,! ,CREATION ( ,ORD] 9 ,HUMANITY 
,OR1 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ORGANIZATION 

#ahdc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,D,E,F,9,I,T,I,O,N,S 

#a4 ,I CALL ,ORD] EV]Y S]IAT$ OR SYMMETRICAL >RANGEM5T4 ,ORD] NECESS>ILY PRESUPPOSES DIVISION1 DI/9CTION1 DIFF]5CE4 ,NO?+ UNDIVID$1 9DI/9CT1 UNDIFF]5TIAT$1 CAN BE UND]/OOD AS ORD]$3 !SE NOTIONS >E MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE4 .<#a.> 

#b4 ,! IDEAS ( 9TELLIG5CE & F9AL CAUSE >E =EIGN TO ! IDEA ( ORD]4 ,9 FACT1 ORD] CAN APPE> TO US AS AN UN=ESE5 RESULT ( PROP]TIES 9H]5T 9 ! V>I\S P>TS ( A :OLE3 9TELLIG5CE CANNOT1 9 ?IS CASE1 BE DESIGNAT$ AS A PR9CIPLE ( ORD]4 -- ,BESIDES1 A SECRET T5D5CY OR AIM CAN EXI/ 9 DISORD]3 PURPOSE CAN ALSO NOT BE TAK5 AS AN ESS5TIAL *>ACT] ( ORD]4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! CONSID]ATION ( ! UNIV]SE1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW GRASP$ BY ,BOSSUET1 ,F5ELON1 & ,CIC]O1 IS NOT AN >GUM5T = ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD1 ANY MORE ?AN SOCIAL DISORD]1 AS IT IS DEMON/RAT$ TO US BY HI/ORY1 DISPROVES ,PROVID5CE4 

#c4 ,ORD] IS ! ULTIMATE CONDITION ( ALL P]SI/5CE1 ALL DEVELOPM5T1 & ALL P]FECTION4 

#d4 ,ORD]1 9 ITS V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS1 BE+ S]IES1 SYMMETRY1 & RELATION1 IS SUBJECT TO CONDITIONS 9 :I* IT CAN BE BROK5 D[N1 :I* >E LIKE ITS IMM$IATE PR9CIPLE1 =M1 REASON1 MET]4 ,!SE CONDITIONS >E :AT WE CALL LAWS4 -- ,?US1 TAK+ ! CIRCLE AS AN ORD]$ :OLE1 ! FIX$ EQUALITY ( ! G5]ATIVE RADIUS WILL BE ! LAW4 ,9 ! >I?METIC S]IES #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #a#a44444444444441 ! LAW OR REASON IS #b4 

#e4 ,! EXPRESSION ( A LAW1 OR ITS DESCRIPTION1 IS A =MULA4 

#f4 ,EV]Y TRUE LAW IS ABSOLUTE & )\T EXCEPTION3 ONLY ! IGNORANCE OR 9ANITY ( ! GRAMM>IANS1 MORALI/S1 JURI/S & O!R PHILOSOPH]S HAS DREAM$ UP ! PROV]B3 ,NO RULE )\T EXCEPTION4 ,! MANIA = IMPOS+ RULES ON NATURE1 9/EAD ( /UDY+ ITS [N LAWS1 HAS CONFIRM$ ?AT IGNORANT APHORISM4 -- ,9 ! MA!MATICAL & NATURAL SCI5CES1 IT IS ACCEPT$ ?AT EV]Y LAW :I* DOES NOT EMBRACE ! TOTALITY ( ! FACTS IS A FALSE LAW1 AN 9VALID LAW3 IT IS ! SAME = ALL ! O!R SCI5CES4 

#g4 ,ORD] IS NOT SOME?+ REAL1 BUT ONLY SOME?+ =MAL2 IT IS ! IDEA 9SCRIB$ 9 SUB/ANCE1 ! ?\<T EXPRESS$ 9 EA* COLLECTION1 S]IES1 ORGANISM1 G5US & SPECIES1 LIKE WORD 9 WRIT+4 

#h4 ,ORD] IS ALL ?AT MAN CAN KN[ ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,CONSID]+ CREATION ACCORD+ TO ! ?REE CATEGORIES ( SUB/ANCE1 CAUSE1 & RELATION1 WE F9D ?AT BE+S1 P]CEPTIBLE TO US ONLY BY ! RELATIONS ?AT WE SU/A9 ) !M1 REMA9 IMP5ETRABLE TO US 9 !IR SUB/ANCE2 ?AT CAUSES1 ELUSIVE 9 !IR PR9CIPLE & ORIG91 LET US GLIMPSE ONLY ! SEQU5CE ( !IR EFFECTS4 ,! RELATIONS ( ?+S1 ORD] & DISORD]1 BEAUTY & UGL9ESS1 GOOD & EVIL1 >E ALL ?AT WE CAN OBS]VE1 ALL ?AT IS ! SUBJECT ( ITS SCI5CE4 

,?US1 ( ! ?REE FACES ( ! UNIV]SE1 ONLY ONE IS 9TELLIGIBLE TO US3 ! TWO O!RS >E1 = US1 ! OBJECT ( A BL9D1 FATEFUL FAI?4 ,ONTOLOGY1 AS A SCI5CE ( SUB/ANCES & CAUSES1 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 .<#b.> 

#i4 ,WE KN[ BE+S ONLY BY !IR RELATIONS3 H[EV]1 AS IT IS NECESS>Y1 = ! NE$S ( SCI5CE1 TO DI/+UI% 9 EA* ( ITS ASPECTS ?IS GREAT :OLE ?AT WE CALL ! ,U,N,I,V,],S,E1 WE HAVE GIV5 SPECIAL NAMES TO ?+S KN[N & UNKN[N1 TO ! VISIBLE & 9VISIBLE1 TO ?OSE ?AT WE KN[ & ?AT WE BELIEVE4 

,?US WE CALL SUB/ANCE ! MAT]IAL1 :ATEV] IT MAY BE1 ( EV]Y S]IES1 ( EV]Y ORGANIZATION2 ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL 9]TIA OR RESI/ANCE4 ,9 A CLOCK1 = EXAMPLE1 ! SUB/ANCE IS ! IRON1 ! COPP]1 9 %ORT ! V>I\S MAT]IALS ( :I* ! CLOCK IS COMPOS$4 .<#c.> 

#a4 ,BY CAUSE WE MEAN ! PRIMITIVE =CE ?AT DET]M9ES A *ANGE ( /ATE1 A PRODUCTION ( ORD] OR DISORD]1 9 %ORT A MOVEM5T4 -- ,! PHILOSOPH]S1 BY AN ABUSE ( LANGUAGE1 CONSID]+ ! DIFF]5T T]MS ( A MOBILE SEQU5CE AS CAUS+ ONE ANO!R1 HAVE ?\<T !Y C\LD1 ) ! AID ( !SE ALLEG$ SECOND>Y CAUSES1 RAISE !MSELVES TO KN[L$GE ( ! FIR/4 ,BUT IT IS EASY TO SEE H[ MU* !Y FOOL !MSELVES1 TAK+ RELATIONS = CAUSES4 ,! CAUSE :I* MAKES ! H&S ( A CLOCK MOVE1 ACCORD+ TO !IR WAY ( SEE+1 IS A :EEL :I* TURNS2 ! CAUSE :I* MAKES ! :EEL TURN IS A *A9 ROLL+ ON A PIVOT2 ! CAUSE :I* MAKES ! *A9 UNW9D IS A WEI<T :I* PULLS IT2 ! CAUSE :I* MAKES ! WEI<T FALL IS ATTRACTION2 ! CAUSE ( ! ATTRACTION444 IS UNKN[N4 ,N[1 ALL !SE CAUSES >E ! T]MS ( A ME*ANICAL SEQU5CE PRODUC$ 9 ! DOMA9 ( =CE1 AS A POLYH$RON ( WAX OR IVORY IS A GEOMETRIC ORD] PRODUC$ 9 ! DOMA9 ( SUB/ANCE4 ,JU/ AS ! MAT]IAL DOES NOT *ANGE ) ! %APES ?AT WE GIVE IT & ! USES TO :I* WE PUT IT2 JU/ SO ! =CE DOES NOT V>Y1 IT IS NOT CLASSIFI$1 DEP5D+ ON ! S]IES ( :I* IT MAY BE ! SUB/RATUM1 ! SUBJECT4 ,! ]ROR IS !RE=E NOT TO NAME ! SUB/ANCE & ! CAUSE .<#d.> 2 BUT ONLY TO ASPIRE TO KN[ !M & TO CLAIM TO EXPLA9 !M4 

#a#a4 ,PROP]TY1 QUALITY1 MODE & PH5OM5ON >E SO MANY CORRELATIVE EXPRESSIONS ( SUB/ANCE & CAUSE1 & S]VE TO DESIGNATE 9 :AT WAY BO? >E DISC]NIBLE1 ! ORD] OR DISORD] ?AT !Y %[4 

#a#b4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE NOTIONS1 ORD]1 OR ?AT :I* IS PURELY =MAL 9 NATURE1 BE+ ! ONLY ?+ ACCESSIBLE TO REASON1 ! ONLY SUBJECT ( ! SCI5CE1 BECOMES = ?AT REASON ! ONLY REALITY = REASON4 ,!RE IS AN ORD]1 ( NATURAL SY/EM ( CELE/IAL BODIES1 DEMON/RAT$ BY ,NEWTON2 

,A SY/EM ( PLANTS1 ID5TIFI$ BY ,JUSSIEU2 

,A SY/EM ( ZOOLOGY1 ( :I* ,CUVI] IS ! PR9CIPAL 9V5TOR2 

,A SY/EM ( *EMI/RY1 :I* ,LAVOISI] HAS MORE OR LESS COMPLETELY =MULAT$2 

,A SY/EM ( NUM]ATION1 RECOGNIZ$ FROM ! E>LIE/ TIMES2 

,SOME SY/EMS ( MOLECUL> COMPOSITION1 ORGANIC REPRODUCTION1 ( COSMOGONY1 GRAMM>1 >T & LIT]ATURE1 /ILL LITTLE KN[N1 BUT :I* ALL T5D TO CLE> !MSELVES FROM ! VEILS :I* COV] !M & TO BE =M$ 9 AN ABSOLUTE MANN]4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 !RE EXI/S A NATURAL SY/EM ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 GLIMPS$ OR S5S$ BY ! LEGISLATORS1 :O MU/ /RIVE TO ADAPT !IR LAWS TO IT3 A SY/EM ?AT HUMANITY FULFILLS EA* DAY & ?AT ,I PROPOSE TO RECOGNIZE4 

#a#c4 ,ORD] IS PRODUC$1 9 UNORGANIZ$ BE+S OR ?OSE DEPRIV$ ( REASON1 BY VIRTUE ( UNCONSCI\S1 BL9D1 UN]R+ =CES1 & ACCORD+ TO LAWS UNKN[N TO !M2 -- 9 REASON+ BE+S1 BY VIRTUE ( =CES ?AT >E FELT & ?AT >E1 = ?AT REASON1 PRONE TO DEVIATE1 & ACCORD+ TO LAWS ?AT !SE BE+S >E CALL$ UPON TO KN[4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! BRUTE BE+S OBEY !IR LAWS )\T ANY UND]/&+ ( !M3 ,HUMANITY IS ONLY ORGANIZ$ BY RATIONAL KN[L$GE1 &1 IF ,I CAN PUT IT ?IS WAY1 BY ! ELABORATION ?AT IT MAKES ( ITS [N LAWS4 

,N[1 ?AT UND]/&+ ( \R LAWS IS NOT OBTA9$ BY US 9 AN 9/ANTANE\S MANN] & BY AN AUTOMATIC P]CEPTION1 BUT ?R\< A LONG EF=T ( CONTEMPLATION1 RESE>* & ME?OD4 ,H5CE1 ?REE GREAT ]AS 9 ! =MATION ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 ,RELIGION1 ,PHILOSOPHY & ,SCI5CE4 

#a#d4 ,I CALL ,RELIGION ! 9/9CTIVE1 SYMBOLIC & SUMM>Y EXPRESSION BY :I* A NEW SOCIETY MANIFE/S ITS OP9ION ON ! UNIV]SAL ORD]4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ,RELIGION IS ! 5SEMBLE ( RELATIONS ?AT M51 9 ! CRADLE ( CIVILIZATION1 IMAG9E EXI/S BETWE5 !MSELVES1 ! ,UNIV]SE & ,GOD1 ! SUPREME ,ORGANIZ]4 

,FROM A LESS G5]AL PO9T ( VIEW1 ,RELIGION IS 9 ALL ?+S ! 9TUITION ( A TRU?4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( EV]Y RELIGION IS S5TIM5T2 ITS ESS5TIAL *>ACT] IS SPONTANEITY2 ITS PRO(S1 APP>ITIONS & PRODIGIES2 ITS ME?OD IS FAI?4 ,ANALYTIC DEMON/RATION & RATIONAL C]TA9TY >E ! OPPOSITE ( ! RELIGI\S SPIRIT4 

,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS ?AT ,RELIGION IS BY NATURE IMMOBILE1 DAYDREAM+1 9TOL]ANT1 9IMICAL TO RESE>* & /UDY1 ?AT IT HAS A HORROR ( SCI5CE & ! NOVELTIES ( PROGRESS4 ,=1 9 ! EYES ( RELIGION1 TO D\BT OR TO PHILOSOPHIZE IS TO DISPOSE ONESELF WILL+LY TO SOON NO LONG] BELIEVE2 TO REASON IS TO PRET5D TO DISCOV] ! SECRETS ( ,GOD2 TO SPECULATE IS TO ABOLI% )9 ONESELF ! S5TIM5TS ( ADMIRATION & LOVE1 ( 9NOC5CE & OB$I5CE ?AT >E PROP] TO ! BELIEV]2 IT IS TO *>GE ! PRIMITIVE REVELATION ) 9SUFFICI5CY1 TO WEAK5 ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! S\L T[>DS ! 9F9ITE1 TO LIB]ATE ONESELF FROM ,PROVID5CE & SUB/ITUTE ! HUMBLE PRAY] ( ,PHILEMON ) ! REVOLT ( ,PROME!US4 

#a#e4 ,I MEAN BY ,P,H,I,L,O,S,O,P,H,Y ?AT ASPIRATION TO KN[1 ?AT MOVEM5T ( ! M9D T[>DS ! SCI5CE ?AT FOLL[S RELIGI\S SPONTANEITY & PRES5TS ITSELF AS ! ANTI!SIS ( FAI?3 AN ASPIRATION & A MOVEM5T ?AT >E /ILL NEI!R SCI5CE NOR ME?OD1 BUT ! 9VE/IGATION ( BO?4 ,H5CE ! NAME PHILOSOPHY1 LOVE OR DESIRE = SCI5CE3 H5CE ALSO ! PRIMITIVE SYNONYMY ( ! WORDS PHILOSOPH] & SKEPTIC1 :I* IS TO SAY SEEK]4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( ,PHILOSOPHY IS ! IDEA ( CAUSALITY2 ITS SPECIAL *>ACT]1 SUP]/ITION2 ITS PROCESS1 SOPHI/RY3 ,I WILL EXPLA9 ITS ME*ANISM & ITS MY/]Y4 .<#e.>4 

#a#f4 ,RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY HAVE ?IS 9 COMMON1 ?AT !Y EMBRACE ! UNIV]SE 9 !IR CONTEMPLATIONS & !IR RESE>*ES1 :I* REMOVES FROM !M ALL SPECIALTY & BY ! SAME TOK5 ALL SCI5TIFIC REALITY2 ?AT 9 !IR FLI<TS ( FANCY OR !IR REV]IES !Y PROCE$ A PRIORI1 CEASELESSLY DESC5D+1 BY A C]TA9 RHETORICAL >TIFICE1 FROM CAUSES TO EFFECTS1 OR ASC5D+ AGA9 FROM EFFECTS TO CAUSES1 & SE FONDANT CON/ANTLY1 ! ONE ( ! HYPO!TICAL & IMPRECISE IDEA ( ,GOD1 HIS ATTRIBUTES1 & HIS DESIGNS2 ! O!R ON ONTOLOGICAL G5]ALITIES1 DEPRIV$ ( CONSI/5CY & FRUITFULNESS4 

,BUT RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY DIFF]1 9 ?AT ! FIR/1 A PRODUCT ( SPONTANEITY1 ! WORK SOMETIMES ( AN 9/ANT1 IS BY ITS NATURE IMMUTABLE & RECEIVES MODIFICATION ONLY ?R\< ! 9FLU5CE ( EXT]NAL CAUSES3 :ILE ! O!R1 PRODUCT ( CURIOSITY & REFLECTION1 V>IES ACCORD+ TO ! OBJECTS1 *ANGES AT ! M]CY ( EXP]I5CE1 & ALWAYS EXT5D+ ! CIRCLE ( ITS IDEA1 RECTIFY+ ITS PROC$URES & ME?ODS1 5DS BY DISAPPE>+ 9TO SCI5CE4 

#a#g4 ,I CALL ,SCI5CE ! CLE>1 COMPLETE1 C]TA9 & REASON$ COMPREH5SION1 ( ORD]4 

,! PROP] *>ACT] ( ,SCI5CE IS1 AS OPPOS$ TO RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY1 TO BE SPECIAL1 &1 ACCORD+ TO ?AT SPECIALTY1 TO HAVE A ME?OD ( 9V5TION & DEMON/RATION ?AT EXCLUDES D\BT & LEAVES NO?+ TO HYPO!SIS4 

,RELATIVE TO RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY1 ,SCI5CE IS ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! SYMBOLS ( ! FIR/1 ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! SECOND4 

,9 SOME P>TS ( ITS VA/ DOMA91 ,SCI5CE /ILL ONLY />TS TO EM]GE2 9 O!RS1 IT IS DEVELOP$2 9 NE>LY ALL1 IT IS GIV5 TO US TO COMPLETE IT4 ,BUT1 AS WE CAN ACQUIRE IT1 ,SCI5CE IS SUFFICI5T = ! EX]CISE ( \R REASON1 = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( \R E>?LY MISSION1 = ! IMMORTAL HOPES ( \R S\LS4 

,EV]Y:]E ,SCI5CE HAS NOT PLANT$ ITS FIR/ MILE/ONES1 !RE IS RELIGION OR PHILOSOPHY1 ?AT IS TO SAY IGNORANCE OR DECEPTION .<#f.>4 

#a#h4 ,I WILL CALL ,M,E,T,A,P,H,Y,S,I,C,S ! UNIV]SAL & SUPREME !ORY ( ORD]1 A !ORY ( :I* ! ME?ODS PROP] TO ! V>I\S SCI5CES >E SO MANY SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS4 ,?US1 GEOMETRY & >I?METIC >E TWO ANNEXES ( METAPHYSICS1 :I* GIVES C]TA9TY TO EA* & EMBRACES !M 9 ITS G5]ALITY4 

,! OBJECT ( METAPHYSICS IS3 #a7 TO GIVE ME?ODS TO ! BRAN*ES ( /UDY ?AT LACK !M1 & CONSEQU5TLY CREATE SCI5CE !RE :]E RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY CALL = IT2 

#b7 ,TO %[ ! ABSOLUTE CRIT]ION ( TRU?2 

#c7 ,TO FURNI% CONCLUSIONS REG>D+ ! COMMON AIM ( ! SCI5CES1 ON ! MY/]Y ( ?IS WORLD1 & ! SUBSEQU5T DE/9Y ( ! HUMAN RACE .<#g.>4 

#a#i4 ,I MEAN BY ,P,R,O,G,R,E,S,S ! ASC5D+ M>* ( ! M9D T[>DS ,SCI5CE1 ?R\< ! ?REE CONSECUTIVE ]AS ( ,RELIGION1 ,PHILOSOPHY1 & ,METAPHYSICS OR ME?OD4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ,PROGRESS DOES NOT MEAN ! ACCUMULATION ( DISCOV]IES ?AT TIME BR+S AB\T 9 EA* SPECIALIZATION1 BUT ! CON/ITUTION & DET]M9ATION ( ! SCI5CES !MSELVES4 

,! OBS]VATION ( ,PROGRESS1 9 MANY CASES1 IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! DISCOV]Y ( ,ORD]3 ?AT IS :Y WE WILL PREFACE \R ELEM5TS ( METAPHYSICS ) A SUMM>Y REVIEW ( RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY2 :Y1 LAT]1 ! SOCIAL SCI5CE WILL ONLY PROCE$ ) ! AID ( COMP>ATIVE LEGISLATION & ( HI/ORY .<#h.>4 

