI/5TLY COLOR :AT LITTLE RESE>* HAS BE5 DONE ON ?IS T\*Y SUBJECT4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y MAY D5Y IT1 M5 79CLUD+ ! OLD] G5]ATION ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S7 T5D TO BELIEVE ?AT WOM5 >E PHYSICALLY 0WEAK0 & ?AT !Y 9H]5TLY DEP5D ON M5 = !IR MAT]IAL SURVIVAL 9 NATURE4 ,9 MORE IMAG9ATIVE MOM5TS1 !Y REG>D WOM5 AS EMOTIONALLY 0FRAGILE0 & 9NATELY LACK+ A CAPACITY = 0AB/RACT ?\<T40.<#a#f.> 

,!SE NOTIONS F9D NO SUPPORT FROM DIS9T]E/$ RESE>*4 ,AL?\< WOM5 >E NORMALLY PHYSICALLY WEAK] & %ORT] ?AN M5 ( ! SAME E?NIC BACKGR\ND1 ! WORD WEAK]1 H]E1 IS A RELATIVE T]M3 IT IS RELATIVE TO ! MUSCUL> DIFF]5CES BETWE5 WOM5 & M51 NOT TO ! SURVIVAL TASKS ?AT >E IMPOS$ ON HUMANITY BY ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,MALE PREJUDICE NOT)/&+1 WOM5 :O HAVE 5GAG$ 9 >DU\S WORK = MO/ ( !IR LIVES CAN MAT* M5 9 MO/ PHYSICALLY DEM&+ TASKS1 AS MANY AN?ROPOLOGICAL ACC\NTS ( PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES UNWITT+LY REVEAL4 ,!Y CAN C]TA9LY LE>N TO HUNT AS WELL AS M51 GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SO2 NORMALLY1 9 FACT1 !Y CAT* :ATEV] SMALL ANIMALS !Y CAN F9D AS P>T ( !IR FOOD-GA!R+ ACTIVITIES4 ,9 MANY CULTURES1 WOM5 NOT ONLY COLLECT ! COMMUNITY'S PLANT FOOD1 BUT !Y ALSO DO MO/ ( ! FI%+4 ,IF ! FAMILY'S %ELT] IS A SMALL ONE1 IT IS USUALLY !Y :O BUILD IT1 NOT ! M54 ,WOM5 %[ AS MU* 5DURANCE AS M5 ON LONG M>*ES1 & !Y COMMONLY C>RY ! SAME OR HEAVI] BURD5S4.<#a#g.> 

,:]E WOM5 HAV5'T BE5 CONDITION$ 9TO ABJECT PASSIVITY1 !IR EMOTIONAL =TITUDE & MATURE BEHAVIOR (T5 MAKE ! M5 SEEM LIKE SPOIL$ *ILDR54 ,AS TO !IR CAPACITY = 0AB/RACT ?\<T10 WOM5 PROBABLY CONTRIBUT$ A SIZABLE NUMB] ( RELIGI\S =MULATORS -- ! TRUE 0G5]ALIZ]S0 9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES -- TO ! PREHI/ORY ( HUMANITY1 AS ! WIDE PREVAL5CE ( ,CELTIC & ,NORDIC %AMANNESSES & PROPHETESSES ATTE/S4 ,NOR %\LD WE =GET1 H]E1 ?AT ! ORACUL> MESSAGES AT ,DELPHI1 ON :I* ! LEAD+ M5 ( ANCI5T ,GREECE C\NT$ = GUIDANCE1 W]E DELIV]$ BY PRIE/ESSES4 ,IF IT WAS PRIE/S :O 9T]PRET$ !SE CRYPTIC MESSAGES TO SUPPLIANTS1 ?IS MAY WELL HAVE BE5 A PATRI>*AL MODIFICATION ( A MORE >*AIC PRACTICE1 :5 FEMALE PROPHETESSES & *TONIC 0MATRI>*AL0 GODDESSES OCCUPI$ A PREEM95T RELIGI\S POSITION 9 ORGANIC SOCIETY4 

,SO MU* = ! 09NATE0 LIMITATIONS ?AT M5 SO (T5 ATTRIBUTE TO WOM54 ,AS = !IR E>LY /ATUS1 A C>EFUL SURVEY ( FOOD-GA!R+ & HUNT+ COMMUNITIES REVEALS ?AT WOM5 5JOY$ A HI<] DEGREE ( P>ITY ) M5 ?AN WE HAVE BE5 COMMONLY L$ TO BELIEVE4 ,BO? SEXES OCCUPY A DI/9CTLY SOV]EIGN ROLE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE SPH]ES1 & !IR ROLES >E MU* TOO COMPLEM5T>Y ECONOMICALLY TO MAKE ! DOM9ATION ( WOM5 BY M5 ! COM=TABLE SOCIAL NORM ?AT BIAS$ :ITE OBS]V]S S]V$ UP G5]ATIONS AGO TO ALLAY ! GUILT-FEEL+S ( ,VICTORIAN PATRI>*S4 ,9 DAILY LIFE1 WOM5 )DRAW 9TO A SORORITY BAS$ ON !IR DOME/IC & FOOD-GA!R+ ACTIVITIES & M5 9TO A FRAT]NITY ( HUNT]S4 ,!RE1 BO? SEXES >E COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S4 ,! %>PLY ET*$ DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 0HOME0 & ! 0WORLD0 ?AT EXI/ 9 MOD]N SOCIETY DO NOT EXI/ 9 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES4 ,!RE1 HOME & WORLD >E SO CLOSELY W$D$ ?AT A MAN1 %UT \T FROM A FAMILY1 IS LIT]ALLY A NONSOCIAL BE+ -- A BE+ :O IS NO:]E4 ,AL?\< ! MALE T5DS1 EV5 9 MANY EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES1 TO VIEW HIMSELF AS ! 0HEAD0 ( ! FAMILY1 HIS /ANCE IS L>GELY TEMP]AM5TAL & ACCORDS HIM NO SPECIAL OR DOME/IC P[]4 ,IT IS SIMPLY A =M ( BOA/FULNESS1 = ! H>D FACTS ( LIFE VITIATE HIS PRET5SES DAILY4 ,WOMAN'S FOOD-GA!R+ ACTIVITIES USUALLY PROVIDE MO/ ( ! FAMILY'S FOOD4 ,%E NOT ONLY COLLECTS ! FOOD1 BUT PREP>ES IT1 MAKES ! FAMILY'S CLO?+1 & PRODUCES ITS CONTA9]S1 SU* AS BASKETS & COIL$ POTT]Y4 ,%E IS MORE 9 CONTACT ) ! Y\NG ?AN ! MALE & TAKES A MORE 0COMM&+0 ROLE 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF H] HUSB& IS TOO OV]BE>+1 %E CAN UNC]EMONI\SLY PUT HIM \T ( ! HUT OR SIMPLY RETURN TO H] [N FAMILY :]E %E & H] *ILDR5 >E C]TA9 ( BE+ PROVID$ = NO MATT] :AT H] FAMILY ?9KS ( H] DECISION4 ,AS %E AGES1 H] EXP]I5CE BECOMES A REV]$ S\RCE ( WISDOM2 %E BECOMES A 0MATRI>*0 9 MANY CASES1 ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY 9 FACT1 IF NOT 9 =M4 

