,*APT] #a - ,! ,CONCEPT ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,! ,CONCEPT ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

  

,! LEG5DS ( ! ,NORSEM5 TELL ( A TIME :5 ALL BE+S W]E APPORTION$ !IR WORLDLY DOMA9S3 ! GODS OCCUPI$ A CELE/IAL DOMA91 ,ASG>D1 & M5 LIV$ ON ! E>?1 ,MIDG>D1 BEL[ :I* LAY ,NIFFLEHEIRN1 ! D>K1 ICY DOMA9 ( ! GIANTS1 DW>FS1 & ! DEAD4 ,!SE DOMA9S W]E L9K$ TOGE!R BY AN 5ORM\S A%1 ! ,WORLD ,TREE4 ,ITS L(TY BRAN*ES REA*$ 9TO ! SKY1 & ITS ROOTS 9TO ! FUR!RMO/ DEP?S ( ! E>?4 ,AL?\< ! ,WORLD ,TREE WAS CON/ANTLY BE+ GNAW$ BY ANIMALS1 IT REMA9$ EV] GRE51 R5EW$ BY A MAGIC F\NTA9 ?AT 9FUS$ IT CONT9UALLY ) LIFE4 

,! GODS1 :O HAD FA%ION$ ?IS WORLD1 PRESID$ OV] A PREC>I\S /ATE ( TRANQUILITY4 ,!Y HAD BANI%$ !IR 5EMIES1 ! GIANTS1 TO ! L& ( ICE4 ,F5RIS ! WOLF WAS 5*A9$1 & ! GREAT S]P5T ( ! ,MIDG>D WAS HELD AT BAY4 ,DESPITE ! LURK+ DANG]S1 A G5]AL PEACE PREVAIL$1 & PL5TY EXI/$ = ! GODS1 M51 & ALL LIV+ ?+S4 ,OD91 ! GOD ( WISDOM1 REIGN$ OV] ALL ! DEITIES2 ! WISE/ & /RONGE/1 HE WAT*$ OV] ! BATTLES ( M5 & SELECT$ ! MO/ H]OIC ( ! FALL5 TO FEA/ ) HIM 9 HIS GREAT =TRESS1 ,VALHALLA4 ,?OR1 ! SON ( ,OD91 WAS NOT ONLY A P[]FUL W>RIOR1 ! DEF5D] ( ,ASG>D AGA9/ ! RE/IVE GIANTS1 BUT ALSO A DEITY ( ORD]1 :O SAW TO ! KEEP+ ( FAI? BETWE5 M5 & OB$I5CE TO ! TREATIES4 ,!RE W]E GODS & GODDESSES ( PL5TY1 ( F]TILITY1 ( LOVE1 ( LAW1 ( ! SEA & %IPS1 & A MULTITUDE ( ANIMI/IC SPIRITS :O 9HABIT$ ALL ?+S & BE+S ( ! E>?4 

,BUT ! WORLD ORD] BEGAN TO BREAK D[N :5 ! GODS1 GRE$Y = RI*ES1 TORTUR$ ! WIT* ,GULLVEIG1 ! MAK] ( GOLD1 TO COMPEL H] TO REVEAL H] SECRETS4 ,DISCORD N[ BECAME RAMPANT AMONG ! GODS & M54 ,! GODS BEGAN TO BREAK !IR OA?S2 CORRUPTION1 TREA*]Y1 RIVALRY1 & GRE$ BEGAN TO DOM9ATE ! WORLD4 ,) ! BREAKD[N ( ! PRIMAL UNITY1 ! DAYS ( ! GODS & M51 ( ,ASG>D & ,MIDG>D1 W]E NUMB]$4 ,9EXORABLY1 ! VIOLATION ( ! WORLD ORD] W\LD LEAD TO ,RAGN>OK -- ! DEA? ( ! GODS 9 A GREAT CONFLICT BE=E ,VALHALLA4 ,! GODS W\LD GO D[N 9 A T]RIBLE BATTLE ) ! GIANTS1 ,F5RIS ! WOLF1 & ! S]P5T ( ! ,MIDG>D4 ,) ! MUTUAL DE/RUCTION ( ALL ! COMBATANTS1 HUMANITY TOO W\LD P]I%1 & NO?+ W\LD REMA9 BUT B>E ROCK & OV]FL[+ OCEANS 9 A VOID ( COLD & D>KNESS4 ,HAV+ ?US DIS9TEGRAT$ 9TO ITS BEG9N+S1 H[EV]1 ! WORLD W\LD BE R5EW$1 PURG$ ( ITS E>LI] EVILS & ! CORRUPTION ?AT DE/ROY$ IT4 ,NOR W\LD ! NEW WORLD EM]G+ FROM ! VOID SUFF] ANO!R CATA/ROPHIC 5D1 = ! SECOND G5]ATION ( GODS & GODDESSES W\LD LE>N FROM ! MI/AKES ( !IR ANTEC$5TS4 ,! PROPHETESS :O REC\NTS ! /ORY TELLS US ?AT HUMANITY !NCE=? WILL 0LIVE 9 JOY = AS LONG AS ONE CAN =ESEE40 

,9 ?IS ,NORSE COSMOGRAPHY1 !RE SEEMS TO BE MORE ?AN ! OLD !ME ( 0ET]NAL RECURR5CE10 ( A TIME-S5SE ?AT SP9S >\ND P]PETUAL CYCLES ( BIR?1 MATURATION1 DEA?1 & REBIR?4 ,RA!R1 ONE IS AW>E ( PROPHECY 9FUS$ ) HI/ORICAL TRAUMA2 ! LEG5D BELONGS TO A LITTLE-EXPLOR$ >EA ( MY?OLOGY ?AT MI<T BE CALL$ 0MY?S ( DIS9TEGRATION40 ,AL?\< ! ,RAGN>OK LEG5D IS KN[N TO BE QUITE OLD1 WE KN[ V]Y LITTLE AB\T :5 IT APPE>$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,NORSE SAGAS4 ,WE DO KN[ ?AT ,*RI/IANITY1 ) ITS B>GA9 ( ET]NAL REW>D1 CAME LAT] TO ! ,NORSEM5 ?AN TO ANY O!R L>GE E?NIC GR\P 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & ITS ROOTS W]E %ALL[ = G5]ATIONS AFT]W>DS4 ,! HEA!NISM ( ! NOR? HAD LONG MADE CONTACT ) ! COMM]CE ( ! S\?4 ,DUR+ ! ,VIK+ RAIDS ON ,EUROPE1 ! SACR$ PLACES ( ! NOR? HAD BECOME POLLUT$ BY GOLD1 & ! PURSUIT ( RI*ES WAS DIVID+ K9SMAN FROM K9SMAN4 ,HI]>*IES ]ECT$ BY VALOR W]E BE+ ]OD$ BY SY/EMS ( PRIVILEGE BAS$ ON WEAL?4 ,! CLANS & TRIBES W]E BREAK+ D[N2 ! OA?S BETWE5 M51 FROM :I* /EMM$ ! UNITY ( !IR PRIMORDIAL WORLD1 W]E BE+ DI%ONOR$1 & ! MAGIC F\NTA9 ?AT KEPT ! ,WORLD ,TREE ALIVE WAS BE+ CLOGG$ BY ! DEBRIS ( COMM]CE4 0,BRO!RS FI<T & SLAY ONE ANO!R10 LAM5TS ! PROPHETESS1 0*ILDR5 D5Y !IR [N ANCE/RY 4 4 4 ?IS IS ! AGE ( W9D1 ( WOLF1 UNTIL ! V]Y DAY :5 ! WORLD %ALL BE NO MORE40 

,:AT HAUNTS US 9 SU* MY?S ( DIS9TEGRATION >E NOT !IR HI/ORIES1 BUT !IR PROPHECIES4 ,LIKE ! ,NORSEM51 & P]HAPS EV5 MORE1 LIKE ! PEOPLE AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 WE S5SE ?AT \R WORLD1 TOO1 IS BREAK+ D[N -- 9/ITUTIONALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & PHYSICALLY4 ,:E!R WE >E FAC$ ) A NEW1 P>ADISICAL ]A OR A CATA/ROPHE LIKE ! ,NORSE ,RAGN>OK IS /ILL UNCLE>1 BUT !RE CAN BE NO L5G?Y P]IOD ( COMPROMISE BETWE5 PA/ & FUTURE 9 AN AMBIGU\S PRES5T4 ,! RECON/RUCTIVE & DE/RUCTIVE T5D5CIES 9 \R TIME >E TOO MU* AT ODDS ) EA* O!R TO ADMIT ( RECONCILIATION4 ,! SOCIAL HORIZON PRES5TS ! />KLY CONFLICT+ PROSPECTS ( A H>MONIZ$ WORLD ) AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY BAS$ ON A RI* COMMITM5T TO COMMUNITY1 MUTUAL AID1 & NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! T]RIFY+ PROSPECT ( SOME SORT ( !RMONUCLE> DISA/] ON ! O!R4 ,\R WORLD1 IT W\LD APPE>1 WILL EI!R UND]GO REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES1 SO F>-REA*+ 9 *>ACT] ?AT HUMANITY WILL TOTALLY TRANS=M ITS SOCIAL RELATIONS & ITS V]Y CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 OR IT WILL SUFF] AN APOCALYPSE ?AT MAY WELL 5D HUMANITY'S T5URE ON ! PLANET4 

,! T5SION BETWE5 !SE TWO PROSPECTS HAS ALREADY SUBV]T$ ! MORALE ( ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL ORD]4 ,WE HAVE 5T]$ AN ]A ?AT CONSI/S NO LONG] ( 9/ITUTIONAL /ABILIZATION BUT ( 9/ITUTIONAL DECAY4 ,A WIDESPREAD ALI5ATION IS DEVELOP+ T[>D ! =MS1 ! ASPIRATIONS1 ! DEM&S1 & ABOVE ALL1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 ,! MO/ EXUB]ANT1 !ATRICAL EVID5CE ( ?IS ALI5ATION OCCURR$ 9 ! #a#i#fS1 :5 ! 0Y\? REVOLT0 9 ! E>LY HALF ( ! DECADE EXPLOD$ 9TO :AT SEEM$ TO BE A C\NT]CULTURE4 ,CONSID]ABLY MORE ?AN PROTE/ & ADOLESC5T NIHILISM M>K$ ! P]IOD4 ,ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY1 NEW VALUES ( S5SU\SNESS1 NEW =MS ( COMMUNAL LIFE/YLE1 *ANGES 9 DRESS1 LANGUAGE1 MUSIC1 ALL BORNE ON ! WAVE ( A DEEP S5SE ( IMP5D+ SOCIAL *ANGE1 9FUS$ A SIZABLE SECTION ( AN 5TIRE G5]ATION4 ,WE /ILL DO NOT KN[ 9 :AT S5SE ?IS WAVE BEGAN TO EBB3 :E!R AS A HI/ORIC RETREAT OR AS A TRANS=MATION 9TO A S]I\S PROJECT = 9N] & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT ! SYMBOLS ( ?IS MOVEM5T EV5TUALLY BECAME ! >TIFACTS = A NEW CULTURE 9DU/RY DOES NOT ALT] ITS F>-REA*+ EFFECTS4 ,WE/]N SOCIETY WILL NEV] BE ! SAME AGA9 -- ALL ! SNE]S ( ITS ACADEMICS & ITS CRITICS ( 0N>CISSISM0 NOT)/&+4 

,:AT MAKES ?IS CEASELESS MOVEM5T ( DE9/ITUTIONALIZATION & DELEGITIMATION SO SIGNIFICANT IS ?AT IT HAS F\ND ITS B$ROCK 9 A VA/ /RATUM ( WE/]N SOCIETY4 ,ALI5ATION P]MEATES NOT ONLY ! POOR BUT ALSO ! RELATIVELY AFFLU5T1 NOT ONLY ! Y\NG BUT ALSO !IR ELD]S1 NOT ONLY ! VISIBLY D5I$ BUT ALSO ! SEEM+LY PRIVILEG$4 ,! PREVAIL+ ORD] IS BEG9N+ TO LOSE ! LOYALTY ( SOCIAL /RATA ?AT TRADITIONALLY RALLI$ TO ITS SUPPORT & 9 :I* ITS ROOTS W]E FIRMLY PLANT$ 9 PA/ P]IODS4 

,CRUCIAL AS ?IS DECAY ( 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES MAY BE1 IT BY NO MEANS EXHAU/S ! PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,9T]TW9$ ) ! SOCIAL CRISIS IS A CRISIS ?AT HAS EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM MAN'S EXPLOITATION ( ! PLANET4.<#c.> ,E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY IS FAC$ ) A BREAKD[N NOT ONLY ( ITS VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT ALSO ( ITS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS NOT UNIQUE TO \R TIMES4 ,! DESICCAT$ WA/EL&S ( ! ,NE> ,EA/1 :]E ! >TS ( AGRICULTURE & URBANISM HAD !IR BEG9N+S1 >E EVID5CE ( ANCI5T HUMAN DESPOILATION1 BUT ?IS EXAMPLE PALES BE=E ! MASSIVE DE/RUCTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT HAS OCCURR$ S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 & ESPECIALLY S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,! DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON ! 5VIRONM5T BY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY 5COMPASSES ! 5TIRE E>?4 ,VOLUMES HAVE BE5 WRITT5 ON ! IMM5SE LOSSES ( PRODUCTIVE SOIL ?AT OCCUR ANNUALLY 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CONT95T ( ! E>?2 ON ! EXT5SIVE DE/RUCTION ( TREE COV] 9 >EAS VULN]ABLE TO ]OSION2 ON LE?AL AIR-POLLUTION EPISODES 9 MAJOR URBAN >EAS2 ON ! WORLDWIDE DIFFUSION ( TOXIC AG5TS FROM AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY1 & P[]-PRODUC+ 9/ALLATIONS2 ON ! *EMICALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T ) 9DU/RIAL WA/ES1 PE/ICIDE RESIDUES1 & FOOD ADDITIVES4 ,! EXPLOITATION & POLLUTION ( ! E>? HAS DAMAG$ NOT ONLY ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ATMOSPH]E1 CLIMATE1 WAT] RES\RCES1 SOIL1 FLORA & FAUNA ( SPECIFIC REGIONS1 BUT ALSO ! BASIC NATURAL CYCLES ON :I* ALL LIV+ ?+S DEP5D4 