,C,O,R,O,L,L,>,I,E,S ,T,O ,! ,D,E,F,9,I,T,I,O,N,S 

#b4 ,WE CAN NEI!R P5ETRATE SUB/ANCES NOR TO GRASP CAUSES2 :AT WE P]CEIVE ( NATURE IS ALWAYS1 AT BOTTOM1 LAW OR RELATION1 NO?+ MORE4 ,ALL \R KN[L$GE IS ULTIMATELY FROM P]CEPTIONS ( ORD] OR DISORD]1 GOOD OR EVIL2 ALL \R IDEAS FROM ! REPRES5TATIONS ( 9TELLIGIBLE ?+S1 !RE=E1 FROM ! ELEM5TS ( CALCULATION & ME?OD4 ,\R V]Y S5SATIONS1 >E NO?+ BUT A MORE OR LESS CLE> VIEW ( RELATIONS EXT]NAL1 9T]NAL1 OR SYMPA!TIC4 ,TO SEE & TO FEEL >E ONE & ! SAME ?+3 WE HAVE A /RIK+ PRO( ( IT 9 DREAMS4 ,SO ?AT1 ! SELF NOT REALLY POSSESS+1 9 SOME WAY :I* IT APPROA*ES ! OBJECTS BY ! S5SES1 NOT P5ETRAT+ & ASSIMILAT+ ANY?+1 HAPP9ESS = US1 PLEASURE1 ! HI<E/ FELICITY >E R$UC$ TO A VISION4 ,MAN ACTS 9 VA93 HIS LIFE IS COMPLETELY 9TELLECTUAL2 ! ORGANISM & :AT HAPP5S TO IT >E NO?+ BUT ! MEANS :I* MAKES ?IS VISION POSSIBLE4 

,9 \R PRES5T CONDITION1 ! FEEBLE 5]GY ( !SE FACULTIES 5ABLES US TO COMP5SATE ONLY P>TIALLY BY UND]/&+ ! FEEL+S2 BUT :O KN[S IF1 9 ANO!R SY/EM ( EXI/5CE1 PLEASURE & PA9 W\LD NOT BE = US PURELY 9TELLIGIBLE ?+S1 ! P]CEPTION ( :I*1 HAV+ NO NE$ ( ANY ORGANIC EXCITATION1 W\LD NO LONG] DEP5D ON ANY?+ BUT AN ACT ( ! WILL8 

,BUT LET US PUT ASIDE PSY*OLOGY4 

#b#a4 ,LET US CONCEIVE A MOM5T :5 ! ,UNIV]SE IS NO?+ BUT A HOMOG5E\S1 ID5TICAL1 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ :OLE1 A *AOS1 9 %ORT3 CREATION WILL APPE> TO US UND] ! IDEA ( SEP>ATION1 DI/9CTION1 CIRCUMSCRIPTION1 DIFF]5CE2 ,ORD] WILL BE ! S]IES1 I4E4 ! FIGURE1 ! LAWS & ! RELATIONS1 ACCORD+ TO :I* EA* CREAT$ BE+ WILL BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! UNDIVID$ :OLE4 ,:ATEV] ,NATURE DIVID+ & ,NATURE DIVID$ MAY BE1 ! EFFICI5T CAUSE & ! MAT]IAL1 ! AG5T & ! PATI5T1 WE CAN NEI!R D5Y NOR AFFIRM ANY?+ ( EI!R4 ,! SPIRIT 9VOLUNT>ILY PRESUPPOSES !M & ?RU/S ITSELF AT !M3 ?IS SP>K ( 9TELLIG5CE REVEALS TO US A SUB/ANTIAL REALITY & A CAUSAL REALITY1 & WE WILL SEE LAT] H[1 )\T EV] KN[+ !M1 WE CAN ACQUIRE ! C]TA9TY ( !SE TWO REALITIES4 ,BUT \R SCI5CE REMA9S NO LESS LIMIT$ TO ! OBS]VATION ( ORD]1 ( RELATIONS & LAWS3 CONSEQU5TLY1 ANY >GUM5T ON ! ET]NITY ( ! MATT] OR ITS EXTRACTION FROM NO?+1 ON ! EFFICACY ( ! FIR/ CAUSE TO PRODUCE ?IS EXTRACTION & ! MANN] ( ! ACT ( CREATION1 ON ! ID5TITY OR ! NONID5TITY ( ! CREATIVE =CE & ?+ CREAT$1 ! CAUSE & ! PH5OM5ON1 ! EGO & ! NON-EGO1 MU/ BE BANI%$ FROM SCI5CE & AB&ON$ ALONG ) RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY4 

,= \R 9TELLIG5CE1 9 A WORD1 TO CREATE IS TO PRODUCE ORD]3 9 ?IS S5SE1 ONE CAN SAY ?AT ! CREATION WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! SIX DAYS ( ,MOSES & ?AT ! WORK ( ! SEV5? DAY1 ! GREATE/ ( ! WORKS ( ! ET]NAL ,POET1 ?AT ( ORD] 9 SOCIETY1 IS /ILL BE+ A*IEV$4 

,! PRODUCTION ( ORD]3 SU* IS ! OBJECT ( METAPHYSICS4 

#b#b4 ,SET BE=E ?+S & PLAC$ 9 RELATION TO ! UNIV]SAL ,ORD] OR ! ,WORLD1 9ITIALLY ,MAN IS A/ONI%$ & WOR%IPS2 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 HIS CURIOSITY AWAK5S1 & HE />TS TO SCRUT9IZE ! GREAT :OLE :OSE FACE HAD 9ITIALLY 5?RALL$ HIM1 TAK+ REFLECTION & ?\<T FROM HIM4 

,SOON1 ! FEEL+ ( HIS P]SONAL ACTIVITY MAKES HIM DI/+UI% ! =CE FROM ! SUB/ANCE & ! PH5OM5ON FROM ! CAUSE1 & FROM HAV+ ONCE WOR%IP$ ,NATURE1 ,MAN COMES TO ?9K ?AT ! WORLD HE ADMIRES IS ONLY AN EFFECT1 ?AT IT IS NOT ! 9TELLIG5T CAUSE ?AT HIS HE>T & ?\<T SEEK2 AT ?IS PO9T 9 TIME1 HIS S\L LEAPS BEYOND ! VISIBLE & PLUNGES 9TO ! DEP?S ( ! 9F9ITE4 

,! IDEA ( ,GOD 9 MAN IS ! OBJECT ( AN UNTIR+ WORK1 CEASELESSLY RECTIFI$1 CEASELESSLY RESUM$4 ,MAN TREATS ?IS SUPREME ,BE+ LIKE ALL ! O!R BE+S SUBJECT TO HIS /UDY3 HE WANTS TO UND]/& ITS SUB/ANCE & ITS ACTION1 I4E4 :AT IS MO/ IMP5ETRABLE AB\T ! CREATURES !MSELVES4 ,H5CE ?IS MULTITUDE ( MON/]S & IDOLS ?AT ! HUMAN BRA9 HAS DECORAT$ ) ! NAMES ( DIV9ITIES & ?AT ! TOR* ( SCI5CE MU/ MAKE DISAPPE> =EV]4 

,TO DET]M9E1 BY MEANS ( UNIV]SAL ME?OD1 ON ! BASIS ( ! DATA ( ALL ! SCI5CES & ACCORD+ TO ! SUCCESSIVE RE=MS ?AT ! IDEA ( ,GOD HAS UND]GONE 9 PASS+ FROM RELIGION 9TO PHILOSOPHY1 :AT REASON CAN AFFIRM ( ! SOV]EIGN ,BE+ ?AT ! CONSCI5CE BELIEVES 9 & DI/+UI%ES FROM ! WORLD1 BUT ?AT NO?+ MAKES IT SEE3 ?IS IS :AT A !ODICY MU/ BE1 :AT IT CAN BE4 

#b#c4 ,RELIGION1 ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,SCI5CE2 FAI?1 SOPHISM & ME?OD3 SU* >E ! ?REE MOM5TS ( KN[L$GE1 ! ?REE EPO*S ( ! $UCATION ( MANK9D4 

,CONSULT HI/ORY3 EV]Y SOCIETY BEG9S ) A RELIGI\S ]A2 QUE/ION ! PHILOSOPH]S1 ! SCI5TI/S1 ?OSE :O ?9K & REASON3 ALL WILL TELL Y\ ?AT !Y W]E1 AT A C]TA9 P]IOD1 & = A LONG] OR %ORT] TIME1 RELIGI\S4 ,ONE SEES NATIONS IMMOBILIZ$ 9 !IR PRIMITIVE BELIEFS3 = !SE1 !RE IS NO PROGRESS4 -- ,EV]Y DAY WE 5C\NT] M5 :O >E OB/9ATE 9 !IR FAI?1 ?\< O!RWISE EXTREMELY 5LI<T5$3 = !M1 !RE IS NO POLITICAL SCI5CE1 NO MORAL IDEAS1 NO UND]/&+ ( MAN4 ,S5TIM5TS1 CONTEMPLATIONS1 T]RORS1 & DREAMS3 ?IS IS !IR PORTION4 

,O!RS1 AFT] HAV+ TAK5 A FEW /EPS1 HALT AT ! FIR/ GLIMM]S ( PHILOSOPHY2 OR1 FRI<T5$ BY ! VA/NESS ( ! TASK1 DESPAIR AT GO+ =W>D & RELY ON D\BT3 SU* IS ! CATEGORY ( ! VISION>IES1 ! MY/ICS1 ! SOPHI/S1 ! LI>S & ! C[>DS4 

8,V,I,I4 -- ,SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( C]TA9TY4 

#c#b#f4 ,BE=E SEEK+ ! ELEM5TS ( POLITICAL SCI5CE1 IT IS APPROPRIATE1 AS MU* TO REMOVE ANY PREJUDICIAL OBJECTION ON ! P>T ( SKEPTICISM AS TO %[ ! P[] ( \R ME?OD1 TO RESOLVE A QUE/ION ?AT ! GREATE/ EF=T ( PHILOSOPHY HAS BE5 TO DECL>E UNREA*ABLE1 ,I MEAN ! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY4 

,! PROBLEM ( C]TA9TY1 O!RWISE KN[N AS ! LOGICAL PROBLEM OR ! PROBLEM ( ! ABSOLUTE LEGITIMACY ( KN[L$GE1 DIVIDES 9 TWO3 #a7 ! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 ( IDEAS2 #b7 ! PROBLEM ( C]TA9TY1 OR ( ! CON=MITY ( KN[L$GE ) REALITY4 ,WE SEE1 9 FACT1 ?AT ALL ! DIFFICULTIES RAIS$ AGA9/ ! ABSOLUTE C]TA9TY ( \R JUDGM5TS RE/ ON \R IGNORANCE ( ! ORIG9 ( \R IDEAS2 SO ?AT1 ?AT ORIG9 BE+ KN[N1 ! PROBLEM ( C]TA9TY IS RESOLV$4 

,SU* WILL BE ! C\RSE ( ! DISCUSSION WE >E AB\T TO BEG94 

#c#b#g4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PLATO1 IDEAS COME FROM ,GOD1 9 :OM !Y EXI/ SUB/ANTIALLY2 !Y >E PRE=M$ 9 ! S\LS BE=E !IR DEP>TURE FROM ,ELYSIUM & !IR UNION ) BODIES3 ! S5SATIONS ONLY >\SES ! RECOLLECTION ( !M 9 ! M9D4 ,SO WE DO NOT ACQUIRE \R IDEAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,PLATO2 WE REMEMB] !M4 ,! PURE IDEA 7! IDEAL7 ( EA* OBJECT IS 9 ,GOD2 BODIES ONLY CONCRETELY REPRODUCE IT 9 A MORE OR LESS P]FECT MANN]1 ) \R S\L1 ACCORD+ TO ! COMMUNICATION ?AT IT HAS RECEIV$1 RECOGNIZES & ASSESSES4 ,! IDEAS1 9 %ORT1 >E ! ET]NAL EXEMPL>S ( ?+S1 ! TYPES OR SAMPLES ( :I* \R S\L HAS RECEIV$ ! IMPR9T1 & ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL ! BE+S HAVE BE5 CREAT$4 

,WE SEE FROM ?IS ACC\NT H[ EASY IT W\LD BE1 ) A BIT ( GOOD WILL1 TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,PLATO M]ELY EXPRESS$1 ) A RELIGI\S SYMBOL1 ! OBJECTIVE & COSMIC ORIG9 ( IDEAS1 PLUS1 ! CAPACITY ?AT WE HAVE = 9TELLECTUALLY CORRECT ! =MS ?AT /RAY FROM !IR TYPE2 9 O!R WORDS1 TO CALCULATE A S]IES ACCORD+ TO ITS REASON4 ,BUT IT IS PROBABLE ?AT ,PLATO DID NOT CONCEIVE ( ?+S ) ?AT SCI5TIFIC PRECISION4 

#c#b#h4 ,>I/OTLE1 OR MORE ACCURATELY ! S*OOL ?AT HAS TAK5 HIM = HEAD1 MADE ALL IDEAS DEP5D ON S5SATION1 ) ! FAM\S APHORISM3 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ! UND]/&+ ?AT HAS NOT BE5 PREVI\SLY 9 ! S5SES4 

,IT HAS BE5 OBJECT$1 AGA9/ ?IS SY/EM1 ?AT S5SATION WAS AT MO/ ! OCCASION1 MEANS1 OR VEHICLE ( ! IDEA1 BUT NOT ! CAUSE3 LET US ADD ?AT AS WE EXPLA9 NO?+ BY MAK+ ! ORIG9 ( IDEAS TRACE BACK TO ,GOD1 AU?OR ( ALL ?+S2 JU/ SO1 WE KN[ NO?+ MORE ( IT BY RELAT+ IT TO ! S5SES1 ?AT IS TO ! SUGGE/ION ( NATURE1 ?AT SAME ORIG94 

#c#b#i4 ,WE GRADUALLY DI/+UI% DIFF]5T SORTS ( IDEAS1 :I* LEADS US TO MULTIPLY1 9 EQUAL PROPORTION1 ! S\RCES ( IDEAS4 

,AMONG ! IDEAS1 SOME ( ! REPRES5TATIONS ( P]CEPTIBLE1 DI/9CT1 P>TICUL> OBJECTS2 !SE IDEAS W]E1 CONSEQU5TLY1 NAM$ P>TICUL>1 & ATTRIBUT$ TO S5SATION3 ! O!RS SEEM 9/EAD TO EXPRESS G5]AL PO9TS ( VIEW1 & W]E = ?AT REASON CALL$ G5]AL4 ,BUT :AT WAS ! S\RCE ( ! G5]AL IDEAS8 

,A FIR/ HYPO!SIS1 SUGGE/$ BY ANALOGY1 (F]$ ITSELF1 & WAS IMM$IATELY ADOPT$4 ,S9CE ! P>TICUL> IDEAS HAD A P>TICUL> OBJECTIVE REALITY1 ! G5]AL IDEAS MU/ SIMIL>LY HAVE A G5]AL OBJECTIVE REALITY2 & WE SUPPOSE ?AT GOODNESS1 BEAUTY1 /R5G?1 LIFE1 SIZE1 COLOR1 WEI<T1 ETC41 DESIGNATE REAL ?+S1 AS WELL AS SU* A MAN1 ANIMAL1 OR PLANT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?AT .<HYPO!SIS.>1 ALL ! IDEAS W]E /ILL ISSUES ( S5SE4 ,BUT :AT W]E !SE G5]AL REALITIES REPRES5T$ BY ! IDEAS ( ! SAME NAME8 ?AT IS :AT WE C\LD NOT SAY4 

#c#c4 ,9 ?AT PR$ICAM5T1 SOME MA9TA9$ ?AT ! G5]AL IDEAS W]E PURE WORDS1 )\T REALITY1 CREAT$ BY ! ABILITY TO COMP>E & AB/RACT4 ,?US ! IDEAS MO/ IMPORTANT TO ! UND]/&+1 ?OSE )\T :I* REASON+ IS IMPOSSIBLE1 W]E DUE TO ! FACULTY1 9NATE OR ACCID5TAL1 DIV9E OR PHYSIOLOGICAL1 ( IMPOS+ NAMES1 9 A WORD1 ( SPEAK+4 ,IT WAS TO TAKE ! EFFECT = ! CAUSE3 WE ONLY SPEAK :AT WE ?9K2 WE ONLY NAME :AT WE CAN SEE2 WE ONLY CREATE WORDS = REPRES5TATIONS2 SO ?AT ! QUE/ION ALWAYS RETURNS3 ,:AT REPRES5TS ! G5]AL IDEAS8 

,?OSE :O REALIZ$ ALL ! IDEAS W]E NAM$ REALI/S2 ?OSE :O R$UC$ ! G5]AL IDEAS TO M]E NAMES W]E CALL$ NOM9ALS4 

#c#c#a4 ,!RE WAS A TRANSITIONAL OP9ION1 ( :I* ! AU?OR WAS ,ABEL>D1 & ?AT1 UND] ! NAME ( CONCEPTUALISM1 AFFIRM$ ?AT ! G5]AL OR UNIV]SAL IDEAS W]E NEI!R REALITIES NOR WORDS1 BUT CONCEPTIONS ( ! M9D4 ,! M9D1 IT WAS SAID1 P]CEIV$ SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* >E 9 !MSELVES NEI!R G5]A NOR SPECIES2 & BY ITS FACULTY = G5]ALIZ+1 IT SPONTANE\SLY PRODUCES SOME G5]AL IDEAS1 ( :I* LANGUAGE BECOMES ! MEANS ( EXPRESSION4 ,AT BASE1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 NOM9ALISM & CONCEPTUALISM IS RA!R SLI<T3 9 ! ONE1 ! G5]AL IDEAS >E NAMES GIV5 TO NO?+S1 AL?\< SUGGE/$ BY ! COMP>ISON ( OBJECTS2 9 ! O!R1 !Y >E ! PRODUCTS ( 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY1 TRUE CREATIONS ( ! UND]/&+4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! OP9ION ( ,ABEL>D EXPLA9$ ! FACT BY ! FACT ITSELF2 IT AM\NT$ TO SAY+3 ! M9D HAS G5]AL IDEAS1 BECAUSE IT HAS ! P[] TO CREATE OR RECEIVE G5]AL IDEA4 

#c#c#b4 ,I ABBREVIATE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ! HI/ORY ( !SE QU>RELS1 :I* CO/ ! LIFE ( ,PETRUS ,RAMUS1 :O HAS BECOME FAM\S 9 TALES = *ILDR54 ,DESC>TES & ,MALEBRAN*E CAME \T = ! 9NAT5ESS ( IDEAS1 )\T MU* EXPLANATION EI!R ( ! MODE ( ?AT 9NAT5ESS1 :I* IS :AT ,PLATO HAD ATTEMPT$2 NOR ( :AT !Y UND]/OOD AS IDEAS4 ,LOCKE1 & ,CONDILLAC HIS DISCIPLE1 RETURN$ TO ! PURE & SIMPLE SY/EM ( S5SATION1 AS ! ORIG9 ( ALL IDEAS3 ! LATT] IS CELEBRAT$ = HIS SY/EM ( TRANS=M$ S5SATIONS4 

,?+S W]E ?US1 & ! SY/EM ( ,LOCKE PASS$ )\T CONTRADICTION1 :5 ,HUME1 AN ,5GLI%MAN & SKEPTIC1 REALIZ$ ?AT IF ALL IDEAS CAME FROM S5SATION1 !Y C\LD CONTA9 NO?+ MORE ?AN IS 9 S5SATION4 ,N[1 OBS]V$ ,HUME1 S5SATION GIVE US ! IDEA ( SUCCESSION1 BUT WE CANNOT DRAW FROM IT ! IDEA ( CAUSE3 SO ?AT IDEA IS A *IM]A1 A VA9 PREJUDICE1 )\T REALITY4 ,?AT REFLECTION ( ,HUME L$ /RAI<T TO A!ISM1 OR AT LEA/ TO A SKEPTICISM )\T REM$Y3 IT GAVE RISE TO ! M$ITATIONS ( ,REID1 & MADE HIM TAKE UP ONCE AGA9 ! PROBLEM ( ! ORIG9 LEGITIMACY ( IDEAS4 

