,! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR & ! ,MILL]& ,CASE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM3 ,CAHI]S DE LA ,QU9ZA9E1 NO4#a#a2 
,TRANSLAT$3 = M>XI/S4ORG BY ,MIT* ,ABIDOR4 

  
  

,! SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLE ( CLASS /RUGGLE DEM&S ! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT :]EV] ITS 9T]E/S AS A CLASS >E 9 QUE/ION4 ,?IS IS ! CASE = ALL CONFLICTS ?AT DIVIDE ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,EV]Y %IFT 9 ! RELATION ( SOCIAL =CES 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ANY *ANGE 9 ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 9FLU5CES1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE CAN'T ACT AS 9DIFF]5T WITNESSES TO :AT GOES ON 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 UNLESS SOCIALISM C\LD BE REALIZ$ \TSIDE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 = EXAMPLE ?R\< ! F\NDATION 9 EA* C\NTRY ( A SEP>ATE COLONY4 ,BUT S9CE WE HAV5'T ?\<T ( EMIGRAT+1 AS IT W]E1 FROM B\RGEOIS TO SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y ( OV]?R[+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BY MEANS CREAT$ )9 ?AT SAME SOCIETY1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ MAKE AN EF=T1 9 ITS =W>D M>* TO VICTORY1 TO 9FLU5CE ALL SOCIAL EV5TS 9 A FAVORABLE DIRECTION4 ,IT MU/ ATTEMPT TO BECOME A P[] ?AT WEI<S EV] HEAVI] 9 ! BALANCE 9 ALL ! POLITICAL EV5TS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( CLASS /RUGGLE NOT ONLY DOESN'T PROHIBIT1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y IT IMPOSES ! ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ALL ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONFLICTS ( ANY IMPORTANCE ?AT TAKE PLACE 9SIDE ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,AS CONC]NS ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR 9 P>TICUL>1 ! 9T]V5TION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! CASE NE$ NOT BE JU/IFI$ EI!R FROM ON G5]AL PO9T ( VIEW1 ON ! SUBJECT ( B\RGEOIS CONFLICTS1 NOR FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( HUMANITY4 ,= 9 ! ,DREYFUS CASE F\R SOCIAL FACTORS MAKE !MSELVES FELT :I* GIVE IT ! /AMP ( A QUE/ION DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!Y >E3 MILIT>ISM1 *AUV9ISM-NATIONALISM1 ANTI-,SEMITISM1 & CL]ICALISM4 ,9 \R WRITT5 & SPOK5 AGITATION WE ALWAYS COMBAT !SE DIRECT 5EMIES ( ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT BY VIRTUE ( \R G5]AL T5D5CIES4 ,IT W\LD ?US BE TOTALLY 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO NOT 5T] 9TO A /RUGGLE ) !SE 5EMIES EXACTLY :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( UNMASK+ !M1 NOT AS AB/RACT CLI*ES1 BUT ?R\< ! USE ( LIV+ CURR5T EV5TS4 

,! V]Y P>TICIPATION ( SOCIALI/S 9 ! MOVEM5T PROVOK$ BY ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR CANNOT BE PUT 9 D\BT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE A QUE/ION ( ! H[ ( ?IS P>TICIPATION4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ROLE ( ! SOCIALI/ WORK+ CLASS DI/+UI%ES ITSELF 9 ITS V]Y ESS5CE FROM ! ROLE ( ! 0REVISIONI/0.<#a.> B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS4 ,:ILE = ! LATT] IT WAS ONLY A MATT] ( ! CORRECT+ ( A LEGAL MURD]1 ! CASE PRES5T$ SOCIALI/S ) ! R>E OCCASION TO MAKE EVID5T ! DIS9TEGRATION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,:ILE B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 9 ACT+ UPON MILIT>Y HEADQU>T]S1 WANT$ TO CURE MILIT>ISM ( ITS ABSCESS 9 ORD] TO 5ABLE IT TO LIVE1 SOCIALI/S ON ! CONTR>Y W]E =C$ TO COMBAT ! V]Y MILIT>I/IC SY/EM 9 ITS DECAD5CE & OPPOSE TO IT ! DEM& = MILITIAS & ! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE4 