,:AT WOM5 9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES DI/9CTLY DO LACK IS ! MALE'S MOBILITY4 ,! HUMAN *ILD'S PROTRACT$ DEVELOPM5T & DEP5D5CY -- A LONG P]IOD ( M5TAL PLA/ICITY ?AT IS VITALLY NECESS>Y = ELABORAT+ A CULTURAL CONT9UUM -- RE/RICTS ! MO!R'S CAPACITY TO MOVE AB\T FREELY4 ,! PRIMAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT ASSIGN$ HUNT+ TASKS TO ! MALE & DOME/IC TASKS TO ! FEMALE IS BAS$ ON A H>D BIOLOGICAL REALITY3 ,A WOMAN1 C\PL$ TO A NOISY 9FANT1 CAN SC>CELY BE EXPECT$ TO PRACTICE ! /EAL? & A?LETICISM NE$$ TO HUNT L>GE ANIMALS4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 ! MO!R-*ILD RELATION%IP LIMITS H] TO COMP>ATIVELY S$5T>Y LIFEWAYS4 ,MOREOV]1 IF WOMAN IS NOT WEAK 9 T]MS ( H] CAPACITY TO DO H>D WORK1 %E IS C]TA9LY ! 0WEAK] SEX0 :5 PITT$ AGA9/ >M$1 POSSIBLY HO/ILE M5 FROM AN ALI5 COMMUNITY4 ,WOM5 NE$ !IR M5 NOT ONLY AS HUNT]S BUT ALSO AS GU>DIANS ( ! FAMILY & ! GR\P4 ,M5 BECOME ! COMMUNITY'S GU>DIANS NOT BY VIRTUE ( USURPATION1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E BETT] EQUIPP$ MUSCUL>LY 9 A MAT]IALLY UNDEVELOP$ CULTURE TO DEF5D !IR COMMUNITY AGA9/ HO/ILE M>AUD]S4.<#a#h.> 

,)\T SAY+ AS MU*1 ,ELIZABE? ,M>%ALL ,?OMAS REC\NTS AN EPISODE ?AT SUMS UP ?IS H>D REALITY 9 A /RIK+ FA%ION4 ,AS %E & H] P>TY APPROA*$ A SUSPICI\S GR\P ( ,BU%M51 ! B& 0DREW BACK & TOGE!R1 ! WOM5 BEH9D ! M51 BABIES 9 !IR >MS1 & WAT*$ US HO/ILELY40 ,?IS IS A V]Y PRIMEVAL TABLEAU4 ,IT MU/ HAVE OCCURR$ C\NTLESS TIMES OV] ! AGES -- ! WOM51 ) BABIES 9 !IR >MS BEH9D ! M51 !IR PROTECTORS4 ,& IT IS ALSO A V]Y REVEAL+ TABLEAU1 LAT5T ) MAJOR IMPLICATIONS = ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ! E>LY GR\P4 ,= NOT ONLY HUNT+1 BUT ALSO DEF5SE & LAT] W> >E P>T ( ! MALE'S DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,9S(> AS !SE RESPONSIBILITIES REQUIRE ! CONSCI\S ADM9I/RATIVE COORD9ATION ( PEOPLE & RES\RCES1 !Y >E NOT M]ELY H>D BIOLOGICAL FACTS ( LIFE2 9/EAD1 !Y >E UNIQUELY SOCIAL FACTS1 OR :AT WE1 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 >E LIKELY TO CALL POLITICAL4 

,AS B&S BEGAN TO 9CREASE 9 SIZE & NUMB]1 AS !Y BEGAN TO DIFF]5TIATE 9TO CLANS1 TRIBES1 TRIBAL F$]ATIONS & MAKE W> ON EA* O!R1 AN EV] L>G] SOCIAL SPACE EM]G$ ?AT WAS 9CREAS+LY OCCUPI$ BY M54 ,M5 T5D$ TO BECOME ! CLAN HEADSM5 OR TRIBAL *IEFS & FILL ! C\NCILS ( TRIBAL F$]ATIONS4 ,= ALL ( ?IS WAS 0M5'S WORK10 LIKE HUNT+ & H]D+ ANIMALS4 ,!Y HAD ! MOBILITY & PHYSICAL PR[ESS TO DEF5D !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 ATTACK HO/ILE COMMUNITIES1 & !REBY ADM9I/] AN EXTRABIOLOGICAL1 DI/9CTLY SOCIAL SPH]E ( LIFE4 

,9 COMMUNITIES :]E MATRIL9EAL DESC5T C>RI$ CONSID]ABLE CULTURAL WEI<T & WOMAN'S HORTICULTURAL ACTIVITIES =M$ ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 %E ASSUM$ SOCIAL ROLES V]Y SIMIL> 9 =M TO ?OSE ( ! MAN'S4 ,USUALLY1 %E OCCUPI$ !SE ROLES ON ! CLAN LEVEL1 R>ELY ON ! TRIBAL ONE4 ,MOREOV]1 %E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY %>$ H] SOCIAL ROLE ) MALES4 ,9 A MATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY1 !SE MALES W]E H] BRO!RS1 NOT H] HUSB&4 ,:AT WOMAN'S SOCIAL EM95CE 9 MATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITIES REVEALS1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ! MALE'S RIS+ POSITION 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS RESULTS NOT FROM ANY CONSCI\S DEGRADATION ( WOMAN TO A DOME/IC 0UNWORLDLY0 SPH]E4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 :AT IT CLE>LY %[S IS ?AT1 9 ! BEG9N+ AT LEA/1 ! MALE DID NOT HAVE TO 0USURP0 P[] FROM ! FEMALE2 9DE$1 SOCIAL 0P[]0 AS SU* DID NOT EXI/ & HAD YET TO BE CREAT$4 ,! SOCIAL SPH]E & ! MAN'S POSITION 9 IT EM]G$ NATURALLY4 ,! PRIMORDIAL BALANCE ?AT ASSIGN$ COMPLEM5T>Y ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS TO BO? SEXES ON ! BASIS ( P>ITY SL[LY TIPP$ T[>D ! MALE1 FAVOR+ HIS SOCIAL PREEM95CE4 

,BUT H]E ,I MU/ 9TRODUCE A DISCORDANT NOTE4 ,EV5 AS ! SCALE TIPP$ SL[LY T[>D ! MALE1 HIS 9CREAS+ PREEM95CE BEGAN TO ALT] ! TEMP]AM5T ( ! PRIMEVAL GR\P4 ,! SOCIAL SPH]E EM]G$ NOT ONLY AS AN ELABORATION ( ! ROLE 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR2 IT ALSO T5D$ TO ASSIMILATE HIS TEMP]AM5T AS A HUNT]1 A GU>DIAN1 & EV5TUALLY AS A W>RIOR4 ,D\BTLESS1 ! NEW DEVELOPM5T T[>D A MALE-ORI5T$ CULTURE OCCURR$ V]Y SL[LY & ) MANY LAPSES1 G5]ALLY MODIFI$ BY ! %IFT+ ECONOMIC ROLES ( ! SEXES 9 ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 L>GELY FOOD-GA!R+ SOCIETIES1 ! COMMUNITY SEEMS TO BE ESS5TIALLY MATRIC5TRIC 9 CULTURE & TEMP]AM5T2 SO1 TOO1 9 E>LY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 PR$OM9ANTLY HUNT+ & PA/ORAL SOCIETIES1 A PATRIC5TRIC CULTURE & TEMP]AM5T SEEMS TO PR$OM9ATE4 ,YET1 ON ?IS OBSCURE %IFT+ GR\ND ( PREHI/ORY1 ONE S5SES A SL[ CRY/ALLIZATION ( SOCIAL NORMS & MOODS ALONG MALE-ORI5T$ L9ES1 EV5 BE=E ELABORATE HI]>*IES & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION EM]GE4 ,) ! RISE ( CITIES1 ! BIOLOGICAL MATRIX ( SOCIAL LIFE IS ALMO/ COMPLETELY %ATT]$4 ,K9%IP TIES >E REPLAC$ BY CIVIC TIES2 ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T BY A MAN-MADE 5VIRONM5T2 ! DOME/IC SPH]E BY A POLITICAL SPH]E4 ,NOT ONLY PATRIC5TRICITY BUT PATRI>*Y1 = :I* !RE IS NO FEMALE ANALOG 9 ORGANIC COMMUNITIES1 COME 9TO !IR [N COMPLETELY4.<#a#i.> 

