,*APT] #d 
,EXPROPRIATION 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY 4 4 4 -- -- -- 4 4 41,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE  
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 BY ,P4 ,KROPOTK9 

  
 ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

  
  
 ,EXPROPRIATION 

  
 ,I 

  

,IT IS TOLD ( ,RO?S*ILD ?AT1 SEE+ HIS =TUNE ?REAT5$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 HE HIT UPON ! FOLL[+ /RATAGEM3 0,I AM QUITE WILL+ TO ADMIT10 SAID HE1 0?AT MY =TUNE HAS BE5 ACCUMULAT$ AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS1 BUT IF IT W]E DIVID$ TO-MORR[ AMONG ! MILLIONS ( ,EUROPE1 ! %>E ( EA* W\LD ONLY AM\NT TO FIVE %ILL+S4 ,V]Y WELL1 !N1 ,I UND]TAKE TO R5D] TO EA* HIS FIVE %ILL+S IF HE ASKS ME = IT40 

,HAV+ GIV5 DUE PUBLICITY TO HIS PROMISE1 \R MILLIONAIRE PROCE$$ AS USUAL TO /ROLL QUIETLY ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,FRANK=T4 ,?REE OR F\R PASS]SBY ASK$ = !IR FIVE %ILL+S1 :I* HE DISBURS$ ) A S>DONIC SMILE4 ,HIS /RATAGEM SUCCE$$1 & ! FAMILY ( ! MILLIONAIRE IS /ILL 9 POSSESSION ( ITS WEAL?4 

,IT IS 9 MU* ! SAME FA%ION ?AT ! %REWD HEADS AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASSES REASON :5 !Y SAY1 0,AH1 ,EXPROPRIATION6 ,I KN[ :AT ?AT MEANS4 ,Y\ TAKE ALL ! OV]COATS & LAY !M 9 A HEAP1 & EV]Y ONE IS FREE TO HELP HIMSELF & FI<T = ! BE/40 

,BUT SU* JE/S >E IRRELEVANT AS WELL AS FLIPPANT4 ,:AT WE WANT IS NOT A R$I/RIBUTION ( OV]COATS1  AL?\< IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT EV5 9 SU* A CASE1 ! %IV]+ FOLK W\LD SEE ADVANTAGE 9 IT4 ,NOR DO WE WANT TO DIVIDE UP ! WEAL? ( ! ,RO?S*ILDS4 ,:AT WE DO WANT IS SO TO >RANGE ?+S ?AT EV]Y HUMAN BE+ BORN 9TO ! WORLD %ALL BE 5SUR$ ! OPPORTUNITY 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE ( LE>N+ SOME USEFUL OCCUPATION1 & ( BECOM+ SKILL$ 9 IT2 NEXT1 ?AT HE %ALL BE FREE TO WORK AT HIS TRADE )\T ASK+ LEAVE ( MA/] OR [N]1 & )\T H&+ OV] TO L&LORD OR CAPITALI/ ! LION'S %>E ( :AT HE PRODUCES4 ,AS TO ! WEAL? HELD BY ! ,RO?S*ILDS OR ! ,V&]BILTS1 IT WILL S]VE US TO ORGANIZE \R SY/EM ( COMMUNAL PRODUCTION4 

,! DAY :5 ! LABOR] MAY TILL ! GR\ND )\T PAY+ AWAY HALF ( :AT HE PRODUCES1 ! DAY :5 ! MA*9ES NECESS>Y TO PREP>E ! SOIL = RI* H>VE/S >E AT ! FREE DISPOSAL ( ! CULTIVATORS1 ! DAY :5 ! WORK] 9 ! FACTORY PRODUCES = ! COMMUNITY & NOT ! MONOPOLI/--?AT DAY WILL SEE ! WORK]S CLO!D & F$1 & !RE WILL BE NO MORE ,RO?S*ILDS OR O!R EXPLOIT]S4 

,NO ONE WILL !N HAVE TO SELL HIS WORK+ P[] = A WAGE ?AT ONLY REPRES5TS A FRACTION ( :AT HE PRODUCES4 

0,SO F> SO GOOD10 SAY \R CRITICS1 0BUT Y\ WILL HAVE ,RO?S*ILDS COM+ 9 FROM \TSIDE4 ,H[ >E Y\ TO PREV5T A P]SON FROM AMASS+ MILLIONS 9 ,*9A & !N SETTL+ AMONG Y\8 ,H[ >E Y\ GO+ TO PREV5T SU* A ONE FROM SURR\ND+ HIMSELF ) LACKEYS & WAGE-SLAVES--FROM EXPLOIT+ !M & 5RI*+ HIMSELF AT !IR EXP5SE8 

0,Y\ CANNOT BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION ALL OV] ! WORLD AT ! SAME TIME4 ,WELL1 !N1 >E Y\ GO+ TO E/ABLI% CU/OM-H\SES ON Y\R FRONTI]S TO SE>* ALL :O 5T] Y\R C\NTRY & CONFISCATE ! MONEY !Y BR+ ) !M8--,AN>*I/ POLICEM5 FIR+ ON TRAVEL]S W\LD BE A F9E SPECTACLE60 