,! >GUM5T ( ,HUME1 =MULAT$ 9 A SYLLOGISM1 AM\NTS TO SAY+3 ,ALL IDEAS COME FROM S5SATIONS2 N[1 ! IDEA ( CAUSE DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO ANY P]CEPTIBLE REALITY1 SO ! IDEA ( CAUSE IS ONLY AN IDEA ( SUCCESSION4 

,BUT1 )\T DISPUT+ ! EXT]NAL OR 9T]NAL ORIG9 ( IDEAS1 ONE FACT REMA9$ C]TA91 NAMELY1 ! EXI/5CE 9 \R M9D ( ! V]Y CLE> & DI/9CT IDEA ( CAUSE2 & ?AT IS SO TRUE ?AT ! >GUM5TS ( ,HUME AIM$ TO CORRECT ?AT IDEA4 ,9 ! FACE ( ?AT FACT1 NO SYLLOGISM HOLDS3 IT IS EI!R NECESS>Y TO SEEK H[ ! IDEA ( CAUSE CAN BE GIV5 BY S5SATION1 OR1 IF ?AT C\LD NOT BE DONE1 TO DECL>E ?AT ! SY/EM ( S5SATION WAS FALSE1 S9CE !RE WAS AN IDEA = :I* IT C\LD NOT ACC\NT4 

,?AT SIMPLE OBS]VATION WAS SUFFICI5T TO DE/ROY ! SKEPTICISM ( ,HUME1 & ONE %\LD HAVE /OPP$ !RE3 BUT ONE WANT$ TO GO FUR!R & REF9E ! CONCEPTUALI/ SY/EM1 & WAS L$ TO A SKEPTICISM A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE PR(\ND4 

#c#c#c4 ,FIR/ ONE DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 G5]AL IDEAS PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ?OSE ?AT >ISE 9 US FROM AB/RACTION OR G5]ALIZATION1 & RE/ ON SOME P]CEPTIBLE FACT2 

,& ! SO-CALL$ CONCEPTIONS )\T OBJECTIVE REALITY1 ?AT ONE MA9TA9S >E =M$ NEI!R BY 9DUCTION1 NOR BY D$UCTION4 

,! FIR/ W]E PRODUCTS ( REFLECTION2 ! SECOND1 PRODUCTS ( SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS ?AT CONSI/$ NE>LY ALL ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! NEW SY/EM & ?AT ( ,ABEL>D2 & WE CAN SAY ?AT ON ?AT P9PO9T ! GIANTS ( MOD]N METAPHYSICS HAVE PIL$ UP M\NTA9S4 

,! IDEAS ( SPACE & TIME1 !Y SAY TO !MSELVES1 ( SUB/ANCE1 CAUSE1 & ( ALL ?OSE ?AT D]IVE FROM !M1 QUANTITY1 QUALITY1 RELATION1 MODE1 ETC41 >E NOT REPRES5TATIONS ( REALITIES1 BUT MODIFICATIONS OR DET]M9ATIONS ( ! SELF1 ( ! =MS ( ! UND]/&+ ?AT >E PROP] TO !M1 AS EXT5D & IMP5ETRABILITY >E TO MATT]1 & ?AT MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ON ! OCCASION ( EXT]NAL PH5OM5A1 OR S5SATIONS4 ,JU/ AS AT ! SI<T ( A CRIME1 ( A GOOD DE$1 ( A *>M+ OR HIDE\S OBJECT1 ! S\L SPONTANE\SLY FEELS HORROR1 5?USIASM OR LOVE1 )\T \R BE+ ABLE TO ATTRIBUTE !SE S5TIM5TS TO ! S5SATION2 JU/ SO1 9 ! PRES5CE ( PH5OM5A1 ! REASONS SPONTANE\SLY1 9EVITABLY CONCEIVES1 AP>T FROM ! S5SATION1 ! IDEAS ( TIME & SPACE1 ( SUB/ANCE & ( CAUSE4 ,*RONOLOGICALLY1 !SE IDEAS >E PO/]IOR TO ! P]CEPTION ( ! PH5OM5A2 LOGICALLY1 ! PREC$E !M1 !Y /RIKE !M ) !IR *>ACT]1 SO ?AT NOT ONLY DO WE NOT KN[ ?+S 9 !MSELVES1 BUT WE DO NOT EV5 P]CEIVE ! PH5OM5A UND] ! G5]AL LAWS ?AT C\LD ASSURE US ( !IR PROP] BE+1 WE P]CEIVE !M UND] ! SPECIFIC LAWS ( \R UND]/&+4 

#c#c#d4 ,?IS SY/EM1 :I* HAS = IT AT LEA/ ! ADVANTAGE ( BE+ RA!R WELL FOLL[$1 HAS BE51 S9CE ! WORKS ( ,REID & ,KANT & ! EXPLANATION ?AT ,MR4 ,C\S9 MADE ( IT1 ACCEPT$ 9 ,FRANCE ALMO/ )\T DISCUSSION2 IT REIGNS 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! UNIV]SITIES3 BUT IT IS F> FROM BE+ BLAMELESS4 

,FIR/ IT EXPLA9S NO?+4 ,! CONCEPTS1 IT IS SAID1 >E ! =MS ( ! UND]/&+ ?AT >E REVEAL$ TO CONSCI\SNESS ON ! OCCASION ( S5SATION4 ,BUT :AT PREV5TS US FROM SAY+ AS MU* AB\T 9TUITIONS1 OR 9DIVIDUAL IDEAS8 ,?AT IS :AT ,PLATO DID3 EV]Y REPRES5TATION1 9 HIS OP9ION1 WAS A RECOLLECTION ( ! S\L1 >\S$ 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ON ! OCCASION ( S5SATION4 ,S9CE1 ?AT EXCITATION ( ! IDEA 9 ! S\L HAS BE5 EXPLA9$ BY COMP>+ IT TO AN IMPRESSION MADE BY A TYPE ON A S(T SUB/ANCE1 ADEQUATE TO ?AT TYPE2 & AS WE DID NOT F9D ! OBJECTIVE TYPE ( !SE IDEA-CONCEPTS1 WE HAVE DECID$ ON ! SUBJECTIVITY ( !IR ORIG94 ,?AT IS ! :OLE SECRET ( ! ,KANTIAN CRITICISM3 ?AT :I* HAS NO SUB/ANTIAL EXI/5CE1 LIKE SPACE & TIME1 OR P]CEPTIBLE OBJECTIVITY1 LIKE SUB/ANCE & CAUSE1 CAN ONLY BE A CONCEPTION ( ! M9D4 ,WE S5SE ALL ?AT IS FALSE AB\T ?AT >GUM5T3 ! CONCLUSION IS SEP>AT$ FROM ! MAJOR PREMISE BY AN ABYSS1 & ! SYLLOGISM ( ,KANT DOES NOT EV5 HAVE ! M]IT ( BE+ L9K$ 9 ALL ITS P>TS4 ,KANT1 BY REASON+ 9 ?IS WAY1 VIOLAT$ ! PRECEPTS ?AT HE HAD HIMSELF POS$3 HE 9DUC$ FROM C]TA9 QUALITIES ( ! IDEA 7LIKE NECESSITY1 NON-REALITY7 A C]TA9 MODALITY 9 ! SUBJECT2 HE MADE A P]MUTATION ( CATEGORIES1 OR1 AS WE W\LD SAY1 HE *ANG$ HIS PO9T ( VIEW4 

#c#c#e4 ,?AT DIFFICULTY IS /ILL NO?+4 

,S9CE ALL ! IDEAS DEP5D ON ! 9NATE CONCEPTS OR =MS ( ! UND]/&+ & ! PLA/IC P[] EX]T$ BY IT ON ! P]CEPTIONS ( S5SIBILITY1 IT FOLL[S ?AT = US TRU? IS 5TIRELY HUMAN & NOT AT ALL ABSOLUTE4 ,KANT REMA9$ 9 AGREEM5T2 &1 DESPITE ! NICETIES ( ,MR4 ,C\S91 :O HAS CONV]T$ NO ONE1 ,MR4 ,J\FFROY HAS HAD ! GOOD FAI? TO ADMIT ?AT ?IS WAS TRUE4 

,9DE$1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM1 :ILE \R IDEAS >E SUBJECT TO C]TA9 SUBJECTIVE LAWS ( SUBORD9ATION1 G5]ATION & DEP5D5CE1 NO?+ ASSURES US ?AT !Y >E ! FAI?FUL TRANSLATION ( EXT]NAL REALITIES3 SO ?AT WE CAN ONLY MA9TA9 ?AT ! WORLD IS AS WE ?9K WE SEE IT1 & ! OBJECTS CON=M TO \R REPRES5TATIONS4 ,SO WE MU/ ACCEPT ?IS T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CE3 BUT1 AS FI*E ( CONSOLATION1 WE HAVE SAID ?AT IT WAS ALL AT ONCE ( NATURE & ! 9TELLIG5CE TO CON/ANTLY SEEK ! DEMON/RATION ( ITS LEGITIMACY1 & TO NEV] BE ABLE TO OBTA9 IT4 

,A T5D5CY )\T OBJECT1 ! IDEA ( ! TRUE 9 ITSELF BESIDE ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( AN ABSOLUTE C]TA9TY6 ,!RE WAS SOME?+ CONTRADICTORY !RE1 :I* %\LD HAVE /OPP$ ON ! SLOPE ( SKEPTICISM A M9D AS P5ETRAT+ AS ,J\FFROY4 ,IT WAS ! 9CONSI/5CY ( ,HUME REAPPE>+ 9 ANO!R =4 ,& ! RIGOR ( REASON+ ( ! TRANSC5D5TAL SKEPTICISM W\LD NOT /OP ! FLI<T ( ! M9DS3 ! MO/ EM95T PHILOSOPH]S KNUCKL$ D[N ) AN 9CR$IBLE >DOR TO SEEK ! SOLUTION ( ?AT PROBLEM1 ! AGREEM5T ( P]CEPTION ) REALITY1 ( ! SUBJECTIVE ) ! OBJECTIVE1 ( ! N\M5A ) ! PH5OM5A3 SOME ABSORB+ ! SUBJECT 9TO ! OBJECT1 & IDEALIZ+ ! WORLD1 :I* 9 ?IS WAY WAS ! DREAM ( ! M9D2 ! O!RS1 EXT]IORIZ+1 MAT]IALIZ+1 PAN!ISANT ! SELF1 OR RA!R ID5TIFY+ ! SELF & ! NON-SELF1 ! SUBJECTIVE & ! OBJECTIVE1 9 A HI<] UNITY1 AN UNCONDITION$ ABSOLUTE1 FROM :I* !Y D]IVE BO?1 & MAK+ ( ! WORLD1 ( MAN1 ( ?\<T1 ( ,GOD HIMSELF 7! COSMIC SELF71 A SORT ( EVOLUTION ( ?AT ABSOLUTE4 

,SU* W]E1 9 SUB/ANCE1 ! HYPO!SES ( ,FI*TE1 ,S*ELL+1 ,HEGEL1 & A CR[D ( O!RS3 HYPO!SES OBVI\SLY BORN FROM ! NE$ TO ESCAPE ! IMPASSE :]E ! CRITIQUE ( ,KANT HAD CA/ M9DS2 BUT FUNDAM5TALLY P[]LESS HYPO!SES1 S9CE ?AT GRANT$ ?AT :OLE CRITIQUE3 ! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! CONCEPTS FOLL[+ REASON1 AS ! %AD[ FOLL[S ! BODY1 9 ALL ITS SPECULATIONS1 & /AMP+ !M FATALLY ) ITS *>ACT]4 ,= ) ! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! CONCEPTS1 ! CON=MITY ( KN[L$GE ) EXT]NAL REALITY1 :ATEV] EF=T WAS MADE1 REMA9$ =EV] 9DEMON/RABLE1 ! V]Y IDEA ( ! ABSOLUTE IS NONS5SE4 ,TO ID5TIFY ! SELF & ! NON-SELF1 AS ,FI*TE1 ,S*ELL+1 & ,HEGEL HAVE DONE 9 V>I\S =MS1 OR TO RESOLVE ! ACTUAL DIV]SITY 9 AN ANTE-G5ESIAQUE & HYPO!TICAL ID5TITY1 IS TO AB&ON ! QUE/ION3 = IT IS NOT A QUE/ION H] ( :AT ! WORLD & IDEAS C\LD BE 9 ! UNOBS]VABLE ]A ( ABSOLUTE ID5TITY1 BE=E CREATION2 IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! CON=MITY ( ! LAWS ( ! WORLD ) ! LAWS ( ! ?\<T ( MAN1 SUBSEQU5T TO ! ABSOLUTE ID5TITY1 AFT] ! CREATION4 

#c#c#f4 ,H]E IS ! PO9T ?AT ! DISCUSSION HAS REA*$4 

,IDEAS >E DIVID$ 9TO ?REE V>IETIES3 

A7 ,P>TICUL> IDEAS1 9TUITIONS1 REPRES5TATIONS OR IMAGES1 GIV5 IMM$IATELY BY ! S5SES2 

B7 ,G5]AL1 OR UNIV]SAL IDEAS1 =M$ BY AB/RACTION & G5]ALIZATION1 ACCORD+ TO ! DATA ( ! S5SES2 

C7 ,CONCEPTIONS1 OR PURE IDEAS1 :I* DO NOT SEEM TO BE =M$ BY 9DUCTION OR D$UCTION1 9 O!R WORDS1 :I* >E NOT AB/RACT$ NO G5]ALIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! RELATIONS ( ! S5SATIONS4 

,N[1 ADMITT+ = A MOM5T ?AT CLASSIFICATION ( IDEAS CONSID]$ 9 RELATION TO !IR ORIG91 WE W\LD AGREE1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT ! GREATE/ OBSCURITY REIGNS OV] ! =MATION ( G5]AL IDEAS & CONCEPTS1 & ON ?AT SO-CALL$ FACULTY ( ! M9D1 EI!R ( G5]ALIZ+ & AB/RACT+1 OR ( SPONTANE\SLY CONCEIV+ ( IDEAS4 ,SO ,I PROPOSE TO %[ H]E ?AT CONCEPTS & UNIV]SALS >E NO?+ BUT EMPIRICAL 9TUITIONS1 & RECIPROCALLY ?AT EV]Y 9TUITION IMPLIES A UNIV]SAL & CONCEPT1 & ?AT )\T MAK+ ANY USE ( REASON+1 :E!R 9DUCTIVE OR D$UCTIVE4 ,IT W\LD FOLL[1 NOT ?AT IDEAS >E TRANS=M$ S5SATIONS 7A PROPOSITION UN9TELLIGIBLE = ME71 BUT ! FAI?FUL REPRODUCTION1 ON A LIV+ & S5SIBLE MIRROR1 :I* IS ! M9D1 ( NATURE ITSELF4 

,BUT1 IT WILL BE SAID1 :ATEV] ! MODE ( =MATION ( IDEAS1 IS IT POSSIBLE TO PROVE ?AT ITS VALUE IS NOT SUBJECTIVE1 & EV]Y PROPOSITION ISSU$ = ?IS PURPOSE DOES NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY CONTRADICTION8 

,9/EAD ( RESPOND+ TO ?AT DIFFICULTY1 ,I ASK P]MISSION TO REASON ACCORD+ TO ! HYPO!SIS ( ! ORIG9AL OBJECTIVITY ( IDEAS3 WE WILL SOON SEE ?AT ! DI/9CTION ( ! SELF & ! NON-SELF1 ( ! N\M5A & PH5OM5A1 ( ! SUBJECTIVE & OBJECTIVE1 ) REG>D TO ! ORIG9 ( IDEAS1 IS AS 9SIGNIFICANT AS IT W\LD BE1 = G5]AL PHYSICS1 TO SUB/ITUTE UNIV]SAL EXPANSION = UNIV]SAL ATTRACTION4 

#c#c#g4 A7 ,9TUITION EXPLA9S ITSELF1 OR RA!R IS NOT EXPLA9$ AT ALL4 ,I LOOK AT A HORSE1 ,I SMELL AN ODOR1 ,I TA/E A FRUIT1 ,I FEEL A CLO?3 EA* ( !SE ACTS GIVES ME1 BY A SPECIAL ORGAN1 A S5SATION IMM$IATELY FOLL[S FROM CONSCI\SNESS1 ?AT IS TO SAY 9TUITION4 ,H[ DOES ! S5SATION PRODUCE 9 ! SELF AN ILLUM9ATION ACCOMPANI$ BY AN IMAGE8 ,H[ DOES CONSCI\SNESS AWAK5 9 ! HE>T ( LIFE1 & REFLECT ! EXT]NAL WORLD8 ,?AT IS :AT WE DO NOT KN[4 ,WE ONLY SAY3 ,! SELF COMMUNICATES ) OBJECTS ?R\< ! S5SES2 ! VEHICLE 7! OBJECTIVE & ! REFLECTOR7 IS KN[N2 OBS]V] ESCAPES US4 ,FROM ?AT SIDE1 \R SCI5CE /OPS AS BE=E AN ABYSS4 

,LET US OBS]VE1 H[EV]1 ! *>ACT] ( ! 9TUITION4 ,PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ! 9TUITION CONSI/S LESS 9 ! EXCLUSIVE AP]CEPTION ( AN OBJECT ?AN 9 ! DIFF]5TIATION1 CLE>LY DRAWN & ACCURATELY DESCRIB$1 ( ?AT OBJECT FROM ! SURR\ND+ 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 ! 9TUITION1 ! OBJECT IS DETA*$ FROM ! NON-SELF BY S5SATION1 AS BY ! TRAC+ ( A BLACK L9E A FIGURE IS DETA*$ FROM A :ITE BACKGR\ND4 ,SO ?AT WE CAN DEF9E 9TUITION3 A =M ?AT \R S\L1 BY S5SATION1 DETA*ES FROM ! 9F9ITE1 ?AT CONTA9S ALL ! POSSIBLE =MS4 

,TO ?IS PO9T PHILOSOPHY HAS NOT F\ND ! LEA/ DIFFICULTY 9 ! EXPOSITION ( ! PH5OM5ON3 IT HAS APPE>$ NATURAL1 EASY TO UND]/&1 ?AT AN OBJECT PRODUC$ ON ! S\L1 ! M9D OR ! 9TELLIG5CE1 AS IT MAY BE CALL$1 A SORT ( IMAGE ( :I* ! S\L HAD CONSCI\SNESS1 S9CE IT REPRODUC$ IT 9 LANGUAGE4 ,WE HAVE NOT RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( KN[+ IF ! 9TUITION WAS A =M ( UND]/&+ DET]M9$ ON ! OCCASION ( ! S5SATION1 OR1 AS ,PLATO SAID1 A RECOLLECTION2 WE HAVE SIMPLY BELIEV$1 ! 9TUITION COM+ AFT] ! S5SATION1 IT WAS A REPRES5TATION ( ! OBJECT4 

#c#c#h4 ,H]E IS :]E ! DIFFICULTY BEG9S4 

B7 ,LET ! S\L HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! IDEA ( A HORSE1 NO?+ BETT]1 IT IS SAID1 S9CE ! HORSE EXI/S 9 NATURE3 BUT H[ CAN ! S\L HAVE ! IDEA ( ! G5US TO :I* ! HORSE BELONGS1 & :I* 9CLUDES1 ) ! HORSE1 ! ASS1 ! ZEBRA1 ! QUAGGA8 ,! G5US ( :I* ! HORSE IS P>T IS NOT AN ABJECT =M$ FROM F\R ANIMALS1 IT IS NOT A P>TICUL> BE+1 IT IS NO?+4 ,& YET IT IS SOME?+1 SAID ,BOSSUET4 

,?AT REFLECTION APPLIES TO ALL G5]A1 SPECIES1 COLLECTIONS1 9 A WORD1 TO ALL ! UNIV]SALS3 IT HAS S]V$ AS MOTIVE OR PRETEXT TO DI/+UI%1 BESIDES ! 9TUITIONS1 A SECOND SPECIES ( IDEAS1 ! G5]AL IDEAS4 ,WE HAVE ACC\NT$ = ! =MATION ( !SE IDEAS 9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]4 