,! ATTITUDE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY CAN ?US BE SO FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM ?AT ( B\RGEOIS ,DREYFUS>DS ?AT WE DON'T HAVE ANY NE$ TO SPEAK ( ANY K9D ( SUPPORT = ! WORLD ( B\RGEOIS 0REVISIONISM0 ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIALI/S1 S9CE ! LATT] HAVE F\ND ?IS AN OCCASION TO C>RY ON A TOTALLY 9DEP5D5T /RUGGLE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A CLE>LY *>ACT]IZ$ CLASS /RUGGLE :I* DIFF]5TIATES IT FROM O!R FACTIONS ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,TO :AT EXT5T ?IS MOVEM5T DID1 9 FACT1 HAVE ?IS *>ACT] IS ANO!R QUE/ION4 ,IT SEEMS TO US ?AT FROM TIME TO TIME ! PO9T ( VIEW ( AB/RACT JU/ICE & ! DEF5SE ( ! P]SON ( ,DREYFUS W]E PUT TOO F> 9 ! =EFRONT BY \R COMRADES1 & ?AT WE SOME:AT NEGLECT$ AGITATION 9 FAVOR ( ! SY/EM ( MILITIAS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! PROLET>IAT ACQUIR$ LESS CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IT C\LD HAVE4 ,BUT CRITICISM IS EASY1 >T IS DIFFICULT4 ,& 9 ANY CASE1 ! ,FR5* COMRADES WILL HAVE MANY OCCASIONS TO USE1 = ! B5EFIT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! TEA*+S ( ! ,DREYFUS AFFAIR1 ONCE ALL ( ! SOCIALI/S 9 ,FRANCE WILL HAVE SEIZ$ ! FULL IMPORT = ! PROLET>IAT ( ?IS SOCIAL EV5T4 

,PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ! POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR CONSI/S1 = US1 9 ?AT ! AFFAIR GAVE ! POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ A GREAT MOVEM5T1 ONE :I* %OOK ! 5TIRE C\NTRY1 ! OBJECT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE2 & 9 ?IS WAY WE SPREAD1 9 A %ORT AM\NT ( TIME1 MORE SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS ?AN WE C\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ OV] MANY YE>S BY MEANS ( AB/RACT PROPAG&A = \R PR9CIPLES4 

,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! MOVEM5T SWEPT UP 9 ITS IRRESI/IBLE CURR5T ! SOCIALI/S ( SEV]AL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,& IF ! ,DREYFUS>D MOVEM5T HAS PROVOK$ A /RONG REVULSION 9 SOCIALI/ RANKS ?IS COMES1 ACCORD+ TO US1 FROM ! REAL1 ?\< 9/9CTIVE1 FEEL+ ?AT NO GREAT SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT /OPS AT ! LIMITS ( ! DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT RISKS SWEEP+ !M AWAY4 ,BUT IT'S PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT ! GA!R+ ( ! SCATT]$ =CES ( ,FR5* SOCIALISM HAS APPE>$ AS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = ANY L>GE & 5]GETIC ACTION4 ,P]SONALLY1 9 ?IS GREAT GA!R+ ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! FREE PLAY ( ! DAILY POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 WE DON'T FE> ! LEA/ DANG] = ! DOCTR9E ( ,M>X & ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 9 AS MU* AS !Y HAVE ALREADY TAK5 ROOT 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!RE IS NO BETT] S*OOL = SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY ?AN ! GREAT & LIV+ CLASS /RUGGLE FRE$ FROM AB/RACT CLI*ES4 ,! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY DOESN'T ALL[ US TO BELIEVE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A LIV+ POPUL> MOVEM5T BEGOTT5 ( AB/RACT =MULAS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT'S ON ! MAT]IAL BASE ( A GREAT & /RONG CLASS /RUGGLE1 EMBRAC+ ALL ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT A CLE> CONCEPTION ( !ORY & PR9CIPLES WILL BE ]ECT$4 