,BUT AT ! ROOT ( ?IS >GUM5T !RE IS A GREAT ]ROR4 ,?OSE :O PROP\ND IT HAVE NEV] PAUS$ TO 9QUIRE :5CE COME ! =TUNES ( ! RI*4 ,A LITTLE ?\<T W\LD1 H[EV]1 SUFFICE TO %[ !M ?AT !SE =TUNES HAVE !IR BEG9N+S 9 ! POV]TY ( ! POOR4 ,:5 !RE >E NO LONG] ANY DE/ITUTE !RE WILL NO LONG] BE ANY RI* TO EXPLOIT !M4 

,LET US GLANCE = A MOM5T AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 GREAT =TUNES BEGAN TO SPR+ UP4 

,A FEUDAL B>ON SEIZES ON A F]TILE VALLEY4 ,BUT AS LONG AS ! F]TILE VALLEY IS EMPTY ( FOLK \R B>ON IS NOT RI*4 ,HIS L& BR+S HIM 9 NO?+2 HE MI<T AS WELL POSSESS A PROP]TY 9 ! MOON4 

,:AT DOES \R B>ON DO TO 5RI* HIMSELF8 ,HE LOOKS \T = PEASANTS--= POOR PEASANTS6 

,IF EV]Y PEASANT-F>M] HAD A PIECE ( L&1 FREE FROM R5T & TAXES1 IF HE HAD 9 ADDITION ! TOOLS & ! /OCK NECESS>Y = F>M LABOR1 :O W\LD PL[ ! L&S ( ! B>ON8 ,EV]YONE W\LD LOOK AFT] HIS [N4 ,BUT !RE >E ?\S&S ( DE/ITUTE P]SONS RU9$ BY W>S1 OR DR\<T1 OR PE/IL5CE4 ,!Y HAVE NEI!R HORSE NOR PL[4 7,IRON WAS CO/LY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & A DRAU<?ORSE /ILL MORE SO47 

,ALL !SE DE/ITUTE CREATURES >E TRY+ TO BETT] !IR CONDITION4 ,ONE DAY !Y SEE ON ! ROAD AT ! CONF9ES ( \R B>ON'S E/ATE A NOTICE-BO>D 9DICAT+ BY C]TA9 SIGNS ADAPT$ TO !IR COMPREH5SION ?AT ! LABOR] :O IS WILL+ TO SETTLE ON ?IS E/ATE WILL RECEIVE ! TOOLS & MAT]IALS TO BUILD HIS COTTAGE & S[ HIS FIELDS1 & A PORTION ( L& R5T FREE = A C]TA9 NUMB] ( YE>S4 ,! NUMB] ( YE>S IS REPRES5T$ BY SO MANY CROSSES ON ! SIGN-BO>D1 & ! PEASANT UND]/&S ! MEAN+ ( !SE CROSSES4 

,SO ! POOR WRET*ES SW>M OV] ! B>ON'S L&S1 MAK+ ROADS1 DRA9+ M>%ES1 BUILD+ VILLAGES4 ,9 N9E YE>S HE BEG9S TO TAX !M4 ,FIVE YE>S LAT] HE 9CREASES ! R5T4 ,!N HE D\BLES IT4 ,! PEASANT ACCEPTS !SE NEW CONDITIONS BECAUSE HE CANNOT F9D BETT] ONES ELSE:]E2 & LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ) ! AID ( LAWS MADE BY ! B>ONS1 ! POV]TY ( ! PEASANT BECOMES ! S\RCE ( ! L&LORD'S WEAL?4 ,& IT IS NOT ONLY ! LORD ( ! MANOR :O PREYS UPON HIM4 ,A :OLE HO/ ( USUR]S SWOOP D[N UPON ! VILLAGES1 MULTIPLY+ AS ! WRET*$NESS ( ! PEASANTS 9CREASES4 ,?AT IS H[ ?+S W5T 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,& TO-DAY IS IT NOT /ILL ! SAME ?+8 ,IF !RE W]E FREE L&S :I* ! PEASANT C\LD CULTIVATE IF HE PLEAS$1 W\LD HE PAY ,G,B,P#e TO SOME 0%ABBLE ( A DUKE0#a = CONDESC5D+ TO SELL HIM A SCRAP8 ,W\LD HE BURD5 HIMSELF ) A LEASE :I*  ABSORB$ A ?IRD ( ! PRODUCE8 ,W\LD HE--ON ! METAY] SY/EM--CONS5T TO GIVE ! HALF ( HIS H>VE/ TO ! L&[N]8 

,BUT HE HAS NO?+4 ,SO HE WILL ACCEPT ANY CONDITIONS1 IF ONLY HE CAN KEEP BODY & S\L TOGE!R1 :ILE HE TILLS ! SOIL & 5RI*ES ! L&LORD4 

,SO 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 JU/ AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! POV]TY ( ! PEASANT IS A S\RCE ( WEAL? TO ! L&$ PROPRIETOR4 