,:5 WE SIMULTANE\SLY CONSID] SEV]AL DET]M9$ OBJECTS HAV+ AMONG !M PO9TS ( RESEMBLANCE1 IF WE 9TELLECTUALLY SEP>ATE !SE PO9TS ( RESEMBLANCE FROM O!R QUALITIES1 PROP]TIES & MODIFICATIONS ( ! OBJECTS1 !RE RESULTS A SPECIAL 9TUITION1 =M$ ( ID5TICAL ELEM5TS EXTRACT$ FROM ! DIV]SITY ( OBJECTS1 & BR\<T CLOS] !N BY ! IMAG9ATION3 ?AT P>TICUL> ACT ( ! UND]/&+ IS NAM$ AB/RACTION OR G5]ALIZATION4 ,?US ! G5]AL IDEA1 AS TO MATT]1 HAS ! SAME ORIG9 AS 9TUITION3 AS = PRODUCTION1 IT DIFF]S ESS5TIALLY FROM IT4 ,MOREOV]1 ! G5]A & SPECIES DO NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE2 !Y >E NO?+ REAL1 !Y >E CREATIONS ( ! UND]/&+4 

#c#c#i4 ,?IS MANN] ( EXPLA9+ ! =MATION ( G5]AL IDEAS SUPPOSES ?AT ! M9D ONLY RECEIVES FROM NATURE P>TICUL>1 9DIVIDUAL UNES IMAGES2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT EV]Y IDEA ( G5US & SPECIES HAS ITS =MAL CAUSE 9 REASON4 ,9DE$1 !Y SAY1 ! UNIV]SE ONLY CONTA9S P>TICUL> OR 9DIVIDUALIZ$ BE+S2 ?IS HORSE1 ?AT ORANGE1 ?IS RAY ( LI<T1 >E ?+S ?AT SE LAISS5T SEE1 T\* OR FEEL2 :ILE A COLLECTION1 A G5US1 ESCAPES ALL ! S5SES & ONLY EXI/S = ! M9D4 

,POOR PHILOSOPH]6 ,WILL Y\ NEV] UND]/& ?AT 9 ! OBJECTS ?AT AFFECT Y\R S5SIBILITY Y\ ONLY P]CEIVE SOME S]IES8 ,?AT ! ONE1 ! P>TICUL>1 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 APPE>$ TO Y\ ?+S1 NOT BY ! FACT ( A R\< MAT]IALIZATION1 BUT BY ! RELATION ?AT GR\PS & TOTALIZES ! S]IAL UNITIES1 9 ! =M ( ORGANISMS & AGGREGATES8 ,DO Y\ F9ALLY SEE ?AT1 AS AN ANIMAL1 A PLANT1 OR A CRY/AL >E S]IES BY ! SAME TITLE AS ! ZOOLOGICAL & BOTANICAL G5]A & SPECIES1 9 ! SAME WAY !SE G5]A & !SE SPECIES >E 9DIVIDUALITIES BY ! SAME TITLE AS ?AT ANIMAL1 ?IS PLANT1 ?AT CRY/AL2 & ?AT ! :OLE DIFF]5CE ! ONE & ! O!RS >E 9 ! ESS5CE ( !IR 9TEGRATIVE UNITIES1 9 ! PO9T ( VIEW & ! REASON ?AT ASSOCIATES !M1 9 ! 9T]VAL ?AT SEP>ATES !M8 ,:AT DO Y\ SAY ( SIMPLE IDEAS & G5]AL IDEAS8 ,SO DRAW CLOS] BY ?\<T ?AT ( :I* Y\R H& CANNOT SEIZE ! L9K2 GA!R 9 ONE CASE !SE BE+ SO DI/ANT = Y\ 9 SPACE2 GR\P !M AS 5 UN POLYPI]1 & Y\ WILL F9D ?AT UNITY1 ?AT OBJECTIVE 9DIVIDUALITY1 ?AT Y\R M9D1 MORE RAPID ?AN Y\R EYE1 HAS LONG GLIMPS$1 & ?AT Y\ NAME A G5]AL IDEA4 ,= ! UNITY IS ONLY P]CEPTIBLE BY Y\ 9 ! S]IES3 IT IS NOT GIV5 TO Y\ TO DISCOV] IT ELSE:]E4 ,! S]IES IS SIMULTANE\S UNITY & MULTIPLICITY1 P>TICUL> & G5]AL3 TRUE POLES ( ALL P]CEPTION1 :I* CANNOT EXI/ )\T ONE ANO!R4 

,?US ! IDEA ( G5US1 SPECIES1 & COLLECTION1 ?AT WE ATTRIBUTE SO +5U\SLY TO ! CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( REASON1 >E PRECISELY ALL ?AT IS GIVE TO US TO KN[ 9 ?IS WORLD2 :ILE ! ONE1 ! P>TICUL>1 ! CONCRETE1 ( :I* WE MAKE ! PROP] OBJECT ( A PASSIVE 9TUITION1 IS NO?+ BUT ! APP]CEPTION ( ! S]IAL RELATION1 AN APP]CEPTION ?AT ! SYN!TIC NATURE ( \R UND]/&+ ALONE MAKES POSSIBLE4 

,SO AS SOON AS ! M9D ?9KS ( CREAT+1 BY AB/RACTION OR G5]ALIZATION1 ! G5US & SPECIES1 IT SEES !M 9 REALITY ) A VIEW SO SIMPLE1 SO IMM$IATE1 ?AT IT FEELS IT SEES ! OBJECTS BY 9TUITION4 ,! ADHESION OR SEP>ATION ( ! P>TS1 !IR ORGANIZATION1 !IR FIXITY OR !IR MOBILITY1 !IR SUCCESSION 9 SPACE & TIME1 >E ONLY P>TICUL> MODES ( ! S]IES1 :I*1 /RIK+ US FROM TOO CLOSE OR TOO F>1 DISGUISE ITS UNITY FROM US4 ,!RE IS MORE3 IF1 9 \R 9TELLECTUAL REPRES5TATIONS1 SOME?+ C\LD BE CALL$ CREATION1 IT W\LD C]TA9LY BE ! P>TICUL>1 ! ONE1 ( :I* WE NO:]E GRASP ! SUB/ANTIAL REALITY4 ,BUT ! APP]CEPTION ( ! UNITY WILL BE SUFFICI5TLY EXPLA9$ BY ?AT ( ! S]IES1 ( :I* ! RELATION S'OBJECTIVE A N\S 9 ! :OLE1 & CAN BE DEF9$ AS ! REPETITION ( ! SAME4 

#c#d4 ,TO G5]ALIZE TO AB/RACT1 IT IS ?US1 AS 9 ! 9TUITION1 TO P]CEIVE ! S]IES1 BUT A S]IES ( :I* ! UNITIES >E SEP>AT$ BY GREAT] OR LESS] 9T]VALS1 OR >E F\ND 5GAG$ 9 O!R S]IES4 ,& S9CE WE ONLY GRASP ! =MS ( OBJECTS1 EV]Y 9TUITION NECESS>ILY IMPLIES1 FROM ! SIDE ( ! OBJECT1 DIFF]5TIATION & DIVISION2 BUT1 AS ! ESS5CE ( ! SELF IS UNITY1 SIMPLICITY1 9DIVISIBILITY1 ! M9D HAS ! ABILITY TO P]CEIVE 9 ! S]IES ! RELATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY :AT IS =MAL1 IMMAT]IAL1 & PURELY 9TELLIGIBLE 9 ! S]IES1 ! UNITY & ! TOTALITY4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS NOT TRUE TO SAY3 ,! G5]A & SPECIES DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE2 !SE >E SOME VIEW ( \R M9D3 NATURE ONLY CONTA9S P>TICUL> & 9DIVIDUAL OBJECTS4 ,=1 BY FOLL[+ ?IS REASON+1 ! BE+S CONSID]$ 9DIVIDUALS W\LD NOT HAVE ANY MORE TITLE TO EXI/5CE ?AN ! G5]A & ! S]IES ?AT !Y =M AMONG !M3 ! ORGANIC MOLECULES ?AT MAKE UP ?AT ORANGE & ?AT HORSE >E SEP>AT$ FROM ONE ANO!R LIKE ! />S .<PLANETS.> ?AT CIRCULATE >\ND ! SUN3 ALL ! DIFF]5CE1 ONE MORE TIME1 IS 9 ! L5G? ( ! 9T]VALS4 ,IS IT ! FAULT ( NATURE IF WE ONLY KN[ H[ TO CLASSIFY ! P]CEPTIONS ?AT IT S5DS US BY ! SPAC+ ( ! P>TS8 

,?US EV]Y SO-CALL$ G5]ALIZ$ OR AB/RACT IDEA1 IS RESOLV$ 9 ! MORE OR LESS IMM$IATE APP]CEPTION ( A S]IES3 SO ?AT ! G5]AL IDEA & 9TUITION >E P]FECTLY ID5TICAL ?+S1 ) REG>D TO PRODUCTION1 S9CE IT IS ALWAYS A GR\P OR S]IES4 ,BUT AS1 9 NATURE1 ! MO/ DIV]SE S]IES ( NATURE1 REASON & PO9T ( VIEW >E 9VOLV$ 9 ONE ANO!R1 WE HAVE ?\<T WE SEE A DIVISION & A RE>RANGEM5T !RE :]E1 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT ! S]IES1 ! 9TUITION HAD TO TRAV]SE SOME MILIEUX PLE9S OR TO CROSS SOME SPACES4 

,CONSID] ?IS BALL1 ! MATT] ( :I* IS UN9TELLIGIBLE AS WELL AS IMP5ETRABLE TO Y\3 :AT DO Y\ SEE8 ,%APE1 COLOR1 WEI<T1 ELA/ICITY1 9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+ ?AT ! AB/RACTEURS HAVE CALL$ SECOND>Y QUALITIES4 ,N[ ALL !SE ?+S >E1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 S]IAL EXPRESSIONS 7LOGICAL S]IES1 ANTICIPATIONS ( EXP]I5CE1 #b#d#a74 ,! R\NDNESS IS ?AT GEOMETRICAL S]IES1 CALL$ SPH]E1 ?AT CIRCUMSCRIBES & LIMITS ! O!R S]IES1 ! 5SEMBLE ( :I* MAKES UP A B[L4 ,! COLOR 9DICATES A C]TA9 >RANGEM5T ( MOLECULES2 ! SMELL & TA/E REVEAL TO Y\R S\L1 BY SPECIAL ORGANS1 O!R S]IAL ASPECTS ( !SE SAME MOLECULES4 ,! WEI<T & ELA/ICITY RELATE TO ! =CE ( COHESION ( ! P>TS & GRAVITATION ( ! MASS1 A =CE UN9TELLIGIBLE & UNGRASPABLE 9 ITSELF1 LIKE MATT]1 BUT SUBJECT TO SOME LAWS ( PROPORTION & ( S]IES1 SOME ( :I* >E MANIFE/$ BY S\ND1 & ?AT CALCULATION IS ABLE TO DET]M9E2 & ! O!RS >E PRODUC$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! />S & ! ACCEL]ATION ( ! *UTE DES GRAVES4 

,LET US PASS TO ! ?IRD SPECIES ( IDEAS1 TO CONCEPTS4 

#c#d#a4 C7 ,CONCEPTS >E P]CEPTIONS1 NO LONG] ( ! S]IAL TOTALITY1 BUT ( ! LAWS1 ( ! =MS & ELEM5TS ( ! S]IES4 ,!Y >E A CLASS ( LOGICAL S]IES 7#b#d#a71 9T5D$ TO DESIGNATE 9 DISC\RSE1 NO LONG] ! MAT]IAL1 BUT ! =MAL ( ! S]IES4 ,I HAVE ALREADY SPOK5 ( ! =MATION ( ! PREMI] & ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE CONCEPTS1 UNITY4 ,UNITY1 ,I HAVE SAID1 IS GIV5 TO US ORIG9ALLY 9 ! REPETITION ( ! SAME1 OR1 IF Y\ PREF]1 9 ! ID5TITY ( ! S]IAT$ P>TS3 ! 9TUITION ( IT BECOMES POSSIBLE = US1 LIKE ?AT ( OBJECTS !MSELVES1 UND] ! CONDITION ( A SELF 5D[$ ) ! ABILITY TO SYN!TICALLY UNITE ! DIV]SITY ( ! APP]CEPTION4 ,N[1 ?AT FACULTY1 ,KANT HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$1 IS ALL ! UND]/&+4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE F\ND 9 A SIMPLE SUB/ANCE1 ?AT IS TO SAY NOT S]IAT$1 =M+ NO GR\P OR TOTALIZ$ MULTIPLICITY4 ,?AT CONDITION ADMITT$1 ! ORIG9 ( CONCEPTS IS EXPLA9$ ) ! SAME EASE AS ?AT ( ! 9TUITIONS1 BY OBJECTIVE REPRES5TATIONS4 

,?US ! CONCEPT ( UNITY IS NO?+ BUT ! V]Y 9TUITION ( ! S]IES1 OR ( ! T]MS ( ! S]IES3 = AS1 FROM ! SIDE ( ! OBJECT1 ! S]IES IS =M$ FROM ! RELATION ( ! UNITIES2 ?US1 FROM ! SIDE ( ! SUBJECT1 ! UNITY BECOMES VISIBLE ?R\< ! ANALYSIS ( ! GR\P ?AT CONTA9S IT4 ,SO ?AT ! V>I\S MOM5TS ( ! =MATION ( ! CONCEPTS >E ! O!R WAY >\ND FROM ! LOGICAL CONDITIONS ( ! PH5OM5ALITY ( ! OBJECTS4 ,! S\L FIR/ DI/+UI%ES A S]IES1 ?AT IS TO SAY A CIRCUMSCRIB$ GR\P1 A DET]M9$ TOTALITY2 !N1 9 ?AT TOTALITY1 IT RECOGNIZES SOME P>TS1 & ACQUIRES ! CONCEPT ( PLURALITY2 F9ALLY1 GRASP+ EI!R ! RAPPORT ( ID5TITY ?AT UNITES ! P>T1 OR ! P>T ITSELF1 IT >RIVES AT ! CONCEPT ( UNITY4 

7,! CONCEPT ( CONT9UITY OR CONTIGUITY IS A HYPO!SIS ( ! M9D1 SUGGE/$ BY ! COMP>ISON ( L>G] OR SMALL]1 MORE OR LESS TI<T5$ S]IES4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) ! CONCEPTS ( 9DIFF]5CE1 9F9ITE1 SAME2 !RE >E1 TO SPEAK PROP]LY1 SOME NEGATIONS ( ! S]IES1 ( :I* ! ABSOLUTE CONDITION IS DET]M9ATION1 DIFF]5TIATION1 DIVISION1 V>IETY47 

,! S]IES BE+ A GR\P ( UNITIES & !SE UNITIES BE+ ABLE TO BE 5DLESSLY REPEAT$1 ! COMP>ISON ( SEV]AL S]IES1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ACCUMULATION ( !IR UNITIES1 GIVES ! CONCEPT ( QUANTITY4 ,IT IS /ILL A V>IETY ( ! S]IAL 9TUITION ?AT MAKES POSSIBLE1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 BY ! SYN!TIC FACULTY ( ! UND]/&+4 

,MOREOV]1 QUANTITY1 TOTALITY1 PLURALITY1 UNITY1 >E LOGICAL =MULAS 7#b#d#a71 SOME CONV5TIONAL T]MS S]V+ TO DESIGNATE1 NO LONG] ! S]IES1 BUT ! G5]AL LAWS ( EV]Y S]IES1 LAWS ( :I* ! KN[L$GE IS 9 US1 LIKE ?AT ( ! S]IES1 ABSOLUTELY EMPIRICAL4 ,! OBS]VATION ( ! SOL> SY/EM WAS NECESS>Y = ,KEPL] TO DISCOV] ! LAWS TO :I* HE GAVE HIS NAME2 & ! KN[L$GE ( !SE LAWS WAS ONLY1 LIKE ?AT ( ! OBJECTS TO :I* !Y W]E RELAT$1 AN ACQUISITION DE ( EXP]I5CE4 ,JU/ SO1 ! G5]AL IDEA ( ! S]IAL =MS & ELEM5TS IS ONLY AN ACQUISITION ( ! M9D1 LIKE ! APP]CEPTION ( ! S]IES ITSELF4 

#c#d#b4 ,! =MATION ( ! CONCEPTS ( ! SECOND CLASS ( CATEGORIES IS EXPLA9$ ) AN EQUAL EASE4 ,:O SAYS S]IES1 OR TOTALITY PULL$ FROM ! UNDIFF]5TIAT$ 9F9ITE1 NECESS>ILY SAYS CIRCUMSCRIPTION & LIMIT4 ,N[ ! LIMIT HAS BE5 DEF9$1 LONG AGO1 NEGATION ( EV]Y DEVELOPM5T OR ULT]IOR REALITY4 ,BUT ! CIRCUMSCRIPTION ( ! S]IES CAN BE MORE OR LESS EXACT1 MORE OR LESS PURE 9 ITS REALIZATION3 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT ! PHYSICAL EXPRESSION ( ! 9TELLIGIBLE RELATION ?AT L9KS ! UNITIES CAN BE MORE OR LESS FAI?FUL3 FROM !RE ! TRANSC5D5TAL CONCEPT ( QUALITY4.<#i.> ,ALL !SE CONCEPTS >E RESOLV$ 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS 9 ! FACULTY ?AT ! M9D HAS ( SAY+ YES1 :5 IT HAS ! 9TUITION ( A S]IES2 NO1 :5 ?AT 9TUITION SUDD5LY CEASES3 -- YES1 :5 ! REASON ( ! UNITIES IS OBS]V$2 NO1 :5 IT IS NOT4 ,!SE >E NOT =MS ( ! UND]/&+1 !Y >E ACTS ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,& !SE ACTS >E NAM$ BY ! M9D1 ACCORD+ TO ! OBJECTS ?AT !Y BR+ AB\T4 

#c#d#c4 ,9 ! S]IAL !ORY1 ! CONCEPTS MUTUALLY 5G5D] ONE ANO!R1 MA9TA9 & SUPPOSE ONE ANO!R3 ?AT ADMIRABLE SEQU5CE1 WE W\LD SEEK IT 9 VA9 9 ! CRITICISM ( ,KANT4 ,!RE ! SYMMETRIZ$ CATEGORIES1 ,I W\LD SAY NE>LY CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 AN IMMOBILE CADRE1 >E 9DEP5D5T ( ONE ANO!R1 )\T COMMON L9K1 )\T G5ESIS4 ,!IR JUNCTION PO9T IS ! UND]/&+3 AP>T FROM ?AT1 !Y (F] NO RELATION AMONG !MSELVES2 !Y FOLL[ ONE ANO!R1 BUT WE DO NOT KN[ :AT !Y >E OR :]E !Y COME FROM4 ,&1 LET US NOTE IT WELL1 IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE 9 ! SY/EM ( =MS 9NATE TO REASON3 =1 SUPPOSE ?AT ! CATEGORIES >E CONV]SIONS ( ONE ANO!R1 OR V>I\S ASPECTS ( A PRIMITIVE 9TUITION2 ! SY/EM IMM$IATELY CRUMBLES1 & ALL ?AT EF=T ( >GUM5TATION TO FREE HUMAN KN[L$GE FROM ! S5SIBLE 9TUITION1 AS SUPREME CONDITION ( ITS POSSIBILITY1 COMES TO NAU<T4 

#c#d#d4 ,AS ! CATEGORY ( QUANTITY IS GIV5 BY ! ANALYSIS ( ! S]IES AS MULTIPLE & DIFF]5TIAT$1 & ?AT ( QUALITY BY ! MORE OR LESS DEFECTIVE NATURE ( ! PHYSICAL REALIZATION ( ! S]IES3 ?US ! CATEGORY ( MODALITY 9CLUDES ! PROP]TIES ( ! S]IES 9 RELATION TO JUDGM5T1 ! CONDITIONS ( 9TELLIGIBILITY ( ?+S4 ,?AT IS :AT WE HAVE SUFFICI5TLY EXPLA9 BY TREAT+ 9 TURN ! =MS & LAWS ( ! S]IES1 ! S\RCE ( EV]Y SOPHISM & ! CAUSES ( \R ]RORS1 SOME ABNORMAL & ANTE-NORMAUX FACTS2 9 O!R WORDS1 :AT CON/ITUTES = US ! POSSIBLE1 ! REAL1 ! NECESS>Y2 & !IR CORRELATIVES1 ! IMPOSSIBLE1 ! NONBE+1 ! CONT+5T4 ,! F\R? CLASS ( CATEGORIES IMPLIES ! 5TIRE !ORY ( ! S]IAL LAW3 LIKE ! S]IES ITSELF1 IT IS ESS5TIALLY EMPIRICAL1 & ! CONCEPTS ?AT COMPOSE IT >E ALL RESOLV$1 LIKE ?OSE ( QUANTITY & QUALITY1 9 AN ACT EI!R ( AFFIRMATION1 OR ( NEGATION ( ! CONSCI\SNESS1 PROVOK$ BY ! ANALYSIS ( ITS [N REPRES5TATIONS4 