,YET MOD]N MAN'S CAPACITY = DE/RUCTION IS QUIXOTIC EVID5CE ( HUMANITY'S CAPACITY = RECON/RUCTION4 ,! P[]FUL TE*NOLOGICAL AG5TS WE HAVE UNLEA%$ AGA9/ ! 5VIRONM5T 9CLUDE MANY ( ! V]Y AG5TS WE REQUIRE = ITS RECON/RUCTION4 ,! KN[L$GE & PHYSICAL 9/RUM5TS = PROMOT+ A H>MONIZATION ( HUMANITY ) NATURE & ( HUMAN ) HUMAN >E L>GELY AT H& OR C\LD EASILY BE DEVIS$4 ,MANY ( ! PHYSICAL PR9CIPLES US$ TO CON/RUCT SU* PAT5TLY H>MFUL FACILITIES AS CONV5TIONAL P[] PLANTS1 5]GY-CONSUM+ VEHICLES1 SURFACE-M9+ EQUIPM5T & ! LIKE C\LD BE DIRECT$ TO ! CON/RUCTION ( SMALL-SCALE SOL> & W9D 5]GY DEVICES1 EFFICI5T MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 & 5]GY-SAV+ %ELT]S4 ,:AT WE CRUCIALLY LACK IS ! CONSCI\SNESS & S5SIBILITY ?AT WILL HELP US A*IEVE SU* EM95TLY DESIRABLE GOALS -- A CONSCI\SNESS & S5SIBILITY F> BROAD] ?AN CU/OM>ILY MEANT BY !SE T]MS4 ,\R DEF9ITIONS MU/ 9CLUDE NOT ONLY ! ABILITY TO REASON LOGICALLY & RESPOND EMOTIONALLY 9 A HUMANI/IC FA%ION2 !Y MU/ ALSO 9CLUDE A FRE% AW>5ESS ( ! RELAT$NESS BETWE5 ?+S & AN IMAG9ATIVE 9SI<T 9TO ! POSSIBLE4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ,M>X WAS 5TIRELY CORRECT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! REVOLUTION REQUIR$ BY \R TIME MU/ DRAW ITS POETRY NOT FROM ! PA/ BUT FROM ! FUTURE1 FROM ! HUMANI/IC POT5TIALITIES ?AT LIE ON ! HORIZONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! NEW CONSCI\SNESS & S5SIBILITY CANNOT BE POETIC ALONE2 !Y MU/ ALSO BE SCI5TIFIC4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS A LEVEL AT :I* \R CONSCI\SNESS MU/ BE NEI!R POETRY NOR SCI5CE1 BUT A TRANSC5D5CE ( BO? 9TO A NEW REALM ( !ORY & PRACTICE1 AN >TFULNESS ?AT COMB9ES FANCY ) REASON1 IMAG9ATION ) LOGIC1 VISION ) TE*NIQUE4 ,WE CANNOT %$ \R SCI5TIFIC H]ITAGE )\T RETURN+ TO A RUDIM5T>Y TE*NOLOGY1 ) ITS %ACKLES ( MAT]IAL 9SECURITY1 TOIL1 & R5UNCIATION4 ,& WE CANNOT ALL[ \RSELVES TO BE IMPRISON$ )9 A ME*ANI/IC \TLOOK & A DEHUMANIZ+ TE*NOLOGY -- ) ITS %ACKLES ( ALI5ATION1 COMPETITION1 & A BRUTE D5IAL ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,POETRY & IMAG9ATION MU/ BE 9TEGRAT$ ) SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY1 = WE HAVE EVOLV$ BEYOND AN 9NOC5CE ?AT CAN BE N\RI%$ EXCLUSIVELY BY MY?S & DREAMS4 

,IS !RE A SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E ?AT ALL[S = ! 9DISCIPL9E ( FANCY1 IMAG9ATION1 & >TFULNESS8 ,CAN IT 5COMPASS PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL CRISES ( \R TIME8 ,CAN IT 9TEGRATE CRITIQUE ) RECON/RUCTION1 !ORY ) PRACTICE1 VISION ) TE*NIQUE8 

,9 ALMO/ EV]Y P]IOD S9CE ! ,R5AISSANCE1 A V]Y CLOSE L9K HAS EXI/$ BETWE5 RADICAL ADVANCES 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES & UPHEAVALS 9 SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 ! EM]G+ SCI5CES ( A/RONOMY & ME*ANICS1 ) !IR LIB]AT+ VISIONS ( A HELIOC5TRIC WORLD & ! UNITY ( LOCAL & COSMIC MOTION1 F\ND !IR SOCIAL C\NT]P>TS 9 EQUALLY CRITICAL & RATIONAL SOCIAL IDEOLOGIES ?AT *ALL5G$ RELIGI\S BIGOTRY & POLITICAL ABSOLUTISM4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T BR\<T A NEW APPRECIATION ( S5SORY P]CEPTION & ! CLAIMS ( HUMAN REASON TO DIV9E A WORLD ?AT HAD BE5 ! IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY ( ! CL]GY4 ,LAT]1 AN?ROPOLOGY & EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGY DEMOLI%$ TRADITIONAL /ATIC NOTIONS ( ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE ALONG ) ITS MY?S ( ORIG9AL CREATION & HI/ORY AS A !OLOGICAL CALL+4 ,BY 5L>G+ ! MAP & REVEAL+ ! E>?LY DYNAMICS ( SOCIAL HI/ORY1 !SE SCI5CES RE9=C$ ! NEW DOCTR9ES ( SOCIALISM1 ) ITS IDEAL ( HUMAN PROGRESS1 ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 VIEW ( ! 5ORM\S DISLOCATIONS ?AT N[ CONFRONT US1 \R [N ]A NE$S A MORE SWEEP+ & 9SI<TFUL BODY ( KN[L$GE -- SCI5TIFIC AS WELL AS SOCIAL -- TO DEAL ) \R PROBLEMS4 ,)\T R5\NC+ ! GA9S ( E>LI] SCI5TIFIC & SOCIAL !ORIES1 WE MU/ DEVELOP A MORE R\ND$ CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,WE MU/ SEEK ! F\NDATIONS = A MORE RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA* TO ! GRAVE PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! APP>5T 0CONTRADICTIONS0 BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] AF=D TO REMA9 CAPTIVES TO ! T5D5CY ( ! MORE TRADITIONAL SCI5CES TO DISSECT PH5OM5A & EXAM9E !IR FRAGM5TS4 ,WE MU/ COMB9E !M1 RELATE !M1 & SEE !M 9 !IR TOTALITY AS WELL AS !IR SPECIFICITY4 

,9 RESPONSE TO !SE NE$S1 WE HAVE =MULAT$ A DISCIPL9E UNIQUE TO \R AGE3 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! MORE WELL-KN[N T]M 0ECOLOGY0 WAS CO9$ BY ,]N/ ,HAECKEL A C5TURY AGO TO D5OTE ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! 9T]RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 & !IR 9ORGANIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,S9CE ,HAECKEL'S DAY1 ! T]M HAS BE5 EXP&$ TO 9CLUDE ECOLOGIES ( CITIES1 ( HEAL?1 & ( ! M9D4 ,?IS PROLIF]ATION ( A WORD 9TO WIDELY DISP>ATE >EAS MAY SEEM P>TICUL>LY DESIRABLE TO AN AGE ?AT F]V5TLY SEEKS SOME K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL COH]5CE & UNITY ( P]CEPTION4 ,BUT IT CAN ALSO PROVE TO BE EXTREMELY TREA*]\S4 ,LIKE SU* NEWLY >RIV$ WORDS AS HOLISM1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & DIALECTICS1 ! T]M ECOLOGY RUNS ! P]IL ( M]ELY HANG+ 9 ! AIR )\T ANY ROOTS1 CONTEXT1 OR TEXTURE4 ,(T5 IT IS US$ AS A METAPHOR1 AN ALLUR+ CAT*WORD1 ?AT LOSES ! POT5TIALLY COMPELL+ 9T]NAL LOGIC ( ITS PREMISES4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! RADICAL ?RU/ ( !SE WORDS IS EASILY NEUTRALIZ$4 0,HOLISM0 EVAPORATES 9TO A MY/ICAL SI<1 A RHETORICAL EXPRESSION = ECOLOGICAL FELL[%IP & COMMUNITY ?AT 5DS ) SU* 9-GR\P GREET+S & SALUTATIONS AS 0HOLI/ICALLY Y\RS40 ,:AT WAS ONCE A S]I\S PHILOSOPHICAL /ANCE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO 5VIRONM5TALI/ KITS*4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION COMMONLY MEANS LOGI/ICAL ALT]NATIVES TO GIGANTISM1 NOT ! HUMAN SCALE ?AT W\LD MAKE AN 9TIMATE & DIRECT DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE4 ,ECOLOGY F>ES EV5 WORSE4 ,ALL TOO (T5 IT BECOMES A METAPHOR1 LIKE ! WORD DIALECTICS1 = ANY K9D ( 9TEGRATION & DEVELOPM5T4 

,P]HAPS EV5 MORE TR\BL+1 ! WORD 9 REC5T YE>S HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) A V]Y CRUDE =M ( NATURAL 5G9E]+ ?AT MI<T WELL BE CALL$ 5VIRONM5TALISM4 

,I AM M9DFUL ?AT MANY ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ 9DIVIDUALS USE 0ECOLOGY0 & 05VIRONM5TALISM0 9T]*ANGEABLY4 ,H]E1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO DRAW A SEMANTICALLY CONV5I5T DI/9CTION4 ,BY 05VIRONM5TALISM0 ,I PROPOSE TO DESIGNATE A ME*ANI/IC1 9/RUM5TAL \TLOOK ?AT SEES NATURE AS A PASSIVE HABITAT COMPOS$ ( 0OBJECTS0 SU* AS ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 M9]ALS1 & ! LIKE ?AT MU/ M]ELY BE R5D]$ MORE S]VICEABLE = HUMAN USE4 ,GIV5 MY USE ( ! T]M1 5VIRONM5TALISM T5DS TO R$UCE NATURE TO A /ORAGE B9 ( 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 OR 0RAW MAT]IALS40 ,)9 ?IS CONTEXT1 V]Y LITTLE ( A SOCIAL NATURE IS SP>$ FROM ! 5VIRONM5TALI/'S VOCABUL>Y3 CITIES BECOME 0URBAN RES\RCES0 & !IR 9HABITANTS 0HUMAN RES\RCES40 ,IF ! WORD RES\RCES LEAPS \T SO FREQU5TLY FROM 5VIRONM5TALI/IC DISCUSSIONS ( NATURE1 CITIES1 & PEOPLE1 AN ISSUE MORE IMPORTANT ?AN M]E WORD PLAY IS AT /AKE4 ,5VIRONM5TALISM1 AS ,I USE ?IS T]M1 T5DS TO VIEW ! ECOLOGICAL PROJECT = ATTA9+ A H>MONI\S RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE AS A TRUCE RA!R ?AN A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM4 ,! 0H>MONY0 ( ! 5VIRONM5TALI/ C5T]S >\ND ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW TE*NIQUES = PLUND]+ ! NATURAL WORLD ) M9IMAL DISRUPTION ( ! HUMAN 0HABITAT40 ,5VIRONM5TALISM DOES NOT QUE/ION ! MO/ BASIC PREMISE ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 NOTABLY1 ?AT HUMANITY MU/ DOM9ATE NATURE2 RA!R1 IT SEEKS TO FACILITATE ?AT NOTION BY DEVELOP+ TE*NIQUES = DIM9I%+ ! HAZ>DS CAUS$ BY ! RECKLESS DESPOILATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 

,TO DI/+UI% ECOLOGY FROM 5VIRONM5TALISM & FROM AB/RACT1 (T5 OBFUSCATORY DEF9ITIONS ( ! T]M1 ,I MU/ RETURN TO ITS ORIG9AL USAGE & EXPLORE ITS DIRECT RELEVANCE TO SOCIETY4 ,PUT QUITE SIMPLY1 ECOLOGY DEALS ) ! DYNAMIC BALANCE ( NATURE1 ) ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( LIV+ & NONLIV+ ?+S4 ,S9CE NATURE ALSO 9CLUDES HUMAN BE+S1 ! SCI5CE MU/ 9CLUDE HUMANITY'S ROLE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD -- SPECIFICALLY1 ! *>ACT]1 =M1 & /RUCTURE ( HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) O!R SPECIES & ) ! 9ORGANIC SUB/RATE ( ! BIOTIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,FROM A CRITICAL VIEWPO9T1 ECOLOGY OP5S TO WIDE PURVIEW ! VA/ DISEQUILIBRIUM ?AT HAS EM]G$ FROM HUMANITY'S SPLIT ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,ONE ( NATURE'S V]Y UNIQUE SPECIES1 HOMO SAPI5S1 HAS SL[LY & PA9/AK+LY DEVELOP$ FROM ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO A UNIQUE SOCIAL WORLD ( ITS [N4 ,AS BO? WORLDS 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R ?R\< HI<LY COMPLEX PHASES ( EVOLUTION1 IT HAS BECOME AS IMPORTANT TO SPEAK ( A SOCIAL ECOLOGY AS TO SPEAK ( A NATURAL ECOLOGY4 

,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ! FAILURE TO EXPLORE !SE PHASES ( HUMAN EVOLUTION -- :I* HAVE YIELD$ A SUCCESSION ( HI]>*IES1 CLASSES1 CITIES1 & F9ALLY /ATES -- IS TO MAKE A MOCK]Y ( ! T]M SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! DISCIPL9E HAS BE5 BELEAGU]$ BY SELF-PR(ESS$ ADH]5TS :O CONT9UALLY TRY TO COLLAPSE ALL ! PHASES ( NATURAL & HUMAN DEVELOPM5T 9TO A UNIV]SAL 0ON5ESS0 7NOT :OL5ESS71 A YAWN+ 0NI<T 9 :I* ALL C[S >E BLACK10 TO BORR[ ONE ( ,HEGEL'S CAU/IC PHRASES4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 \R COMMON USE ( ! WORD SPECIES TO D5OTE ! WEAL? ( LIFE >\ND US %\LD AL]T US TO ! FACT ( SPECIFICITY1 ( P>TICUL>ITY -- ! RI* ABUNDANCE ( DIFF]5TIAT$ BE+S & ?+S ?AT 5T] 9TO ! V]Y SUBJECT-MATT] ( NATURAL ECOLOGY4 ,TO EXPLORE !SE DIFF]5TIA1 TO EXAM9E ! PHASES & 9T]FACES ?AT 5T] 9TO !IR MAK+ & 9TO HUMANITY'S LONG DEVELOPM5T FROM ANIMALITY TO SOCIETY -- A DEVELOPM5T LAT5T ) PROBLEMS & POSSIBILITIES -- IS TO MAKE SOCIAL ECOLOGY ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL DISCIPL9ES FROM :I* TO DRAW \R CRITIQUE ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]4 