,I,I 

,! L&LORD [ES HIS RI*ES TO ! POV]TY ( ! PEASANTS1 & ! WEAL? ( ! CAPITALI/ COMES FROM ! SAME S\RCE4 

,TAKE ! CASE ( A CITIZ5 ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :O SOMEH[ OR O!R F9DS HIMSELF 9 POSSESSION ( ,G,B,P#b14 ,H C\LD1 ( C\RSE1 SP5D HIS MONEY AT ! RATE ( ,G,B,P#b1 A YE>1 A M]E BAGATELLE 9 !SE DAYS ( FANTA/IC1 S5SELESS LUXURY4 ,BUT !N HE W\LD HAVE NO?+ LEFT AT ! 5D ( T5 YE>S4 ,SO1 BE+ A 0PRACTICAL P]SON10 HE PREF]S TO KEEP HIS =TUNE 9TACT1 & W9 = HIMSELF A SNUG LITTLE ANNUAL 9COME AS WELL4 

,?IS IS V]Y EASY 9 \R SOCIETY1 = ! GOOD REASON ?AT ! T[NS & VILLAGES SW>M ) WORK]S :O HAVE NOT ! :]E)AL TO LIVE = A MON?1 OR EV5 A =TNI<T4 ,SO \R WOR?Y CITIZ5 />TS A FACTORY4 ,! BANKS HA/5 TO L5D HIM ANO!R ,G,B,P#b11 ESPECIALLY IF HE HAS A REPUTATION = 0BUS9ESS ABILITY02 & ) ?IS R\ND SUM HE CAN COMM& ! LABOR ( FIVE HUNDR$ H&S4 

,IF ALL ! M5 & WOM5 9 ! C\NTRY-SIDE HAD !IR DAILY BREAD SURE & !IR DAILY NE$S ALREADY SATISFI$1 :O W\LD WORK = \R CAPITALI/ AT A WAGE ( HALF A CR[N A DAY1 :ILE ! COMMODITIES ONE PRODUCES 9 A DAY SELL 9 ! M>KET = A CR[N OR MORE8 

,UNHAPPILY--WE KN[ IT ALL TOO WELL--! POOR QU>T]S ( \R T[NS & ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES >E FULL ( NE$Y WRET*ES1 :OSE *ILDR5 CLAMOR = BREAD4 ,SO1 BE=E ! FACTORY IS WELL F9I%$1 ! WORK]S HA/5 TO (F] !MSELVES4 ,:]E A HUNDR$ >E REQUIR$ ?REE HUNDR$ BESIEGE ! DOORS1 & FROM ! TIME HIS MILL IS />T$ ! [N]1 IF HE ONLY HAS AV]AGE BUS9ESS CAPACITIES1 WILL CLE> ,G,B,P#d A YE> \T ( EA* MILL-H& HE EMPLOYS4 

,HE IS ?US ABLE TO LAY BY A SNUG LITTLE =TUNE2 & IF HE *OOSES A LUCRATIVE TRADE & HAS 0BUS9ESS TAL5TS0 HE WILL SOON 9CREASE HIS 9COME BY D\BL+ ! NUMB] ( ! M5 HE EXPLOITS4 

,SO HE BECOMES A P]SONAGE ( IMPORTANCE4 ,HE CAN AF=D TO GIVE D9N]S TO O!RS P]SONAGES--TO ! LOCAL MAGNATES1 ! CIVIC1 LEGAL1 & POLITICAL DIGNIT>IES4 ,) HIS MONEY HE CAN 0M>RY MONEY02 BY & BY HE MAY PICK & *OOSE PLACES = HIS *ILDR51 & LAT] ON P]HAPS GET SOME?+ GOOD FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T--A CONTRACT = ! >MY OR = ! POLICE4 ,HIS GOLD BRE$S GOLD2 TILL AT LA/ A W>1 OR EV5 A RUMOR ( W>1 OR A SPECULATION ON ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE1 GIVES HIM HIS GREAT OPPORTUNITY4 

,N9E-T5?S ( ! GREAT =TUNES MADE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E 7AS ,H5RY ,GEORGE HAS %[N 9  ?IS 0,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS07 ! RESULT ( KNAV]Y ON A L>GE SCALE1 ASSI/$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 N9E-T5?S ( ! =TUNES MADE 9 \R MON>*IES & REPUBLICS HAVE ! SAME ORIG94 ,!RE >E NOT TWO WAYS ( BECOM+ A MILLIONAIRE4 

,?IS IS ! SECRET ( WEAL?2 F9D ! />V+ & DE/ITUTE1 PAY !M HALF A CR[N1 & MAKE !M PRODUCE FIVE %ILL+S WOR? 9 ! DAY1 AMASS A =TUNE BY !SE MEANS1 & !N 9CREASE IT BY SOME LUCKY HIT1 MADE ) ! HELP ( ! ,/ATE4 

,NE$ WE GO ON TO SPEAK ( SMALL =TUNES ATTRIBUT$ BY ! ECONOMI/S TO =E?\<T & FRUGALITY1 :5 WE KN[ ?AT M]E SAV+ 9 ITSELF BR+S 9 NO?+1 SO LONG AS ! P5CE SAV$ >E NOT US$ TO EXPLOIT ! FAMI%+8 

,TAKE A %OEMAK]1 = 9/ANCE4 ,GRANT ?AT HIS WORK IS WELL PAID1 ?AT HE HAS PL5TY ( CU/OM1 & ?AT BY D9T ( /RICT FRUGALITY HE CONTRIVES TO LAY BY FROM EI<TE5 P5CE TO TWO %ILL+S A DAY1 P]HAPS TWO P\NDS A MON?4 