,BUT ?IS DEVELOPM5T OCCURS MU* LAT]4 ,= ! PRES5T LET US EXAM9E ! DIFF]5CES 9 TEMP]AM5T BETWE5 ! TWO SEXES & DET]M9E IF ! %IFT FROM A MATRIC5TRIC TO A PATRIC5TRIC \TLOOK 9TRODUC$ ! ELEM5TS ( DOM9ATION 9TO PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES4 

,! MALE1 9 A HUNT+ COMMUNITY1 IS A SPECIALI/ 9 VIOL5CE4 ,FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( HIS *ILDHOOD1 HE ID5TIFIES ) SU* 0MASCUL9E0 TRAITS AS C\RAGE1 /R5G?1 SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS1 DECISIV5ESS & A?LETICISM -- TRAITS NECESS>Y = ! WELF>E ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! COMMUNITY1 9 TURN1 WILL PRIZE ! MALE = !SE TRAITS & FO/] !M 9 HIM4 ,IF HE BECOMES A GOOD HUNT]1 HE WILL BE HI<LY REG>D$ BY EV]YONE3 BY 5VI\S M5 & ADMIR+ WOM51 BY RESPECTFUL *ILDR5 & EMULATIVE Y\?S4 ,9 A SOCIETY PREOCCUPI$ ) ! PROBLEM ( SURVIVAL & OBLIG$ TO %>E ITS RES\RCES1 A GOOD HUNT] IS AN ASSET TO ALL4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! FEMALE IS A SPECIALI/ 9 *ILD RE>+ & FOOD-GA!R+4 ,H] RESPONSIBILITIES FOCUS ON NURTURE & SU/5ANCE4 ,FROM *ILDHOOD %E WILL BE TAU<T TO ID5TIFY ) SU* 0FEM99E0 TRAITS AS C>+ & T5D]NESS1 & %E WILL BE TRA9$ 9 COMP>ATIVELY S$5T>Y OCCUPATIONS4 ,! COMMUNITY1 9 TURN1 WILL PRIZE H] = !SE TRAITS & FO/] !M 9 H]4 ,IF %E CULTIVATES !SE TRAITS1 %E WILL BE HI<LY REG>D$ = H] S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY TO H] FAMILY1 H] SKILL & >TFULNESS4 ,9 A MATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY1 !SE TRAITS WILL BE ELEVAT$ 9TO SOCIAL NORMS ?AT C\LD WELL BE DESCRIB$ AS ! TEMP]AM5T ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,WE F9D ?IS TEMP]AM5T TODAY 9 MANY ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN & ,ASIAN VILLAGES ?AT PRACTICE HORTICULTURE1 EV5 IF ! K9%IP SY/EM IS PATRIL9EAL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 A PATRIC5TRIC SOCIETY1 0MASCUL9E0 TRAITS WILL BE ELEVAT$ 9TO ! NORMS ( A COMMUNITY TEMP]AM5T1 AL?\< !Y R>ELY COEXI/ ) MATRIL9EAL SY/EMS ( K9%IP4 

,!RE IS NO 9TR9SIC REASON :Y A PATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITY1 M]ELY BECAUSE IT HAS A 0MASCUL9E0 TEMP]AM5T1 MU/ BE HI]>*ICAL OR R$UCE WOM5 TO A SUBJUGAT$ POSITION4 ,! ECONOMIC ROLES ( ! TWO SEXES >E /ILL COMPLEM5T>Y2 )\T ! SUPPORT ?AT EA* SEX GIVES TO ! O!R1 ! COMMUNITY WILL DIS9TEGRATE4 ,MOREOV]1 BO? SEXES /ILL 5JOY COMPLETE AUTONOMY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE SPH]ES4 ,9 PROJECT+ \R [N SOCIAL ATTITUDES 9TO PRELIT]ATE SOCIETY1 WE (T5 FAIL TO REALIZE H[ F> REMOV$ A PRIMORDIAL DOME/IC COMMUNITY IS FROM A MOD]N POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,LAT]1 9 A REVIEW ( E>LY MY?OLOGY1 ,I %ALL %[ ?AT ! CONCEPT ( P[] IS /ILL HI<LY AMORPH\S & UNDIFF]5TIAT$ 9 ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD4 ,AS LONG AS ! GR[+ CIVIL SPH]E IS A PRAGMATIC EXT5SION ( ! MALE'S ROLE 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IT IS M]ELY ?AT & NO MORE4 ,EV5 :ILE ! CIVIL SPH]E IS EXP&+1 IT IS /ILL ROOT$ 9 DOME/IC LIFE &1 9 ?IS S5SE1 5VELOP$ BY IT2 H5CE1 ! NUM9\S P[] ?AT SURR\NDS WOMAN 9 ! MO/ PATRIC5TRIC ( PRIMORDIAL SOCIETIES4 

,ONLY :5 SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF UND]GOES HI]>*ICAL DIFF]5TIATION & EM]GES AS A SEP>ATE T]RA9 TO BE ORGANIZ$ ON ITS [N T]MS DO WE F9D A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! DOME/IC & CIVIL SPH]ES -- ONE ?AT EXT5DS HI]>*Y 9TO DOME/IC LIFE & RESULTS NOT ONLY 9 ! SUBJUGATION ( WOMAN1 BUT 9 H] DEGRADATION4 ,!N1 ! DI/9CTIVELY 0FEM99E0 TRAITS1 :I* PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY PRIZES AS A HI< SURVIVAL ASSET1 S9K TO ! LEVEL ( SOCIAL SUBORD9ATION4 ,! WOMAN'S NURTUR+ CAPACITIES >E DEGRAD$ TO R5UNCIATION2 H] T5D]NESS TO OB$I5CE4 ,MAN'S ''MASCUL9E0 TRAITS >E ALSO TRANS=M$4 ,HIS C\RAGE TURNS 9TO AGGRESSIV5ESS2 HIS /R5G? IS US$ TO DOM9ATE2 HIS SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS IS TRANS=M$ 9TO EGOTISM2 HIS DECISIV5ESS 9TO REPRESSIVE REASON4 ,HIS A?LETICISM IS DIRECT$ 9CREAS+LY TO ! >TS ( W> & PLUND]4 

,UNTIL !SE TRANS=MATIONS OCCUR1 H[EV]1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO KN[ ! RAW MAT]IALS FROM :I* HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY WILL RAISE ITS MORAL & SOCIAL $IFICE4 ,! VIOLATION ( ORGANIC SOCIETY IS LAT5T )9 ORGANIC SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,! PRIMAL UNITY ( ! E>LY COMMUNITY1 BO? 9T]NALLY & ) NATURE1 IS WEAK5$ M]ELY BY ! ELABORATION ( ! COMMUNITY'S SOCIAL LIFE -- ITS ECOLOGICAL DIFF]5TIATION4 ,YET1 ! GR[+ CIVIL SPACE OCCUPI$ BY ! MALE IS /ILL 5VELOP$ 9 A NATURAL MATRIX ( BLOOD-TIES1 FAMILY AFF9ITIES1 & WORK RESPONSIBILITIES BAS$ ON A SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,NOT UNTIL DI/9CTLY SOCIAL 9T]E/S EM]GE ?AT CLA% DIRECTLY ) ?IS NATURAL MATRIX & TURN ! WEAKNESSES1 P]HAPS ! GR[+ T5SIONS1 ( ORGANIC SOCIETY 9TO \TRI<T FRACTURES1 WILL ! UNITY BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN1 & BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE1 F9ALLY BE BROK54 ,!N P[] WILL EM]GE1 NOT SIMPLY AS A SOCIAL FACT1 ) ALL ITS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 BUT AS A CONCEPT -- & SO WILL ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM4 