,BUT SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROVIDES MORE ?AN A CRITIQUE ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE2 IT ALSO POSES ! NE$ TO HEAL !M4 ,9DE$1 IT POSES ! NE$ TO RADICALLY TRANSC5D !M4 ,AS ,E4,A4 ,GUTK9D PO9T$ \T1 0! GOAL ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY IS :OL5ESS1 & NOT M]E ADD+ TOGE!R ( 9NUM]ABLE DETAILS COLLECT$ AT R&OM & 9T]PRET$ SUBJECTIVELY & 9SUFFICI5TLY40 ,! SCI5CE DEALS ) SOCIAL & NATURAL RELATION%IPS 9 COMMUNITIES OR 0ECOSY/EMS40 .<#d.> ,9 CONCEIV+ !M HOLI/ICALLY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 9 T]MS ( !IR MUTUAL 9T]DEP5D5CE1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY SEEKS TO UNRAVEL ! =MS & PATT]NS ( 9T]RELATION%IPS ?AT GIVE 9TELLIGIBILITY TO A COMMUNITY1 BE IT NATURAL OR SOCIAL4 ,HOLISM1 H]E1 IS ! RESULT ( A CONSCI\S EF=T TO DISC]N H[ ! P>TICUL>S ( A COMMUNITY >E >RANG$1 H[ ITS 0GEOMETRY0 7AS ! ,GREEKS MI<T HAVE PUT IT7 MAKES ! 0:OLE MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS40 ,H5CE1 ! 0:OL5ESS0 TO :I* ,GUTK9D REF]S IS NOT TO BE MI/AK5 = A SPECTRAL 0ON5ESS0 ?AT YIELDS COSMIC DISSOLUTION 9 A /RUCTURELESS NIRVANA2 IT IS A RI*LY >TICULAT$ /RUCTURE ) A HI/ORY & 9T]NAL LOGIC ( ITS [N4 

,HI/ORY1 9 FACT1 IS AS IMPORTANT AS =M OR /RUCTURE4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! HI/ORY ( A PH5OM5ON IS ! PH5OM5ON ITSELF4 ,WE >E1 9 A REAL S5SE1 EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/$ BE=E US &1 9 TURN1 WE CAN EV5TUALLY BECOME VA/LY MORE ?AN WE >E4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 V]Y LITTLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( LIFE-=MS HAS BE5 LO/ 9 NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 9DE$ 9 \R V]Y BODIES AS \R EMBRYONIC DEVELOPM5T ATTE/S4 ,EVOLUTION LIES )9 US 7AS WELL AS >\ND US7 AS P>TS ( ! V]Y NATURE ( \R BE+S4 

,= ! PRES5T1 IT SUFFICES TO SAY ?AT :OL5ESS IS NOT A BLEAK UNDIFF]5TIAT$ 0UNIV]SALITY0 ?AT 9VOLVES ! R$UCTION ( A PH5OM5ON TO :AT IT HAS 9 COMMON ) EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,NOR IS IT A CELE/IAL1 OMNIPRES5T 05]GY0 ?AT REPLACES ! VA/ MAT]IAL DIFF]5TIA ( :I* ! NATURAL & SOCIAL REALMS >E COMPOS$4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 :OL5ESS COMPRISES ! V>IEGAT$ /RUCTURES1 ! >TICULATIONS1 & ! M$IATIONS ?AT IMP>T TO ! :OLE A RI* V>IETY ( =MS & !REBY ADD UNIQUE QUALITATIVE PROP]TIES TO :AT A /RICTLY ANALYTIC M9D (T5 R$UCES TO 09NUM]ABLE0 & 0R&OM0 DETAILS4 

,T]MS LIKE :OL5ESS1 TOTALITY1 & EV5 COMMUNITY HAVE P]IL\S NUANCES = A G5]ATION ?AT HAS KN[N FASCISM & O!R TOTALIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES4 ,! WORDS EVOKE IMAGES ( A 0:OL5ESS0 A*IEV$ ?R\< HOMOG5IZATION1 /&>DIZATION1 & A REPRESSIVE COORD9ATION ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,!SE FE>S >E RE9=C$ BY A 0:OL5ESS0 ?AT SEEMS TO PROVIDE AN 9EXORABLE F9ALITY TO ! C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY -- ONE ?AT IMPLIES A SUPRAHUMAN1 N>R[LY TELEOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( SOCIAL LAW & D5IES ! ABILITY ( HUMAN WILL & 9DIVIDUAL *OICE TO %APE ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,SU* NOTIONS ( SOCIAL LAW & TELEOLOGY HAVE BE5 US$ TO A*IEVE A RU?LESS SUBJUGATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO SUPRAHUMAN =CES BEYOND HUMAN CONTROL4 ,\R C5TURY HAS BE5 AFFLICT$ BY A PLE?ORA ( TOTALIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES ?AT1 PLAC+ HUMAN BE+S 9 ! S]VICE ( HI/ORY1 HAVE D5I$ !M A PLACE 9 ! S]VICE ( !IR [N HUMANITY4 

,ACTUALLY1 SU* A TOTALIT>IAN CONCEPT ( 0:OL5ESS0 /&S %>PLY AT ODDS ) :AT ECOLOGI/S D5OTE BY ! T]M4 ,9 ADDITION TO COMPREH5D+ ITS HEI<T5$ AW>5ESS ( =M & /RUCTURE1 WE N[ COME TO A V]Y IMPORTANT T5ET ( ECOLOGY3 ECOLOGICAL :OL5ESS IS NOT AN IMMUTABLE HOMOG5EITY BUT RA!R ! V]Y OPPOSITE -- A DYNAMIC UNITY ( DIV]SITY4 ,9 NATURE1 BALANCE & H>MONY >E A*IEV$ BY EV]-*ANG+ DIFF]5TIATION1 BY EV]-EXP&+ DIV]SITY4 ,ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS A FUNCTION NOT ( SIMPLICITY & HOMOG5EITY BUT ( COMPLEXITY & V>IETY4 ,! CAPACITY ( AN ECOSY/EM TO RETA9 ITS 9TEGRITY DEP5DS NOT ON ! UNI=MITY ( ! 5VIRONM5T BUT ON ITS DIV]SITY4 

,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS T5ET CAN BE DRAWN FROM EXP]I5CES ) ECOLOGICAL /RATEGIES = CULTIVAT+ FOOD4 ,F>M]S HAVE REPEAT$LY MET ) DISA/R\S RESULTS BECAUSE ( ! CONV5TIONAL EMPHASIS ON S+LE-CROP APPROA*ES TO AGRICULTURE OR MONOCULTURE1 TO USE A WIDELY ACCEPT$ T]M = ?OSE 5DLESS :EAT & CORN FIELDS ?AT EXT5D TO ! HORIZON 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,)\T ! MIX$ CROPS ?AT NORMALLY PROVIDE BO? ! C\NT]VAIL+ =CES & MUTUALI/IC SUPPORT ?AT COME ) MIX$ POPULATIONS ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 ! 5TIRE AGRICULTURAL SITUATION 9 AN >EA HAS BE5 KN[N TO COLLAPSE4 ,B5IGN 9SECTS BECOME PE/S BECAUSE !IR NATURAL CONTROLS1 9CLUD+ BIRDS & SMALL MAMMALS1 HAVE BE5 REMOV$4 ,! SOIL1 LACK+ E>?WORMS1 NITROG5-FIX+ BACT]IA1 & GRE5 MANURE 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES1 IS R$UC$ TO M]E S& -- A M9]AL M$IUM = ABSORB+ 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( 9ORGANIC NITROG5 SALTS1 :I* W]E ORIG9ALLY SUPPLI$ MORE CYCLICALLY & TIM$ MORE APPROPRIATELY = CROP GR[? 9 ! ECOSY/EM4 ,9 RECKLESS DISREG>D = ! COMPLEXITY ( NATURE & = ! SUBTLE REQUIREM5TS ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE1 ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION IS CRUDELY SIMPLIFI$2 ITS NE$S MU/ N[ BE SATISFI$ BY HI<LY SOLUBLE SYN!TIC F]TILIZ]S ?AT P]COLATE 9TO DR9K+ WAT] & BY DANG]\S PE/ICIDES ?AT REMA9 AS RESIDUES 9 FOOD4 ,A HI< /&>D ( FOOD CULTIVATION ?AT WAS ONCE A*IEV$ BY DIV]SITY ( CROPS & ANIMALS1 ONE ?AT WAS FREE ( LA/+ TOXIC AG5TS & PROBABLY MORE HEAL?FUL NUTRITIONALLY1 IS N[ B>ELY APPROXIMAT$ BY S+LE CROPS :OSE MA9 SUPPORTS >E TOXIC *EMICALS & HI<LY SIMPLE NUTRI5TS4 

,IF WE ASSUME ?AT ! ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION HAS BE5 T[>D 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY1 ?AT ! COLONIZATION ( ! PLANET BY LIFE HAS BE5 POSSIBLE ONLY AS A RESULT ( BIOTIC V>IETY1 A PRUD5T RESCAL+ ( MAN'S HUBRIS %\LD CALL = CAUTION 9 DI/URB+ NATURAL PROCESSES4 ,?AT LIV+ ?+S1 EM]G+ AGES AGO FROM !IR PRIMAL AQUATIC HABITAT TO COLONIZE ! MO/ 9HOSPITABLE >EAS ( ! E>?1 HAVE CREAT$ ! RI* BIOSPH]E ?AT N[ COV]S IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE ( LIFE'S 9CR$IBLE MUTABILITY & ! 5ORM\S LEGACY ( LIFE-=MS 9H]IT$ FROM ITS LONG DEVELOPM5T4 ,MANY ( !SE LIFE-=MS1 EV5 ! MO/ PRIMAL & SIMPLE/1 HAVE NEV] DISAPPE>$ -- H[EV] MU* !Y HAVE BE5 MODIFI$ BY EVOLUTION4 ,! SIMPLE ALGAL =MS ?AT M>K$ ! BEG9N+S ( PLANT LIFE & ! SIMPLE 9V]TEBRATES ?AT M>K$ ! BEG9N+S ( ANIMAL LIFE /ILL EXI/ 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,!Y COMPRISE ! PRECONDITIONS = ! EXI/5CE ( MORE COMPLEX ORGANIC BE+S TO :I* !Y PROVIDE SU/5ANCE1 ! S\RCES ( DECOMPOSITION1 & EV5 ATMOSPH]IC OXYG5 & C>BON DIOXIDE4 ,AL?\< !Y MAY ANT$ATE ! 0HI<]0 PLANTS & MAMMALS BY OV] A BILLION YE>S1 !Y 9T]RELATE ) !IR MORE COMPLEX DESC5DANTS 9 (T5 UNRAVELABLE ECOSY/EMS4 

,TO ASSUME ?AT SCI5CE COMM&S ?IS VA/ NEXUS ( ORGANIC & 9ORGANIC 9T]RELATION%IPS 9 ALL ITS DETAILS IS WORSE ?AN >ROGANCE3 IT IS %E] /UPIDITY4 ,IF UNITY 9 DIV]SITY =MS ONE ( ! C>D9AL T5ETS ( ECOLOGY1 ! WEAL? ( BIOTA ?AT EXI/S 9 A S+LE ACRE ( SOIL LEADS US TO /ILL ANO!R BASIC ECOLOGICAL T5ET3 ! NE$ TO ALL[ = A HI< DEGREE ( NATURAL SPONTANEITY4 ,! COMPELL+ DICTUM1 0RESPECT = NATURE10 HAS CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( ?IS COMPLEX1 RI*LY TEXTUR$1 & P]PETUALLY *ANG+ NATURAL KALEIDOSCOPE ( LIFE=MS L5DS ITSELF TO A DEGREE ( 0MA/]Y0 ?AT ALL[S US FREE RE9 9 MANIPULAT+ ! BIOSPH]E IS %E] FOOLI%NESS4 

,?US1 A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( LEEWAY MU/ BE P]MITT$ = NATURAL SPONTANEITY -- = ! DIV]SE BIOLOGICAL =CES ?AT YIELD A V>IEGAT$ ECOLOGICAL SITUATION4 0,WORK+ ) NATURE0 REQUIRES ?AT WE FO/] ! BIOTIC V>IETY ?AT EM]GES FROM A SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( NATURAL PH5OM5A4 ,I H>DLY MEAN ?AT WE MU/ SURR5D] \RSELVES TO A MY?ICAL 0,NATURE0 ?AT IS BEYOND ALL HUMAN COMPREH5SION & 9T]V5TION1 A ,NATURE ?AT DEM&S HUMAN AWE & SUBS]VI5CE4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\S CONCLUSION WE CAN DRAW FROM !SE ECOLOGICAL T5ETS IS ,*>LES ,ELTON'S S5SITIVE OBS]VATION3 0,! WORLD'S FUTURE HAS TO BE MANAG$1 BUT ?IS MANAGEM5T W\LD NOT BE JU/ LIKE A GAME ( *ESS -- .<BUT.> MORE LIKE /E]+ A BOAT40 ,:AT ECOLOGY1 BO? NATURAL & SOCIAL1 CAN HOPE TO TEA* US IS ! WAY TO F9D ! CURR5T & UND]/& ! DIRECTION ( ! /REAM4 

,:AT ULTIMATELY DI/+UI%ES AN ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK AS UNIQUELY LIB]ATORY IS ! *ALL5GE IT RAISES TO CONV5TIONAL NOTIONS ( HI]>*Y4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS *ALL5GE IS IMPLICIT3 IT MU/ BE PA9/AK+LY ELICIT$ FROM ! DISCIPL9E ( ECOLOGY1 :I* IS P]MEAT$ BY CONV5TIONAL SCI5TI/IC BIASES4 ,ECOLOGI/S >E R>ELY AW>E ?AT !IR SCI5CE PROVIDES /RONG PHILOSOPHICAL UND]P9N+S = A NONHI]>*ICAL VIEW ( REALITY4 ,LIKE MANY NATURAL SCI5TI/S1 !Y RESI/ PHILOSOPHICAL G5]ALIZATIONS AS ALI5 TO !IR RESE>* & CONCLUSIONS -- A PREJUDICE ?AT IS ITSELF A PHILOSOPHY ROOT$ 9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN EMPIRICAL TRADITION4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y FOLL[ !IR COLLEAGUES 9 O!R DISCIPL9ES & MODEL !IR NOTIONS ( SCI5CE ON PHYSICS4 ,?IS PREJUDICE1 :I* GOES BACK TO ,GALILEO'S DAY1 HAS L$ TO A WIDESPREAD ACCEPTANCE ( SY/EMS !ORY 9 ECOLOGICAL CIRCLES4 ,:ILE SY/EMS !ORY HAS ITS PLACE 9 ! REP]TOIRE ( SCI5CE1 IT CAN EASILY BECOME AN ALL-5COMPASS+1 QUANTITATIVE1 R$UCTIONI/ !ORY ( 5]GETICS IF IT ACQUIRES PREEM95CE OV] QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIONS ( ECOSY/EMS1 ?AT IS1 DESCRIPTIONS ROOT$ 9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 V>IETY1 & HOLISM4 ,:ATEV] ! M]ITS ( SY/EMS !ORY AS AN ACC\NT ( 5]GY FL[ ?R\< AN ECOSY/EM1 ! PRIMACY IT GIVES TO ?IS QUANTITATIVE ASPECT ( ECOSY/EM ANALYSIS FAILS TO RECOGNIZE LIFE-=MS AS MORE ?AN CONSUM]S & PRODUC]S ( CALORIES4 