,GRANT ?AT \R %OEMAK] IS NEV] ILL1 ?AT HE DOES NOT HALF />VE HIMSELF1 9 SPITE ( HIS PASSION = ECONOMY2 ?AT HE DOES NOT M>RY OR ?AT HE HAS NO *ILDR52 ?AT HE DOES NOT DIE ( CONSUMPTION2 SUPPOSE ANY?+ & EV]Y?+ Y\ PLEASE6 

,WELL1 AT ! AGE ( FIFTY HE WILL NOT HAVE SCRAP$ TOGE!R ,G,B,P#h2 & HE WILL NOT HAVE 5\< TO LIVE ON DUR+ HIS OLD AGE1 :5 HE IS PA/ WORK4 ,ASSUR$LY ?IS IS NOT H[ GREAT =TUNES >E MADE4 ,BUT SUPPOSE \R %OEMAK]1 AS SOON AS HE HAS LAID BY A FEW P5CE1 ?RIFTILY CONVEYS !M TO ! SAV+S BANK1 & ?AT ! SAV+S BANK L5DS !M TO !  CAPITALI/ :O IS JU/ AB\T TO 0EMPLOY LABOR10 I4E4 TO EXPLOIT ! POOR4 ,!N \R %OEMAK] TAKES AN APPR5TICE1 ! *ILD ( SOME POOR WRET*1 :O WILL ?9K HIMSELF LUCKY IF 9 FIVE YE>S TIME HIS SON HAS LE>N$ ! TRADE & IS ABLE TO E>N HIS LIV+4 

,MEAN:ILE \R %OEMAK] DOES NOT LOSE BY HIM1 & IF TRADE IS BRISK HE SOON TAKES A SECOND1 & !N A ?IRD APPR5TICE4 ,BY & BY HE WILL TAKE TWO OR ?REE WORK+ M5--POOR WRET*ES1 ?ANKFUL TO RECEIVE HALF A CR[N A DAY = WORK ?AT IS WOR? FIVE %ILL+S1 & IF \R %OEMAK] IS 09 LUCK10 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IF HE IS KE5 5\< & MEAN 5\<1 HIS WORK+ M5 & APPR5TICES WILL BR+ HIM 9 NE>LY ONE P\ND A DAY1 OV] & ABOVE ! PRODUCT ( HIS [N TOIL4 ,HE CAN !N 5L>GE HIS BUS9ESS4 ,HE WILL GRADUALLY BECOME RI*1 & NO LONG] HAVE ANY NE$ TO /9T HIMSELF 9 ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE4 ,HE WILL LEAVE A SNUG LITTLE =TUNE TO HIS SON4 

,?AT IS :AT PEOPLE CALL 0BE+ ECONOMICAL & HAV+ FRUGAL1 TEMP]ATE HABITS40 ,AT BOTTOM IT IS NO?+ MORE NOR LESS ?AN GR9D+ ! FACE ( ! POOR4 

,COMM]CE SEEMS AN EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 0,SU* A MAN10 WE >E TOLD1 0BUYS TEA 9 ,*9A1 BR+S IT TO ,FRANCE1 & REALIZES A PR(IT ( ?IRTY P] C5T ON HIS ORIG9AL \TLAY4 ,HE HAS EXPLOIT$ NOBODY40 

,NEV]!LESS ! CASE IS ANALOG\S4 ,IF \R M]*ANT HAD C>RI$ HIS BALES ON HIS BACK1 WELL & GOOD6 ,9 E>LY M$IEVAL TIMES ?AT WAS EXACTLY H[ =EIGN TRADE WAS CONDUCT$1 & SO NO ONE REA*$ SU* GIDDY HEI<TS ( =TUNE AS 9 \R DAYS4  ,V]Y FEW & V]Y H>DLY E>N$ W]E ! GOLD CO9S :I* ! M$IEVAL M]*ANT GA9$ FROM A LONG & DANG]\S VOYAGE4 ,IT WAS LESS ! LOVE ( MONEY ?AN ! ?IR/ ( TRAVEL & ADV5TURE ?AT 9SPIR$ HIS UND]TAK+S4 

,N[ADAYS ! ME?OD IS SIMPL]4 ,A M]*ANT :O HAS SOME CAPITAL NE$ NOT /IR FROM HIS DESK TO BECOME WEAL?Y4 ,HE TELEGRAPHS TO AN AG5T TELL+ HIM TO BUY A HUNDR$ TONS ( TEA2 HE FREI<TS A %IP1 & 9 A FEW WEEKS1 9 ?REE MON?S IF IT IS A SAIL+ %IP1 ! VESSEL BR+S HIM HIS C>GO4 ,HE DOES NOT EV5 TAKE ! RISKS ( ! VOYAGE1 = HIS TEA & HIS VESSEL >E 9SUR$1 & IF HE HAS EXP5D$ F\R ?\S& P\NDS HE WILL RECEIVE MORE ?AN FIVE ?\S&2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IF HE HAS NOT ATTEMPT$ TO SPECULATE 9 SOME NOVEL COMMODITIES1 9 :I* CASE HE RUNS A *ANCE ( EI!R D\BL+ HIS =TUNE OR LOS+ IT ALTOGE!R4 