,TO F9D :AT IS P]HAPS ! ONE PRIM>Y GR\P ?AT1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R 9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES1 TRANSECTS K9%IP L9ES & ! DIVISION ( LABOR -- ?AT 9 ITS [N RI<T =MS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A SEP>ATE SOCIAL 9T]E/ AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! COMPLEM5T>Y RELATIONS ?AT UNITE ! COMMUNITY 9TO A :OLE -- WE MU/ TURN TO ! AGE GR\P1 P>TICUL>LY TO ! COMMUNITY'S ELD]S4 ,TO BE BORN1 TO BE Y\NG1 TO MATURE1 & F9ALLY TO GR[ OLD & DIE IS A NATURAL FACT -- AS MU* AS IT IS TO BE A WOMAN1 A MAN1 OR BELONG TO A BLOOD-L9EAGE GR\P4 ,BUT ! OLD] ONE BECOMES1 ! MORE ONE ACQUIRES DI/9CT 9T]E/S ?AT >E NOT 0NATURAL40 ,!SE 9T]E/S >E UNIQUELY SOCIAL4 ,! LAT] YE>S ( LIFE >E A P]IOD ( DIM9I%+ PHYSICAL P[]S2 ! DECL9+ YE>S1 A P]IOD ( \TRI<T DEP5D5CY4 ,! AG+ & ! AG$ DEVELOP 9T]E/S ?AT >E TI$ NEI!R TO !IR SEXUAL ROLES NOR TO !IR L9EAGE4 ,!Y DEP5D = !IR SURVIVAL ULTIMATELY ON ! FACT ?AT ! COMMUNITY IS SOCIAL 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ! T]M2 ?AT IT WILL PROVIDE = !M NOT BECAUSE !Y P>TICIPATE 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL ROLES !Y CAN CREATE = !MSELVES 9 ! SOCIAL REALM4 

,! SEXES COMPLEM5T EA* O!R ECONOMICALLY2 ! OLD & ! Y\NG DO NOT4 ,9 PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES1 ! OLD >E VITAL REPOSITORIES ( KN[L$GE & WISDOM1 BUT ?IS V]Y FUNCTION M]ELY UND]SCORES ! FACT ?AT !IR CAPACITIES BELONG L>GELY TO ! CULTURAL & SOCIAL SPH]E4 ,H5CE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ! BOA/+ SELF-ASS]TIVE MALE :O MAY BE SL[LY GA9+ A S5SE ( SOCIAL P[]1 ! AG+ & ! AG$ T5D TO BE SOCIALLY CONSCI\S AS SU* -- AS A MATT] ( SURVIVAL4 ,!Y %>E A COMMON 9T]E/ 9DEP5D5T ( !IR SEX & L9EAGE4 ,!Y HAVE ! MO/ TO GA9 BY ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( SOCIETY & ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 = IT IS )9 ?IS REALM & AS A RESULT ( ?IS PROCESS ?AT !Y CAN RETA9 P[]S ?AT >E D5I$ TO !M BY PHYSICAL WEAKNESS & 9FIRMITY4 ,!IR NE$ = SOCIAL P[]1 & = HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL P[] AT ?AT1 IS A FUNCTION ( !IR LOSS ( BIOLOGICAL P[]4 ,! SOCIAL SPH]E IS ! ONLY REALM 9 :I* ?IS P[] CAN BE CREAT$ &1 CONCOMITANTLY1 ! ONLY SPH]E ?AT CAN CU%ION !IR VULN]ABILITY TO NATURAL =CES4 ,?US1 !Y >E ! >*ITECTS P> EXCELL5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ( SOCIAL P[]1 & ( ITS 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES4 

,! OLD CAN ALSO P]=M MANY FUNCTIONS ?AT RELIEVE Y\NG ADULTS ( C]TA9 RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,OLD WOM5 CAN C>E = ! *ILDR5 & UND]TAKE S$5T>Y PRODUCTIVE TASKS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE P]=M$ BY !IR DAU<T]S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 OLD M5 CAN MAKE WEAPONS & TEA* !IR SONS & GR&SONS TO USE !M MORE EFFECTIVELY4 ,BUT !SE TASKS1 :ILE !Y LI<T5 ! BURD5S ( ! Y\NG1 DO NOT MAKE ! OLD 9DISP5SABLE TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,& 9 A WORLD ?AT IS (T5 H>% & 9SECURE1 A WORLD RUL$ BY NATURAL NECESSITY1 ! OLD >E ! MO/ DISP5SABLE MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,UND] CONDITIONS :]E FOOD MAY BE 9 %ORT SUPPLY & ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY OCCASIONALLY 5DANG]$1 !Y >E ! FIR/ TO BE DISPOS$ (4 ,! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE IS REPLETE ) EXAMPLES 9 :I* ! OLD >E KILL$ OR EXPELL$ DUR+ P]IODS ( HUNG]1 A PRACTICE ?AT *ANGES FROM ! EPISODIC 9TO ! CU/OM>Y 9 ! CASE ( COMMUNITIES ?AT NORMALLY LEAVE !IR AG$ MEMB]S BEH9D TO P]I% :5EV] ! GR\P BREAKS CAMP & MOVES TO A DIFF]5T LOCALE4 