#c#d#e4 ,! ELEM5T1 ! RELATION1 ! PROP]TIES1 MODES & V>I\S ASPECTS ( ! S]IES1 HAVE BE5 SUMM>ILY 5UM]AT$ BY ,KANT 9 HIS TABLE ( ! CATEGORIES3 BUT AS ?AT PHILOSOPH] DID NOT GRASP ! S]IES 9 ITSELF & 9 ITS OBJECTIVITY1 HE WAS L$ TO SUBJECTIZE UND] ! ANCI5T NAME ( CONCEPTS1 ! P>TS ( ! 9TUITION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT ,KANT DESCRIB$ AFT] ,>I/OTLE1 UND] ! NAME ( CATEGORIES1 !SE >E ! CON/ITU5T PR9CIPLES ( ! S]IES4 ,N[1 IF ! IDEA ( S]IES IS AN IDEA 5TIRELY FROM EXP]I5CE1 WE MU/ CONFESS ?AT ! IDEAS ( ! ELEM5TS & ( ! LAWS ( ! S]IES >E ALSO ( EXP]I5CE1 BY ! DECISIVE REASON ?AT :O IS TRUE ( ALL IS TRUE ( EA* ( ! P>TS1 :AT IS TRUE ( ! SY/EM IS EV5 MORE TRUE ( ! PR9CIPLE4 

,! ROLE ( ! UND]/&+ 9 ! AP]CEPTION CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO MA9TA9 ,KANT 9 HIS ]ROR4 ,9 FACT1 LET US SUPPOSE ! SELF IS MULTIPLE & S]IAT$1 & EV]Y REPRES5TATION FROM ! EXT]IOR BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,REE/ABLI%1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ID5TITY & 9DIVISIBILITY 9 ! SELF2 GIVE IT BACK ITS NATURE AMORPH\S1 & ) IT ! ABILITY TO GRASP ! UNITY ( ! 9TUITION3 IMM$IATELY ! CONSCI\SNESS WILL AWAK51 ?\<T 5T]S 9TO EX]CISE1 IMAGES & IDEAS >RIVE 9 A MASS1 & REASON IS CON/ITUT$4 ,BUT1 BE=E ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ! S]IES1 & UND] ! PREOCCUPATION ) ! !ORY ( G5]AL IDEAS1 :AT C\LD A PSY*OLOGI/ ?9K ( ?AT SPECIES ( 9TUITIONS ?AT W]E NEI!R REPRES5TATIVE ( G5]A OR SPECIES1 NOR REPRES5TATIVE ( 9DIVIDUAL OBJECTS8 ,!Y MU/ 9EVITABLY TAKE !M = SOME A PRIORI =MS ( ! UND]/&+1 =M ?AT IT IMPOSES ON EV]Y P]CEPTION1 AS CONDITIONS ( 9TELLIGIBILITY1 BUT :I* >E NOT 9H]5T 9 P]CEPTION4 

#c#d#f4 ,! SELF IS ONE1 ID5TICAL1 9DIVISIBLE3 ?AT IS :Y IT REMA9S IMP5ETRABLE TO ITSELF1 AN ONLY KN[S ITSELF ?R\< ITS OP]ATIONS1 :I* DRAW ALL !IR D5OM9ATION FROM ! NATURE OR =M ( ! OBJECTS ?AT !Y EXCITE4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! REASON ?AT IT IS CAPABLE ( S5SIBILITY1 ( APP]CEPTION & ( KN[L$GE3 IT IS BY VIRTUE ( ?AT ESS5TIAL UNITY ?AT IT CONV]TS 9TO IDEAS ?AT IMPRESSIONS ?AT >E TRANSMITT$ IT TO ! S5SES1 CONTEMPLATES ! S]IES EV5 9 ITS ELEM5TS & ITS LAWS1 & F9ALLY RAISES ITSELF TO ! CONCEPTS ( SUB/ANCE & CAUSE4 

,UND] ! MULTI=M1 MULTICOLOR$ VEIL ( ! S]IES1 BEYOND ! S]IES1 WE P]CEIVE 9 OBJECTS ! SUB/ANCE & ! CAUSE3 ! SELF SURMISES RA!R ?AN SEES !M1 & GRASPS !M1 BUT )\T 5T]+ 9TO !M DEEPLY4 ,LET US FIR/ %[ ! OBJECTIVITY ( !SE CONCEPTS2 LAT] WE WILL RECORD !IR REALITY4 

,CONCEPT ( CAUSALITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,KANT1 ! IDEA ( CAUSE IS A CATEGORY ( ! REASON1 A =M ( ! 9TELLIG5CE1 DET]M9$ 9 IT1 NOT BY S5SATION1 BUT ON ! OCCASION ( S5SATION4 ,! IDEA ( CAUSE1 9 %ORT1 IS A LAW ( ?\<T3 WE C\LD NOT DEMON/RATE TO \RSELVES ?AT IT IS ALSO A LAW ( BE+4 

,DISSATISFI$ ) ?IS HYPO!SIS1 ?AT IT APP>5TLY JUDG$ TOO SKEPTICAL1 ECLECTICISM ?\<T TO WORK WOND]S 9 !SE REC5T TIMES BY SUB/ITUT+ A DEMON/RATION DRAWN FROM :AT IT CALLS1 ) A *ILDI% VANITY1 ! PSY*OLOGICAL ME?OD4 ,) ! AID ( ?AT ME?OD1 ECLECTICISM CLAIMS TO DEMON/RATE ! LEGITIMACY ( ! IDEA ( CAUSE1 NOT ONLY AS A LAW ( ?\<T1 BUT AS A FACT4 ,! IDEA ( CAUSE1 IT SAYS1 IS GIV5 IMM$IATELY 9 CONSCI\SNESS3 IT IS TO ! CONSCI\SNESS1 ONLY COMPET5T JUDGE 9 ?IS MATT]1 ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO TURN 9 ORD] TO HAVE ! ORIG9 ( ! IDEA ( CAUSE4 -- ,?AT TURNAB\T1 AS WE WILL SEE1 WAS NOT =TUNATE2 IT MADE METAPHYSICS RETREAT4 

,! SELF FEELS ITSELF FREE & ACTIVE2 IT BELIEVES 9 ITS SPONTANEITY1 9 ITS CAUSATIVE =CE3 NO?+ IS MORE TRUE4 ,ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS ALSO SEEM TO JU/IFY ! OP9ION ?AT IT HAS ( ITSELF2 IT DELIB]ATELY PRODUCES IDEAS1 COMB9ATIONS1 & MOVEM5TS2 EA* ( ITS ACTS1 F9ALLY1 9DICATES AN EX]TION ( =CE4 ,BUT ALL ( ?AT WILL NOT DISGUISE A DEEP] DEP5D5CE1 A SUBALT]NIZATION ( A P>TICUL> SORT1 BUT NO LESS ABSOLUTE1 9 ! VA/ *A9 ( PH5OM5ALITIES & CONT+5CIES8 ,! COMMUNICATION ( ! MOVEM5T DOES NOT NECESS>ILY TAKE PLACE 9 A UNI=M & CONT9U\S MANN]1 AS 9 ! %OCK ( SEV]AL M>BLES PLAC$ ONE BEH9D ! O!R3 WE ALSO NOTE SOME 9T]RUPTIONS & RECRUDESC5CES1 SYN!SES & PO9TS ( C5TRALIZATION1 FROM :I* !N SPR+1 IMPROMPTU1 & UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS1 SOME EF=TS ?AT WE CALL SPONTANE\S1 BECAUSE WE HAVE LO/ ! LO/ ! TRACK4 ,MAN1 ALONG ) ALL ORGANIZ$ BE+S1 IS ONE ( ?OSE C5T]S OR RES]VOIRS ( MOVEM5T1 ?AT FE$ ! SCATT]$ PH5OM5ALITIES 9 ! MILIEU ?AT SURR\NDS !M1 & 9 :I* AN 9DU/RI\S ORGANIZATION CONV]TS 9TO SPECIFIC ACTS ! ME*ANICAL OR SYMPA!TIC IMPULSIONS COME FROM \TSIDE4 ,:AT IS SU* A CAUSALITY1 BESIDE ?AT ( :I* \R CONSCI\SNESS HAS RECEIV$ ! IMAGE8 ,IF ! MAN IS ! CAUSE1 HE IS LIKE ! P[D] ?AT MAKES ! BOMB EXPLODE1 LIKE ! /EAM ?AT MAKES \R MA*9ES WORK1 LIKE ! /OMA* ( ! QUADRUP$ ?AT FURNI%ES US DAIRY PRODUCE4 ,>E ALL !SE C5T]S ( MOVEM5T CAUSES1 Y\ SAY3 ,I FEEL IT6 ,AB\T TIME1 BUT H[ DO Y\ SEE IT8 

,SO LET US RETURN TO ! HYPO!SIS ( ,KANT3 & AFT] HAV+ ADMITT$ ) HIM ! CONCEPT ( CAUSE AS A LAW ( ?\<T1 LET US %[ ITS ORIG9 9 ! 9TUITION ( ! S]IES4 

#c#d#g4 ,! S5SES1 SAID ,HUME1 TE/IFY ?AT PH5OM5A FOLL[ ONE ANO!R1 BUT NOT ?AT !Y >E L9K$4 ,9 ORD] TO GLIMPSE ! SUCCESSION ( TWO FACTS1 NO?+ IS REQUIR$ BUT MEMORY1 ! P]MAN5T ID5TITY ( ! SELF3 BUT ! IDEA ( SUCCESSION DOES NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY ?AT ( CAUSALITY4 -- ,! CRITICS HAVE F\ND NO?+ TO RESPOND TO ?AT >GUM5T ( ,HUME2 !Y HAVE ONLY BLAM$1 AS ,I HAVE SAID 7#c#c#b71 ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! O!R DREW FROM IT4 

,SOME NATURELS ( ,NEW ,HOLL& BE+ ASSEMBL$ AT ! FOOT ( A ROCK1 AT ! MOM5T :5 !Y :I/L$1 A FRAGM5T ( ROCK SUDD5LY BROKE AWAY1 & !Y W]E ALL CRU%$4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME1 SAID ,DUMONT D',URVILLE1 ! ,AU/RALIANS AB/A9 FROM :I/L+ AT ! FOOT ( M\NTA9S4 ,?AT IS BECAUSE1 9 !IR M9D1 ! FALL ( ! M\NTA9 & ! :I/LES >E TWO PH5OM5A ?AT >E L9K$4 

,SO ! PHILOSOPH] & ! SAVAGE1 ,I MEAN REFLECTION & SPONTANEITY1 AGREE TO CONCEIVE ( CAUSE AS ! L9K ( PH5OM5A4 ,BUT1 FIR/1 9 :AT CASE CAN WE SAY ?AT ! PH5OM5A >E L9K$1 & H[ DOES ! M9D P]CEIVE ?IS L9K8 ,IT IS1 ,I D>E SAY1 :AT PHILOSOPHY HAS NEV] KN[N4 

,ALL ! S]IES1 ( :I* NATURE (F]S US ! 9EXHAU/IBLE ASSEMBLAGE1 >E PRIMORDIALLY DIVID$ 9TO TWO GREAT CATEGORIES3 SOME1 :I* WE WILL CALL /ABLE OR FIX$1 BECAUSE1 9 ORD] TO P]SI/1 !IR UNITIES MU/ BE COH]5T OR AT LEA/ SIMULTANE\S3 ?AT SPECIES ( S]IES WILL LAT] GIVE US ! CONCEPT ( SUB/ANCE2 -- ! O!RS1 TO :I* WE WILL GIVE ! NAME ( FLU5TES1 BECAUSE !IR UNITIES FL[1 SO TO SPEAK1 & DISAPPE>1 LIKE ! WAT] ( ! RIV]S & ! BREA? ( ! W9DS4 ,! UNITIES ( ?AT SECOND SPECIES ( S]IES >E CALL$ MOM5TS4 

,!SE MOM5TS1 :ILE !Y HAD BETWE5 !M NEI!R COHESION NOR SIMULTANEITY1 >E NO LESS GOV]N$ BY A COMMON REASON3 )\T ?AT1 !Y W\LD NOT =M S]IES4 ,?IS IS :AT ! TRANSMISSION ( S\ND1 ( LI<T1 & 9 G5]AL ( EV]Y MOVEM5T1 MAKES EASILY 9TELLIGIBLE4 ,9 ! ECLIPSES ( ! SATELLITES ( ,JUPIT]1 ! OBS]V] PLAC$ AT A DI/ANCE ( LESS ?AN HALF ( ?AT AT :I* WE >E FROM ?AT PLANET W\LD NOT LONG] SEE ! SATELLITE ?AT WE W\LD /ILL P]CEIVE2 & RECIPROCALLY :5 ! OCCULTATION WILL CEASE = HIM1 IT WILL BEG9 = US4 ,9 ?IS S]IES ( VIBRATORY MOVEM5TS1 ! UNITIES 7VIBRATIONS7 >E OBVI\SLY NEI!R COH]5T NOR SIMULTANE\S2 !Y >E SIMPLY L9K$4 ,BUT ON :AT CONDITION >E !Y L9K$8 ,ON ! CONDITION ( ! HOMOG5EITY ( !IR MATT]1 & ( A RELATION EI!R ( EQUALITY1 OR ( ID5TITY OR PROGRESSION1 :I* MAKES POSSIBLE !IR MUTUAL 9FLU5CE4 ,?US ! VIBRATIONS ( ! AIR 7S\ND7 DO NOT TRANSMIT ! VIBRATIONS ( ! E!R 7LI<T71 BECAUSE !RE IS NOT A HOMOG5EITY ( MATT]2 ?US ! FALL ( AN A]OLITE DOES NOT DRAW ! E>? \TSIDE ( ITS ORBIT1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO SUITABLE RELATION BETWE5 !IR MASSES4 

,SO ! S]IES MAKES US KN[ A PRIORI :5 ! PH5OM5A >E L9K$1 & :5 !Y >E NOT2 9 O!R WORDS1 :AT >E ! CONDITIONS ( ! CAUSALITY OR MANIFE/ATION ( ! =CE4 ,?IS FIR/ PO9T OBTA9$1 IT REMA9S TO KN[ H[ ! =CE ITSELF1 ! CAUSE F9ALLY1 APPE>$ TO US 9 ! PH5OM5ON4 

,N[1 ! CONCEPT ( CAUSE BE+ CORRELATIVE 9 ! M9D TO ?AT ( SUB/ANCE1 WE WILL LAY !M BO? \T AT ! SAME TIMES4 

#c#d#h4 ,CONCEPT ( SUB/ANCE4 ,ALL ! OBJECTS ?AT FALL UND] \R S5SES (F] US AN ASSEMBLAGE ( S]IES 5GAG$ 9 ONE ANO!R1 & ?AT WE CAN CONSID] AS S]V+ RECIPROCALLY AS PIVOT & RADIUS1 ELEM5T & RELATION1 SUBJECT & ATTRIBUTE4 ,?AT CORRELATION ( S]IES IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGE BY ! ANTI!TICAL T]MS ( SUB/ANCE & MODIFICATION4 ,?US1 9 ! BALL ( IVORY1 ! *EMICAL OR MOLECUL> =M BE+ TAK5 AS PR9CIPAL OR SUB/ANTIAL S]IES1 ! FRAGRANCE1 WEI<T1 & ELA/ICITY >E ITS ATTRIBUTES4 ,! ROLES C\LD BE *ANG$ BETWE5 !SE V>I\S S]IAL EXPRESSIONS )\T ! OBJECT BE+ DE/ROY$1 & ! ACCURACY ( ! REASON+ COMPROMIS$3 BUT CU/OM HAS DECID$ ?AT 9 EV]Y FIX$ S]IES ONE ( ! ELEM5T>Y S]IES WILL BE SPECIFICALLY & EXCLUSIVELY CONSID]$ AS ! SUB/RATUM ( ! O!RS1 AS SUB/ANCE4 

,! SAME OBS]VATION APPLI$ TO ! FLU5TES S]IES3 9 ?IS ORD] ( 9TUITIONS1 ! UNITIES1 OR MOM5TS1 DET]M9E ONE ANO!R1 TAK+ BY TURNS1 ACCORD+ TO ! PO9T ( VIEW :]E WE >E PLACE1 ! NAMES ( MOTOR & MOBILE1 AG5T & PATI5T1 CAUSE & PH5OM5ON4 

,?AT IS :AT ,KANT SO V]Y CLE>LY1 :5 HE BR\<T 9 ! CONCEPTS ( SUB/ANCE & ATTRIBUTE1 CAUSE & EFFECT 79H]5CE & DEP5D5CE71 9 ! CATEGORY ( RELATION3 ALL !SE T]MS1 9 FACT1 >E SO MANY CORRELATIVE EXPRESSIONS 9DICAT+ BY TURNS ! V>I\S ASPECTS ( A S]IES4 

,BUT ! ILLU/RI\S AU?OR ( ! ,ANALYTIC HAD /OPP$ ON HIS ROAD4 ,! S]IES IS A :OLE MADE UP ( ELEM5TS GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO A C]TA9 REASON OR LAW4 ,?AT REASON & ! =M ?AT IT GIVES RISE TO >E ! 9TELLIGIBLE P>T ( ! S]IES2 ! S]IAL ELEM5T1 CONSID]$ 9 ITSELF & ONLY AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( A S]IES1 IS AN OBSCURE1 UN9TELLIGIBLE ?+4 ,! TONE MI1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! GAMUT2 ! R$ RAY1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! BEAM ( LI<T1 SIGNIFIES NO?+ = ! M9D2 AN ANIMAL1 A PLANT1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! SPECIES1 G5US & K+DOM1 >E NOT UND]/OOD4 ,JU/ SO A H&FUL ( GRA91 A MASS ( TREES1 A H]D ( ANIMALS1 GIVE A GOOD IDEA ( PLURALITY OR COLLECTION2 BUT AS LONG AS WE DO NOT RELATE !M TO AN >I?METIC S]IES1 !SE COLLECTIONS >E UN9TELLIGIBLE4 

,IT IS ONLY :5 ! S]IAL UNITY CAN BE 9 ITS TURN TAK5 = S]IES1 & CONSEQU5TLY BE SUBJECT TO ! ANALYSIS1 ?AT IT BECOMES CLE> TO ! M9D1 TO :I* IT FURNI%ES AN IDEA4 ,UP TO ?IS PO9T IT IS A JE NE SAIS QUOI )\T %APE & )\T NAME1 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 IMP5ETRABLE4 ,! S\L1 BY VIRTUE ( HIS [N ESS5CE1 :I* IS ! UNITY & ! LACK ( DIFF]5TIATION1 ! S\L S5SES ! S]IAL ELEM5T2 BUT NOT RECEIV+ ITS IMPR9T1 IT DOES NOT EXPLA9 IT1 IT D5IES IT4 ,IT CALLS IT NON-SELF1 MATT]4 

,! SAME ?+ TAKES PLACE 9 ! FLU5TE S]IES3 A PLANT G]M9ATES1 DEVELOPS1 SPR\TS FL[]S ?AT REPRODUCE 5DLESSLY2 -- ! MAN ACTS1 MOVES1 ?9KS1 LOVES & REASONS2 ! IMPACT ( BODIES1 S\ND1 LI<T1 ! C\RSES ( ! />S1 ALL ?AT PRES5TS US ) S]IES ( A C]TA9 ORD]1 N[ SIMPLE1 N[ COMPLEX1 ! LAW ( :I* CAN BE CALCULAT$ & ! RESULTS =ESE51 BUT 9 :I* ! MOM5T TAK5 9 ITSELF IS1 LIKE ! ELEM5T 9 ! FIX$ S]IES1 AT ONCE S5SIBLE & UN9TELLIGIBLE4 