,N[1 H[ C\LD HE F9D M5 WILL+ TO CROSS ! SEA1 TO TRAVEL TO ,*9A & BACK1 TO 5DURE H>D%IP & SLAVI% TOIL & TO RISK !IR LIVES = A MIS]ABLE PITTANCE8 ,H[ C\LD HE F9D DOCK LABOR]S WILL+ TO LOAD & UNLOAD HIS %IPS = 0/>VATION WAGES08 ,H[8 ,BECAUSE !Y >E NE$Y & />V+4 ,GO TO ! SEAPORTS1 VISIT ! COOK-%OPS & TAV]NS ON ! QUAYS1 & LOOK AT !SE M5 :O HAVE COME TO HIRE !MSELVES1 CR[D+ R\ND ! DOCK-GATES1 :I* !Y BESIEGE FROM E>LY DAWN1 HOP+ TO BE ALL[$ TO WORK ON ! VESSELS4 ,LOOK AT !SE SAILORS1 HAPPY TO BE HIR$ = A LONG VOYAGE1 AFT] WEEKS & MON?S ( WAIT+4 ,ALL !IR LIVES LONG !Y HAVE GONE TO ! SEA 9 %IPS1  & !Y WILL SAIL 9 O!RS /ILL1 UNTIL !Y HAVE P]I%$ 9 ! WAVES4 

,5T] !IR HOMES1 LOOK AT !IR WIVES & *ILDR5 9 RAGS1 LIV+ ONE KN[S NOT H[ TILL ! FA!R'S RETURN1 & Y\ WILL HAVE ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION4 ,MULTIPLY EXAMPLES1 *OOSE !M :]E Y\ WILL1 CONSID] ! ORIG9 ( ALL =TUNES1 L>GE OR SMALL1 :E!R >IS+ \T ( COMM]CE1 F9ANCE1 MANUFACTURES1 OR ! L&4 ,EV]Y:]E Y\ WILL F9D ?AT ! WEAL? ( ! WEAL?Y SPR+S FROM ! POV]TY ( ! POOR4 ,?IS IS :Y AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY NE$ NOT FE> ! ADV5T ( A ,RO?S*ILD :O W\LD SETTLE 9 ITS MID/4 ,IF EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY KN[S ?AT AFT] A FEW H\RS ( PRODUCTIVE TOIL HE WILL HAVE A RI<T TO ALL ! PLEASURES ?AT CIVILIZATION PROCURES1 & TO ?OSE DEEP] S\RCES ( 5JOYM5T :I* >T & SCI5CE (F] TO ALL :O SEEK !M1 HE WILL NOT SELL HIS /R5G? = A />VATION WAGE4 ,NO ONE WILL VOLUNTE] TO WORK = ! 5RI*M5T ( Y\R ,RO?S*ILD4 ,HIS GOLD5 GU9EAS WILL BE ONLY SO MANY PIECES ( METAL--USEFUL = V>I\S PURPOSES1 BUT 9CAPABLE ( BRE$+ MORE4 

,9 ANSW]+ ! ABOVE OBJECTION WE HAVE AT ! SAME TIME 9DICAT$ ! SCOPE ( ,EXPROPRIATION4 ,IT MU/ APPLY TO EV]Y?+ ?AT 5ABLES ANY MAN--BE HE F9ANCI]1 MILL-[N]1 OR L&LORD--TO APPROPRIATE ! PRODUCT ( O!RS' TOIL4 ,\R =MULA IS SIMPLE & COMPREH5SIVE4 

,WE DO NOT WANT TO ROB ANY ONE ( HIS COAT1 BUT WE WI% TO GIVE TO ! WORK]S ALL ?OSE ?+S ! LACK ( :I* MAKES !M FALL AN EASY PREY TO ! EXPLOIT]1 & WE WILL DO \R UTMO/ ?AT NONE %ALL  LACK AU<T1 ?AT NOT A S+LE MAN %ALL BE =C$ TO SELL ! /R5G? ( HIS RI<T >M TO OBTA9 A B>E SUBSI/5CE = HIMSELF & HIS BABES4 ,?IS IS :AT WE MEAN :5 WE TALK ( ,EXPROPRIATION2 ?IS WILL BE \R DUTY DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 = :OSE COM+ WE LOOK1 NOT TWO HUNDR$ YE>S H5CE1 BUT SOON1 V]Y SOON4 

,I,I,I 

,! IDEAS ( ,AN>*ISM 9 G5]AL & ( ,EXPROPRIATION 9 P>TICUL> F9D MU* MORE SYMPA?Y ?AN WE >E APT TO IMAG9E AMONG M5 ( 9DEP5D5T *>ACT]1 & ?OSE = :OM IDL5ESS IS NOT ! SUPREME IDEAL4 0,/ILL10 \R FRI5DS (T5 W>N US1 0TAKE C>E Y\ DO NOT GO TOO F>6 ,HUMANITY CANNOT BE *ANG$ 9 A DAY1 SO DO NOT BE 9 TOO GREAT A HURRY ) Y\R S*EMES ( ,EXPROPRIATION & ,AN>*Y1 OR Y\ WILL BE 9 DANG] ( A*IEV+ NO P]MAN5T RESULT40 