,?US1 ! LIVES ( ! OLD >E ALWAYS CL\D$ BY A S5SE ( 9SECURITY4 ,?IS S5SE IS 9CREM5TAL TO ! 9SECURITY ?AT PEOPLE ( ALL AGES MAY FEEL 9 MAT]IALLY UNDEVELOP$ COMMUNITIES4 ,! AMBIGUITY ?AT P]MEATES ! \TLOOK ( ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD T[>D NATURE -- A %IFT+ \TLOOK ?AT MIXES REV]5CE OR ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION ) FE> -- IS ACC5T$ AMONG ! AG$ ) A MEASURE ( HATR$1 = 9S(> AS FE> IS CONC]N$ !Y HAVE MORE TO FE> FROM NATURE'S VICISSITUDES ?AN DO ! Y\NG4 ,! NASC5T AMBIGUITIES ( ! AG$ T[>D NATURE LAT] GIVE RISE TO ,WE/]N 0CIVILIZATION'S0 MODE ( REPRESSIVE REASON4 ,?IS EXPLOITATIVE RATIONALITY PITS CIVIL SOCIETY AGA9/ DOME/IC SOCIETY & LAUN*ES SOCIAL ELITES ON A QUE/ = DOM9ATION ?AT1 9 A LAT] HI/ORICAL CONTEXT1 TRANS=MS 9SECURITY 9TO EGOTISM1 ACQUISITIV5ESS1 & A CRAZE = RULE -- 9 %ORT1 ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE GRADUAT$ BY ITS [N 9N] DIALECTIC 9TO ! ASOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,H]E1 TOO1 >E ! SE$S = ! HATR$ ( ]OS & ! BODY1 A HATR$1 9 TURN1 ?AT =MS ! >*ETYPAL MATRIX = WILLFUL AGGRESSION & ! ,?ANATIC DEA? WI%4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! M$IUM BY :I* ! OLD CREATE A MODICUM ( P[] = !MSELVES IS ?R\< !IR CONTROL ( ! SOCIALIZATION PROCESS4 ,FA!RS TEA* !IR SONS ! >TS ( GETT+ FOOD2 MO!RS1 !IR DAU<T]S4 ,! ADULTS1 9 TURN1 CONSULT !IR P>5TS ON VIRTUALLY EV]Y DETAIL ( LIFE1 FROM ! WORKADAY PRAGMATIC TO ! RITUAL4 ,9 A PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITY1 ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE COMP5DIUM ( KN[L$GE IS 9SCRIB$ ON ! BRA9S ( ! ELD]S4 ,H[EV] MU* ?IS KN[L$GE IS PR(F]R$ ) CONC]N & LOVE1 IT IS NOT ALWAYS COMPLETELY DIS9T]E/$2 IT IS (T5 P]MEAT$1 EV5 IF UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY A C]TA9 AM\NT ( CUNN+ & SELF-9T]E/4 ,NOT ONLY IS ! Y\NG M9D %AP$ BY ! ADULTS1 AS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ! CASE 9 ALL SOCIETIES1 BUT IT IS %AP$ TO RESPECT ! WISDOM ( ! ADULTS1 IF NOT !IR AU?ORITY4 ,! H>% 9ITIATION C]EMONIES ?AT MANY PRELIT]ATE COMMUNITIES 9FLICT ON ADOLESC5T BOYS MAY WELL HAVE ! PURPOSE ( US+ PA9 TO 0BR&0 ! ELD]S' WISDOM ON Y\NG M9DS1 AS A NUMB] ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S CONT5D2 BUT ,I W\LD ALSO SUGGE/ ?AT IT 0BR&S0 A S5SE ( !IR AU?ORITY AS WELL4 ,! AG$1 :O ABHOR NATURAL NECESSITY1 BECOME ! EMBODIM5T ( SOCIAL NECESSITY3 ! DUMB 0CRUELTY0 ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD 9FLICTS ON !M IS TRANSMITT$ BY SOCIAL CATALYSIS 9TO ! CONSCI\S CRUELTY !Y 9FLICT ON ! Y\NG4 ,NATURE BEG9S TO TAKE H] REV5GE ON ! E>LIE/ ATTEMPTS ( PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY TO CONTROL H]4 ,BUT ?IS IS NATURE 9T]NALIZ$1 ! NATURE 9 HUMANITY ITSELF4 ,! ATTEMPT TO DOM9ATE EXT]NAL NATURE WILL COME LAT]1 :5 HUMANITY IS CONCEPTUALLY EQUIPP$ TO TRANSF] ITS SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS TO ! NATURAL WORLD \TSIDE4 ,BY DR9K+ AT ! MAGIC F\NTA9 ( WISDOM1 H[EV]1 ! $UCATORS >E $UCAT$ 9TO ! TEMP]AM5T ( REPRESSIVE RATIONALITY4 ,! TOLL DEM&$ BY NATURE 9 ! ,NORSE COSMOGRAPHY IS ALREADY BE+ CLAIM$3 ! W\ND$ EYE ( ,OD9 BEG9S TO LOSE ITS VISION4 

,9 FAIRNESS TO PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY1 WE MU/ NOTE ?AT HI]>*Y F\ND$ M]ELY ON AGE IS NOT 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HI]>*Y4 ,RA!R1 IT IS HI]>*Y 9 ITS MO/ NASC5T =M3 HI]>*Y EMB$D$ 9 ! MATRIX ( EQUALITY4 ,= AGE IS ! FATE ( EV]YONE :O DOES NOT DIE PREMATURELY4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT PRIVILEGES ACCRUE TO ! ELD]S1 EV]YONE 9 ! COMMUNITY IS HEIR TO !M4 ,9ASMU* AS !SE PRIVILEGES V>Y ) ! =TUNES ( ! COMMUNITY1 !Y >E /ILL TOO T5U\S TO BE REG>D$ AS MORE ?AN COMP5SATIONS = ! 9FIRMITIES ?AT ELD]S MU/ SUFF] ) ! AG+ PROCESS4 ,! PRIMORDIAL BALANCE ?AT ACCORDS P>ITY TO ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 WOM5 AS WELL AS M51 IS !REBY P]PETUAT$ 9 ! PRIVILEGES ACCORD$ TO ! OLD4 ,9 ?IS S5SE !Y CANNOT BE REG>D$ SIMPLY AS PRIVILEGES4 

,:AT IS PROBLEMATICAL 9 ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*Y IS H[ ! ELD]S TRI$ TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE !IR PRIVILEGES & :AT !Y F9ALLY A*IEV$4 ,RAD91 9 A P]CEPTIVE IF OV]LY RU?LESS DISCUSSION ( AGE-L9K$ HI]>*Y1 NOTES ?AT ! ELD]S 9 FOOD-GA!R+ COMMUNITIES 0ALMO/ ALWAYS FUNCTION$ AS M$IC9E-M5 ( SOME K9D OR ANO!R10 &1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLAN-AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES1 ACQUIR$ !IR 0MA9 /R5G?0 FROM ! 0RITUALS & RITUALI/IC SOCIETIES :I* !Y L>GELY CONTROLL$40 ,SOCIAL P[] BEG9S TO CRY/ALLIZE AS ! FETI%IZATION ( MAGICAL P[] OV] C]TA9 =CES ( NATURE4 ,9 TRY+ TO DEAL ) ?IS DIALECTICAL TWI/1 WE MU/ REFOCUS \R P]SPECTIVE TO 9CLUDE AN 5TIRELY UNIQUE MODE ( SOCIAL S5SIBILITY & EXP]I5CE1 ONE ?AT IS /RIK+LY MOD]N3 ! S5SIBILITY & EXP]I5CE ( ! ELD] CUM %AMAN4 