,HAV+ PRES5T$ !SE CAVEATS1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE ?AT ECOSY/EMS CANNOT BE MEAN+FULLY DESCRIB$ 9 HI]>*ICAL T]MS4 ,:E!R PLANT-ANIMAL COMMUNITIES ACTUALLY CONTA9 0DOM9ANT0 & 0SUBMISSIVE0 9DIVIDUALS )9 A SPECIES CAN BE >GU$ AT GREAT L5G?4 ,BUT TO RANK SPECIES )9 AN ECOSY/EM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BETWE5 SPECIES1 IS AN?ROPOMORPHISM AT ITS CRUDE/4 ,AS ,ALLISON ,JOLLY HAS OBS]V$3 

,! NOTION ( ANIMAL HI]>*IES HAS A *ECK]$ HI/ORY4 ,S*JELD]UP-,EBBE1 :O DISCOV]$ ! PECK+-ORD] ( H5S1 5L>G$ HIS F9D+S TO A ,TEUTONIC !ORY ( DESPOTISM 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 WAT] ]OD+ A /ONE WAS 0DOM9ANT0 4 4 4 ,S*JELD]UP-,EBBE CALL$ ANIMALS' RANK+ 0DOM9ANCE10 & MANY .<RESE>*.> WORK]S1 ) AN 0AHA10 RECOGNIZ$ DOM9ANCE HI]>*IES 9 MANY V]TEBRATE GR\PS4 

,IF WE RECOGNIZE ?AT EV]Y ECOSY/EM CAN ALSO BE VIEW$ AS A FOOD WEB1 WE CAN ?9K ( IT AS A CIRCUL>1 9T]LAC+ NEXUS ( PLANT-ANIMAL RELATION%IPS 7RA!R ?AN A /RATIFI$ PYRAMID ) MAN AT ! APEX7 ?AT 9CLUDES SU* WIDELY V>Y+ CREATURES AS MICROORGANISMS & L>GE MAMMALS4 ,:AT ORD9>ILY PUZZLES ANYONE :O SEES FOOD-WEB DIAGRAMS = ! FIR/ TIME IS ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( DISC]N+ A PO9T ( 5TRY 9TO ! NEXUS4 ,! WEB CAN BE 5T]$ AT ANY PO9T & LEADS BACK TO ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE )\T ANY APP>5T EXIT4 ,ASIDE FROM ! 5]GY PROVID$ BY SUNLI<T 7& DISSIPAT$ BY RADIATION71 ! SY/EM TO ALL APPE>ANCES IS CLOS$4 ,EA* SPECIES1 BE IT A =M ( BACT]IA OR DE]1 IS KNITT$ TOGE!R 9 A NETWORK ( 9T]DEP5D5CE1 H[EV] 9DIRECT ! L9KS MAY BE4 ,A PR$ATOR 9 ! WEB IS ALSO PREY1 EV5 IF ! 0L[LIE/0 ( ORGANISMS M]ELY MAKES IT ILL OR HELPS TO CONSUME IT AFT] DEA?4 

,NOR IS PR$ATION ! SOLE L9K ?AT UNITES ONE SPECIES ) ANO!R4 ,A RESPL5D5T LIT]ATURE N[ EXI/S ?AT REVEALS ! 5ORM\S EXT5T TO :I* SYMBIOTIC MUTUALISM IS A MAJOR FACTOR 9 FO/]+ ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY & ORGANIC EVOLUTION4 ,?AT PLANTS & ANIMALS CONT9UALLY ADAPT TO UNWITT+LY AID EA* O!R 7BE IT BY AN EX*ANGE ( BIO*EMICAL FUNCTIONS ?AT >E MUTUALLY B5EFICIAL OR EV5 DRAMATIC 9/ANCES ( PHYSICAL ASSI/ANCE & SUCCOR7 HAS OP5$ AN 5TIRELY NEW P]SPECTIVE ON ! NATURE ( ECOSY/EM /ABILITY & DEVELOPM5T4 

,! MORE COMPLEX ! FOOD-WEB1 ! LESS UN/ABLE IT WILL BE IF ONE OR SEV]AL SPECIES >E REMOV$4 ,H5CE1 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE MU/ BE GIV5 TO 9T]SPECIFIC DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY )9 ! SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,/RIK+ BREAKD[NS WILL OCCUR 9 SIMPLE ECOSY/EMS1 SU* AS >CTIC & DES]T ONES1 SAY1 IF WOLVES ?AT CONTROL =AG+ ANIMAL POPULATIONS >E EXT]M9AT$ OR IF A SIZABLE NUMB] ( REPTILES ?AT CONTROL ROD5T POPULATIONS 9 >ID ECOSY/EMS >E REMOV$4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! GREAT V>IETY ( BIOTA ?AT POPULATE TEMP]ATE & TROPICAL ECOSY/EMS CAN AF=D LOSSES ( C>NIVORES OR H]BIVORES )\T SUFF]+ MAJOR DISLOCATIONS4 

,:Y DO T]MS BORR[$ FROM HUMAN SOCIAL HI]>*IES ACQUIRE SU* REM>KABLE WEI<T :5 PLANT-ANIMAL RELATIONS >E DESCRIB$8 ,DO ECOSY/EMS REALLY HAVE A 0K+ ( ! BEA/S0 & 0L[LY S]FS08 ,DO C]TA9 9SECTS 05?RALL$0 O!RS8 ,DOES ONE SPECIES 0EXPLOIT0 ANO!R8 

,! PROMISCU\S USE ( !SE T]MS 9 ECOLOGY RAISES MANY F>-REA*+ ISSUES4 ,?AT ! T]MS >E LAD5 ) SOCIALLY *>G$ VALUES IS ALMO/ TOO OBVI\S TO W>RANT EXT5SIVE DISCUSSION4 ,MANY 9DIVIDUALS EXHIBIT A PA!TIC GULLIBILITY 9 ! WAY !Y DEAL ) NATURE AS A DIM5SION ( SOCIETY4 ,A SN>L+ ANIMAL IS NEI!R 0VICI\S0 NOR 0SAVAGE10 NOR DOES IT 0MISBEHAVE0 OR 0E>N0 PUNI%M5T BECAUSE IT REACTS APPROPRIATELY TO C]TA9 /IMULI4 ,BY MAK+ SU* AN?ROPOMORPHIC JUDGM5TS AB\T NATURAL PH5OM5A1 WE D5Y ! 9TEGRITY ( NATURE4 ,EV5 MORE S9I/] IS ! WIDESPREAD USE ( HI]>*ICAL T]MS TO PROVIDE NATURAL PH5OM5A ) 09TELLIGIBILITY0 OR 0ORD]40 ,:AT ?IS PROC$URE DOES ACCOMPLI% IS RE9=CE HUMAN SOCIAL HI]>*IES BY JU/IFY+ ! COMM& ( M5 & WOM5 AS 9NATE FEATURES ( ! 0NATURAL ORD]40 ,HUMAN DOM9ATION IS !REBY TRANSCRIB$ 9TO ! G5ETIC CODE AS BIOLOGICALLY IMMUTABLE -- TOGE!R ) ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! Y\NG BY ! OLD1 WOM5 BY M51 & MAN BY MAN4 

,! V]Y PROMISCUITY ) :I* HI]>*ICAL T]MS >E US$ TO ORGANIZE ALL DIFF]5TIA 9 NATURE IS 9CONSI/5T4 ,A 0QUE50 BEE DOES NOT KN[ %E IS A QUE54 ,! PRIM>Y ACTIVITY ( A BEEHIVE IS REPRODUCTIVE1 & ITS 0DIVISION ( LABOR10 TO USE A GROSSLY ABUS$ PHRASE1 LACKS ANY MEAN+ 9 A L>GE SEXUAL ORGAN ?AT P]=MS NO AU!NTIC ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! HIVE IS TO CREATE MORE BEES4 ,! HONEY ?AT ANIMALS & PEOPLE ACQUIRE FROM IT IS A NATURAL L>GESSE2 )9 ! ECOSY/EM1 BEES >E ADAPT$ MORE TO MEET+ PLANT REPRODUCTIVE NE$S BY SPREAD+ POLL5 ?AN TO MEET+ IMPORTANT ANIMAL NE$S4 ,! ANALOGY BETWE5 A BEEHIVE & A SOCIETY1 AN ANALOGY SOCIAL !ORI/S HAVE (T5 F\ND TOO IRRESI/IBLE TO AVOID1 IS A /RIK+ COMM5T>Y ON ! EXT5T TO :I* \R VISIONS ( NATURE >E %AP$ BY SELF-S]V+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S4 

,TO DEAL ) SO-CALL$ 9SECT HI]>*IES ! WAY WE DEAL ) SO-CALL$ ANIMAL HI]>*IES1 OR WORSE1 TO GROSSLY IGNORE ! V]Y DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS ANIMAL COMMUNITIES P]=M1 IS ANALOGIC REASON+ C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( ! PREPO/]\S4 ,PRIMATES RELATE TO EA* O!R 9 WAYS ?AT SEEM TO 9VOLVE 0DOM9ANCE0 & 0SUBMISSION0 = WIDELY DISP>ATE REASONS4 ,YET1 T]M9OLOGICALLY & CONCEPTUALLY1 !Y >E PLAC$ UND] ! SAME 0HI]>*ICAL0 RUBRIC AS 9SECT 0SOCIETIES0 -- DESPITE ! DIFF]5T =MS !Y ASSUME & !IR PREC>I\S /ABILITY4 ,BABOONS ON ! ,AFRICAN SAVANNAS HAVE BE5 S+L$ \T AS ! MO/ RIGID HI]>*ICAL TROOPS 9 ! PRIMATE WORLD1 BUT ?IS RIGIDITY EVAPORATES ONCE WE EXAM9E !IR 0RANK+ ORD]0 9 A =E/ HABITAT4 ,EV5 ON ! SAVANNAS1 IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R 0ALPHA0 MALES 0RULE10 0CONTROL10 OR 0COORD9ATE0 RELATION%IPS )9 ! TROOP4 ,>GUM5TS CAN BE PRES5T$ = *OOS+ ANY ONE ( !SE WORDS1 EA* ( :I* HAS A CLE>LY DIFF]5T MEAN+ :5 IT IS US$ 9 A HUMAN SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,SEEM+LY 0PATRI>*AL0 PRIMATE 0H>EMS0 CAN BE AS LOOSE SEXUALLY AS BRO!LS1 DEP5D+ ON :E!R A FEMALE IS 9 E/RUS1 *ANGES HAVE OCCURR$ 9 ! HABITAT1 OR ! 0PATRI>*0 IS SIMPLY DIFFID5T AB\T ! :OLE SITUATION4 

,BABOONS1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 >E MONKEYS1 DESPITE ! PRESUM$ SIMIL>ITY ( !IR ,SAVANNAH HABITAT TO ?AT ( E>LY HOM9IDS4 ,!Y BRAN*$ (F FROM ! HOM9OID EVOLUTION>Y TREE MORE ?AN #b MILLION YE>S AGO4 ,\R CLOSE/ EVOLUTION>Y C\S9S1 ! GREAT APES1 T5D TO DEMOLI% !SE PREJUDICES AB\T HI]>*Y COMPLETELY4 ,( ! F\R GREAT APES1 GIBBONS HAVE NO APP>5T 0RANK+0 SY/EM AT ALL4 ,*IMPANZEES1 REG>D$ BY MANY PRIMATOLOGI/S AS ! MO/ HUMAN-LIKE ( ALL APES1 =M SU* FLUID K9DS ( 0/RATIFICATION0 & 7DEP5D+ UPON ! ECOLOGY ( AN >EA1 :I* MAY BE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT$ BY RESE>* WORK]S7 E/ABLI% SU* UN/ABLE TYPES ( ASSOCIATION ?AT ! WORD HI]>*Y BECOMES AN OB/ACLE TO UND]/&+ !IR BEHAVIORAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,ORANGUTANS SEEM TO HAVE LITTLE ( :AT C\LD BE CALL$ DOM9ANCE & SUBMISSION RELATIONS4 ,! M\NTA9 GORILLA1 DESPITE ITS =MIDABLE REPUTATION1 EXHIBITS V]Y LITTLE 0/RATIFICATION0 EXCEPT = PR$ATOR *ALL5GES & 9T]NAL AGGRESSION4 

,ALL !SE EXAMPLES HELP TO JU/IFY ,ELISE ,B\LD+'S COMPLA9T ?AT ! 0PRIMATE BEHAVIOR MODEL0 FAVOR$ BY OV]LY HI]>*ICAL & PATRI>*AL WRIT]S ON ANIMAL-HUMAN P>ALLELS 0IS BAS$ MORE ON ! BABOON1 NOT ! GIBBON40 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! BABOON1 OBS]VES ,B\LD+1 ! GIBBON IS CLOS] TO US PHYSICALLY &1 ONE MI<T ADD1 ON ! PRIMATE EVOLUTION>Y SCALE4 0,\R *OICE ( A PRIMATE ROLE MODEL IS CLE>LY CULTURALLY DET]M9$10 %E CONCLUDES3 

,:O WANTS TO BE LIKE ! UNAGGRESSIVE1 VEGET>IAN1 FOOD-%>+ GIBBONS1 :]E FA!R IS AS MU* 9VOLV$ 9 *ILD-RE>+ AS MO!R IS1 & :]E EV]YONE LIVES 9 SMALL FAMILY GR\PS1 ) LITTLE AGGREGATION BEYOND ?AT8 ,MU* BETT] TO MAT* ! BABOONS1 :O LIVE 9 L>GE1 TI<TLY-KNIT GR\PS C>EFULLY CLOS$ AGA9/ \TSID] BABOONS1 :]E EV]YONE KN[S :O IS 9 *>GE1 & :]E MO!R LOOKS AFT] ! BABIES :ILE FA!R IS \T HUNT+ & FI%+4 

,9 FACT1 ,B\LD+ CONC$ES TOO MU* AB\T ! ,SAVANNAH-DWELL+ PRIMATES4 ,EV5 IF ! T]M DOM9ANCE W]E /RET*$ TO 9CLUDE 0QUE50 BEES & 0ALPHA0 BABOONS1 SPECIFIC ACTS ( CO]CION BY 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ DOM9ATION4 ,ACTS DO NOT CON/ITUTE 9/ITUTIONS2 EPISODES DO NOT MAKE A HI/ORY4 ,& HI<LY /RUCTUR$ 9SECT BEHAVIORAL PATT]NS1 ROOT$ 9 9/9CTUAL DRIVES1 >E TOO 9FLEXIBLE TO BE REG>D$ AS SOCIAL4 ,UNLESS HI]>*Y IS TO BE US$ 9 ,S*JELD]UP-,EBBE'S COSMIC S5SE1 DOM9ANCE & SUBMISSION MU/ BE VIEW$ AS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELATION%IPS1 RELATION%IPS ?AT LIV+ ?+S LIT]ALLY 9/ITUTE OR CREATE BUT :I* >E NEI!R RU?LESSLY FIX$ BY 9/9CT ON ! ONE H& NOR IDIOSYNCRATIC ON ! O!R4 ,BY ?IS1 ,I MEAN ?AT !Y MU/ COMPRISE A CLE>LY SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( CO]CIVE & PRIVILEG$ RANKS ?AT EXI/ AP>T FROM ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 9DIVIDUALS :O SEEM TO BE DOM9ANT )9 A GIV5 COMMUNITY1 A HI]>*Y ?AT IS GUID$ BY A SOCIAL LOGIC ?AT GOES BEYOND 9DIVIDUAL 9T]ACTIONS OR 9BORN PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR4.<#e.> 