,N[1 :AT WE FE> ) REG>D TO ,EXPROPRIATION IS EXACTLY ! CONTR>Y4 ,WE >E AFRAID ( NOT GO+ F> 5\<1 ( C>RY+ \T ,EXPROPRIATION ON TOO SMALL A SCALE TO BE LA/+4 ,WE W\LD NOT HAVE ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE >RE/$ 9 MID-C>E]1 TO EXHAU/ ITSELF 9 HALF MEASURES1 :I* W\LD CONT5T NO ONE1 & :ILE PRODUC+ A TREM5D\S CONFUSION 9 SOCIETY1 & /OPP+ ITS CU/OM>Y ACTIVITIES1 W\LD HAVE NO VITAL P[]--W\LD M]ELY SPREAD G5]AL DISCONT5T & 9EVITABLY PREP>E ! WAY = ! TRIUMPH ( REACTION4 

,!RE >E1 9 FACT1 9 A MOD]N ,/ATE E/ABLI%$ RELATIONS :I* IT IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO MODIFY  IF ONE ATTACKS !M ONLY 9 DETAIL4 ,!RE >E :EELS )9 :EELS 9 \R ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION--! MA*9]Y IS SO COMPLEX & 9T]DEP5D5T ?AT NO ONE P>T CAN BE MODIFI$ )\T DI/URB+ ! :OLE4 ,?IS BECOMES CLE> AS SOON AS AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO EXPROPRIATE ANY?+4 

,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT 9 A C]TA9 C\NTRY A LIMIT$ =M ( EXPROPRIATION IS EFFECT$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?AT1 AS IT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ MORE ?AN ONCE1 ONLY ! PROP]TY ( ! GREAT L&LORDS IS SOCIALIZ$1 :IL/ ! FACTORIES >E LEFT UNT\*$2 OR ?AT1 9 A C]TA9 CITY1 H\SE PROP]TY IS TAK5 OV] BY ! ,COMMUNE1 BUT EV]Y?+ ELSE IS LEFT 9 PRIVATE [N]%IP2 OR ?AT1 9 SOME MANUFACTUR+ C5T]1 ! FACTORIES >E COMMUNALIZ$1 BUT ! L& IS NOT 9T]F]$ )4 

,! SAME RESULT W\LD FOLL[ 9 EA* CASE--A T]RIBLE %ATT]+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 )\T ! MEANS ( REORGANIZ+ IT ON NEW L9ES4 ,9DU/RY & F9ANCE W\LD BE AT A DEADLOCK1 YET A RETURN TO ! FIR/ PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A*IEV$1 & SOCIETY W\LD F9D ITSELF P[]LESS TO CON/RUCT A H>MONI\S :OLE4 

,IF AGRICULTURE C\LD FREE ITSELF FROM GREAT L&[N]S1 :ILE 9DU/RY /ILL REMA9$ ! BONDSLAVE ( ! CAPITALI/1 ! M]*ANT1 & ! BANK]1 NO?+ W\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,! PEASANT SUFF]S TO-DAY NOT ONLY 9 HAV+ TO PAY R5T TO ! L&LORD2 HE IS OPPRESS$ ON ALL H&S BY EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 ,HE IS EXPLOIT$ BY ! TRADESMAN1 :O MAKES HIM PAY HALF A CR[N = A SPADE :I*1 MEASUR$ BY TILE LABOR SP5T ON IT1 IS NOT WOR?  MORE ?AN SIXP5CE4 ,HE IS TAX$ BY ! ,/ATE1 :I* CANNOT DO )\T ITS =MIDABLE HI]>*Y ( (FICIALS1 & F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 AN EXP5SIVE >MY1 BECAUSE ! TRAD]S ( ALL NATIONS >E P]PETUALLY FI<T+ = ! M>KETS1 & ANY DAY A LITTLE QU>REL >IS+ FROM ! EXPLOITATION ( SOME P>T ( ,ASIA OR ,AFRICA MAY RESULT 9 W>4 

,!N AGA9 ! PEASANT SUFF]S FROM ! DEPOPULATION ( C\NTRY PLACES3 ! Y\NG PEOPLE >E ATTRACT$ TO ! L>GE MANUFACTUR+ T[NS BY ! BAIT ( HI< WAGES PAID TEMPOR>ILY BY ! PRODUC]S ( >TICLES ( LUXURY1 OR BY ! ATTRACTIONS ( A MORE /IRR+ LIFE4 ,! >TIFICIAL PROTECTION ( 9DU/RY1 ! 9DU/RIAL EXPLOITATION ( =EIGN C\NTRIES1 ! PREVAL5CE ( /OCK-JOBB+1 ! DIFFICULTY ( IMPROV+ ! SOIL & ! MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION--ALL !SE AG5CIES COMB9E N[ADAYS TO WORK AGA9/ AGRICULTURE1 :I* IS BURD5$ NOT ONLY BY R5T1 BUT BY ! :OLE COMPLEX ( CONDITIONS 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION4 ,?US1 EV5 IF ! EXPROPRIATION ( L& W]E ACCOMPLI%$1 & EV]Y ONE W]E FREE TO TILL ! SOIL & CULTIVATE IT TO ! BE/ ADVANTAGE1 )\T PAY+ R5T1 AGRICULTURE1 EV5 ?\< IT %\LD 5JOY--:I* CAN BY NO MEANS BE TAK5 = GRANT$--A MOM5T>Y PROSP]ITY1 W\LD SOON FALL BACK 9TO ! SL\< 9 :I* IT F9DS ITSELF TO-DAY4 ,! :OLE ?+ W\LD HAVE TO BE BEGUN OV] AGA91 ) 9CREAS$ DIFFICULTIES4 

