,*APT] #ae 
,! ,DIVISION ( ,LAB\R 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,I,L,O1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
 ,! ,C,O,N,Q,U,E,/ ,( ,B,R,E,A,D 

 BY ,P4 ,KROPOTK9 

  
 ,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V 

  
  
 ,! ,DIVISION ( ,LABOR 

  
 ,I 

  

  

,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,E,C,O,N,O,M,Y HAS ALWAYS CONF9$ ITSELF TO 
 /AT+ FACTS OCCURR+ 9 SOCIETY1 & JU/IFY+ 
 !M 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,?US 
 IT IS 9 FAVOR ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR CREAT$ BY 
 9DU/RY4 ,HAV+ F\ND IT PR(ITABLE TO CAPITALI/S 
 IT HAS SET IT UP AS A PR9CIPLE4 

,LOOK AT ! VILLAGE SMI?1 SAID ,ADAM ,SMI?1 
 ! FA!R ( MOD]N ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,IF HE HAS 
 NEV] BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO MAK+ NAILS HE WILL 
 ONLY SUCCE$ BY H>D TOIL 9 =G+ TWO TO ?REE 
 HUNDR$ A DAY1 & EV5 !N !Y WILL BE BAD4 
 ,BUT IF ?IS SAME SMI? HAS NEV] DONE ANY?+ 
 BUT NAILS1 HE WILL EASILY SUPPLY AS MANY AS TWO 
 ?\S& ?REE HUNDR$ 9 ! C\RSE ( A DAY4 
 ,& ,SMI? HA/5$ TO ! CONCLUSION--0,DIVIDE 
 LABOR1 SPECIALIZE1 GO ON SPECIALIZ+2 LET US HAVE 
 SMI?S :O ONLY KN[ H[ TO MAKE HEADS OR PO9TS 
 ( NAILS1 & BY ?IS MEANS WE %ALL PRODUCE MORE4 
 ,WE %ALL GR[ RI*40 

,?AT A SMI? S5T5C$ = LIFE TO ! MAK+ 
 ( HEADS ( NAILS W\LD LOSE ALL 9T]E/ 9 HIS WORK1 
 W\LD BE 5TIRELY AT ! M]CY ( HIS EMPLOY] 
 ) HIS LIMIT$ H&ICRAFT1 W\LD BE \T ( WORK 
 F\R MON?S \T ( TWELVE1 & ?AT HIS WAGES W\LD 
 DECREASE :5 HE C\LD BE EASILY REPLAC$ BY AN 
 APPR5TICE1 ,SMI? DID NOT ?9K ( IT :5 HE 
 EXCLAIM$--0,LONG LIVE ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 
 ,?IS IS ! REAL GOLD-M9E ?AT WILL 5RI* ! 
 NATION60 ,& ALL JO9$ 9 ! CRY4 

,& LAT] ON1 :5 A ,SISMONDI OR A ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY 
 BEGAN TO UND]/& ?AT ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 
 9/EAD ( 5RI*+ ! :OLE NATION1 ONLY 5RI*ES 
 ! RI*1 & ?AT ! WORK]1 :O = LIFE IS DOOM$ 
 TO MAK+ ! EI<TE5? P>T ( A P91 GR[S 
 /UPID & S9KS 9TO POV]TY--:AT DID (FICIAL 
 ECONOMI/S PROPOSE8 ,NO?+6 ,!Y DID NOT SAY 
 TO !MSELVES ?AT BY A LIFELONG GR9D AT ONE & 
 ! SAME ME*ANICAL TOIL ! WORK] W\LD LOSE 
 HIS 9TELLIG5CE & HIS SPIRIT ( 9V5TION1 & 
 ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A V>IETY ( OCCUPATIONS 
 W\LD RESULT 9 CONSID]ABLY AUGM5T+ ! 
 PRODUCTIVITY ( A NATION4 ,BUT ?IS IS ! V]Y 
 ISSUE N[ BE=E US4 