,N[1 ?AT S]IAL UNITY1 :I* N[ REMA9S & N[ PASSES1 :I* ALL[S ITSELF1 SO TO SPEAK1 TO T\*1 BUT NOT TO SEE1 DO ,I NE$ ?AT SAY ?AT IT IS PRECISELY :AT FURNI%ES US1 !RE ! CONCEPT ( SUB/ANCE1 H]E ! CONCEPT ( CAUSE1 SUB/ANCE ET CAUSE1 OR AS ONE MI<T SAY1 :AT REMA9 UN9TELLIGIBLE 9 APP]CEPTION8 ,& CAN ! ORIG9 ( !SE CONCEPTS ACTUALLY BE 9 D\BT8444 

#c#d#i4 ,TO MAKE ?IS DEMON/RATION COMPLETE1 LET US SAY H[ ! IDEAS ( SUB/ANCE & CAUSE1 AS ANALYTIC AS !Y >E FIR/ 9 9TUITION1 BECOME GRADUALLY1 ) EXP]I5CE1 ABSOLUTE & SO TO SPEAK EXTRA-S]IAL4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 ! S]IAL ELEM5T1 AS LONG AS IT IS ONLY 5VISION$ AS AN ELEM5T1 IS ESS5TIALLY UN9TELLIGIBLE3 9 FACT1 ! UNITY1 ! ID5TITY1 ! 9DIFF]5CE IS NOT EXPLA9$4 ,BUT ?IS SAME ELEM5T IS CONSID]$ 9 ITS TURN1 NO LONG AS A P>T1 BUT AS A :OLE2 NO LONG] AS COMPON5T1 BUT AS COMP\ND3 !N ! S]IES REAPPE>$1 A S]IES SUBORD9AT$ TO ! FIR/1 BUT ALWAYS COMPOS$ ( UNITIES LIKELY TO BE BROK5 D[N 9 !IR TURN 9TO NEW S]IES =M$ ( O!R UNITIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT WE DESC5D ! *A9 ( ! S]IES1 ! =MS SEEM TO DRAW CLOS] & CLOS] TO ONE ANO!R & TO F9ALLY RESOLVE 9 A S+LE ONE3 ?AT IS ESPECIALLY PROM95T 9 ! CLASSIFICATION ( ! ANIMAL & VEGETABLE =MS4 ,SO ! M9D DEM&S IF !RE IS AN 5D TO ?AT 9F9ITE S]IATION2 IF1 9 EA* OBJECT1 !RE IS A PRIMORDIAL S]IES ! ELEM5TS ( :I* ! >E 9DECOMPOSABLES3 9 O!R WORDS1 IF IT IS A FIR/ ATOM ( EV]Y SUB/ANTIAL S]IES & A FIR/ MOM5T ( EV]Y CAUSATIVE S]IES2 SO F9ALLY1 9 NATURE1 ! SUB/ANCE IS ID5TICAL & ! CAUSE UNIV]SAL4 

,9 SUMM>Y1 ! M9D1 BY SCANN+ ! *A9 ( ! S]IES1 :E!R FIX$ OR FLU5TES1 PASSES CONT9UALLY FROM ! 9TELLIGIBLE TO ! UN9TELLIGIBLE1 FROM ! IDEA TO ! S5SATION1 & VICE V]SA4 ,:AT GIVES RISE TO ! IDEA IS CALL$ RELATION1 LAW1 GR\P OR S]IES2 :AT PRODUCES ! S5SATION IS SIMPLY MATT]1 ELEM5T OR SUB/ANCE1 MOM5T OR CAUSE4 ,N[1 AS IT IS A T]M :]E ! ANALYSIS ( =MS & PH5OM5A IS =C$ TO /OP1 :]E CONSEQU5TLY S5SATION FURNI%ES NO?+ MORE TO ! M9D & IS ! S\RCE ( NO IDEA1 WE HAVE GIV5 TO ?AT COMPLETELY OBSCURE1 UN9TELLIGIBLE1 9DEMON/RABLE1 & NEGATIVE S5SATION ! ABUSIVE NAMES ( IDEA ( SUB/ANCE & IDEA ( CAUSE4 ,& :5 TO ?AT QUALIFICATION ( IDEA WE HAVE SUB/ITUT$ ! MORE LOGICAL ONE ( CONCEPT1 AS ! CONCEPTS ( SUB/ANCE & CAUSE RESPOND TO NO?+ APPRECIABLE TO REASON1 S9CE !Y >E ! NEGATION ( EV]Y LAT] S]IES1 -- NEGATION ( =M1 NOT ( OBJECT1 -- 9/EAD ( SAY+ ?AT !SE CONCEPTS W]E ! S5SATION1 NOT FOLL[$ BY ! IDEA1 EXT]NAL REALITIES1 WE AFFIRM ?AT !Y >E PURE IDEAS1 NON-EMPIRICAL =MS ( ! UND]/&+4 

,?US1 9/EAD ( SAY+ ) ,HUME3 ,S5SATION IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 ! IDEA ( CAUSE1 SO ?AT IDEA CORRESPONDS TO NO?+ REAL4 ,WE SAY3 ,! IDEA OR RA!R ! CONCEPT ( CAUSALITY IS ONLY A S5SATION1 & ?AT IS :Y ?AT CONCEPT IS UN9TELLIGIBLE1 9EXPLICABLE4 

,IT IS H]E ?AT IT IS APPROPRIATE TO TAKE UP AGA9 ! DISCUSSION ( ! ANT9OMIES ( PURE REASON1 ALL ! MY/]Y ( :I* CONSI/S 9 ! NECESSITY = ! M9D ( CLASSIFY+ .<S]I].> 9 ORD] TO UND]/&1 & ON :I* ! S]IAL !ORY WILL %9E A BRI<T LI<T4 ,BUT ! LIMITS ( ?IS LI<T DO NOT ALL[ ME TO DELVE ANY DEEP] 9TO !SE METAPHYSICAL DEP?S3 IT IS 5\< ?AT WE HAVE %[N1 9 ! S5SIBLE 9TUITION1 ! ORIG9 ( ! UNIV]SALS & CATEGORIES4 

#c#e4 ,CONCEPTS ( TIME & SPACE4 ,EV]Y S]IES IS UN CONDITIONNE1 ?AT IS IMPLI$ 9 ! V]Y NOTION ( ! S]IES4 ,N[1 ! M9D P]CEIV+ 9 NATURE ONLY S]IES1 EV]Y?+ RELATES NECESS>ILY TO ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE TWO OBJECTS3 ! S]IES & ITS CONDITIONS4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL CONDITIONS ( ! S]IES >E3 #a7 DIVISION2 #b7 ! ELEM5T OR ! UNITY2 #c7 ! RELATION ( ! UNITIES4 ,! UNITY & ! RELATION HAVE GIV5 TO US SUCCESSIVELY ! CATEGORICAL IDEAS ( QUANTITY1 QUALITY1 MODALITY1 SUB/ANCE & CAUSE3 9 ORD] TO CONTE/ ! ORIG9 ?AT WE HAVE ASSIGN$ TO !SE CONCEPTS1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO OV]TURN ! :OLE S]IAL !ORY1 & TO D5Y ?AT ! IDEAS ( COHESION & MOVEM5T COME FROM ! EMPIRICAL 9TUITION4 ,9 FACT1 ! UNIV]SAL IDEA ( SUB/ANCE IS DUE TO ! HYPO!SIS ?AT ! SELF1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS [N UNITY1 MAKES1 & CANNOT NOT MAKE1 FROM A LA/ ELEM5T ?AT1 9DECOMPOSABLE ITSELF1 S]VES ! CON/ITUTION ( EV]Y FIX$ & P]MAN5T S]IES3 ! UNIV]SAL IDEA ( CAUSE IS FITT+ TO ?AT ( A FLUID UNIT+ & PULL+ SUB/ANCES1 AS ! ELECTRIC FLUID1 BY ITS PASSAGE1 MOVES ONE HUNDR$ P]SONS =M+ ! *A91 ) A %OCK BY TURNS RECEIV$ & TRANSMITT$4 

,! CONCEPTS ( SPACE & TIME1 CORRELATIVE BETWE5 !M LIKE ! IDEAS ( SUB/ANCE & CAUSE1 >E GIV5 BY ! FIR/ CONDITION ( EV]Y S]IES1 DIVISION4 

,! S]IES IS NECESS>ILY COMPOS$ ( UNITIES4 ,EA* S]IAL UNITY IS SEP>AT$ & DI/+UI%$ FROM ! NEI<BOR+ UNITY AS ! !SIS & ! ANTI!SIS1 ! SELF & NON-SELF1 ?AT IS TO SAY ABSOLUTELY & 9DEF9ITELY2 SO ?AT BETWE5 ! TWO IT IS POSSIBLE TO 9S]T AS MANY MIDDLE T]MS AS Y\ WI%1 ?AT IS TO SAY A :OLE S]IES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 BETWE5 ! R$ RAY & ! ORANGE RAY1 ! %ADE V>IES CONT9UALLY2 BETWE5 ! MI & ! FA1 ! 9T]M$IATE TONES >E C\NTLESS1 AL?\< ! E> DOES NOT GRASP ! DIFF]5CE2 BETWE5 ! SOLIP$S & ! RUM9ANTS1 NATURE C\LD CREATE A MASS ( V>IETIES & SPECIES2 BETWE5 ONE NUMB] & ANO!R NUMB]1 WE CAN 9S]T >I?METIC MEANS 9F9ITELY2 BETWE5 A PH5OM5ON & ANO!R PH5OM5ON1 WE CONCEIVE ! =CE BE+ TRANSMITT$ BY A *A9 ( MOM5TS MORE & MORE CLOSELY PACK$2 F9ALLY BETWE5 ONE GIV5 PO9T 9 ! VOID & ANO!R PO9T1 ! DI/ANCE1 AS SMALL AS IT MAY BE1 IS ALWAYS CAPABLE ( DIVISION4 

,LET US N[ TURN ! HYPO!SIS >\ND3 9/EAD ( 9S]T+ MIDDLE T]MS BETWE5 ! UNITIES ( A S]IES1 LET US CONCEIVE ?AT S]IES ITSELF PROLONG$ 9F9ITELY4 ,?US1 \TSIDE ( ! VISIBLE RAYS1 ! M9D CONCEIVES ( WEAK] & WEAK] WAVES2 BEYOND ! P]CEPTIBLE TONES1 SOME VIBRATIONS ALWAYS MORE R>ES \TSIDE ( ! KN[N ANIMAL SPECIES1 NEW MANIFE/ATIONS ( LIFE4 ,LIKEWISE1 TO ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE NUMB] ! M9D CAN ALWAYS ADD ONE UNITY2 9/EAD ( A S]IAT$ COMMUNICATION ( =CE1 ! M9D CONCEIVE ( IT BE+ PRODUC$ SPONTANE\SLY & OP]AT+ )\T TRANSITION2 BEYOND ,SIRIUS & ALL ! />S1 SPACE /ILL EXT5DS4 

,?AT PROP]TY ( ! S]IES1 ( DRAW+ TOGE!R ITS UNITIES OR ( PROLONG+ ITSELF 9DEF9ITELY1 IS ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( :I* WE SPOKE JU/ N[1 ( PRES5T+ A S]IES ALWAYS NEW 9 EA* ( ITS ELEM5TS1 AS F> AS ONE C\LD ANALYZE IT4 ,N[1 SPACE & TIME >E ONLY P>TICUL> MODES ( ?AT P[] ( 9DEF9ITE DIFF]5TIATION2 BUT ! HUMAN M9D1 CONDITION$ BY ! S]IES ( :I* IT IS ! LIV+ IMAGE1 & SUBJUGAT$ FIR/ BY ! IDEAS ( COH]5CE & SUCCESSION1 ! FIR/ ?AT IT W\LD RECEIVE FROM ! S5SIBLE 9TUITION1 IS TO OBJECTIVIZE TO ITSELF ! NEGATIVE & SPECIFIC CONCEPTS ( SPACE & TIME1 & IT HAS MADE ( !M !SE TWO GIGANTIC FIGURES ?AT OCCUPY SU* A L>GE PLACE 9 POETRY1 !OLOGY & PHILOSOPHY4 ,SPACE & TIME >E NO?+ REAL1 ANY MORE ?AN ! MILLIONS ( >I?METIC MEANS ?AT WE CAN 9S]T BETWE5 ONE & TWO2 NOR >E !Y =MS ( ! UND]/&+1 BUT SIMPLE S]IAL MODALITIES1 P>TICUL> TO ! FLU5TE GEOMETRIC S]IES1 FROM :I* MAN HAS MADE TWO CAPACITIES CONTA9+ ALL PH5OM5A & ALL BE+S4 

#c#e#a4 ,! IDEA ( TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ! PSY*OLOGI/S1 IS GIV5 TO US 9 CONSCI\SNESS BY ! SUCCESSION ( \R ?\<TS2 ! IDEA ( SPACE COMES TO US ?R\< SI<T & T\*4 

,BUT FIR/1 :]E DO \R ?\<TS !MSELVES COME FROM8 ,FROM EXT]NAL PH5OM5A ( :I* ! S\L RECEIVES ! REPRES5TATION1 & TO :I* WE >E L9K$ \RSELVES1 AS PH5OM5A1 & AS C5T]S ( MOVEM5T4 ,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( REASON1 TIME IS AN OBJECTIVE CONDITION ( PH5OM5ALITY BE=E BE+ A SUBJECTIVE =M ( \R UND]/&+4 

,A COMP>ISON WILL MAKE ?IS MORE CLE>4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ! ,UNIV]SE IS ANIMAT$ & 9TELLIG5T1 IS ,GOD1 F9ALLY1 AS PAN!ISM UND]/&S ,GOD2 !N1 BY FOLL[+ ! REASON+ ( ! PSY*OLOGI/S1 ! IDEA ( TIME W\LD BE GIV5 TO ! ,UNIV]SE-,GOD 9 ! SUCCESSION ( ITS ?\<TS4 ,BUT ! ?\<TS ( ! ,UNIV]SE-,GOD >E ! PH5OM5A ?AT OCCUR )9 IT2 SO ?AT1 = IT1 ! IDEA ( TIME W\LD /ILL BE AN OBJECTIVE 9TUITION4 ,N[1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,UNIV]SE-,GOD & US1 9 RELATION TO ! CONCEPT ( TIME1 IS ?AT WE SEE ! PH5OM5A1 TYPES ( \R ?\<TS1 EXT]NAL TO \RSELVES1 :ILE ! ,UNIV]SE-,GOD W\LD SEE !M )9 ITSELF1 BY 9TROSPECTION4 

,AS = ! IDEA ( SPACE1 H[ HAVE ! METAPHYSICIANS BE5 ABLE TO BR+ BACK TO ONLY TWO SPECIES ( APP]CEPTIONS 7SI<T & T\*7 AN ABSOLUTE = ( KN[L$GE8 ,?AT W\LD H>DLY HAVE BE5 =GIVABLE 9 ! M5 ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 9 ! PHILOSOPH]S ( ! GOLD5 AGE4 ,EI!R SPACE & TIME CONDITION ALL \R 9TUITIONS1 OR !Y LOSE !IR ABSOLUTE *>ACT] & >E !MSELVES ONLY P>TICUL> MODES ( ! ABSOLUTE CONDITION ( ALL KN[L$GE1 ( ! S]IES4 

#c#e#b4 ,! ORIG9 ( ! IDEA-CONCEPTS1 AS IT IS DISCOV]$ BY ! ANALYSIS ( ! S]IES1 F9DS A /RIK+ TE/IMONY 9 PHILOLOGY4 ,9 ! MO/ ANCI5T LANGUAGES1 ! IDEAS ( SUB/ANCE & CAUSE1 ( TIME & SPACE HAVE NO T]MS ?AT EXPRESS !M1 OR1 IF !Y HAVE !M1 !SE T]MS >E TURN$ FROM !IR ORIG9AL MEAN+ & TAK5 AS METAPHORS4 ,N[1 IF MAN1 BY VIRTUE ( HIS ORGANIZATION1 HAS SPONTANE\SLY F\ND 9 ! >TICULATIONS ( HIS VOICE ! SIGNS ( ! IDEAS ?AT COME TO HIM ?R\< ! S5SES1 H[ HAS ?AT SAME ORGANIZATION NOT FURNI%$ HIM ) SIGNS = ! IDEA-CONCEPTS1 PREEXI/+ 9 ! UND]/&+ & AWAK5+ ONLY AT ! CALL ( S5SATION8 ,H[ HAVE ! PURE IDEAS BE DESIGNAT$ BY ! NAMES ( S5SIBLE OBJECTS1 BY SIGNS ( 9TUITIONS8 ,:Y1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! PRIMITIVE IDIOMS1 IS BE+ SYNONYM\S ) LIV+1 SUB/ANCE A SYNONYM ( WOOD OR /ONE1 CAUSE A SYNONYM ( FA!R OR MO!R8 ,AT ?AT /AGE1 TIME IS LIFE2 SPACE IS ! AIR 9CLUD$ UND] ! CAVITY ( ! SKY3 EV]Y:]E A CONCRETE SIGN = A METAPHYSICAL IDEA1 ! PH5OM5ON S]V+ AS ! SYMBOL ( A CONCEPTION4 ,:Y IS ?AT1 ONCE MORE1 IF ! CONCEPTS ( ! UND]/& & ! CATEGORIES ( PURE REASON >E ! ESS5TIAL =MS ( ?\<T8 ,OR WAS ! IMPOSSIBILITY TO CREATE SPECIAL SIGNS = SPECIAL IDEAS--:AT ,I AM SAY+8--= NECESS>Y IDEAS8 

#c#e#c4 ,WE SAY ?AT 9 ?IS MAN HAS FOLL[$ ! G5]AL LAW ( LANGUAGES1 9 :I* EV]Y 9TUITION IS EXPRESS$ BY A VOCABLE 9 RELATION ) ! OBJECT1 :ILE ! CONCEPTS >E DEPICT$ BY SOME METAPHORS & ANALOGIES1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y >E PURE & FRE$ FROM ALL EMPIRICISM4 

,?AT >GUM5T1 AS WELL AS EXPLA9+ ! FACT BY ! FACT ITSELF1 SUPPOSES 9 ADDITION ?AT MAN C\LD NOT DIRECTLY REPRES5T BY WORD AB/RACT & 9TELLIGIBLE ?+S2 BUT ! FACT COMES TO REFUTE ?AT ASS]TION4 ,:AT'S MORE1 :AT !RE IS EXCLUSIVELY 9TELLIGIBLE 9 ! WORLD1 IS ! RELATION3 NOT ! SIGNS ( RELATION >E NOT ONLY CONTEMPOR>Y ) ! SIGNS ( 9TUITION1 BUT .<>E.> ALSO1 LIKE !M1 ORIG9AL & SPECIFIC TO ! IDEAS !Y REPRES5T4 ,SU* >E ! >TICLES1 FIR/ NAME1 PREPOSITIONS & CONJUNCTIONS1 ?AT NO ANALYSIS1 :E!R LOGICAL OR ETYMOLOGICAL1 C\LD BR+ BACK TO SOME CONCRETE SIGNS1 TURN$ FROM !IR ORIG9AL MEAN+S1 9TO METAPHORS4 ,BI5 PLUS1 ! WORDS ?AT SEEM BE/ ABLE TO TRANSLATE ! CATEGORY ( SUB/ANCE1 ! SUB/ANTIFS1 ALL >E =M$ ACCORD+ TO ! APPE>ANCES & MODIFICATIONS ( ! OBJECTS1 AN ACCORD+ TO ! RELATIONS ?AT !Y MA9TA9 AMONG !M2 AS = ! V]BS1 OR ATTRIBUTES PROP] TO ! CATEGORY ( CAUSE 7=CE1 LIFE1 ACTION71 !Y >E ( A MORE COMPLEX CON/RUCTION & HAVE ONLY APPE>$ LAT] 9 ! LANGUAGE4 ,SO ?AT1 9 ! LANGUAGES1 ALL WAS FIR/ A SIGN ( PH5OM5ON & SIGN ( RELATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION ( ! S]IES & ITS =MS4 ,& :AT W\LD IT BE IF1 DESC5D+ MORE & MORE 9TO ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS1 WE W\LD %[ ! SUB/ANTIFS & ATTRIBUTIFS =M$ FROM AMORPH\S ROOTS1 ELEM5T>Y >TICULATIONS1 :I* C\LD ALL BE CONSID]$ AS RELATIVE P>TICLES8 ,H[ TO GRANT !N1 9 ! SY/EM ( ,KANT1 ?AT T>D9ESS ( LANGUAGE 9 CREAT+ EXPRESSIONS = ! G5]AL IDEAS ( SUB/ANCE1 CAUSE1 SPACE & TIME1 ) ! SPONTANE\S CREATION ( ! SIGNS ( RELATION & S]IES8444 