,! %AMAN IS A /RATEGIC FIGURE 9 ANY DISCUSSION ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y BECAUSE HE 7&1 AT TIMES1 %E1 AL?\< MALES PR$OM9ATE 9 TIME7 SOLIDIFIES ! PRIVILEGES ( ! ELD]S -- A G5]AL /RATUM 9 ! PRIMORDIAL COMMUNITY -- 9TO ! P>TICUL>IZ$ PRIVILEGES ( A SPECIAL SEGM5T ( ?AT /RATUM4 ,HE PR(ESSIONALIZES P[]4 ,HE MAKES P[] ! PRIVILEGE ( AN ELECT FEW1 A GR\P ?AT ONLY C>EFULLY *OS5 APPR5TICES CAN HOPE TO 5T]1 NOT ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,HIS VATIC P]SONALITY ESS5TIALLY EXPRESSES ! 9SECURITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ON ! SCALE ( A SOCIAL NEUROSIS4 ,IF ! MALE HUNT] IS A SPECIALI/ 9 VIOL5CE1 & ! WOMAN FOOD-GA!R] A SPECIALI/ 9 NURTURE1 ! %AMAN IS A SPECIALI/ 9 FE>4 ,AS MAGICIAN & DIV9ATOR COMB9$ 9 ONE1 HE M$IATES BETWE5 ! SUPRAHUMAN P[] ( ! 5VIRONM5T & ! FE>S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,WE/ON ,LA ,B>RE OBS]VES ?AT 9 CONTRA/ TO ! PRIE/1 :O 0IMPLORES ! ,OMNIPOT5T10 ! %AMAN IS 0PSY*OLOGICALLY & SOCIALLY ! MORE PRIMITIVE ( ! TWO 4 4 4 4 ,EXT]NAL P[]S 9VADE & LEAVE HIS BODY ) PRACTIC$ EASE1 SO FEEBLE >E HIS EGO B\ND>IES & SO FALSE HIS FANTASIES40 ,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN ?IS DI/9CTION IS ! FACT ?AT ! %AMAN IS ! 9CIPI5T ,/ATE P]SONIFI$4 ,AS DI/+UI%$ FROM O!R MEMB]S ( ! PRIMORDIAL COMMUNITY1 :O P>TICIPATE COEQUALLY 9 ! AFFAIRS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! %AMAN & HIS ASSOCIATES >E PR(ESSIONALS 9 POLITICAL MANIPULATION4 ,!Y T5D TO SUBV]T ! 9NOC5CE & AMATEURISM ?AT DI/+UI%ES DOME/IC SOCIETY FROM POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,%AMANS 0B&$ 9=MALLY .<TOGE!R.> EV5 9 ! SIMPLE/ FOOD-GA!R+ CIVILIZATIONS10 NOTES ,RAD94 0,AS SOON AS ! CLAN POLITICAL PATT]NS EM]G$ WE F9D !M =MALLY UNIT$ TOGE!R1 EI!R 9 ONE GR\P OR SEP>ATELY40 ,BLUNTLY /AT$1 ! %AMANI/IC GR\PS TO :I* ,RAD9 ALLUDES W]E 9CIPI5T POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,!IR POLITICAL ROLE IS GIV5 GREAT] EMPHASIS BY ,WE/ON ,LA ,B>RE 9 HIS MASSIVE /UDY ( %AMANISM & CRISIS CULTS3 

,EV]Y CULTI/ +R\P IS 9CIPI5TLY AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY1 A CLOS$ SOCIETY1 A POLITICAL UNIT1 & !RE=E EV]Y ,*UR* IS A POT5TIAL ,/ATE4 ,OV]EMPHASIZ$ 9 EXPLA9+ CRISIS CULTS1 ! POLITICAL HAS BE5 CURI\SLY NEGLECT$ 9 MO/ /UDIES ( %AMANISM4 ,BO? ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN & ,SIB]IAN %AMANS 4 4 4 W]E (T5 LEAD]S AS WELL AS PROTECTORS ( !IR GR\PS2 & ,S\? ,AM]ICAN %AMAN-MESSIAHS COMMONLY COMB9$ POLITICAL & MAGICAL P[] OV] M5 & COSMOS ALIKE4 ,PAUL ,R\X HAS /UDI$ ! P[] EQUALLY OV] ! ELEM5TS & POLITICAL EV5TS AMONG ! %AMANS ( ,G5<IS ,KHAN2 & ,R5E DE ,NEBESKY-,WOJK[ITZ HAS %[N ?AT ! /ATE ORACLE OR C]EMONIAL DIV9ATION 9 ,TIBET IS A PROPHETIC TRANCE ( DI/9CTLY %AMANI/IC *>ACT]4 ,! ANCI5T ,*9ESE WU W]E POLITICAL %AMANS TOO4 ,CLE>LY ! ,ASIATIC & ,AM]ICAN %AMAN HAS ! SAME TRADITIONAL ROOTS1 & HIS IRITR9SIC POLITICAL ASPECT REAPPE>S /RIK+LY 9 ! MESSIANIC <O/ DANCE PROPHETS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & 9 ! GOD-K+S & %AMAN-*IEFS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ,AMAZONIAN & ,&EAN ALIKE4 

,= SEV]AL PAGES !REAFT]1 ,LA ,B>RE ADDUCES DATA ( A SIMIL> *>ACT] = ALMO/ EV]Y >EA ( ! WORLD & NE>LY EV]Y E>LY CIVILIZATION1 9CLUD+ ! ,GRECO-,ROMAN4 

,BUT ! %AMAN'S POSITION 9 PRIMORDIAL SOCIETY IS NOTORI\SLY 9SECURE4 ,(T5 HI<LY REMUN]AT$ = HIS MAGICAL S]VICES1 HE MI<T BE AS V9DICTIVELY ATTACK$1 P]HAPS ASSASS9AT$ \TRI<T1 IF HIS TE*NIQUES FAIL4 ,?US1 HE MU/ ALWAYS SEEK ALLIANCES &1 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 FO/] ! CREATION ( MUTUALLY ADVANTAGE\S P[] C5T]S = HIS PROTECTION FROM ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE4 ,AS A QUASI-RELIGI\S =MULATOR1 A PRIMITIVE COSMOLOGI/1 HE LIT]ALLY CREATES ! IDEOLOGICAL MY?OS ?AT CRY/ALLIZES 9CIPI5T P[] 9TO ACTUAL P[]4 ,HE MAY DO ?IS 9 CONC]T ) ! ELD]S1 5HANC+ !IR AU?ORITY OV] ! Y\NG1 OR ) ! Y\NG] BUT MORE PROM95T W>RIORS1 :O T5D TO =M MILIT>Y SOCIETIES ( !IR [N4 ,FROM !M1 9 TURN1 HE RECEIVES ! SUPPORT HE SO DIRELY NE$S TO CU%ION ! ILL-EFFECTS ?AT FOLL[ FROM HIS FALLIBILITY4 ,?AT HE MAY COMPETE ) !SE P[]S & ATTEMPT TO USURP !IR AU?ORITY IS IRRELEVANT AT ?IS P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ! %AMAN IS ! DEMIURGE ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & COALITIONS4 ,HE NOT ONLY VALIDATES ! AU?ORITY ( ! ELD]S ) A MAGICO-POLITICAL AURA BUT1 9 HIS NE$ = POLITICAL P[]1 HE T5DS TO HEI<T5 ! 0MASCUL9E0 TEMP]AM5T ( A PATRIC5TRIC COMMUNITY4 ,HE EXAGG]ATES ! AGGRESSIVE & VIOL5T ELEM5TS ( ?AT TEMP]AM5T1 FE$+ IT ) MY/ICAL SU/5ANCE & SUP]NATURAL P[]4 

,DOM9ATION1 HI]>*Y1 & ! SUBORD9ATION ( WOMAN TO MAN N[ BEG9 TO EM]GE4 ,BUT IT IS DIFFICULT TO DEL9EATE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T ! EM]G5CE ( ORGANIZ$ ECONOMIC CLASSES & ! SY/EMATIC EXPLOITATION ( A DOM9AT$ SOCIAL /RATUM4 ,! Y\NG1 TO BE SURE1 >E PLAC$ UND] ! RULE ( A CLAN OR TRIBAL G]ONTOCRACY2 ! ELD]S1 %AMANS1 & W>RIOR *IEFS1 9 TURN1 ACQUIRE DI/9CT SOCIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,BUT SO +RA9$ 9 SOCIETY >E ! PRIMORDIAL RULES ( USUFRUCT1 COMPLEM5T>ITY & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM ?AT ! ECONOMY ( ?IS E>LY WORLD PROVES TO BE SURPRIS+LY IMP]VI\S TO !SE SOCIOPOLITICAL *ANGES4 0,! MAJORITY ( ABORIG9AL TRIBES10 OBS]VES ,RAD91 0POSSESS$ NO GR\P+ ( 9DIVIDUALS BAS$ ON TRUE CLASS DI/9CTIONS40 ,HE ADDS ?AT 0,SLAVES NOT A FEW ( !M HAD1 BUT1 :ILE !IR LIVES W]E 9SECURE BECAUSE !Y HAD NO /ATUS1 !Y W]E NEV] SY/EMATICALLY =C$ TO DO M5IAL WORK OR REG>D$ AS AN 9F]IOR & DEGRAD$ CLASS 9 \R S5SE ( ! T]M40 ,M5 ( WEAL? !RE W]E1 TOO1 9 TIME1 BUT AS ,MANN+ ,NA% OBS]VES1 09 PRIMITIVE & PEASANT ECONOMIES LEVEL+ ME*ANISMS PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 9HIBIT+ AGGR&IZEM5T BY 9DIVIDUALS OR BY SPECIAL GR\PS40 ,!SE LEVEL+ ME*ANISMS ASSUME A V>IETY ( =MS3 