,IF1 H[EV]1 ONLY ECONOMI/S PREA*$ ! 
 P]MAN5T & (T5 H]$IT>Y DIVISION ( LABOR1 
 WE MI<T ALL[ !M TO PREA* IT AS MU* AS !Y 
 PLEAS$4 ,BUT IDEAS TAU<T BY DOCTORS ( SCI5CE 
 FILT] 9TO M5'S M9DS & P]V]T !M2 & 
 FROM REPEAT$LY HE>+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 
 PR(ITS1 9T]E/1 CR$IT1 ETC41 SPOK5 ( AS PROBLEMS 
 LONG S9CE SOLV$1 M51 & WORK]S TOO1 5D BY 
 >GU+ LIKE ECONOMI/S1 & BY V5]AT+ ! 
 SAME FETI%ES4 

,?US WE SEE A NUMB] ( SOCIALI/S1 EV5 ?OSE 
 :O HAVE NOT FE>$ TO PO9T \T ! MI/AKES ( 
 SCI5CE1 JU/IFY+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,TALK 
 TO !M AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK DUR+ 
 ! ,REVOLUTION1 & !Y ANSW] ?AT ! DIVISION 
 ( LABOR MU/ BE MA9TA9$2 ?AT IF Y\ 
 %>P5$ P9S BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION Y\ MU/ GO 
 ON %>P5+ !M AFT]4 ,TRUE1 Y\ WILL NOT HAVE 
 TO WORK MORE ?AN FIVE H\RS A DAY1 BUT Y\ WILL 
 HAVE TO %>P5 P9S ALL Y\R LIFE1 :ILE O!RS WILL 
 MAKE DESIGNS = MA*9ES ?AT WILL 5ABLE Y\ TO 
 %>P5 HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( P9S DUR+ Y\R 
 LIFETIME2 & O!RS AGA9 WILL BE SPECIALI/S 9 ! 
 HI<] BRAN*ES ( LIT]ATURE1 SCI5CE1 & >T1 ETC4 
 ,Y\ W]E BORN TO %>P5 P9S :ILE ,PA/EUR WAS 
 BORN TO 9V5T ! 9OCULATION AGA9/ AN?RAX1 
 & ! ,REVOLUTION WILL LEAVE Y\ BO? TO Y\R 
 RESPECTIVE EMPLOYM5TS4 ,WELL1 IT IS ?IS HORRIBLE 
 PR9CIPLE1 SO NOXI\S TO SOCIETY1 SO BRUTALIZ+ TO 
 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 S\RCE ( SO MU* H>M1 ?AT WE 
 PROPOSE TO DISCUSS 9 ITS DIV]SE MANIFE/ATIONS4 

,WE KN[ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! DIVISION ( 
 LABOR FULL WELL4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT WE >E DIVID$ 
 9TO TWO CLASSES3 ON ! ONE H&1 PRODUC]S 
 :O CONSUME V]Y LITTLE & >E EXEMPT FROM 
 ?9K+ BECAUSE !Y ONLY DO PHYSICAL WORK1 
 & :O WORK BADLY BECAUSE !IR BRA9S REMA9 
 9ACTIVE2 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! CONSUM]S1 
 :O1 PRODUC+ LITTLE OR H>DLY ANY?+1 HAVE ! 
 PRIVILEGE ( ?9K+ = ! O!RS1 & :O 
 ?9K BADLY BECAUSE ! :OLE WORLD ( ?OSE :O 
 TOIL ) !IR H&S IS UNKN[N TO !M4 ,! 
 LABOR]S ( ! SOIL KN[ NO?+ ( MA*9]Y 
 ?OSE :O WORK AT MA*9]Y IGNORE EV]Y?+ 
 AB\T AGRICULTURE4 ,! IDEAL ( MOD]N 9DU/RY 
 IS A *ILD T5D+ A MA*9E ?AT HE CANNOT & 
 MU/ NOT UND]/&1 & A =EMAN :O F9ES HIM 
 IF HIS ATT5TION FLAGS = A MOM5T4 ,! IDEAL 
 ( 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE IS TO DO AWAY ) ! 
 AGRICULTURAL LABOR] ALTOGE!R & TO SET A MAN 
 :O DOES ODD JOBS TO T5D A /EAM-PL[ OR A 
 ?RE%+-MA*9E4 ,! DIVISION ( LABOR MEANS 
 LABEL+ & /AMP+ M5 = LIFE--SOME TO 
 SPLICE ROPES 9 FACTORIES1 SOME TO BE =EM5 9 A 
 BUS9ESS1 O!RS TO %OVE HUGE COAL-BASKETS 9 A 
 P>TICUL> P>T ( A M9E2 BUT NONE ( !M TO HAVE 
 ANY IDEA ( MA*9]Y AS A :OLE1 NOR ( BUS9ESS1 
 NOR ( M9ES4 ,& !REBY !Y DE/ROY ! LOVE 
 ( WORK & ! CAPACITY = 9V5TION ?AT1 AT ! 
 BEG9N+ ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 CREAT$ ! MA*9]Y 
 ON :I* WE PRIDE \RSELVES SO MU*4 