#c#e#d4 ,?IS LEADS US TO AN OBS]VATION ?AT IS CURI\S1 BUT :I* WILL NOT SURPRISE ! READ]4 ,! ORD] ( SPONTANE\S AP]CEPTION ( CONCEPTS IS 9V]SE TO ?AT ( !IR SCI5TIFIC DET]M9ATION4 

,WE HAVE JU/ SE5 H[ ! EXAM9ATION ( ! S]IES1 ITS ELEM5TS1 ITS LAWS & ITS MODES1 BR+S SUCCESSIVELY ! CONCEPTS ( TOTALITY1 PLURALITY1 UNITY2 LIMITATION1 NEGATION1 REALITY2 NECESSITY1 EXI/5CE1 POSSIBILITY1 TO ! MORE G5]AL CONCEPTS ( ,QUANTITY1 ,QUALITY1 ,MODALITY2 !N TO ?OSE ( ,CAUSE & ,SUB/ANCE1 & FROM ?OSE TO ! IDEAS ( ,TIME & ,SPACE4 ,BUT1 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL $UCATION1 ,HUMANITY CANNOT REA* ! CONCEPTS BY ?AT PA? ( ANALYSIS3 IT IS C>RI$ !RE 9 A LEAP BY ! VIVACITY ( ! 9TUITION1 & LAUN*ES ITSELF ) ! FIR/ B\ND TO ! SUMMITS ( METAPHYSICS1 ,GOD1 ! ,9F9ITE1 ,SPACE1 ,TIME1 ,SUB/ANCE1 ,CAUSE1 ,S]IES1 ,?\<T2 F9ALLY BEG9S ! AUTOPTIQUE OBS]VATION BR++ ! ME?OD 9 ITS WAKE4 ,>RIV+ AT ?IS LIMIT1 REASON GOES BACK UP ! SLOPE ?AT IT HAD DESC5D$1 TO ONLY /OP AT ! PLACE FROM :I* IT HAD LEFT4 

,BUT ! PRIMITIVE APP]CEPTION ( ! CONCEPTS IS SO CONFUS$ & SO VAGUE ?AT SPEE* CANNOT EXPRESS IT3 FROM ?IS ! PHILOLOGICAL CONTRADICTION ?AT WE HAVE JU/ RAIS$4 ,MAN CAN ONLY /AMM] HIS S5TIM5TS & S5SATIONS3 HE SPEAKS HIS IDEAS4 ,! ANIMAL CRIES1 S+S1 MOANS1 BECAUSE IT IS S5SIBLE3 IT DOES NOT SPEAK1 BECAUSE IT HAS NO IDEAS1 BECAUSE ITS 9TELLIG5CE IS NOT ITS [N1 BECAUSE ITS S\L IS NOT1 LIKE \R [N1 EMANCIPAT$ FROM ! ,DIV9ITY4 

,:AT FIR/ TORM5TS *ILDR5 & EXCITES !IR CONC]N1 IS SPACE4 ,IS !RE A VAULT ABOVE \R HEADS1 & BEYOND ?AT VAULT1 ANO!R ?AN CONTA9S IT1 !N A ?IRD ?AT CONTA9S ?AT ONE1 ETC48 ,?IS IS H[ ! M9D1 9=M$ BY ! S]IAL LAW1 PURSUES ! S]IES EV5 :5 IT NO LONG] 5C\NT]S AN OBJECT1 LIKE A BIRD1 ?AT1 DEPRIV$ ( AIR1 TRIES TO BREA? ! VOID4 ,! ,HEBREWS DEPICT$ ! WORLD AS A S]IES ( CONC5TRIC SPH]E3 EV5 ! NAME ( SPACE1 9 !IR LANGUAGE1 IS SYNONYM\S ) %EET ( METAL1 BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO !IR OP9ION1 ! FIR/ HEAV5 WAS ( CRY/AL POLI%$ LIKE A METALLIC MIRROR4 ,ALL PEOPLE HAVE PLAC$ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! CELE/IAL SPH]E ! DE/9ATION ( ! BLESS$ & ANGELS1 & ! ?RONE ( ! ,DIV9ITY4 

,ANO!R SUBJECT ( ANXIETY1 NO LESS KE51 IS ,TIME4 ,! IMAG9ATION SO>S FIR/ TO ! ORIG9 ( ?+S & ASKS ITSELF3 ,BE=E ! CREATION1 :AT WAS !RE1 & :AT DID ,GO DO8 ,! MAJORITY ( ! MAK]S ( COSMOGONIES HAVE RESPOND$ ?AT HE M$ITAT$4 ,& ,GOD IS G5]ALLY REPRES5T$ AS AN OLD MAN 9 DEEP ?\<T3 WE HAVE CALL$ HIM ! ,ANCI5T1 ! ,ET]NAL1 AS LAT]1 ) ! AID ( ! CONCEPTS ( ,SUB/ANCE & ,CAUSE1 WE HAVE NAM$ HIM ! ,LIV+1 ! ,/RONG1 ! ,SUPREME ,BE+1 ,CREATOR OR ,CAUSE ( ALL ?+S4 ,I HAVE REC\NT$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S ! HI/ORY ( ?OSE LA/ TWO CONCEPTS & !IR 9FLU5CE ( SOCIETY4 

#c#e#e4 ,IF ! DISCUSSION 9 :I* WE JU/ 5T]$ ON ! SUBJECT ( ! UNIV]SALS & CATEGORIES HAS CA/ SOME LI<T 9 ! M9D ( ! READ]1 ! LOGICAL PROBLEM1 OR PROBLEM ( ! LEGITIMACY ( ! KN[L$GE1 IS RESOLV$4 ,:AT DO WE MEAN BY CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY8 ,! ABSOLUTE CONDITION ( SCI5CE4 ,N[1 ?AT CONDITION1 WE HAVE SUFFICI5TLY EXPLA9$ IT 9 ! FIR/ SIX P>AGRAPHS ( ?IS *APT]3 IT IS ! S]IES4 ,! S]IES ?AT IS TO SAY3 #a7 DIVISION1 MULTIPLICITY1 NUMB]2 #b7 A DIFF]5TIAL RELATION1 BEGETT+ SYN!SIS1 TOTALIZATION1 GR\P4 

,:AT IS AN IDEA8 ,! 9TUITION ( A S]IES4 

,:AT IS TRU?8 ,! DEMON/RATION ( ?AT S]IES4 ,! TRU?1 SAID ,LEIBNITZ1 IS 9 ! L9K+ ( IDEAS1 9 !IR S]IES4 

,:AT DI/+UI%ES DREAM FROM WAK+8 ,IT IS BECAUSE1 9 ! DREAM1 ! IDEA >E BROK51 ! 9TUITIONS =M$ FROM FRAGM5TS ( S]IES1 & ALL ! LAWS ( ?\<T1 LAWS ACCORD+ TO :I* ! SELF DREAM+ ITSELF ?+S1 AT EA* 9/ANT VIOLAT$4 

,:AT IS MEANT BY CONCEPTS8 ,! REPRES5TATION ( ! ELEM5T1 ( ! REASON & ( ! MODES ( ! S]IES4 ,?AT ELEM5T1 ?AT REASON & ?OSE MODES1 CONSID]$ 9 !IR UNIV]SALITY1 BECOME !MSELVES ! G5]AL PO9TS ( VIEW ( EV]Y S]IES4 

0,! :OLE FACULTY ( ! UND]/&+10 SAID ! PHILOSOPH] ( ,KONIGSB]G1 0CONSI/S 9 R$UC+ ! SYN!SIS ( ! DIV]SITY TO ! UNITY ( APP]CEPTION20 ?AT IS TO SAY 9 FAI?FULLY REPRES5T+ ! S]IES1 !N TO TAKE IT ITSELF = UNITY4 

,! CONCEPT ( UNITY1 ADEQUATE TO ?AT ( 9F9ITY1 IS ! PROP] & SPECIFIC =M ( ! UND]/&+1 AS IT IS ! CONDITION ( EV]Y APP]CEPTION4 ,BEYOND ! UNITY1 AS BEYOND 9F9ITY1 !RE IS NO?+4 

0,BUT10 ADDS ,KANT1 0! UND]/&+ ONLY GIVES ! UNITY ( ! A PRIORI APP]CEPTION BY MEANS ( ! CATEGORIES40 ,?AT MEANS ?AT1 FIR/1 WE CAN =M S]IES )\T A PO9T ( VIEW4 

0,! CONCEPT )\T 9TUITION DOES NOT GIVE KN[L$GE40 ,9 ORD] TO HAVE ! UND]/&+ ( A S]IES1 IT IS NOT 5\< TO HAVE A PO9T ( VIEW2 !RE MU/ BE MAT]IAL1 AN ELEM5T4 ,?AT IS /ILL NOT ALL3 ! PO9T ( VIEW & ! ELEM5T BE+ GIV51 0! P>TICUL> LAWS ?AT CONC]N PH5OM5A DET]M9$ EMPIRICALLY CANNOT D]IVE FROM ! CATEGORIES1 AL?\< !Y >E SUBJECT TO !M20 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT AFT] ! PO9T ( VIEW & ! MAT]IAL1 ONE LA/ ?+ IS ESS5TIAL TO ! =MATION ( ! S]IES1 IT IS ! RELATION OR REASON4 

,?US1 ! ELEM5T 7MATT] OR SUB/RATUM ( ! S]IES71 ! PO9T ( VIEW & ! REASON BE+ GIV51 ! S]IES CAN BE CON/RUCT$1 & ALL SCI5CE IS POSSIBLE A PRIORI4 ,I SAY MORE3 ! S5SATION ONLY BE+ 9TELLIGIBLE ?R\< ! S]IES1 ! HYPO!SIS ( AN A PO/]IORI SCI5CE1 A SCI5CE ?AT W\LD NE$ SOME?+ O!R ?AN ITS =MAL CONDITIONS1 IS AN ABSURDITY4 ,! ROLE ( EMPIRICAL OBS]VATION1 RELATIVE TO ! =MATION ( ! KN[L$GE1 IS LIMIT$1 EI!R TO PROVOKE SOME PH5OM5A1 AS 9 EXP]IM5TAL PHYSICS & *EMI/RY1 9 ORD] TO LAT] DISCOV] ITS RATIONAL LAWS2 OR TO V]IFY ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! !ORY 9 ! PH5OM5ON4 ,BUT ! OBS]VATION IS NOT SCI5CE1 ANY MORE ?AN MEMORY1 ANY MORE ?AN S5SATION4 

#c#e#f4 ,SO EI!R IT IS ! SELF ?AT1 BY VIRTUE ( ! UNITY ( ITS ESS5CE & ( ITS SYN!TIC FACULTY1 CONV]TS ITS S5SATIONS 9TO IDEAS1 !N1 ON ! OCCASION ( ! PH5OM5A1 DET]M9ES 9 IT ! LAWS ( ?\<T AN CON/RUCTS ! METAPHYSICAL WORLD2 OR ELSE IT IS NATURE ?AT IS REFLECT$ 9 CONSCI\SNESS1 & LUI DISCOV]S GRADUALLY ! 9TELLIGIBLE =MS ( BE+ & ITS IMP5ETRABLE PR9CIPLES3 -- LET ! DIV]SITY BE 9 NATURE & ! SYN!SIS 9 ! SELF1 OR ?AT BO? >E 9 ! OBJECT1 & ONLY ! FACULTY ( P]CEIVE .<AP]CEVOIR.> !M .<IS.> 9 ! SUBJECT3 ISN'T IT1 AT BASE1 9 RELATION TO KN[L$GE1 ALWAYS ! SAME ?+8 ,:AT DOES ?IS DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION MATT] TO SCI5CE1 OR C]TA9TY8 ,ONE ?+ REMA9S CON/ANT3 9 ORD] = ! SELF TO BE DET]M9$1 9 ORD] = IT TO ?9K1 9 ORD] = IT TO KN[ ITSELF1 !RE MU/ BE S5SATIONS1 9TUITIONS2 ! SELF REQUIRES A NON-SELF1 ! IMPRESSIONS ( :I* RESPOND TO ITS [N CAPACITY4 ,?\<T IS ! SYN!SIS ( TWO ANTI!TICAL =CES1 ! SUBJECTIVE UNITY & ! OBJECTIVE MULTIPLICITY2 SO ?AT WE HAVE ! RI<T TO POSE ?IS APHORISM3 ,:AT ! S5SES REVEAL IS ADEQUATE TO :AT ! REASON ?9KS1 & RECIPROCALLY3 ,EV]Y S]IES CON/RUCT$ 9 ! UND]/&+ IS POSSIBLE 9 EXP]I5CE4 

,! HEAV5S 9/RUCT ! E>?1 ! POET HAS SAID2 ! E>? REPEATS ! LESSONS ( HEAV54 ,?AT IS1 9 A FEW WORDS1 ! SUMM>Y ( METAPHYSICS4 ,! LAW IS ABSOLUTE1 ! SAME = ! M9D1 ! SAME = ! MAT]IAL4 ,9EFFABLE DUALITY1 MY/]I\S POLES ( CREATION1 SYMPA!TIC E*OES ( ! DIV9E SPEE*1 ! ,MAN & ! ,WORLD1 LIKE ! S]APHIM ( ,ISAIAH1 CRY+ TO ONE ANO!R3 ,HOLY1 HOLY1 HOLY IS ! ,ET]NAL1 ! ,GOD ( ! SPH]ES1 ! ,CREATOR ( ! S]IES6 

#c#e#g4 ,H[1 AT ?AT H\R1 C\LD ! FUNDAM5TAL OBJECTION ( SKEPTICISM AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY ( REASON F9D A PLACE8 

0,REASON CANNOT BE DEMON/RAT$ BY ITSELF1 BECAUSE ?AT W\LD BE A BEGG+ ( ! QUE/ION2 NOR BY A PRIOR PR9CIPLE1 BECAUSE ?AT PR9CIPLE W\LD NE$ TO BE PROV5 BY ANO!R1 ?AT ONE BY A ?IRD1 & ?AT ?IS W\LD RETREAT 9F9ITELY40 ,?AT >GUM5T1 CONCEIV$ ACCORD+ TO ! SYLLOGI/IC OR CAUSAL ME?OD1 FALLS BE=E ! S]IAL ME?OD1 9 :I* ! IDEAS >E DEMON/RAT$1 NO LONG] BY ACTS ( BIR? & G5EALOGICAL REPORTS1 BUT BY !IR G5]A1 !IR SPECIES & !IR S]IES1 RESULT+ FROM !IR DIFF]5CES & !IR RELATIONS4 

,& H[ NOT TO LAU< 9 PITY AT SEE+ ! ECLECTIC 9ANITIES REG>D+ ?AT SAME QUE/ION ( C]TA9TY3 0,! EVID5CE IS NOT DEMON/RAT$2 ! AP]CEPTION ( ! FIR/ PR9CIPLES IS SPONTANE\S1 ?\<TLESS1 SWIFT AS LI<TN+1 IMP]SONAL1 SUBJECTIVE & OBJECTIVE AT ONCE1 ETC41 ETC480 ,9 READ+ ?AT P>T ( ! WORKS ( ,MR4 ,C\S91 :]E HE NAIVELY PLACES HIMSELF ABOVE ,KANT1 WE >E TEMPT$ TO D\BT ?AT ?IS PR(ESSOR1 DESPITE HIS ADMIRABLE TAL5T1 HAS UND]/OOD NO?+ ( ! PHILOSOPH] ( :I* HE HAS MADE HIMSELF ! 9T]PRET]4 

#c#e#h4 ,BUT1 9 ESCAP+ ! TRANSC5D5TAL SKEPTICISM1 LET US NOT FALL BACK 9TO ABSOLUTE IDEALISM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO MAKE USE ( A S+UL>1 BUT 5]GETIC EXPRESSION1 9TO NIHILISM8 ,! LAWS ( ! WORLD & ?OSE ( REASON >E ! SAME1 ?AT APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 DEMON/RAT$2 BUT IF WE P]CEIVE 9 ! WORLD ONLY S]IES & LAWS1 :AT IS ! WORLD8 ,:AT IS !RE BEYOND \R ?\<T8 ,>E WE ASSUR$ ( ! EXI/5CE ( BODIES8 ,& >E \R IDEAS ( SUB/ANCE & CAUSE NO?+ MORE ?AN LOGICAL SIGNS1 CONV5TIONAL FIGURES ?AT COV] NO REALITY8 ,FROM !N ON1 :AT PROVES ! S]IAL !ORY8 ,IF NOT ?AT A PHANTASMAGORIA OBSESSES US1 AP>T FROM :I* !RE IS = US ONLY NO?+NESS4 

,?AT OBJECTION1 PRES5T$ ) A /RIK+ =CE BY ! SKEPTICS ( ALL C5TURIES1 HAS ALWAYS MADE ANALYSIS BACK D[N1 & WE MU/ SAY1 IT HAS REMA9$ )\T SOLUTION4 ,! ONLY RESPONSE ?AT WE HAVE MADE HAS BE5 TO APPEAL TO ! UN%AKABLE FAI? ( ! HUMAN RACE1 F\ND$ ON ! TE/IMONY ( ! S5SES1 A TE/IMONY ?AT PROVES NO?+ BY ITSELF1 S9CE1 AS WE HAVE OBS]V$1 S5SATION IS UN9TELLIGIBLE4 ,& YET ! FACT ( CONSCI\SNESS 9VOK$ AGA9/ IDEALISM IS ALREADY SUFFICI5T TO DISCONFIRM ?IS SY/EM2 =1 S9CE ! HUMAN RACE BELIEVES 9 ! EXI/5CE ( ! BODY1 IT IS BECAUSE !RE IS A REASON1 9/9CTIVE OR WELL-REASON$1 = BELIEV+ IT2 BUT :AT IS ?AT REASON8 

,WE SEE ?AT ! PROBLEM POS$ BY IDEALISM IS R$UC$ TO LEGITIMAT+ BY PURE REASON A PREJUDICE ( S5TIM5T4 ,! S5TIM5T ( ! EXI/5CE ( BODIES1 ! CONCEPT ( CORPORALITY IS GIV5 TO USE BY ! EXT5T1 ! SOLIDITY1 ! IMP5ETRABILITY ( ! MAT]IAL1 ! PH5OM5A ( ATTRACTION1 REPULSION & *ANGE4 ,N[1 AP>T FROM S5SATION1 DOES METAPHYSICS FURNI% MOTIVES = BELIEV+ 9 ! REALITY ( BODIES8 

#c#e#i4 ,H]E ! 9DUCTION1 AS WELL AS ! SYLLOGISM1 IS P[]LESS3 H[ W\LD ! M9D1 />T+ FROM N\M5A & PH5OM5A1 >RIVE AT :AT IS NEI!R N\M5A NOR PH5OM5A8 ,H[ W\LD IT DEMON/RATE TO ITSELF BY IDEAS SOME?+ ?AT IS NOT AN IDEA8444 -- ,! S]IAL !ORY SEEMS EQUALLY 9COMPET5T3 ITS FUNDAM5TAL AXIOM IS ?AT1 AP>T FROM ! LAWS & !IR COMB9ATIONS1 ! M9D CAN KN[ NO?+4 ,IT IS ) IT1 H[EV]1 ?AT WE WILL REFUTE IDEALISM4 

,AT 8 IV 7#b#c#a & FOLL[+71 WE HAVE DI/+UI%$ SOME NATURAL S]IES & SOME >TIFICIAL S]IES4 ,! FIR/1 WE HAVE SAID1 >E ?OSE :OSE OBJECT BE>S ITS LAW )9 ITSELF2 ! SECOND >E SOME TRANSPOSITIONS1 SOME PLAY ( HUMAN 9DU/RY1 A SORT ( COMPLEM5T ( ! CREATION1 9V5T$ = ! ATTRACTIV5ESS & CONV5I5CE ( \R LIFE4 ,AN ANALOG\S DI/9CTION OR1 TO PUT IT BETT]1 ! SAME DI/9CTION REPRODUC$ 9 A MU* L>G] ASPECT PLUS L>GE1 WILL GIVE US ! PRO( ?AT WE SEEK4 