,SU* TRAITS >E EVID5T 5\< 9 HUMAN SOCIETY :5 WE SPEAK ( 0SELF-P]PETUAT+0 BUREAUCRACIES & EXPLORE !M )\T CONSID]+ ! 9DIVIDUAL BUREAUCRATS :O COMPOSE !M4 ,YET1 :5 WE TURN TO NONHUMAN PRIMATES1 :AT PEOPLE COMMONLY RECOGNIZE AS HI]>*Y1 /ATUS1 & DOM9ATION >E PRECISELY ! IDIOSYNCRATIC BEHAVIORISMS ( 9DIVIDUAL ANIMALS4 ,MIKE1 ,JANE VAN ,LAWICK-,GOODALL'S 0ALPHA0 *IMPANZEE1 ACQUIR$ HIS 0/ATUS0 BY RAMBUNCTI\SLY *>G+ UPON A GR\P ( MALES :ILE NOISILY HITT+ TWO EMPTY K]OS5E CANS4 ,AT :I* PO9T 9 H] N>RATIVE1 VAN ,LAWICK-,GOODALL WOND]S1 W\LD ,MIKE HAVE BECOME AN 0ALPHA0 MALE )\T ! K]OS5E CANS8 ,%E REPLIES ?AT ! ANIMAL'S USE ( 0MANMADE OBJECTS IS PROBABLY AN 9DICATION ( SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE40 ,:E!R SU* %AD[Y DI/9CTIONS 9 9TELLIG5CE RA!R ?AN AGGRESSIV5ESS1 WILLFULNESS1 OR >ROGANCE PRODUCE AN 0ALPHA0 MALE OR NOT IS EVID5CE MORE ( ! SUBTLE PROJECTION ( HI/ORICALLY CONDITION$ HUMAN VALUES ON A PRIMATE GR\P ?AN ! SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY ?AT E?OLOGY LIKES TO CLAIM = ITSELF4 

,! SEEM+LY HI]>*ICAL TRAITS ( MANY ANIMALS >E MORE LIKE V>IATIONS 9 ! L9KS ( A *A9 ?AN ORGANIZ$ /RATIFICATIONS ( ! K9D WE F9D 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,EV5 ! SO-CALL$ CLASS SOCIETIES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,9DIANS1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 >E *A9-LIKE L9KS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS RA!R ?AN ! CLASS-LIKE L9KS BETWE5 /RATA ?AT E>LY ,EURO-,AM]ICAN 9VAD]S SO NAIVELY PROJECT$ ON ,9DIANS FROM !IR [N SOCIAL WORLD4 ,IF ACTS DO NOT CON/ITUTE 9/ITUTIONS & EPISODES DO NOT CON/ITUTE HI/ORY1 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIORAL TRAITS DO NOT =M /RATA OR CLASSES4 ,SOCIAL /RATA >E MADE ( /]N] /UFF4 ,!Y HAVE A LIFE ( !IR [N AP>T FROM ! P]SONALITIES :O GIVE !M SUB/ANCE4 

,H[ IS ECOLOGY TO AVOID ! ANALOGIC REASON+ ?AT HAS MADE SO MU* ( E?OLOGY & SOCIOBIOLOGY SEEM LIKE SPECI\S PROJECTIONS ( HUMAN SOCIETY 9TO NATURE8 ,>E !RE ANY T]MS ?AT PROVIDE A COMMON MEAN+ TO UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 NATURAL SPONTANEITY1 & NONHI]>*ICAL RELATIONS 9 NATURE & SOCIETY8 ,9 VIEW ( ! MANY T5ETS ?AT APPE> 9 NATURAL ECOLOGY1 :Y /OP ) !SE ALONE8 ,:Y NOT 9TRODUCE O!R1 P]HAPS LESS SAVORY1 ECOLOGICAL NOTIONS LIKE PR$ATION & AGGRESSION 9TO SOCIETY8 

,9 FACT1 NE>LY ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS BECAME MAJOR ISSUES 9 SOCIAL !ORY 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY :5 ! SO-CALL$ ,*ICAGO ,S*OOL ( URBAN SOCIOLOGY ZEAL\SLY TRI$ TO APPLY ALMO/ EV]Y KN[N CONCEPT ( NATURAL ECOLOGY TO ! DEVELOPM5T & 0PHYSIOLOGY0 ( ! CITY4 ,ROB]T ,P>K1 ,]NE/ ,BURGESS1 & ,ROD]ICK ,MC,K5ZIE1 5AMOR$ ( ! NEW SCI5CE1 ACTUALLY IMPOS$ A /R+5TLY BIOLOGICAL MODEL ON !IR /UDIES ( ,*ICAGO ) A =CEFULNESS & 9SPIRATION ?AT DOM9AT$ ,AM]ICAN URBAN SOCIOLOGY = TWO G5]ATIONS4 ,!IR T5ETS 9CLUD$ ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION1 SPATIAL DI/RIBUTION1 ZONAL DI/RIBUTION1 ANABOLIC-CATABOLIC BALANCES1 & EV5 COMPETITION & NATURAL SELECTION ?AT C\LD EASILY HAVE PU%$ ! S*OOL T[>D AN 9SIDI\S =M ( SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! LIB]AL BIASES ( ITS F\ND]S4 

,DESPITE ITS ADMIRABLE EMPIRICAL RESULTS1 ! S*OOL WAS TO F\ND] ON ITS METAPHORIC R$UCTIONISM4 ,APPLI$ 9DISCRIM9ATELY1 ! CATEGORIES CEAS$ TO BE MEAN+FUL4 ,:5 ,P>K COMP>$ ! EM]G5CE ( C]TA9 SPECIALIZ$ MUNICIPAL UTILITIES TO 0SUCCESSIONAL DOM9ANCE0 BY 0O!R PLANT SPECIES0 ?AT CLIMAXES 9 A 0BEE* OR P9E =E/10 ! ANALOGY WAS PAT5TLY =C$ & ABSURDLY CONTORT$4 ,HIS COMP>ISON ( E?NIC1 CULTURAL1 OCCUPATIONAL1 & ECONOMIC GR\PS TO 0PLANT 9VASIONS0 REVEAL$ A LACK ( !ORETICAL DISCRIM9ATION ?AT R$UC$ HUMAN SOCIAL FEATURES TO PLANT ECOLOGICAL FEATURES4 ,:AT ,P>K & HIS ASSOCIATES LACK$ WAS ! PHILOSOPHICAL EQUIPM5T = S+L+ \T ! PHASES ?AT BO? UNITE & SEP>ATE NATURAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A 9 A DEVELOPM5TAL CONT9UUM4 ,?US1 M]ELY SUP]FICIAL SIMIL>ITY BECAME \TRI<T ID5TITY -- ) ! UN=TUNATE RESULT ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY WAS REPEAT$LY R$UC$ TO NATURAL ECOLOGY4 ,! RI*LY M$IAT$ EVOLUTION ( ! NATURAL 9TO ! SOCIAL ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 US$ TO YIELD A MEAN+FUL SELECTION ( ECOLOGICAL CATEGORIES WAS NOT P>T ( ! S*OOL'S !ORETICAL EQUIPM5T4 

,:5EV] WE IGNORE ! WAY HUMAN SOCIAL RELATION%IPS TRANSC5D PLANT-ANIMAL RELATION%IPS1 \R VIEWS T5D TO BIFURCATE 9 TWO ]RONE\S DIRECTIONS4 ,EI!R WE SUCCUMB TO A HEAVY-H&$ DUALISM ?AT H>%LY SEP>ATES ! NATURAL FROM ! SOCIAL1 OR WE FALL 9TO A CRUDE R$UCTIONISM ?AT DISSOLVES ! ONE 9TO ! O!R4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 WE REALLY CEASE TO ?9K \T ! ISSUES 9VOLV$4 ,WE M]ELY GRASP = ! LEA/ UNCOM=TABLE 0SOLUTION0 TO A HI<LY COMPLEX PROBLEM1 NAMELY1 ! NE$ TO ANALYZE ! PHASES ?R\< :I* 0MUTE0 BIOLOGICAL NATURE 9CREAS+LY BECOMES CONSCI\S HUMAN NATURE4 

,:AT MAKES UNITY 9 DIV]SITY 9 NATURE MORE ?AN A SUGGE/IVE ECOLOGICAL METAPHOR = UNITY 9 DIV]SITY 9 SOCIETY IS ! UND]LY+ PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT ( :OL5ESS4 ,BY :OL5ESS1 ,I MEAN V>Y+ LEVELS ( ACTUALIZATION1 AN UNFOLD+ ( ! WEAL? ( P>TICUL>ITIES1 ?AT >E LAT5T 9 AN AS-YET-UNDEVELOP$ POT5TIALITY4 ,?IS POT5TIALITY MAY BE A NEWLY PLANT$ SE$1 A NEWLY BORN 9FANT1 A NEWLY BORN COMMUNITY1 OR A NEWLY BORN SOCIETY4 ,:5 ,HEGEL DESCRIBES 9 A FAM\S PASSAGE ! 0UNFOLD+0 ( HUMAN KN[L$GE 9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS1 ! FIT IS ALMO/ EXACT3 

,! BUD DISAPPE>S 9 ! BUR/+-=? ( ! BLOSSOM1 & ONE MI<T SAY ?AT ! =M] IS REFUT$ BY ! LATT]2 SIMIL>LY1 :5 ! FRUIT APPE>S1 ! BLOSSOM IS %[N UP 9 ITS TURN AS A FALSE MANIFE/ATION ( ! PLANT1 & ! FRUIT N[ EM]GES AS ! TRU? ( IT 9/EAD4 ,!SE =MS >E NOT JU/ DI/+UI%$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 !Y ALSO SUPPLANT ONE ANO!R AS MUTUALLY 9COMPATIBLE4 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME !IR FLUID NATURE MAKES !M MOM5TS ( AN ORGANIC UNITY 9 :I* !Y NOT ONLY DO NOT CONFLICT1 BUT 9 :I* EA* IS AS NECESS>Y AS ! O!R2 & ?IS MUTUAL NECESSITY ALONE CON/ITUTES ! LIFE ( ! :OLE4 

,I HAVE TURN$ TO ?IS REM>KABLE PASSAGE BECAUSE ,HEGEL DOES NOT MEAN IT TO BE M]ELY METAPHORIC4 ,HIS BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE & HIS SOCIAL SUBJECT MATT] CONV]GE 9 WAYS ?AT TRANSC5D BO?1 NOTABLY1 AS SIMIL> ASPECTS ( A L>G] PROCESS4 ,LIFE ITSELF1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! NONLIV+1 EM]GES FROM ! 9ORGANIC LAT5T ) ALL ! P>TICUL>ITIES IT HAS IMMAN5TLY PRODUC$ FROM ! LOGIC ( ITS MO/ NASC5T =MS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,SO DO SOCIETY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM BIOLOGY1 HUMANITY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ANIMALITY1 & 9DIVIDUALITY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM HUMANITY4 ,IT IS NO SPITEFUL MANIPULATION ( ,HEGEL'S FAM\S MAXIM1 0,! ,TRUE IS ! :OLE10 TO DECL>E ?AT ! 0:OLE IS ! ,TRUE40 ,ONE CAN TAKE ?IS REV]SAL ( T]MS TO MEAN ?AT ! TRUE LIES 9 ! SELF-CONSUMMATION ( A PROCESS ?R\< ITS DEVELOPM5T1 9 ! FL[]+ ( ITS LAT5T P>TICUL>ITIES 9TO !IR FULLNESS OR :OL5ESS1 JU/ AS ! POT5TIALITIES ( A *ILD A*IEVE EXPRESSION 9 ! WEAL? ( EXP]I5CES & ! PHYSICAL GR[? ?AT 5T] 9TO ADUL?OOD4 

,WE MU/ NOT GET CAU<T UP 9 DIRECT COMP>ISONS BETWE5 PLANTS1 ANIMALS1 & HUMAN BE+S OR BETWE5 PLANT-ANIMAL ECOSY/EMS & HUMAN COMMUNITIES4 ,NONE ( !SE IS COMPLETELY CONGRU5T ) ANO!R4 ,WE W\LD BE REGRESS+ 9 \R VIEWS TO ?OSE ( ,P>K1 ,BURGESS1 & ,MAC,K5ZIE1 NOT TO M5TION \R CURR5T B\QUET ( SOCIOBIOLOGI/S1 W]E WE LAX 5\< TO MAKE ?IS EQUATION4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ! P>TICUL>S ( DIFF]5TIATION ?AT PLANT-ANIMAL COMMUNITIES >E ECOLOGICALLY UNIT$ ) HUMAN COMMUNITIES BUT RA!R 9 !IR LOGIC ( DIFF]5TIATION4 ,:OL5ESS1 9 FACT1 IS COMPLET5ESS4 ,! DYNAMIC /ABILITY ( ! :OLE D]IVES FROM A VISIBLE LEVEL ( COMPLET5ESS 9 HUMAN COMMUNITIES AS 9 CLIMAX ECOSY/EMS4 ,:AT UNITES !SE MODES ( :OL5ESS & COMPLET5ESS1 H[EV] DIFF]5T !Y >E 9 !IR SPECIFICITY & !IR QUALITATIVE DI/9CTNESS1 IS ! LOGIC ( DEVELOPM5T ITSELF4 ,A CLIMAX =E/ IS :OLE & COMPLETE AS A RESULT ( ! SAME UNIFY+ PROCESS -- ! SAME DIALECTIC -- ?AT A P>TICUL> SOCIAL =M IS :OLE & COMPLETE4 

,:5 :OL5ESS & COMPLET5ESS >E VIEW$ AS ! RESULT ( AN IMMAN5T DIALECTIC )9 PH5OM5A1 WE DO NO MORE VIOL5CE TO ! UNIQU5ESS ( !SE PH5OM5A ?AN ! PR9CIPLE ( GRAVITY DOES VIOL5CE TO ! UNIQU5ESS ( OBJECTS ?AT FALL )9 ITS 0LAWFULNESS40 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! IDEAL ( HUMAN R\ND$NESS1 A PRODUCT ( ! R\ND$ COMMUNITY1 IS ! LEGITIMATE HEIR TO ! IDEAL ( A /ABILIZ$ NATURE1 A PRODUCT ( ! R\ND$ NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,M>X TRI$ TO ROOT HUMANITY'S ID5TITY & SELF-DISCOV]Y 9 ITS PRODUCTIVE 9T]ACTION ) NATURE4 ,BUT ,I MU/ ADD ?AT NOT ONLY DOES HUMANITY PLACE ITS IMPR9T ON ! NATURAL WORLD & TRANS=M IT1 BUT ALSO NATURE PLACES ITS IMPR9T ON ! HUMAN WORLD & TRANS=MS IT4 ,TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( HI]>*Y AGA9/ ITSELF3 IT IS NOT ONLY WE :O 0TAME0 NATURE BUT ALSO NATURE ?AT 0TAMES0 US4 