=C$ LOANS TO RELATIVES OR CO-RESID5TS2 A L>GE FEA/ FOLL[+ ECONOMIC SUCCESS2 A RIVALRY ( EXP5DITURES LIKE ! POTLAT* ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,9DIANS 9 :I* L>GE AM\NTS ( VALUABLE GOODS W]E DE/ROY$2 ! RITUAL LEVIES CONSEQU5T ON HOLD+ (FICE 9 CIVIL & RELIGI\S HI]>*IES 9 ,MESO-,AM]ICA2 OR ! GIVEAWAYS ( HORSES & GOODS ( ! ,PLA9S ,9DIANS4 ,MO/ SMALL-SCALE ECONOMIES HAVE A WAY ( SCRAMBL+ WEAL? TO 9HIBIT RE9VE/M5T 9 TE*NICAL ADVANCE1 & ?IS PREV5TS CRY/ALLIZATION ( CLASS L9ES ON AN ECONOMIC BASE4 

,9 FACT1 9DEP5D5T WEAL?1 ! MO/ PRECI\S ( P]SONAL GOALS 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 T5DS TO BE HI<LY SUSPECT 9 PRELIT]ATE SOCIETIES4 ,(T51 IT IS TAK5 AS EVID5CE ?AT ! WEAL?Y 9DIVIDUAL IS A SORC]] :O HAS ACQUIR$ HIS RI*ES BY A S9I/] COMPACT ) DEMONIC P[]S4 ,WEAL? SO ACQUIR$ IS 0TREASURE10 BEWIT*$ P[] CONCRETIZ$1 ! /UFF FROM :I* MY?OLOGY WEAVES ITS ,FAU/IAN LEG5DS4 ,! V]Y 09DEP5D5CE0 ( ?IS WEAL? -- ITS FRE$OM FROM DIRECT SOCIAL CONTROL -- IMPLIES A BREA* ) ! MO/ BASIC ( ALL PRIMORDIAL RULES3 ! MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS IMPOS$ BY BLOOD TIES4 ,! PREVAL5CE ( ! L9EAGE SY/EM1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM 0CIVILIZATION'S0 T]RITORIAL SY/EM1 IMPLIES ?AT1 EV5 IF HI]>*Y & DIFF]5TIALS 9 /ATUS EXI/1 ! COMMUNITY CONSI/S ( K92 ITS WEAL?1 AS ,PATRICK ,MALLOY OBS]VES1 MU/ BE 0US$ TO RE9=CE OR EXP& SOCIAL RELATIONS10 NOT WEAK5 OR CON/RICT !M4 ,WEAL? CAN BE ACQUIR$ ONLY )9 ! P>AMET]S ( ! L9EAGE SY/EM1 & IT EFFECTIVELY FILT]S D[N TO ! COMMUNITY ?R\< ! WORK+S ( ! 0LEVEL+ SY/EM40 ,AS ,MALLOY A/UTELY OBS]VES3 ! 0RI*E/ MAN0 9 ! COMMUNITY WILL FREQU5TLY ''BE ! WOR/ (F BECAUSE HE HAS GIV5 ALL ( HIS MAT]IAL WEAL? AWAY40 ,HE HAS DEF9ITE OBLIGATIONS 0TO PROVIDE GIFTS :5 REQUE/$1 TAKE C>E ( BRIDE-WEAL?1 & O!R IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS CRITICAL TO ! SURVIVAL ( ! COMMUNITY40 

,?US1 NATURE /ILL B9DS SOCIETY TO H]SELF ) ! PRIMAL BLOOD OA?4 ,?IS OA? VALIDATES NOT ONLY K9%IP AS ! BASIC FACT ( PRIMORDIAL SOCIAL LIFE1 BUT ITS COMPLEX NETWORK ( RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,BE=E HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION CAN BE CONSOLIDAT$ 9TO SOCIAL CLASSES & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION2 BE=E RECIPROCITY CAN GIVE WAY TO ! 0FREE EX*ANGE0 ( COMMODITIES2 BE=E USUFRUCT CAN BE REPLAC$ BY PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! 0IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM0 BY TOIL AS ! NORM = DI/RIBUT+ ! MEANS ( LIFE -- BE=E ?IS IMM5SELY VA/ COMPLEX CAN BE DISSOLV$ & REPLAC$ BY A CLASS1 EX*ANGE1 & PROP]TI$ ONE1 ! BLOOD OA? ) ALL ITS CLAIMS MU/ BE BROK54 

,HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION REMA9 CAPTIVE TO ! BLOOD OA? UNTIL AN 5TIRELY NEW SOCIAL T]RA9 CAN BE E/ABLI%$ TO SUPPORT CLASS RELATIONS & ! SY/EMATIC EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,WE MU/ FIX ?IS PRECLASS1 9DE$1 PREECONOMIC1 P]IOD 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T CLE>LY 9 \R M9DS BECAUSE ! VA/ IDEOLOGICAL CORPUS ( 0MOD]NITY0 -- CAPITALISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS WE/]N =M -- HAS BE5 DESIGN$ 9 L>GE P>T TO VEIL IT FROM \R VISION4 ,EV5 SU* NOTIONS AS PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM1 MATRI>*Y1 & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 SO WIDELY CELEBRAT$ BY RADICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S & !ORI/S1 PLAY A MY/IFY+ ROLE 9 P]PETUAT+ ?IS VEIL 9/EAD ( REMOV+ IT4 ,LURK+ )9 ! NOTION ( PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM IS ! 9SIDI\S CONCEPT ( A 0/+Y NATURE10 ( A 0NATURAL SC>CITY0 ?AT DICTATES COMMUNAL RELATIONS -- AS ?\< A COMMUNAL %>+ ( ?+S IS EXOG5\S TO HUMANITY & MU/ BE IMPOS$ BY SURVIVAL NE$S TO OV]COME AN 09NATE0 HUMAN EGOISM ?AT 0MOD]NITY0 SO (T5 ID5TIFIES ) 0SELFHOOD40 ,PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM ALSO CONTA9S ! CONCEPT ( PROP]TY1 H[EV] 0COMMUNAL0 9 *>ACT]1 ?AT ID5TIFIES SELFHOOD ) [N]%IP4 ,USUFRUCT1 AS ! TRANSGRESSION ( PROPRIET>Y CLAIMS 9 ANY =M1 IS CONCEAL$ BY PROP]TY AS A PUBLIC 9/ITUTION4 ,9DE$1 0COMMUNAL PROP]TY0 IS NOT SO F> REMOV$ CONCEPTUALLY & 9/ITUTIONALLY FROM 0PUBLIC PROP]TY0 0NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY10 OR 0COLLECTIVIZ$ PROP]TY0 ?AT ! 9CUBUS ( PROPRIETOR%IP CAN BE SAID TO BE REMOV$ COMPLETELY FROM S5SIBILITY & PRACTICES ( A 0COMMUNI/0 SOCIETY4 ,F9ALLY1 0MATRI>*Y0 ! RULE ( SOCIETY BY WOM5 9/EAD ( M51 M]ELY ALT]S ! NATURE ( RULE2 IT DOES NOT LEAD TO ITS ABOLITION4 0,MATRI>*Y0 M]ELY *ANGES ! G5D] ( DOM9ATION & !REBY P]PETUATES DOM9ATION AS SU*4 