,:AT !Y HAVE DONE = 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y ALSO 
 WANT$ TO DO = NATIONS4 ,HUMANITY WAS TO BE 
 DIVID$ 9TO NATIONAL WORK%OPS1 HAV+ EA* ITS 
 SPECIALTY4 ,RUSSIA1 WE W]E TAU<T1 WAS DE/9$ 
 BY NATURE TO GR[ CORN2 ,5GL& TO SP9 COTTON2 
 ,BELGIUM TO WEAVE CLO?2 :ILE ,SWITZ]L& WAS 
 TO TRA9 NURSES & GOV]NESSES4 ,MOREOV]1 EA* 
 SEP>ATE CITY WAS TO E/ABLI% A SPECIALTY4 ,LYONS 
 WAS TO WEAVE SILK1 ,AUV]GNE TO MAKE LACE1 & 
 ,P>IS FANCY >TICLES4 ,ECONOMI/S BELIEV$ ?AT 
 SPECIALIZATION OP5$ AN IMM5SE FIELD = PRODUCTION 
 & CONSUMPTION1 & ?AT AN ]A ( LIMITLESS WEAL? = 
 MANK9D WAS AT H&4 

,BUT !SE GREAT HOPES VANI%$ AS FA/ AS TE*NICAL 
 KN[L$GE SPREAD ABROAD4 ,AS LONG AS ,5GL& /OOD 
 ALONE AS A WEAV] ( COTTON1 & AS A METAL-WORK] 
 ON A L>GE SCALE2 AS LONG AS ONLY ,P>IS MADE >TI/IC 
 FANCY >TICLES1 ETC41 ALL W5T WELL1 ECONOMI/S 
 C\LD PREA* SO-CALL$ DIVISION ( LABOR )\T 
 BE+ REFUT$4 

,BUT A NEW CURR5T ( ?\<T 9DUC$ ALL CIVILIZ$ 
 NATIONS TO MANUFACTURE = !MSELVES4 ,!Y 
 F\ND IT ADVANTAGE\S TO PRODUCE :AT !Y 
 =M]LY RECEIV$ FROM O!R C\NTRIES1 OR FROM !IR 
 COLONIES1 :I* 9 !IR TURN AIM$ AT EMANCIPAT+ 
 !MSELVES FROM ! MO!R-C\NTRY4 ,SCI5TIFIC 
 DISCOV]IES UNIV]SALIZ$ ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 
 & H5CE=? IT WAS USELESS TO PAY AN EXORBITANT 
 PRICE ABROAD = :AT C\LD EASILY BE PRODUC$ AT 
 HOME4 ,DOES NOT !N ?IS 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION 
 /RIKE A CRU%+ BL[ AT ! !ORY ( ! DIVISION 
 ( LABOR :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE SO S\ND8 

,?IS TEXT WAS TAK5 FROM A #a/ $ITION ( ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,G4 ,P4 ,PUTNAM'S ,SONS1 ,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON1 #a#i#f4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

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