,!SE TURNS ( PHRASE %\LD BE TAK5 AS MORE ?AN METAPHORS4 ,LE/ IT SEEM ?AT ,I HAVE R>EFI$ ! CONCEPT ( :OL5ESS 9TO AN AB/RACT DIALECTICAL PR9CIPLE1 LET ME NOTE ?AT NATURAL ECOSY/EMS & HUMAN COMMUNITIES 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R 9 V]Y EXI/5TIAL WAYS4 ,\R ANIMAL NATURE IS NEV] SO DI/ANT FROM \R SOCIAL NATURE ?AT WE CAN REMOVE \RSELVES FROM ! ORGANIC WORLD \TSIDE US & ! ONE )9 US4 ,FROM \R EMBRYONIC DEVELOPM5T TO \R LAY]$ BRA91 WE P>TLY RECAPITULATE \R [N NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,WE >E NOT SO REMOTE FROM \R PRIMATE ANCE/RY ?AT WE CAN IGNORE ITS PHYSICAL LEGACY 9 \R /]EOSCOPIC VISION1 ACUITY ( 9TELLIG5CE1 & GRASP+ F+]S4 ,WE PHASE 9TO SOCIETY AS 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT SOCIETY1 PHAS+ \T ( NATURE1 COMES 9TO ITSELF4 

,!SE CONT9UITIES1 TO BE SURE1 >E OBVI\S 5\<4 ,:AT IS (T5 LESS OBVI\S IS ! EXT5T TO :I* NATURE ITSELF IS A REALM ( POT5TIALITY = ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIAL DIFF]5TIA4 ,NATURE IS AS MU* A PRECONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY -- NOT M]ELY ITS EM]G5CE -- AS TE*NICS1 LABOR1 LANGUAGE1 & M9D4 ,& IT IS A PRECONDITION NOT M]ELY 9 ,WILLIAM ,PETTY'S S5SE -- ?AT IF LABOR IS ! 0,FA!R0 ( WEAL?1 NATURE IS ITS 0,MO!R40 ,?IS =MULA1 SO DE> TO ,M>X1 ACTUALLY SLI<TS NATURE BY IMP>T+ TO IT ! PATRI>*AL NOTION ( FEM99E 0PASSIVITY40 ,! AFF9ITIES BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY >E MORE ACTIVE ?AN WE C>E TO ADMIT4 ,V]Y SPECIFIC =MS ( NATURE -- V]Y SPECIFIC ECOSY/EMS -- CON/ITUTE ! GR\ND = V]Y SPECIFIC =MS ( SOCIETY4 ,AT ! RISK ( US+ A HI<LY EMBATTL$ PHRASE1 ,I MI<T SAY ?AT A 0HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM0 ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T C\LD BE WRITT5 ?AT W\LD TRANS=M 0PASSIVE NATURE0 -- ! 0OBJECT0 ( HUMAN LABOR -- 9TO 0ACTIVE NATURE10 ! CREATOR ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,LABOR'S 0METABOLISM0 ) NATURE CUTS BO? WAYS1 SO ?AT NATURE 9T]ACTS ) HUMANITY TO YIELD ! ACTUALIZATION ( !IR COMMON POT5TIALITIES 9 ! NATURAL & SOCIAL WORLDS4 

,AN 9T]ACTION ( ?IS K9D1 9 :I* T]MS LIKE 0,FA!R0 & 0,MO!R0 /RIKE A FALSE NOTE1 CAN BE /AT$ V]Y CONCRETELY4 ,! REC5T EMPHASIS ON BIOREGIONS AS FRAMEWORKS = V>I\S HUMAN COMMUNITIES PROVIDES A /RONG CASE = ! NE$ TO READAPT TE*NICS & WORK /YLES TO ACCORD ) ! REQUIREM5TS & POSSIBILITIES ( P>TICUL> ECOLOGICAL >EAS4 ,BIOREGIONAL REQUIREM5TS & POSSIBILITIES PLACE A HEAVY BURD5 ON HUMANITY'S CLAIMS ( SOV]EIGNTY OV] NATURE & AUTONOMY FROM ITS NE$S4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT 0M5 MAKE HI/ORY0 BUT NOT UND] CONDITIONS ( !IR [N *OOS+ 7,M>X71 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT HI/ORY MAKES SOCIETY BUT NOT UND] CONDITIONS ( ITS [N *OOS+4 ,! HIDD5 DIM5SION ?AT LURKS 9 ?IS WORD PLAY ) ,M>X'S FAM\S =MULA IS ! NATURAL HI/ORY ?AT 5T]S 9TO ! MAK+ ( SOCIAL HI/ORY -- BUT AS ACTIVE1 CONCRETE1 EXI/5TIAL NATURE ?AT EM]GES FROM /AGE TO /AGE ( ITS [N EV]MORE COMPLEX DEVELOPM5T 9 ! =M ( EQUALLY COMPLEX & DYNAMIC ECOSY/EMS4 ,\R ECOSY/EMS1 9 TURN1 >E 9T]L9K$ 9 HI<LY DYNAMIC & COMPLEX BIOREGIONS4 ,H[ CONCRETE ! HIDD5 DIM5SION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS -- & H[ MU* HUMANITY'S CLAIMS TO SOV]EIGNTY MU/ DEF] TO IT -- HAS ONLY REC5TLY BECOME EVID5T FROM \R NE$ TO DESIGN AN ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY ?AT IS AS ADAPTIVE TO A BIOREGION AS IT IS PRODUCTIVE TO SOCIETY4 ,H5CE1 \R CONCEPT ( :OL5ESS IS NOT A F9I%$ TAPE/RY ( NATURAL & SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT WE CAN EXHIBIT TO ! HUNGRY EYES ( SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,IT IS A FECUND NATURAL HI/ORY1 EV] ACTIVE & EV] *ANG+ -- ! WAY *ILDHOOD PRESSES T[>D & IS ABSORB$ 9TO Y\?1 & Y\? 9TO ADUL?OOD4 

,! NE$ TO BR+ A S5SE ( HI/ORY 9TO NATURE IS AS COMPELL+ AS ! NE$ TO BR+ A S5SE ( HI/ORY 9TO SOCIETY4 ,AN ECOSY/EM IS NEV] A R&OM COMMUNITY ( PLANTS & ANIMALS ?AT OCCURS M]ELY BY *ANCE4 ,IT HAS POT5TIALITY1 DIRECTION1 MEAN+1 & SELF-REALIZATION 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,TO VIEW AN ECOSY/EM AS GIV5 7A BAD HABIT1 :I* SCI5TISM 9CULCATES 9 ITS !ORETICALLY NEUTRAL OBS]V]7 IS AS AHI/ORICAL & SUP]FICIAL AS TO VIEW A HUMAN COMMUNITY AS GIV54 ,BO? HAVE A HI/ORY ?AT GIVES 9TELLIGIBILITY & ORD] TO !IR 9T]NAL RELATION%IPS & DIRECTIONS TO !IR DEVELOPM5T4 

,AT ITS 9CEPTION1 HUMAN HI/ORY IS L>GELY NATURAL HI/ORY AS WELL AS SOCIAL -- AS TRADITIONAL K9%IP /RUCTURES & ! SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR CLE>LY 9DICATE4 ,:E!R OR NOT NATURAL HI/ORY IS ! 0SLIME10 TO USE ,S>TRE'S MALADROIT T]M1 ?AT CL+S TO HUMANITY & PREV5TS ITS RATIONAL FULFILLM5T WILL BE CONSID]$ LAT]4 ,= ! PRES5T1 ONE FACT %\LD BE MADE CLE>3 HUMAN HI/ORY CAN NEV] DIS5GAGE ITSELF OR DISEMB$ ITSELF FROM NATURE4 ,IT WILL ALWAYS BE EMB$D$ 9 NATURE1 AS WE %ALL SEE -- :E!R WE >E 9CL9$ TO CALL ?AT NATURE A 0SLIME0 OR A FECUND 0MO!R40 ,:AT MAY PROVE TO4 BE ! MO/ DEM&+ TE/ ( \R HUMAN G5IUS IS ! K9D ( NATURE WE WILL FO/] -- ONE ?AT IS RI*LY ORGANIC & COMPLEX OR ONE ?AT IS 9ORGANIC & DISA/R\SLY SIMPLIFI$4 

,HUMANITY'S 9VOLVEM5T ) NATURE NOT ONLY RUNS DEEP BUT TAKES ON =MS MORE 9CREAS+LY SUBTLE ?AN EV5 ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORI/S C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 ,\R KN[L$GE ( ?IS 9VOLVEM5T IS /ILL1 AS IT W]E1 9 ITS 0PREHI/ORY40 ,TO ,]N/ ,BLO*1 WE NOT ONLY %>E A COMMON HI/ORY ) NATURE1 ALL ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY ASIDE1 BUT ALSO A COMMON DE/9Y4 ,AS HE OBS]VES3 

,NATURE 9 ITS F9AL MANIFE/ATION1 LIKE HI/ORY 9 ITS F9AL MANIFE/ATION1 LIES AT ! HORIZON ( ! FUTURE4 ,! MORE A COMMON TE*NIQUE .<,ALLIANZTE*NIK.> IS ATTA9ABLE 9/EAD ( ONE ?AT IS EXT]NAL -- ONE ?AT IS M$IAT$ ) ! COPRODUCTIVITY .<,MITPRODUKTIVITAT.> ( NATURE -- ! MORE WE CAN BE SURE ?AT ! FROZ5 P[]S ( A FROZ5 NATURE WILL AGA9 BE EMANCIPAT$4 ,NATURE IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE CONSIGN$ TO ! PA/4 ,RA!R IT IS ! CON/RUCTION-SITE ?AT HAS NOT YET BE5 CLE>$1 ! BUILD+ TOOLS ?AT HAVE NOT YET BE5 ATTA9$ 9 AN ADEQUATE =M = ! HUMAN H\SE ?AT ITSELF DOES NOT YET EXI/ 9 AN ADEQUATE =M4 ,! ABILITY ( PROBLEM-LAD5 NATURAL SUBJECTIVITY TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ?IS H\SE IS ! OBJECTIVE-UTOPIAN CORRELATE ( ! HUMAN-UTOPIAN FANTASY CONCEIV$ 9 CONCRETE T]MS4 ,!RE=E IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! HUMAN H\SE /&S NOT ONLY 9 HI/ORY & ON ! GR\ND ( HUMAN ACTIVITY2 IT /&S PRIM>ILY ON ! GR\ND ( A M$IAT$ NATURAL SUBJECTIVITY ON ! CON/RUCTION SITE ( NATURE4 ,NATURE'S CONCEPTUAL FRONTI] .<,GR5ZBEGRIFF.> IS NOT ! BEG9N+ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 :]E NATURE 7:I* IS ALWAYS PRES5T 9 HI/ORY & ALWAYS SURR\NDS IT7 TURNS 9TO ! SITE ( ! HUMAN SOV]EIGN REALM .<REGNUM HOM9IS.>1 BUT RA!R :]E IT TURNS 9TO ! ADEQUATE SITE .<= ! ADEQUATE HUMAN H\SE.> AS AN UNALI5AT$ M$IAT$ GOOD .<UND SIE UN5TFREMDET AUFGEHT1 ALS V]MITTELTES ,GUT.>4 

,ONE CAN TAKE ISSUE ) ! EMPHASIS ,BLO* GIVES TO HUMAN SOV]EIGNTY 9 ! 9T]ACTION ) NATURE & ! /RUCTURAL PHRASEOLOGY ?AT 9FILTRATES HIS BRILLIANT GRASP ( ! ORGANIC NATURE ( ?AT 9T]ACTION4 ,DAS ,PR9ZIP ,H(FNUNG 7,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,HOPE7 WAS WRITT5 9 ! E>LY #a#i#dS1 A GRIM & EMBATTL$ P]IOD1 :5 SU* A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK WAS TOTALLY ALI5 TO ! ANT9ATURALI/IC1 9DE$1 MILIT>I/IC SPIRIT ( ! TIMES4 ,HIS 9SI<T BEGG>S \R H9DSI<T1 R$OL5T ) ITS 0POP0 ECOLOGICAL T]M9OLOGY & ITS QUEASY MY/ICISM4 ,9 ANY CASE1 5\< HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,TODAY1 TOGE!R ) ,BLO*1 IT W\LD BE VALUABLE TO %IFT \R EMPHASIS TO ! COMMONALITIES ( NATURE & SOCIETY1 PROVID$ WE >E W>Y 5\< TO AVOID ?OSE M9DLESS LEAPS FROM ! ONE TO ! O!R AS ?\< !Y W]E NOT RELAT$ BY ! RI* PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT AU!NTICALLY UNITE !M4 

,SPONTANEITY 5T]S 9TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS IT 5T]S 9TO NATURAL ECOLOGY -- AS A FUNCTION ( DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY4 ,ECOSY/EMS >E MU* TOO V>IEGAT$ TO BE DELIV]$ OV] COMPLETELY TO :AT ,]N/ ,BLO* CALL$ ! REGNUM HOM9IS OR1 AT LEA/1 TO HUMANITY'S CLAIM ( SOV]EIGNTY OV] NATURE4 ,BUT WE MAY JU/LY ASK IF ?IS IS ANY LESS TRUE ( SOCIAL COMPLEXITY & HI/ORY'S CLAIMS ( SOV]EIGNTY OV] HUMANITY4 ,DO ! SELF-APPO9T$ SCI5TI/S OR 0GU>DIANS0 ( SOCIETY KN[ 5\< 7!IR NORMALLY SELF-S]V+ VIEWS ASIDE7 AB\T ! COMPLEX FACTORS ?AT MAKE = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T TO PRESUME TO CONTROL !M8 ,& EV5 AFT] ! 0ADEQUATE =M = ! HUMAN H\SE0 HAS BE5 DISCOV]$ & GIV5 SUB/ANTIALITY1 H[ SURE CAN WE BE ( !IR DIS9T]E/$ S5SE ( S]VICE8 ,HI/ORY IS REPLETE ) ACC\NTS ( MISCALCULATION BY LEAD]S1 P>TIES1 FACTIONS1 0GU>DIANS10 & 0VANGU>DS40 ,IF NATURE IS 0BL9D10 SOCIETY IS EQUALLY 0BL9D0 :5 IT PRESUMES TO KN[ ITSELF COMPLETELY1 :E!R AS SOCIAL SCI5CE1 SOCIAL !ORY1 SY/EMS ANALYSIS1 OR EV5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,9DE$1 0,WORLD ,SPIRITS0 FROM ,ALEX&] TO ,L59 HAVE NOT ALWAYS S]V$ HUMANITY WELL4 ,!Y HAVE EXHIBIT$ A WILLFUL >ROGANCE ?AT HAS DAMAG$ ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T AS DISA/R\SLY AS ! >ROGANCE ( ORD9>Y M5 HAS DAMAG$ ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 