0,NATURAL SC>CITY10 0PROP]TY10 & 0RULE0 ?US P]SI/ 9 ! V]Y NAME ( ! CRITIQUE ( CLASS SOCIETY1 EXPLOITATION1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! ACQUISITION ( WEAL?4 ,BY VEIL+ ! PRIMORDIAL BLOOD OA? ?AT CON/RA9S ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION 9TO CLASS SOCIETY1 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 & PROP]TY1 ! CLASS CRITIQUE M]ELY REPLACES ! CON/RA9TS ( K9%IP ) ! CON/RA9TS ( ECONOMICS 9/EAD ( TRANSC5D+ BO? TO A HI<] REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,IT RECON/ITUTES B\RGEOIS RI<T BY LEAV+ PROP]TY UN*ALL5G$ BY USUFRUCT1 RULE UN*ALL5G$ BY NONHI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 & SC>CITY UN*ALL5G$ BY AN ABUNDANCE FROM :I* AN E?ICAL SELECTIVITY ( NE$S CAN BE D]IV$4 ,! MORE CRITICAL SUB/RATE ( USUFRUCT1 RECIPROCITY1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM IS PAP]$ OV] BY A LESS FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE3 ! CRITIQUE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ( 9JU/ICE 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE1 & ( AN UNFAIR RETURN = LABOR4 ,M>X'S [N CRITIQUE ( JU/ICE 9 HIS REM>KS ON ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM REMA9S ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS HE MADE TO RADICAL SOCIAL !ORY1 BUT ITS ECONOMI/IC LIMITATIONS >E EVID5T 9 ! T5OR ( ! WORK AS A :OLE4 

,!SE LIMITATIONS ACQUIRE AN ALMO/ />K *>ACT] 9 ! ,EUROPEAN C5TRICITY ( HIS S5SE ( HI/ORY1 P>TICUL>LY AS REVEAL$ 9 HIS EMPHASIS ON ! 0PROGRESSIVE ROLE ( CAPITALISM0 & HIS H>% METAPHORS = ! NON-CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,IS IT TRUE1 AS ,M>X EMPHASIZ$1 ?AT 0HUMAN PROGRESS10 AFT] MA/]+ 0! RESULTS ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO*1 ! M>KET ( ! WORLD & ! MOD]N P[]S ( PRODUCTION0 BY PLAC+ !M 0UND] ! COMMON CONTROL ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ PEOPLES0 7NOTABLY1 ,EUROPEANS7 WILL 0CEASE TO RESEMBLE ?AT HIDE\S PAGAN IDOL1 :O W\LD NOT DR9K ! NECT> BUT FROM ! SKULLS ( ! SLA908 ,!SE REM>KS REVEAL ,VICTORIAN >ROGANCE AT ITS WOR/ & PAT5TLY NEGLECT ! VITAL 0PREHI/ORY0 ?AT ! NON-WE/]N WORLD HAD ELABORAT$ OV] MANY MILL5NIA ( DEVELOPM5T4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] ?AT CLASS SOCIETY IS NOT ! CREATION ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ITS MO/ RU?LESS =M1 IT IS ! 0A*IEVEM5T0 ( ?AT NUM]ICALLY SMALL PROPORTION ( 0ADVANC$ PEOPLES0 :O W]E L>GELY CONF9$ TO ,EUROPE4 ,BY F>1 ! GREAT MASS ( HUMAN BE+S :O OCCUPI$ ! PLANET BE=E ! ,AGE ( ,EXPLORATION HAD DEVELOP$ ALT]NATIVES ( !IR [N TO CAPITALISM1 EV5 TO CLASS SOCIETY4 ,BY NO MEANS DO WE HAVE ! RI<T TO REG>D !M AS >RE/$ SOCIETIES ?AT AWAIT$ ! G5TLE C>ESS ( 0CIVILIZATION0 & ! SCULPT+ ( ! CRUCIFIX4 ,?AT !IR SOCIAL =MS1 TE*NOLOGIES1 CULTURAL WORKS1 & VALUES HAVE BE5 DEGRAD$ TO M]E 0AN?ROPOLOGIES0 RA!R ?AN HI/ORIES 9 !IR [N RI<T IS TE/IMONY TO AN 9TELLECTUAL ATAVISM ?AT VIEWS ANY?+ BUT ITS [N SOCIAL CREATIONS AS M]E 0REMA9S0 ( ITS 0PREHI/ORY0 & ! 0>*AEOLOGY0 ( ITS [N SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,:AT WE SO >ROGANTLY CALL ! 0/AGNATION0 ( MANY NON-,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES MAY WELL HAVE BE5 A DIFF]5T1 (T5 HI<LY S5SITIVE1 ELABORATION & 5RI*M5T ( CULTURAL TRAITS ?AT W]E E?ICALLY & MORALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! PR$ATORY DYNAMISM ,EUROPEANS SO FLIPPANTLY ID5TIFY ) 0PROGRESS0 & 0HI/ORY40 ,TO FAULT !SE SOCIETIES AS /AGNANT = ELABORAT+ QUALITIES & VALUES ?AT ,EUROPEANS W]E TO SACRIFICE TO QUANTITY & EGOI/IC ACQUISITION TELLS US MORE AB\T ,EUROPEAN CONCEPTIONS ( HI/ORY & MORALITY ?AN NON-,EUROPEAN CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,ONLY N[1 AFT] \R [N 0PAGAN IDOLS0 SU* AS NUCLEONICS1 BIOLOGICAL W>F>E1 & MASS CULTURE HAVE HUMILIAT$ US SUFFICI5TLY1 CAN WE BEG9 TO SEE ?AT NON-,EUROPEAN CULTURES MAY HAVE FOLL[$ COMPLEX SOCIAL PA?S ?AT W]E (T5 MORE ELEGANT & KN[L$GEABLE ?AN \R [N4 ,\R CLAIMS TO WORLD CULTURAL HEGEMONY BY RI<T ( CONQUE/ HAS BOOM]ANG$ AGA9/ US4 ,WE HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO TURN TO O!R CULTURES NOT ONLY = MORE HUMANE VALUES1 MORE DELICATE S5SIBILITIES1 & RI*] ECOLOGICAL 9SI<TS1 BUT ALSO = TE*NICAL ALT]NATIVES TO \R HI<LY MY/IFI$ 0P[]S ( PRODUCTION0 -- P[]S ?AT HAVE ALREADY BEGUN TO OV]P[] US & ?REAT5 ! 9TEGRITY ( LIFE ON ! PLANET4 ,BUT UNTIL REC5TLY1 \R PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( DOM9ATION NOT ONLY BL9D$ US TO ! FULL HI/ORY ( \R [N SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T2 IT ALSO PREV5T$ A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS -- SOME VA/LY BETT] ?AN \R [N1 O!RS AS BAD BUT R>ELY WORSE4 ,IF !SE DEVELOPM5TS >E TO PROVIDE US ) ALT]NATIVE E?ICAL & TE*NICAL PA?WAYS TO A BETT] FUTURE1 WE MU/ FIR/ REEXAM9E ! VA/ LEGACY ( DOM9ATION ?AT HAS SO F> BLOCK$ \R VISION4 

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