,! SAME HOLDS TRUE ( 9DU/RY4 ,TAKE ! CONV]SE CASE3 9/EAD ( TURN+ ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S 9TO PEASANT-PROPRIETORS1 MAKE OV] ! FACTORIES TO ?OSE :O WORK 9 !M4 ,ABOLI% !  MA/]-MANUFACTUR]S1 BUT LEAVE ! L&LORD HIS L&1 ! BANK] HIS MONEY1 ! M]*ANT HIS ,EX*ANGE1 MA9TA9 ! SW>M ( IDL]S :O LIVE ON ! TOIL ( ! WORKM51 ! ?\S& & ONE MIDDLEM51 ! ,/ATE ) ITS NUMB]LESS (FICIALS1 & 9DU/RY W\LD COME TO A /&/ILL4 ,F9D+ NO PUR*AS]S 9 ! MASS ( PEASANTS :O W\LD REMA9 POOR2 NOT POSSESS+ ! RAW MAT]IAL1 & UNABLE TO EXPORT !IR PRODUCE1 P>TLY ON ACC\NT ( ! /OPPAGE ( TRADE1 & /ILL MORE SO BECAUSE 9DU/RIES SPREAD ALL OV] ! WORLD1 ! MANUFACTUR]S W\LD FEEL UNABLE TO /RUGGLE1 & ?\S&S ( WORK]S W\LD BE ?R[N UPON ! /REETS4 ,!SE />V+ CR[DS W\LD BE READY & WILL+ TO SUBMIT TO ! FIR/ S*EM] :O CAME TO EXPLOIT !M2 !Y W\LD EV5 CONS5T TO RETURN TO ! OLD SLAV]Y1 IF ONLY UND] PROMISE ( WORK4 

,OR1 F9ALLY1 SUPPOSE Y\ \/ ! L&[N]S1 & H& OV] ! MILLS & FACTORIES TO ! WORK]1 )\T 9T]F]+ ) ! SW>M ( MIDDLEM5 :O DRA9 ! PRODUCT ( \R MANUFACTUR]S1 & SPECULATE 9 CORN & FL\R1 MEAT & GROC]IES1 9 \R GREAT C5T]S ( COMM]CE4 ,!N1 AS SOON AS EX*ANGE IS >RE/$1 ! GREAT CITIES >E LEFT )\T BREAD1 & O!RS F9D NO BUY]S = !IR >TICLES ( LUXURY1 A T]RIBLE C\NT]-REVOLUTION WILL TAKE PLACE--A C\NT]-REVOLUTION TREAD+ UPON ! SLA91 SWEEP+ ! T[NS & VILLAGES ) %OT & %ELL2 !RE W\LD BE PROSCRIPTIONS1 PANIC1 FLI<T1 T5D ALL ! T]RORS ( ! GUILLOT9E1 AS IT WAS 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#a#e1 #a#h#d#h1 & #a#h#g#a4 

,ALL IS 9T]DEP5D5T 9 A CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY2 IT IS  IMPOSSIBLE TO RE=M ANY ONE ?+ )\T ALT]+ ! :OLE4 ,!RE=E1 ON ! DAY WE /RIKE AT PRIVATE PROP]TY1 UND] ANY ONE ( ITS =MS1 T]RITORIAL OR 9DU/RIAL1 WE %ALL BE OBLIG$ TO ATTACK !M ALL4 ,! V]Y SUCCESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION WILL DEM& IT4 

,BESIDES1 WE C\LD NOT1 IF WE W\LD1 CONF9E \RSELVES TO A P>TIAL EXPROPRIATION4 ,ONCE ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 0,DIV9E ,RI<T ( ,PROP]TY0 IS %AK51 NO AM\NT ( !ORIZ+ WILL PREV5T ITS OV]?R[1 H]E BY ! SLAVES ( ! TOIL1 !RE BY ! SLAVES ( ! MA*9E4 

,IF A GREAT T[N1 ,P>IS = EXAMPLE1 W]E TO CONF9E ITSELF TO TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! DWELL+ H\SES OR ! FACTORIES1 IT W\LD BE =C$ ALSO TO D5Y ! RI<T ( ! BANK]S TO LEVY UPON ! ,COMMUNE A TAX AM\NT+ TO ,G,B,P#b11 9 ! =M ( 9T]E/ = =M] LOANS4 ,! GREAT CITY W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO PUT ITSELF 9 T\* ) ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 & ITS 9FLU5CE W\LD 9EVITABLY URGE ! PEASANTS TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! L&[N]4 ,IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO COMMUNALIZE ! RAILWAYS1 ?AT ! CITIZ5S MI<T GET FOOD & WORK1 & LA/LY1 TO PREV5T ! WA/E ( SUPPLIES1 & TO GU>D AGA9/ ! TRU/ ( CORN-SPECULATORS1 LIKE ?OSE TO :OM ! ,COMMUNE ( #agic FELL A PREY1 IT W\LD HAVE TO PLACE 9 ! H&S ( ! ,CITY ! WORK ( /OCK+ ITS W>EH\SES ) COMMODITES1 & APPORTION+ ! PRODUCE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 SOME ,SOCIALI/S /ILL SEEK TO E/ABLI% A DI/9CTION4 0,( C\RSE10 !Y SAY1 0! SOIL1 ! M9ES1 ! MILLS1 & MANUFACTURES MU/  BE EXPROPRIAT$1 !SE >E ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 & IT IS RI<T WE %\LD CONSID] !M PUBLIC PROP]TY4 ,BUT >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION--FOOD1 CLO!S1 & DWELL+S--%\LD REMA9 PRIVATE PROP]TY40 