,GREAT HI/ORICAL ]AS ( TRANSITION REVEAL ?AT ! RIS+ FLOOD ( SOCIAL *ANGE MU/ BE P]MITT$ TO F9D ITS [N LEVEL SPONTANE\SLY4 ,VANGU>D ORGANIZATIONS HAVE PRODUC$ REPEAT$ CATA/ROPHES :5 !Y S\<T TO =CE *ANGES ?AT PEOPLE & ! CONDITIONS ( !IR TIME C\LD NOT SU/A9 MAT]IALLY1 IDEOLOGICALLY1 OR MORALLY4 ,:]E =C$ SOCIAL *ANGES W]E NOT N\RI%$ BY AN $UCAT$ & 9=M$ POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS1 !Y W]E EV5TUALLY 5=C$ BY T]ROR -- & ! MOVEM5TS !MSELVES HAVE TURN$ SAVAGELY UPON & DEV\R$ !IR MO/ *]I%$ HUMANI/IC & LIB]ATORY IDEALS4 ,\R [N C5TURY IS CLOS+ UND] ! %AD[ ( AN EV5T ?AT HAS TOTALLY BECL\D$ ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY1 NOTABLY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ITS T]RIFY+ SEQUELAE4 ,:]E ! REVOLUTION1 UN=C$ & EASILY A*IEV$ BY ! POPUL> MOVEM5T1 5D$ & ,L59'S C\P D'ETAT ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 REPLAC$ IT CAN BE EASILY FIX$ & DAT$4 ,BUT H[ ! WILL ( A SMALL CADRE1 ABETT$ BY ! DEMORALIZATION & /UPIDITY ( ITS OPPON5TS1 TURN$ SUCCESS 9TO FAILURE 9 ! V]Y NAME ( 0SUCCESS0 IS MORE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA94 ,?AT ! MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE COME TO RE/ HAD IT BE5 LEFT TO ITS [N SPONTANE\S POPUL> MOM5TUM & SELF-DET]M9ATION -- POSSIBLY ) GA9S ?AT MI<T HAVE RE9=C$ MORE ADVANC$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS ABROAD -- IS P]HAPS ! SAFE/ JUDGM5T WE CAN MAKE ) ! H9DSI<T TIME HAS GIV5 US4 ,SOCIAL *ANGE1 P>TICUL>LY SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 T5DS TO F9D ITS WOR/ 5EMIES 9 LEAD]S :OSE WILLS SUPPLANT ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,HUBRIS 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS AS DANG]\S AS IT IS 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION & = ! SAME REASONS4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! COMPLEXITY ( A SITUATION1 ! LIMITATIONS ( TIME & PLACE1 & ! PREJUDICES ?AT FILT] 9TO :AT (T5 M]ELY APPE> AS =ESI<T CONCEAL ! MULTITUDE ( P>TICUL>S ?AT >E TRU] TO REALITY ?AN ANY IDEOLOGICAL PRECONCEPTIONS & NE$S4 

,I DO NOT MEAN TO D5Y ! SUP]ADD$ SIGNIFICANCE ( WILL1 9SI<T1 & KN[L$GE ?AT MU/ 9=M HUMAN SPONTANEITY 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,9 NATURE1 BY CONTRA/1 SPONTANEITY OP]ATES )9 A MORE RE/RICTIVE SET ( CONDITIONS4 ,A NATURAL ECOSY/EM F9DS ITS CLIMAX 9 ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( /ABILITY IT CAN ATTA9 )9 ITS GIV5 LEVEL ( POSSIBILITIES4 ,WE KN[1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ?IS IS NOT A PASSIVE PROCESS4 ,BUT BEYOND ! LEVEL & /ABILITY AN ECOSY/EM CAN A*IEVE & ! APP>5T /RIV+ IT EXHIBITS1 IT REVEALS NO MOTIVATION & *OICE4 ,ITS /ABILITY1 GIV5 ITS POT5TIALITIES & :AT ,>I/OTLE CALL$ ITS 05TELE*Y10 IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 JU/ AS ! FUNCTION ( A BEEHIVE IS TO PRODUCE BEES4 ,A CLIMAX ECOSY/EM BR+S TO RE/ = A TIME ! 9T]RELATION%IPS ?AT COMPRISE IT4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! SOCIAL REALM RAISES ! OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITY ( FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS AS ! SUP]ADD$ FUNCTION ( /ABILITY4 ,! HUMAN COMMUNITY1 AT :ATEV] LEVEL IT COMES TO RE/1 REMA9S 9COMPLETE UNTIL IT A*IEVES UN9HIBIT$ VOLITION & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 OR :AT WE CALL FRE$OM -- A COMPLETE /ATE1 ,I %\LD ADD1 ?AT IS ACTUALLY ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A NEW BEG9N+4 ,H[ MU* HUMAN FRE$OM RE/S ON ! /ABILITY ( ! NATURAL ECOSY/EM 9 :I* IT IS ALWAYS EMB$D$1 :AT IT MEANS 9 A L>G] PHILOSOPHICAL S5SE BEYOND M]E SURVIVAL1 & :AT /&>DS IT EVOLVES FROM ITS %>$ HI/ORY ) ! 5TIRE WORLD ( LIFE & ITS [N SOCIAL HI/ORY >E SUBJECTS = ! RE/ ( ?IS BOOK4 

,)9 ?IS HI<LY COMPLEX CONTEXT ( IDEAS WE MU/ N[ TRY TO TRANSPOSE ! NONHI]>*ICAL *>ACT] ( NATURAL ECOSY/EMS TO SOCIETY4 ,:AT R5D]S SOCIAL ECOLOGY SO IMPORTANT IS ?AT IT (F]S NO CASE :ATSOEV] = HI]>*Y 9 NATURE & SOCIETY2 IT DECISIVELY *ALL5GES ! V]Y FUNCTION ( HI]>*Y AS A /ABILIZ+ OR ORD]+ PR9CIPLE 9 BO? REALMS4 ,! ASSOCIATION ( ORD] AS SU* ) HI]>*Y IS RUPTUR$4 ,& ?IS ASSOCIATION IS RUPTUR$ )\T RUPTUR+ ! ASSOCIATION ( NATURE ) SOCIETY -- AS SOCIOLOGY1 9 ITS WELL-MEAN+ OPPOSITION TO SOCIOBIOLOGY1 HAS BE5 WONT TO DO4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO SOCIOLOGI/S1 WE DO NOT HAVE TO R5D] ! SOCIAL WORLD SO SUPREMELY AUTONOM\S FROM NATURE ?AT WE >E OBLIG$ TO DISSOLVE ! CONT9UUM ?AT PHASES NATURE 9TO SOCIETY4 ,9 %ORT1 WE DO NOT HAVE TO ACCEPT ! BRUTE T5ETS ( SOCIOBIOLOGY ?AT L9K US CRUDELY TO NATURE AT ONE EXTREME OR ! NAIVE T5ETS ( SOCIOLOGY ?AT CLEAVE US %>PLY FROM NATURE AT ! O!R EXTREME4 ,AL?\< HI]>*Y DOES EXI/ 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 IT NE$ NOT CONT9UE -- IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS LACK ( MEAN+ OR REALITY = NATURE4 ,BUT ! CASE AGA9/ HI]>*Y IS NOT CONT+5T ON ITS UNIQU5ESS AS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON4 ,BECAUSE HI]>*Y ?REAT5S ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE TODAY1 IT CANNOT REMA9 A SOCIAL FACT4 ,BECAUSE IT ?REAT5S ! 9TEGRITY ( ORGANIC NATURE1 IT WILL NOT CONT9UE TO DO SO1 GIV5 ! H>% V]DICT ( 0MUTE0 & 0BL9D0 NATURE4 

,\R CONT9UITY ) NONHI]>*ICAL NATURE SUGGE/S ?AT A NONHI]>*ICAL SOCIETY IS NO LESS R&OM ?AN AN ECOSY/EM4 ,?AT FRE$OM IS MORE ?AN ! ABS5CE ( CON/RA9T1 ?AT ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN TRADITION ( M]E PLURALISM & 9/ITUTIONAL HET]OG5EITY YIELDS SUB/ANTIALLY LESS ?AN A SOCIAL ECOSY/EM -- SU* CONCEPTS HAVE BE5 >GU$ ) TELL+ EFFECT4 ,9 FACT1 DEMOCRACY AS ! APO!OSIS ( SOCIAL FRE$OM HAS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY D5ATUR$1 AS ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,B>B] HAS EMPHASIZ$1 TO YIELD ! GRADUAL DISPLACEM5T ( P>TICIPATION BY REPRES5TATION4 ,:]E DEMOCRACY 9 ITS CLASSICAL =M MEANT QUITE LIT]ALLY RULE BY ! DEMOS1 BY ! PLEBES1 BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 IT N[ (T5 SEEMS TO MEAN LITTLE MORE ?AN ELITE RULE SANCTION$ 7?R\< ! DEVICE ( REPRES5TATION7 BY ! PEOPLE4 ,COMPET+ ELITES VIE = ! SUPPORT ( A PUBLIC1 :OSE POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY IS R$UC$ TO ! PA!TIC RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 *OOS+ ! TYRANT :O WILL RULE IT4 

,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! CONCEPT ( A PUBLIC SPH]E1 ( A BODY POLITIC1 HAS BE5 LIT]ALLY DEMAT]IALIZ$ BY A SEEM+ HET]OG5EITY -- MORE PRECISELY1 AN ATOMIZATION ?AT REA*ES FROM ! 9/ITUTIONAL TO ! P]SONAL -- ?AT HAS REPLAC$ POLITICAL COH]5CE ) *AOS4 ,! DISPLACEM5T ( PUBLIC VIRTUE BY P]SONAL RI<TS HAS YIELD$ ! SUBV]SION NOT ONLY ( A UNIFY+ E?ICAL PR9CIPLE ?AT ONCE GAVE SUB/ANCE TO ! V]Y NOTION ( A PUBLIC1 BUT ( ! V]Y P]SONHOOD ?AT GAVE SUB/ANCE TO ! NOTION ( RI<T4 

,A BROAD1 FREQU5TLY RAIS$ QUE/ION REMA9S TO BE ANSW]$3 ,TO :AT EXT5T DOES NATURE HAVE A REALITY ( ITS [N ?AT WE CAN LEGITIMATELY 9VOKE8 ,ASSUM+ ?AT NATURE REALLY EXI/S1 H[ MU* DO WE KN[ AB\T ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT IS NOT EXCLUSIVELY SOCIAL OR1 TO BE EV5 MORE RE/RICTIVE1 ! PRODUCT ( \R [N SUBJECTIVITY8 ,?AT NATURE IS ALL ?AT IS NONHUMAN OR1 MORE BROADLY1 NONSOCIAL IS A PRESUMPTION ROOT$ 9 MORE ?AN RATIONAL DISC\RSE4 ,IT LIES AT ! HE>T ( AN 5TIRE !ORY ( KN[L$GE -- AN EPI/EMOLOGY ?AT %>PLY BIFURCATES 9TO OBJECTIVITY & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,S9CE ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ! IDEA ?AT KN[L$GE LIES LOCK$ )9 A M9D CLOSET$ BY ITS [N SUPRANATURAL LIMITATIONS & 9SI<TS HAS BE5 ! F\NDATION = ALL \R D\BTS AB\T ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A COH]5T CON/ELLATION ?AT CAN EV5 BE CALL$ NATURE4 ,?IS IDEA IS ! F\NDATION = AN ANT9ATURALI/IC BODY ( EPI/EMOLOGICAL !ORIES4 

,! CLAIM ( EPI/EMOLOGY TO ADJUDICATE ! VALIDITY ( KN[L$GE AS A =MAL & AB/RACT 9QUIRY HAS ALWAYS BE5 OPPOS$ BY ! CLAIM ( HI/ORY TO TREAT KN[L$GE AS A PROBLEM ( G5ESIS1 NOT M]ELY ( KN[+ 9 A =MAL & AB/RACT S5SE4 ,FROM ?IS HI/ORICAL /&PO9T1 M5TAL PROCESSES DO NOT LIVE A LIFE ( !IR [N4 ,!IR SEEM+LY AUTONOM\S CON/RUCTION ( ! WORLD IS ACTUALLY 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! WAY !Y >E CON/RUCT$ BY ! WORLD -- A WORLD ?AT IS RI*LY HI/ORICAL NOT ONLY 9 A SOCIAL S5SE BUT 9 A NATURAL ONE AS WELL4 ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT NATURE 0KN[S0 ?+S ?AT WE DO NOT KN[1 BUT RA!R ?AT WE >E ! V]Y 0KN[+NESS0 ( NATURE1 ! EMBODIM5T ( NATURE'S EVOLUTION 9TO 9TELLECT1 M9D & SELF-REFLEXIVITY4.<#f.> 

,9 ! AB/RACT WORLD ( ,C>TESIAN1 ,LOCKEAN1 & ,KANTIAN EPI/EMOLOGY1 ?IS PROPOSITION IS DIFFICULT TO DEMON/RATE4 ,R5AISSANCE & PO/-,R5AISSANCE EPI/EMOLOGY LACKS ALL S5SE ( HI/ORICITY4 ,IF IT LOOKS BACK AT ALL TO ! HI/ORY ( M9D1 IT DOES SO )9 A CONTEXT SO OV]:ELM+LY SOCIAL & FROM HI/ORICAL LEVELS SO F>-REMOV$ FROM ! BIOLOGICAL G5ESIS ( M9D ?AT IT CAN NEV] MAKE CONTACT ) NATURE4 ,ITS V]Y CLAIM TO 0MOD]NITY0 HAS BE5 A SY/EMATIC UNRAVEL+ ( ! 9T]FACE BETWE5 NATURE & M9D ?AT ,HELL5IC ?\<T TRI$ TO E/ABLI%4 ,?IS 9T]FACE HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY AN UNBRIDGEABLE DUALISM BETWE5 M5TALITY & ! EXT]NAL WORLD4 ,9 ,DESC>TES1 DUALISM OCCURS BETWE5 S\L & BODY2 9 ,LOCKE1 BETWE5 ! P]CEIV+ S5SES & A P]CEIV$ WORLD2 9 ,KANT1 BETWE5 M9D & EXT]NAL REALITY4 ,?US1 ! PROBLEM ( NATURE'S KN[+NESS HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 SE5 FROM ! KN[+ 5D ( A LONG SOCIAL HI/ORY RA!R ?AN FROM ITS BEG9N+S4 ,:5 ?IS HI/ORY IS 9/EAD VIEW$ FROM ITS ORIG9S1 M5TALITY & ITS CONT9UITY ) NATURE ACQUIRES A DECISIVELY DIFF]5T ASPECT4 ,AN AU!NTIC EPI/EMOLOGY IS ! PHYSICAL AN?ROPOLOGY ( ! M9D1 ( ! HUMAN BRA91 NOT ! CULTURAL CLUTT] ( HI/ORY ?AT OB/RUCTS \R VIEW ( ! BRA9'S G5ESIS 9 NATURE & ITS EVOLUTION 9 SOCIETY CONCEIV$ AS A UNIQUE ELABORATION ( NATURAL PH5OM5A4 