,ALL ! REPRES5TATIONS ) :I* ! HUMAN M9D CONC]NS ITSELF DIVIDE 9TO TWO GREAT CATEGORIES3 ! FIR/1 ?AT WE WILL NAME IDEAL S]IES2 ! SECOND1 REAL S]IES4 ,N[1 IF ,I PROVE ?AT ?IS CLASSIFICATION IS BAS$ ON A C]TA9 *>ACT]1 W\LDN'T ,I HAVE RESOLV$ ! PROBLEM8 

#c#f4 ,?AT *>ACT] CONSI/S 9 ?AT1 9 ! IDEAL S]IES1 ! UNITIES CAN BE TRANSPOS$1 =M O!R S]IES1 & CONV]T 9TO ONE ANO!R )\T !IR ESS5CE BE+ DE/ROY$2 :ILE 9 ! REAL S]IES ! UNITIES >E 9COMMUTABLES & 9CONV]TIBLE4 ,I WILL EXPLA94 

,WE HAVE SAID ?AT PLANTS W]E ANIMALS TURN$ >\ND3 ?AT COMP>ISON EXPRESSES V]Y WELL ! DIFF]5CE 9 ANIMAL & VEGETABLE ORGANIZATIONS2 BUT IT DOES NOT SUPPOSE ! EXP]IM5TAL POSSIBILITY ( ! FACT4 ,OP5 A LIV+ DOG1 & TRANSF] TO ! EXTREMITIES ( ITS F\R MEMB]S ! ORGANS ( RESPIRATION1 ABSORPTION1 SECRETION & G5]ATION2 Y\ WILL KILL ?AT DOG1 BUT Y\ WILL NOT CREATE A NEW ORGANISM4 ,TRY TO MAKE A MAN ) ORGANS TRANSF]R$ FROM A HUNDR$ CADAV]S1 Y\ /ILL C\LDN'T DO IT4 ,?US1 9 AN ORGANIZ$ SUBJECT1 ! TRANSPOSITION1 ! 9V]SION ( ! ORGANIC P>TS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,JU/ AS 9 ! TWO K+DOMS ! SPECIES >E 9ALT]ABLE3 WE HAVE NEV] SE5 ! HORSE BECOME AN ELEPHANT1 ! :ALE TRANS=M 9TO A CRAYFI%1 NOR ! MELON HANG FROM ! GRAPEV9E4 ,9 ! ANIMAL & VEGETABLE S]IES1 ! UNITIES OR SPECIES >E ?US /ILL 9CONV]TIBLE1 BUT !Y CANNOT SUFF] MODIFICATIONS AT ALL PR(\ND )\T P]I%+4 ,! OAK C\LD NOT /OP AT ! DIM5SIONS ( ! ROSE BU%1 NOR ! ROSE BU% ACQUIRE ! MAJE/Y ( ! C$>2 WE W\LD NOT MAKE ! LION A DOME/IC ANIMAL1 PROP] TO GU>D ! H]DS1 & FE$+ ON HAY4 

,I KN[ WELL ?AT ! M9]AL K+DOM 7! GASES1 WAT]1 AIR1 LI<T7 SU/A9S & FE$S ! VEGETABLE K+DOM & BECOMES1 SO TO SPEAK1 VEGETABLE2 ?AT ! PLANTS >E TRANS=M$ 9TO ANIMAL MATT] 9 ! DIGE/IVE SACS ( H]BIVORES1 ROD5TS1 GRANIVORES1 9SECTS1 ETC42 ?AT1 9 !IR TURN1 S]VE AS FOOD = C>NIVORES & MAN4 ,BUT IT IS NOT S]IES ?AT >E CONV]T$ !RE3 !Y >E1 9 ! SCALE ( BE+S1 S]IES ( A HI<] ORD] ?AT CONT9UE BY ASSIMILAT+ 9]T MAT]IALS1 SUBTRACT$ FROM S]IES ( A L[] ORD]4 ,9 !SE ORGANIC DECOMPOSITIONS & RECOMPOSITIONS1 ! PHYSICAL ATOMS DO NOT P]I%1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT ! S]IAL UNITIES >E DE/ROY$4 ,!RE W\LD BE CONV]SION ( S]IES IF1 = EXAMPLE1 SOME FRAGM5TS ( CLOV] NOT CRU%$ & DIGE/$ PRODUC$ A LIV+ BULLOCK2 IF A TORTOISE BECAME AN EAGLE1 LIKE ! CAT]PILL> ?AT1 )\T P]I%+1 BECOMES A BUTT]FLY4 

#c#f#a4 ,?US1 9 ! REAL S]IES1 !RE IS A NATURE1 A SOME?+ ?AT RESI/S1 ?AT DEF5DS ITSELF1 ?AT WANTS TO REMA9 :AT IT IS1 & BREAKS RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO ANY METAMORPHOSIS1 TO ! SLI<TE/ ALT]ATION2 SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! WEI<T1 ! COLOR1 ! MOVEM5T1 ! %APE1 ! S]IES2 SOME?+ F9ALLY 9TRACTABLE TO ! ?\<T ( MAN4 

#c#f#b4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! IDEAL S]IES1 ! UNITIES CAN BE TRANSPOS$1 TURN$ >\ND1 )\T CEAS+ TO BE !MSELVES & =M S]IES4 ,! CONV]SION ?AT WE HAVE SE5 7#b#a#c7 ( ! SY/EM QUAT]N>Y ( ,AMP]E 9TO A T]N>Y SY/EM IS ONE EXAMPLE ( IT4 ,! MA!MATICAL OP]ATIONS >E ALL S]IAL CONV]SIONS4 ,TO ADD1 MULTIPLY1 DIVIDE1 SUBTRACT1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO PUT TOGE!R & TAKE AP>T A NUMB]1 ISN'T ?AT TO CONV]T G5]A & SPECIES8 ,FROM AN EQUILAT]AL TRIANGLE MAKE A RECTANGLE ( EQUAL SURFACE OR EQUAL P]IMET]2 ! PROP]TIES ( ! L9E1 ( ! P>ALLELS1 ( ! ANGLE1 ALWAYS REMA9 ! SAME4 ,IF ! CIRCLE IS 9COMM5SURABLE ) ! $GE1 ?AT IS BECAUSE ! CIRCLE HAS SOME?+ ANTI-S]IAL AB\T IT1 ! L9E ?AT DESCRIBES IT BE+ AN IMAGE ( CONT9UITY RA!R ?AN ( S]IES4 ,BUT WE WORK ?AT CONV]SION 9 A MANN] SO 9EXACT ?AT WE WI% TO S]IANT ! CIRCUMF]5CE1 ?AT IS BY DRAW+ ON EA* SIDE ( ?AT L9E A POLYGON ( A GREAT NUMB] ( SIDES4 

,! 9V5TION ( ,GUTT5B]G PRES5TS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( S]IAL CONV]SION4 ,! TYPOGRAPHIC CASE IS ONLY A S]IES ( :I* ! MOBILE UNITIES CAN S]VE 9DI/9CTLY TO REPRODUCE ALL ! IMAG9ABLE BOOKS4 ,! SAME ?+ W\LD OCCUR IF1 9/EAD ( LETT]S1 ! CASE CONTA9$ ALL ! WORDS ( A LANGUAGE ) !IR 9FLECTIONS & 5D+S4 ,SO IT W\LD BE LIKE A VA/ VOCABUL>Y & GRAMMATICAL SY/EM COMPOS$ ( A MULTITUDE ( S]IES :OSE UNITIES W\LD CON/ANTLY S]VE TO =M NEW GR\PS1 )\T LOS+ !IR RELATIONS & )\T BE+ DE/ROY$4 

,\R METRIC SY/EM IS NO LESS REM>KABLE3 !RE AS WELL WE SEE A L9E> S]IES BECOMES BY TURNS A MEASURE ( CAPACITY1 SOLIDITY1 WEI<T1 & ( CURR5CY4 

,! MORE WE OBS]VE NATURE1 ! MORE WE PLUMB ! LAWS ( 9TELLIG5CE1 & ! MORE WE CONV9CE \RSELVES ( ! C]TA9TY ( ?AT DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! REAL S]IES & ! IDEAL S]IES4 ,WAT] BOILS AT A C]TA9 TEMP]ATURE1 BEYOND :I* IT CEASES TO ABSORB ! CALORIC3 !RE IS ?US BETWE5 ! HEAT & ! WAT] A *EMICAL PROPORTION ?AT CANNOT BE SURPASS$ )\T ! ELEM5T>Y =M ( ! LIQUID BE+ DE/ROY$4 ,! WAT] CANNOT BECOME BLAZ+ OR LUM9\S2 ABOVE #hO ,R4 IT EVAPORATES2 DECOMPOS$1 IT FURNI%ES TWO GASES1 ONE ( :I* IS BREA?ABLE & ! O!R COMBU/IBLE4 ,BUT ! !RMOMET]1 ! B>OMET]1 ! GASOMET]1 ! CALORIMET]1 ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ?AT WE USE TO MEASURE ! 9T5SITY ( PHYSICAL =CES1 CAN RECEIVE V]Y DIV]SE GRADUATIONS1 :I* WILL ALL CONV]T 9TO ONE ANO!R4 

,! LANGUAGES1 S]IES ( >TICULAT$ SIGNS1 PRES5T AN EXTRAORD9>Y PH5OM5ON3 HOMOLOGUES1 ID5TICAL 9 !IR ELEM5TS OR PRIMITIVE ROOTS1 9 ?AT :I* IS PURELY IDEAL 9 !M1 =M$1 9 %ORT1 ( ! SAME UNITIES1 !Y >E ALL CONV]SIONS ( ONE ANO!R1 !Y >E SI/]S3 BUT ONLY ANALOGS1 UNEQUAL1 = ALL ?AT !Y TAKE FROM ! PHYSIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NATURE ( MAN1 !Y GRADUALLY CEASE TO UND] /& ONE ANO!R1 BECOME 9CONV]TIBLE 9TO ONE ANO!R1 (T5 EV5 UNTRANSLATABLE4 

#c#f#c4 ,9 SUMM>Y1 EV]Y S]IES IS COMPOS$ ( UNITIES GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO A COMMON LAW3 BUT SOON !SE UNITIES CAN BE SEP>AT$ & S]VE O!R S]IES )\T CEAS+ = ?AT TO BE ! SAME1 & ?AT PROP]TY ( CONV]SION IS PECULI> TO 9TELLIGIBLE ?+S2 SOON ! UNITIES OPPOSE TO !IR CONV]SION AN 9V9CIBLE RESI/ANCE1 & LEAVE1 AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! S]IES1 ONLY !IR LA/ ELEM5TS4 ,9 ! FACE ( ?AT FACT1 ?\<T NO LONG] RECOGNIZES ITSELF2 REASON IS A/ONI%$ AT SEE+ ! ?READ ( ITS OP]ATIONS BROK52 & ! 9TELLIG5T SELF1 CREATOR ( S]IES1 CONFESSES A NON-SELF ?AT IS ANTI-S]IAL1 SUB/ANTIAL OR CAUSATIVE1 UN9TELLIG5T & UN9TELLIGIBLE444 

,?US METAPHYSICS JO9S IT AU?ORITY TO ?AT ( ! 9TIMATE S5SE 9 ORD] TO ATTE/ TO US SOME?+ \TSIDE ( \R ?\<T2 IDEALISM1 AS MU* OBJECTIVE AS SUBJECTIVE1 REMA9S CONV9C$ ( *IM]A1 & ! ANXIETIES ( SKEPTICISM CAN FROM N[ ON T\* US4 

.<#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! ECLECTICS1 ORD] IS ! UNITY 9 MULTIPLICITY4 ,?AT DEF9ITION IS FAIR3 H[EV]1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ON C\LD CRITIQUE IT1 9 ?AT IT CONVEYS ! ?+1 BUT DOES NOT DEF9E IT4 ,:AT IS IT ?AT PRODUCES ! UNITY 9 MULTIPLICITY8 ,! S]IES1 SYMMETRY4 

.<#b.> ,! ANIMALS >E B5EA? ! CONDITION ( MAN2 !Y DO NOT P]CEIVE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ?+S2 !Y KN[ NO?+4 ,:AT OCCURS )9 !M1 & :AT WE TAKE = 9TELLIG5CE1 IS ONLY AN 9/9CT P]FECT$ BY HABIT1 A SORT ( DREAM PROVOK$ BY ! SURR\ND+ MILIEU1 :I* IMPLIES NEI!R ?\<T NOR SCI5CE4 ,AS ) SLEEPWALK]S1 ?\<T 9 ANIMALS DOES NOT KN[ ITSELF2 IT IS ORGANIC & SPONTANE\S1 BUT NOT CONSCI\S OR REFLECTIVE4 

.<#c.> ,ESS5CE RELATES TO ! DISPOSITION & ! PURPOSE1 RA!R ?AN ! MAT]IAL1 & IS EXPRESS$ BY ! 5SEMBLE ( ! P>TS1 NOT BY ! CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS ( ! ?+4 ,! SUB/ANCE ( A CLOCK CAN BE ! SAME AS ?AT ( A ROTAT+ SPIT3 BUT ! ESS5CE ( ! FIR/ CONSI/S 9 A COMB9ATION :OSE PURPOSE IS TO M>K ! DIVISIONS ( TIME2 ! ESS5CE ( ! SECOND IS SIMPLY TO CREATE A MOVEM5T ( CONT9U\S ROTATION1 )\T P]IODICITY4 

.<#d.> ,SEE BEL[1 *AP4 III1 8 #g4 

.<#e.> ,PHILOSOPHY1 ?US UND]/OOD1 IS :AT ,M4 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE CALLS METAPHYSICS4 7,$ITOR'S NOTE 7747 77 ,! ,$ITOR'S NOTES ?AT >E F\ND 9 ( ! C\RSE ( ! WORK W]E ADD$ BY ,PR\DHON HIMSELF 9 A NEW $ITION PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#d#i4 

.<#f.> ,AMONG ! ANCI5TS1 ! SCULPTOR WROTE ON HIS WORKS ! WORD FACIEBAT1 WAS WORK+1 TO 9DICATE ?AT HE NEV] REG>D$ !M AS F9I%$3 ?US ! FRI5D ( TRU?1 ALWAYS ON GU>D AGA9/ SOPHI/RY & ILLUSION1 CAN CALL !MSELVES A PHILOSOPH]2 A SAVANT .<S*OL>1 SCI5TI/.>1 NEV]4 ,BUT MOD]N VANITY HAS MADE ! NAME ( PHILOSOPH] AMBITI\S & ?AT ( SAVANT MODE/3 ! SAVANTS ( TODAY ONLY RESPECT !MSELVES TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y BELIEVE !MSELVES TO BE PHILOSOPH]S2 ! MORE PURE ! SCI5CE1 !Y CALL IT PHILOSOPHY4 

.<#g.> ,METAPHYSICS IS :AT ,AUGU/E ,COMTE CALLS POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY4 7,$ITOR'S NOTE47 

.<#h.> ,:51 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS WORK1 ,I MAKE USE ( ! WORDS PRIE/S1 PHILOSOPH]S1 M5 ( P[]1 ETC41 ,I DO NOT DESIGNATE BY !SE NAMES CLASSES ( CITIZ5S & ,I MAKE NO CATEGORIES ( P]SONS4 ,I MEAN BY ?OSE WORDS AB/RACT FIGURES1 :I* ,I CONSID] ONLY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !IR CONDITION1 ( ! PREJUDICES ?AT >E PROP] TO !M1 ( ! *>ACT] & HABITS ?AT !IR CONDITION GIVES TO A MAN3 ,I DO NOT DESCRIBE REALITIES1 NOR CONDUCT ! TRIAL ( 9DIVIDUALS4 

,?US1 AL?\< ! RELIGI\S SPIRIT IS CONTR>Y TO SCI5CE1 TO *>ITY & TO PROGRESS1 ,I KN[ ?AT !RE >E PRIE/S :O >E V]Y LE>N$1 V]Y TOL]ANT & S+UL>LY PROGRESSIVE3 ,I EV5 D>E SAY ?AT ! CL]GY1 IF ONLY = ! DEF5SE ( ITS DOCTR9ES1 IS ( ALL ! ASSOCIATIONS .<CORPORATIONS.> ! MO/ CURI\S AB\T SCI5CE1 & ?AT ! MAJORITY ( \R PRIE/S BEG9 TO NO LONG] BE PRIE/S4 

,SIMIL>LY1 9 SPITE ( ! ONTOLOGY & ! SOPHI/RY1 :I* !Y >E *>G$ ) TEA*+1 !RE IS NO LACK ( PHILOSOPH]S LAU<+ AT PHILOSOPHY1 & LE>N$ 9 MORE ?AN WORDS3 ,I EV5 MA9TA9 ?AT TODAY EV]Y PHILOSOPH] :O IS AN HONE/ MAN IS NOT A PHILOSOPH] AT ALL4 

,W\LD ,I SAY ?AT ! AG5TS ( P[]1 DESPITE !IR (FICIAL *>ACT] AS CONS]VATIVE & B\RGEOIS >E1 ?R\< ! SPIRIT & T5D5CY ( !IR FUNCTIONS1 V]Y CLOSE TO DEMOCRACY & EQUALITY8 ,I CONFESS1 = MY P>T1 ,I AM ONE ( ?OSE :O1 RI<TLY OR WRONGLY1 HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO RID MYSELF1 ) REG>D TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 ( C]TA9 AV]SIONS OR SUSPICIONS3 ,I READILY RECOGNIZE ?AT MANY ( ?+S MOVE 9 AN 5TIRELY RE=MI/ DIRECTION1 & ?AT 9 MANY CASES ! B\RGEOISIE CAN CALL !MSELVES MORE PROGRESSIVE ?AN SOCIALISM4 

,F9ALLY1 TO COMPLETE ?IS APOLOGY1 IS IT SUIT$ TO SCI5TI/S ( DETE/ABLE MANN]S & ODI\S *>ACT]8 ,BUT :AT IS ! NE$ ( RECALL+ ! BAD1 :5 !RE IS SO MU* GOOD TO SAY8 ,NO1 ,I HAVE NO APOLOGIES = !SE M5 S9CE ,I ONLY MAKE W> ON BIASES4 ,!SE M5 >E GOOD1 B5EVOL5T1 EXCELL5T2 !Y NEV] WI% ME WRONG3 ,I FE> NOT !IR BIASES & SUITS4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ORD] TO COMPLETE ?IS APOLOGIA1 W\LD IT BE NECESS>Y TO ADMIT ?AT !RE >E SAVANTS ) DETE/ABLE HABITS & AN ODI\S *>ACT]8 ,:AT NE$ IS !RE TO RECALL ! EVIL1 :5 !RE IS SO MU* GOOD TO SAY8 ,NO1 ,I HAVE NO?+ TO APOLOGIZE = 9 ! EYES ( M51 S9CE ,I ONLY MAKE W> ON PREJUDICES4 ,! M5 >E GOOD1 B5EVOL5T1 EXCELL5T2 !Y W\LD NEV] WI% ME EVIL3 ,I ONLY FE> !IR PREJUDICES & !IR CO/UMES .<CU/OMS8.>4 

,9 !SE TIMES ( ILL-DEF9$ P[]S1 9ADEQUATE 9/ITUTIONS1 AMBIGU\S LAWS & FALSE SCI5CES1 IT HAS BE5 NECESS>Y = ME TO MAKE ?IS DECL>ATION4 

.<#i.> ,WE SEE H]E :Y ! CONCEPT ( QUALITY IS NOT APPLICABLE TO MA!MATICS1 :I* ONLY OP]ATES ON SOME EXACT S]IES & REGUL> FIGURES4 ,! CONCEPT ( QUALITY BEG9S 9 ! PHYSICAL1 REALIZATION ( ! PURE S]IES1 ( ! IDEA4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahdb 3 ,! ,CREATION ( ,ORD] 9 ,HUMANITY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,AUGU/ #b#g1 #bba 3 ,! ,CREATION ( ,ORD] 9 ,HUMANITY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,CREATION ( ,ORD] 9 ,HUMANITY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/