,POPUL> COMMON S5SE HAS GOT ! BETT] ( ?IS SUBTLE DI/9CTION4 ,WE >E NOT SAVAGES :O CAN LIVE 9 ! WOODS1 )\T O!R %ELT] ?AN ! BRAN*ES4 ,! CIVILIZ$ MAN NE$S A RO(1 A ROOM1 A HE>?1 & A B$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! B$1 ! ROOM1 & ! H\SE IS A HOME ( IDL5ESS = ! NON-PRODUC]4 ,BUT = ! WORK]1 A ROOM1 PROP]LY HEAT$ & LI<T$1 IS AS MU* AN 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION AS ! TOOL OR ! MA*9E4 ,IT IS ! PLACE :]E ! N]VES & S9EWS GA!R /R5G? = ! WORK ( ! MORR[4 ,! RE/ ( ! WORKMAN IS ! DAILY REPAIR+ ( ! MA*9E4 

,! SAME >GUM5T APPLIES EV5 MORE OBVI\SLY TO FOOD4 ,! SO-CALL$ ECONOMI/S ( :OM WE SPEAK W\LD H>DLY D5Y ?AT ! COAL BURNT 9 A MA*9E IS AS NECESS>Y TO PRODUCTION AS ! RAW MAT]IAL ITSELF4 ,H[ !N CAN FOOD1 )\T :I* ! HUMAN MA*9E C\LD DO NO WORK1 BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! LI/ ( ?+S 9DISP5SABLE TO ! PRODUC]8 ,CAN ?IS BE A RELIC ( RELIGI\S METAPHYSICS8 ,! RI* MAN'S FEA/ IS 9DE$ A MATT] ( LUXURY1 BUT ! FOOD ( ! WORK] IS JU/ AS MU* A P>T ( PRODUCTION AS ! FUEL BURNT BY ! /EAM-5G9E4 

,! SAME ) CLO?+4 ,IF ! ECONOMI/S :O DRAW ?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 >TICLES ( PRODUCTION & ( CONSUMPTION DRESS$ !MSELVES 9 ! FA%ION ( ,NEW ,GU9EA1 WE C\LD UND]/& !IR OBJECTION4  ,BUT M5 :O C\LD NOT WRITE A WORD )\T A %IRT ON !IR BACK >E NOT 9 A POSITION TO DRAW SU* A H>D & FA/ L9E BETWE5 !IR %IRT & !IR P54 ,& ?\< ! DA9TY G[NS ( !IR DAMES MU/ C]TA9LY RANK AS OBJECTS ( LUXURY1 !RE IS NEV]!LESS A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( L951 COTTON1 & WOOL5 /UFF :I* IS A NECESSITY ( LIFE TO ! PRODUC]4 ,! %IRT & %OES 9 :I* HE GOES TO HIS WORK1 HIS CAP & ! JACKET HE SLIPS ON AFT] ! DAY'S TOIL IS OV]1 !SE >E AS NECESS>Y TO HIM AS ! HAMM] TO ! ANVIL4 

,:E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT1 ?IS IS :AT ! PEOPLE MEAN BY A REVOLUTION4 ,AS SOON AS !Y HAVE MADE A CLEAN SWEEP ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 !Y WILL SEEK FIR/ ( ALL TO 5SURE TO !MSELVES DEC5T DWELL+S & SUFFICI5T FOOD & CLO!S--FREE ( CAPITALI/ R5T4 

,& ! PEOPLE WILL BE RI<T4 ,! ME?ODS ( ! PEOPLE WILL BE MU* MORE 9 ACCORDANCE ) SCI5CE ?AN ?OSE ( ! ECONOMI/S :O DRAW SO MANY DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION4 ,! PEOPLE UND]/& ?AT ?IS IS JU/ ! PO9T :]E ! ,REVOLUTION \<T TO BEG92 & !Y WILL LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( ! ONLY ECONOMIC SCI5CE WOR?Y ! NAME--A SCI5CE :I* MI<T BE CALL$ 0,! ,/UDY ( ! ,NE$S ( ,HUMANITY1 & ( ! ,ECONOMIC ,MEANS TO SATISFY !M40 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a0,%ABBLE ( A ,DUKE0 IS AN EXPRESSION CO9$ BY ,C>LYLE2 IT IS A SOME:AT FREE R5D]+ ( ,KROPOTK9'S 0,MONSIEUR LE ,VICOMTE10 BUT ,I ?9K IT EXPRESSES HIS MEAN+4--,TRANS4 

,?IS TEXT WAS TAK5 FROM A #a/ $ITION ( ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,G4 ,P4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS1 ,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON1 #a#i#f4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/