,9 ! SAME VE91 ,I DO NOT WI% TO ACCORD M9D A 0SOV]EIGNTY0 OV] NATURE ?AT IT PAT5TLY LACKS4 ,NATURE IS A P]PETUAL KALEIDOSCOPE ( *ANGES & FECUNDITY ?AT RESI/S H>D-&-FA/ CATEGORIZATION4 ,M9D CAN GRASP ! ESS5CE ( ?IS *ANGE BUT NEV] ALL ( ITS DETAILS4 ,YET IT IS PRECISELY 9 MATT]S ( DETAIL ?AT HUMAN HUBRIS PROVES TO BE MO/ VULN]ABLE4 ,TO RETURN TO ,*>LES ,ELTON'S S5SITIVE METAPHORS3 WE HAVE LE>N$ TO NAVIGATE \R WAY ?R\< ! DEEP] WAT]S ( ?IS NATURAL WORLD1 BUT NOT ?R\< ! C\NTLESS & *ANG+ REEFS ?AT ALWAYS R5D] \R DEB>KM5T PREC>I\S4 ,IT IS H]E1 :]E ! DETAILS ( ! %OREL9E C\NT SO TELL+LY1 ?AT WE DO WELL NOT TO IGNORE ! CURR5TS ?AT EXP]I5CE ASSURES US >E SAFE & ?AT WILL SP>E US FROM ! DANG]S ( F\ND]+4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ORGANIC KN[L$GE IS MOBILIZ$ 9SI<T ?AT SEEKS TO KN[ NATURE )9 NATURE1 NOT TO AB&ON ANALYSIS = MY/ICISM OR DIALECTIC = 9TUITION4 ,\R [N ?9K+ IS ITSELF A NATURAL PROCESS1 ALBEIT DEEPLY CONDITION$ BY SOCIETY & RI*LY TEXTUR$ BY SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,\R CAPACITY TO BR+ ?\<T 9TO RESONANCE ) ITS ORGANIC HI/ORY 7ITS EVOLUTION FROM ! HI<LY REACTIVE ORGANIC MOLECULES ?AT =M ! FUNDAM5T = ! S5SITIVITY ( MORE COMPLEX ONES1 ! EXTRAVAGANT CL\DBUR/ ( LIFE-=MS ?AT FOLL[S1 & ! EVOLUTION ( ! N]V\S SY/EM7 IS P>T ( ! KN[L$GE ( 0KN[+0 ?AT PROVIDES ?\<T ) AN ORGANIC 9TEGUM5T AS REAL AS ! 9TELLECTUAL TOOLS WE ACQUIRE FROM SOCIETY4 ,MORE ?AN 9TUITION & FAI?1 ?\<T IS LIT]ALLY AS REAL AS BIR? & DEA?1 :5 WE FIR/ BEG9 TO KN[ & :5 WE F9ALLY CEASE TO KN[4 ,H5CE NATURE ABIDES 9 EPI/EMOLOGY AS SURELY AS A P>5T ABIDES 9 ITS *ILD4 ,:AT (T5 IS MI/AK5LY DISMISS$ AS ! 9TUITIVE PHASE ( KN[L$GE IS ! TRU? ?AT \R ANIMALITY GIVES TO \R HUMANITY & \R EMBRYO /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T TO \R ADUL?OOD4 ,:5 WE F9ALLY DIVORCE !SE DEP? PHASES ( \R BE+ & ?9K+ FROM \R BODIES & \R M9DS1 WE HAVE DONE WORSE ?AN N>R[ \R EPI/EMOLOGICAL CLAIMS TO ,KANTIAN JUDGM5TS BAS$ ON A H>% DUALISM BETWE5 ?\<T & NATURE2 WE HAVE DIVID$ \R 9TELLECTS FROM \RSELVES1 \R /ATE ( M9D FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R BODIES1 \R 9SI<T FROM \R H9DSI<T1 & \R UND]/&+ FROM ITS ANCI5T MEMORIES4 

,9 MORE CONCRETE T]MS1 :AT TANTALIZ+ ISSUES DOES SOCIAL ECOLOGY RAISE = \R TIME & \R FUTURE8 ,9 E/ABLI%+ A MORE ADVANC$ 9T]FACE ) NATURE1 WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO A*IEVE A NEW BALANCE BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE BY S5SITIVELY TAILOR+ \R AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES1 URBAN >EAS1 & TE*NOLOGIES TO ! NATURAL REQUIREM5TS ( A REGION & ITS ECOSY/EMS8 ,CAN WE HOPE TO 0MANAGE0 ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T BY A DRA/IC DEC5TRALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 :I* WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO CULTIVATE L& AS ?\< IT W]E A G>D5 BALANC$ BY DIV]SIFI$ FAUNA & FLORA8 ,WILL !SE *ANGES REQUIRE ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( \R CITIES 9TO MOD]ATE-SIZ$ COMMUNITIES1 CREAT+ A NEW BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY8 ,:AT TE*NOLOGY WILL BE REQUIR$ TO A*IEVE !SE GOALS & AVOID ! FUR!R POLLUTION ( ! E>?8 ,:AT 9/ITUTIONS WILL BE REQUIR$ TO CREATE A NEW PUBLIC SPH]E1 :AT SOCIAL RELATIONS TO FO/] A NEW ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 :AT =MS ( WORK TO R5D] HUMAN PRACTICE PLAYFUL & CREATIVE1 :AT SIZES & POPULATIONS ( COMMUNITIES TO SCALE LIFE TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS CONTROLLABLE BY ALL8 ,:AT K9D ( POETRY8 ,CONCRETE QUE/IONS -- ECOLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & BEHAVIORAL -- RU% 9 LIKE A FLOOD H]ET(ORE DAMM$ UP BY ! CON/RA9TS ( TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGIES & HABITS ( ?\<T4 

,! ANSW]S WE PROVIDE TO !SE QUE/IONS HAVE A DIRECT BE>+ ON :E!R HUMANITY CAN SURVIVE ON ! PLANET4 ,! TR5DS 9 \R TIME >E VISIBLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ECOLOGICAL DIV]SITY2 9 FACT1 !Y PO9T T[>D BRUTE SIMPLIFICATION ( ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E4 ,COMPLEX FOOD *A9S 9 ! SOIL & ON ! E>?'S SURFACE >E BE+ RU?LESSLY UND]M9$ BY ! FATU\S APPLICATION ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES TO AGRICULTURE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 SOIL HAS BE5 R$UC$ 9 MANY >EAS TO A M]E SPONGE = ABSORB+ SIMPLE *EMICAL 0NUTRI5TS40 ,! CULTIVATION ( S+LE CROPS OV] VA/ /RET*ES ( L& IS EFFAC+ NATURAL1 AGRICULTURAL1 & EV5 PHYSIOGRAPHIC V>IETY4 ,IMM5SE URBAN BELTS >E 5CROA*+ UNREL5T+LY ON ! C\NTRYSIDE1 REPLAC+ FLORA & FAUNA ) CONCRETE1 METAL & GLASS1 & 5VELOP+ L>GE REGIONS 9 A HAZE ( ATMOSPH]IC POLLUTANTS4 ,9 ?IS MASS URBAN WORLD1 HUMAN EXP]I5CE ITSELF BECOMES CRUDE & ELEM5TAL1 SUBJECT TO BRUTE NOISY /IMULI & CRASS BUREAUCRATIC MANIPULATION4 ,A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 /&>DIZ$ ALONG 9DU/RIAL L9ES1 IS REPLAC+ REGIONAL & LOCAL V>IETY1 R$UC+ 5TIRE CONT95TS TO IMM5SE1 SMOK+ FACTORIES & CITIES TO G>I%1 PLA/IC SUP]M>KETS4 

,9 ?IS CONFLU5CE ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISES1 WE CAN NO LONG] AF=D TO BE UNIMAG9ATIVE2 WE CAN NO LONG] AF=D TO DO )\T UTOPIAN ?9K+4 ,! CRISES >E TOO S]I\S & ! POSSIBILITIES TOO SWEEP+ TO BE RESOLV$ BY CU/OM>Y MODES ( ?\<T -- ! V]Y S5SIBILITIES ?AT PRODUC$ !SE CRISES 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,YE>S AGO1 ! ,FR5* /UD5TS 9 ! ,MAY-,JUNE UPRIS+ ( #aifh EXPRESS$ ?IS %>P CONTRA/ ( ALT]NATIVES MAGNIFIC5TLY 9 !IR SLOGAN3 0,BE PRACTICAL6 ,DO ! IMPOSSIBLE60 ,TO ?IS DEM&1 ! G5]ATION ?AT FACES ! NEXT C5TURY CAN ADD ! MORE SOLEMN 9JUNCTION3 0,IF WE DON'T DO ! IMPOSSIBLE1 WE %ALL BE FAC$ ) ! UN?9KABLE60 

,9 ! ,NORSE LEG5DS1 ,OD91 TO OBTA9 WISDOM1 DR9KS ( ! MAGIC F\NTA9 ?AT N\RI%ES ! ,WORLD ,TREE4 ,9 RETURN1 ! GOD MU/ =FEIT ONE ( HIS EYES4 ,! SYMBOLISM1 H]E1 IS CLE>3 ,OD9 MU/ PAY A P5ALTY = ACQUIR+ ! 9SI<T ?AT GIVES HIM A MEASURE ( CONTROL OV] ! NATURAL WORLD & BREA*ES ITS PRI/9E H>MONY4 ,BUT HIS 0WISDOM0 IS ?AT ( A ONE-EY$ MAN4 ,AL?\< HE SEES ! WORLD MORE ACUTELY1 HIS VISION IS ONE-SID$4 ,! 0WISDOM0 ( ,OD9 9VOLVES A R5UNCIATION NOT ONLY ( :AT ,JOSEF ,WEB] HAS CALL$ ! 0PRIMORDIAL BOND ) NATURE10 BUT ALSO ( ! HONE/Y ( P]CEPTION ?AT ACCORDS ) NATURE'S E>LY UNITY4 ,TRU? A*IEVES EXACTNESS1 PR$ICTABILITY1 & ABOVE ALL1 MANIPULABILITY2 IT BECOMES SCI5CE 9 ! CU/OM>Y S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,BUT SCI5CE AS WE KN[ IT TODAY IS ! FRAGM5T$ ONE-SID$ VISION ( A ONE-EY$ GOD1 :OSE VANTAGE-PO9T 5TAILS DOM9ATION & ANTAGONISM1 NOT COEQUALITY & H>MONY4 ,9 ! ,NORSE LEG5DS1 ?IS 0WISDOM0 LEADS TO ,RAGN>OK1 ! D[NFALL ( ! GODS & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! TRIBAL WORLD4 ,9 \R DAY1 ?IS ONE-SID$ 0WISDOM0 IS LAD5 ) ! PROSPECTS ( NUCLE> IMMOLATION & ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 

,HUMANITY HAS PASS$ ?R\< A LONG HI/ORY ( ONE-SID$NESS & ( A SOCIAL CONDITION ?AT HAS ALWAYS CONTA9$ ! POT5TIAL ( DE/RUCTION1 DESPITE ITS CREATIVE A*IEVEM5TS 9 TE*NOLOGY4 ,! GREAT PROJECT ( \R TIME MU/ BE TO OP5 ! O!R EYE3 TO SEE ALL-SID$LY & :OLLY1 TO HEAL & TRANSC5D ! CLEAVAGE BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE ?AT CAME ) E>LY WISDOM4 ,NOR CAN WE DECEIVE \RSELVES ?AT ! REOP5$ EYE WILL BE FOCUS$ ON ! VISIONS & MY?S ( PRIMORDIAL PEOPLES1 = HI/ORY HAS LABOR$ OV] ?\S&S ( YE>S TO PRODUCE 5TIRELY NEW DOMA9S ( REALITY ?AT 5T] 9TO \R V]Y HUMANNESS4 ,\R CAPACITY = FRE$OM -- :I* 9CLUDES \R CAPACITY = 9DIVIDUALITY1 EXP]I5CE1 & DESIRE -- RUNS DEEP] ?AN ?AT ( \R DI/ANT PROG5ITORS4 ,WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ A BROAD] MAT]IAL BASIS = FREE TIME1 PLAY1 SECURITY1 P]CEPTION1 & S5SU\SNESS -- A MAT]IAL POT5TIALITY = BROAD] DOMA9S ( FRE$OM & HUMANNESS -- ?AN HUMANITY 9 A PRIMORDIAL BOND ) NATURE C\LD POSSIBLY A*IEVE4 

,BUT WE CANNOT REMOVE \R BONDS UNLESS WE KN[ !M4 ,H[EV] UNCONSCI\S ITS 9FLU5CE MAY BE1 A LEGACY ( DOM9ATION P]MEATES \R ?9K+1 VALUES1 EMOTIONS1 9DE$ \R V]Y MUSCULATURE4 ,HI/ORY DOM9ATES US ALL ! MORE :5 WE >E IGNORANT ( IT4 ,! HI/ORIC UNCONSCI\S MU/ BE MADE CONSCI\S4 ,CUTT+ ACROSS ! V]Y LEGACY ( DOM9ATION IS ANO!R3 ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM ?AT LIVES 9 ! DAYDREAMS ( HUMANITY1 9 ! GREAT IDEALS & MOVEM5TS -- REBELLI\S1 AN>*IC1 & ,DIONYSIAN -- ?AT HAVE WELL$ UP 9 ALL GREAT ]AS ( SOCIAL TRANSITION4 ,9 \R [N TIME1 !SE LEGACIES >E 9T]TW9$ LIKE /R&S & SUBV]T ! CLE> PATT]NS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! PA/1 UNTIL ! LANGUAGE ( FRE$OM BECOMES 9T]*ANGEABLE ) ?AT ( DOM9ATION4 ,?IS CONFUSION HAS BE5 ! TRAGIC FATE ( MOD]N SOCIALISM1 A DOCTR9E ?AT HAS BE5 BL$ ( ALL ITS G5]\S IDEALS4 ,?US1 ! PA/ MU/ BE DISSECT$ 9 ORD] TO EXORCIZE IT & TO ACQUIRE A NEW 9TEGRITY ( VISION4 ,WE MU/ REEXAM9E ! CLEAVAGES ?AT SEP>AT$ HUMANITY FROM NATURE1 & ! SPLITS )9 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT ORIG9ALLY PRODUC$ ?IS CLEAVAGE1 IF ! CONCEPT ( :OL5ESS IS TO BECOME 9TELLIGIBLE & ! REOP5$ EYE TO GLIMPSE A FRE% IMAGE ( FRE$OM4 

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