,! ANSW] TO ! SECOND QUE/ION1 ?AT IS1 ! P>TICIPATION ( SOCIALI/S 9 A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T1 DEP5DS ON ! WAY 9 :I* WE UND]/& P>TICIPATION3 EI!R AS A NORMAL =M ( SOCIALI/ /RUGGLE1 MU* LIKE ! P>TICIPATION 9 LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES1 OR AS AN EXCEPTIONAL MEASURE 9 AN EXCEPTIONAL MOM5T 9 ! LIFE ( ! /ATE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM TO US ?AT ,CITIZ5 ,JAURES1 9 HIS >TICLE ,ORGANISONS-N\S 7,PETITE ,REPUBLIQUE ( ,JULY #a#g7 TOOK ?IS LATT] PO9T ( VIEW4 ,HE !RE POSES ! QUE/ION CLE>LY & DI/9CTLY 0,9 TIME ( CRISIS1 & = A SPECIFI$ AM\NT ( TIME1 CAN A SOCIALI/ RESPOND TO ! CALL ( B\RGEOIS P>TIES & JO9 ) !M = AN ACT ( GOV]NM5T80 ,HE LAT] SAYS1 REF]R+ TO AN >TICLE ( \RS ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! ,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKZEITUNG 7,JULY #f7 AN >TICLE 9 :I* WE TO DO NOT RECOGNIZE AS ADMISSIBLE ! 5TRY ( A SOCIALI/ 9TO A GOV]NM5T EXCEPT 9 ABSOLUTELY EXCEPTIONAL CASES -- :I* WE DON'T BELIEVE PRES5TS ITSELF AT ?IS MOM5T 9 ,FRANCE2 0,?IS IS A QUE/ION ( FACT 0 7& NOT ( PR9CIPLE74 ,IF WE POSE ! QUE/ION 9 ?IS WAY1 IF WE 5VISAGE ONLY A SET TASK1 IT W\LD !N BE PURE DOGMATISM TO CATEGORICALLY SAY NO TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T & ! COMPLICATIONS ( ! SITUATION4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,MILL]&1 ! QUE/ION COMES D[N TO :E!R ! GIV5 SITUATION 9 ,FRANCE MADE ! 5TRY ( A SOCIALI/ 9TO A M9I/RY TRULY NECESS>Y4 ,ONLY CONCRETE CONDITIONS1 :I* ! ,FR5* COMRADES ALONE CAN JUDGE1 CAN BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION H]E4 ,BUT TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS P]MISSIBLE = AN \TSID] TO HAVE AN OP9ION1 IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ! LACK ( ONE ( ! PRELIM9>Y CONDITION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A /RONG & UNIFI$ P>TY ?AT ALONE CAN M&ATE SU* A DANG]\S EXP]IM5T1 MAKES ?IS EXP]IM5T APPE> TO BE UNACCEPTABLE4 ,BUT 9 A LAT] >TICLE ,JAURES SEEMS TO POSE ! QUE/ION A LITTLE DIFF]5TLY4 ,9 ! >TICLE ',ME?ODE SOCIALI/E0 7,PETIT ,REPUBLIQUE1 ,AUGU/ #c7 HE SEEMS TO PUT ! ACTIVITIES ( SOCIALI/S 9 A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ON ! SAME PLA9 AS !IR ACTIVITY 9 P>LIAM5T1 MUNICIPAL C\NCILS1 ETC4 0,:AT IS TRUE10 HE SAYS1 0IS ?AT SOCIALISM TODAY IS /RONG 5\< TO APPROPRIATE ALL P[]S1 )\T BE+ ABSORB$ BY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY40 

,) ?IS WE W\LD ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLE ( P5ETRATION ( ! GOV]NM5T AS ONE ( ! NUM]\S MEANS ( SOCIALI/ ACTION1 BUT ?IS ISN'T 9 H>MONY ) ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT] ( SOCIALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO US1 ! PO9T ( VIEW ?AT %\LD S]VE AS \R GUIDE WAS DEVELOP$ BY US 9 ! ABOVE CIT$ ,JULY #f >TICLE4 ,WE MU/ LIMIT \RSELVES H]E TO ONLY ! ESS5TIAL4 

,! SOLE ME?OD ) ! AID ( :I* WE CAN ATTA9 ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM IS ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,WE CAN & WE MU/ P5ETRATE ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & PUT TO USE ALL ! EV5TS ?AT OCCUR !RE & ?AT P]MIT US TO C>RY ON ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT'S FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ?AT ! P>TICIPATION BY ,SOCIALI/S WAS IMPOS$ AS A MEASURE ( PRES]VATION4 ,BUT IT'S PRECISELY FROM ?IS SAME PO9T ( VIEW ?AT P>TICIPATION 9 B\RGEOIS P[] SEEMS C\NT]-9DICAT$1 = ! V]Y NATURE ( B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( SOCIALI/ CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT WE FE> = SOCIALI/S ! DANG]S & ! DIFFICULTIES ( M9I/]IAL ACTIVITY2 WE MU/ NOT BACK AWAY FROM ANY DANG] OR DIFFICULTY ATTA*$ TO ! PO/ 9 :I* WE >E PLAC$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT A M9I/RY IS NOT1 9 G5]AL1 A FIELD ( ACTION = A P>TY ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASSES4 ,! *>ACT] ( A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ISN'T DET]M9$ BY ! P]SONAL *>ACT] ( ITS MEMB]S1 BUT BY ITS ORGANIC FUNCTION 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ! MOD]N /ATE IS ESS5TIALLY AN ORGANIZATION ( CLASS DOM9ATION1 ! REGUL> FUNCTION+ ( :I* IS ONE ( ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ( ! CLASS /ATE4 ,) ! 5TRY ( A SOCIALI/ 9TO ! GOV]NM5T1 & CLASS DOM9ATION CONT9U+ TO EXI/1 ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T DOESN'T TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 BUT A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MS HIMSELF 9TO A B\RGEOIS M9I/]4 ,! SOCIAL RE=MS ?AT A M9I/] :O IS A FRI5D ( ! WORK]S CAN REALIZE HAVE NO?+1 9 !MSELVES1 ( SOCIALI/2 !Y >E SOCIALI/ ONLY 9S(> AS !Y >E OBTA9$ ?R\< CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT COM+ FROM A M9I/]1 SOCIAL RE=MS CAN'T HAVE ! *>ACT] ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 BUT SOLELY ! *>ACT] ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 = ! M9I/]1 BY ! PO/ HE OCCUPIES1 ATTA*ES HIMSELF TO ?AT CLASS BY ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( A B\RGEOIS1 MILIT>I/ GOV]NM5T4 ,:ILE 9 P>LIAM5T1 OR ON ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL1 WE OBTA9 USEFUL RE=MS BY COMBAT+ ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T1 :ILE OCCUPY+ A M9I/]IAL PO/ WE >RIVE AT ! SAME RE=MS BY SUPPORT+ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,! 5TRY ( A SOCIALI/ 9TO A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T IS NOT1 AS IT IS ?\<T1 A P>TIAL CONQUE/ ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE BY ! SOCIALI/S1 BUT A P>TIAL CONQUE/ ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY BY ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 

#a4 0REVISIONISM0 H]E REF]S TO ?OSE :O CALL$ = ! REVISION ( ! ,DREYFUS CASE1 NOT ! FOLL[]S ( ,$4 ,B]N/E9 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR & ! ,MILL]& ,CASE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR & ! ,MILL]& ,CASE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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