,! ,COMMUNE1 ,! ,*UR* @& ,! ,/ATE 

#aidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TAGS 3 FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS1 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 MAN IS A SOCIAL1 IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 *UR* & /ATE1 ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL1 ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION1 ALL POLITICAL P[]1 LIB]TY & HAPP9ESS4 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM3 ,BAKUN9'S ,WRIT+S1 ,GUY ,A4 ,ALDR$ ,MOD]N ,PUBLI%]S1 ,9DORE ,KRAUS ,REPR9T CO4 ,NEW ,YORK #aidg  

,! ,C,O,M,M,U,N,E1 ,! ,*,U,R,* @& ,! ,/,A,T,E4  

  

,PHOTO BY ,TORE ,BU/AD1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,I AM A PASSIONATE SEEK] = TRU? & JU/ AS /RONG AN OPPON5T ( ! CORRUPT+ LIES1 ?R\< :I* ! P>TY ( ORD]-?IS PRIVILEG$1 (FICIAL1 & 9T]E/$ REPRES5TATIVE ( ALL RELIGIONS1 PHILOSOPHICAL POLITICAL1 LEGAL ECONOMICAL1 & SOCIAL \TRAGE 9 ! PA/ & PRES5T-HAS TRI$ TO KEEP ! WORLD 9 IGNORANCE4 ,I LOVE FRE$OM ) ALL MY HE>T4 ,IT IS ! ONLY CONDITION UND] :I* ! 9TELLIG5CE1 ! MANL9ESS1 & HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE1 CAN DEVELOP & EXP&4 ,BY FRE$OM1 H[EV]1 ,I NATURALLY UND]/& NOT ITS M]E =M1 =C$ D[N AS FROM ABOVE1 MEASUR$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! /ATE1 ?IS ET]NAL LIE :I* 9 REALITY1 IS NO?+ BUT ! PRIVILEGE ( ! FEW F\ND$ UPON ! SLAV]Y ( ALL4 ,NOR DO ,I MEAN ?AT 09DIVIDUALI/IC10 SELFI%1 PETTY1 & MOCK FRE$OM1 :I* IS PROPAGAT$ BY ,J4,J4 ,R\SSEAU & ALL O!R S*OOLS ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,! MOCK FRE$OM :I* IS LIMIT$ BY ! SUPPOS$ RI<T ( ALL1 & DEF5D$ BY ! /ATE1 & LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,NO3 ,I MEAN ! ONLY TRUE FRE$OM1 ?AT WOR?Y ( ! NAME2 ! LIB]TY :I* CONSI/S !RE9 = EV]YONE TO DEVELOP ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL FACULTIES :I* LIE DORMANT 9 HIM2 ! LIB]TY :I* KN[S & RECOGNIZES NO LIMITATIONS BEYOND ?OSE :I* NATURE DECREES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !RE >E NO LIMITATIONS1 = ! LAWS ( \R [N NATURE >E NOT =C$ UPON US BY A LAW-GIV] :O1 BESIDE OR ABOVE US1 SITS ON A ?RONE4 ,!Y >E 9 US1 ! REAL BASIS ( \R BODILY & 9TELLECTUAL EXI/5CE4 ,9/EAD ( LIMIT+ !M1 WE MU/ KN[ ?AT !Y >E ! REAL CONDITION & FIR/ CAUSE ( \R LIB]TY4 

,I MEAN ?AT LIB]TY ( EA* :I* IS NOT LIMIT$ OR RE/RA9$ OR CURTAIL$ BY ! LIB]TY ( ANO!R1 BUT IS /R5G!N$ & 5L>G$ ?R\< IT3 ! UNLIMIT$ LIB]TY ( EA* ?R\< ! LIB]TY ( ALL1 LIB]TY ?R\< SOLID>ITY1 LIB]TY 9 EQUALITY4 7,POLITICAL1 @& ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL47 ,! LIB]TY :I* HAS CONQU]$ BRUTE =CE & VANQUI%$ ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 :I* IS1 ALWAYS1 ONLY ! EXPRESSION ( ?AT =CE4 ,! LIB]TY1 :I* WILL ABOLI% ALL HEAV5LY & E>?LY IDOLS1 & ]ECT A NEW WORLD ( FELL[%IP & HUMAN SOLID>ITY ON ! RU9S ( ALL /ATES & *UR*ES4 

,I AM A CONFIRM$ DISCIPLE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,\TSIDE ( ?IS1 ,I KN[1 FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 MANL9ESS1 MORALITY1 & ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! COMMUNITY1 CAN ONLY BE A HOLL[ LIE1 AN EMPTY PHRASE4 ,?IS EQUALITY MU/ REALIZE ITSELF ?R\< ! FREE ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & ! VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ?R\< ! COMB9ATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE WORK]S 9TO FREELY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNES1 & ! FREE F$]ATION ( ! COMMUNES4 ,!RE MU/ BE NO CONTROLL+ 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE4 

,?IS IS ! PO9T :I* SEP>ATES1 ESPECIALLY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN I4 E4 ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/S4 ,BO? WORK = ! SAME 5D4 ,BO? >E \T TO CREATE A NEW SOCIETY4 ,BO? AGREE ?AT ! ONLY BASIS ( ?IS NEW SOCIETY %ALL BE3 ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR :I* EA* & ALL WILL HAVE TO P]=M UND] EQUAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 FOLL[+ ! DEM&S ( NATURE2 & ! COMMON [N]%IP (1 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO P]=M ?AT LABOR1 L&S1 TOOLS1 MA*9]Y1 ETC4 ,BUT1 :]E AS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S BELIEVE 9 ! DIRECT 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?R\< !IR 9DU/RIAL COMB9ATIONS1 ?IS IS AN>*I/ /& PO9T 9 CONTRADICTION TO ,M>XIAN OR AS IT CLAIMS TO BE SCI5TIFIC4 ,! AU?ORIT>IANS BELIEVE 9 ! DIRECT 9ITIATIVE ( ! /ATE4 ,!Y IMAG9E !Y CAN REA* !IR GOAL ) ! HELP ( ! RADICAL P>TIES 7N[ IT %\LD BE UND]/OOD AS COMMUNI/7 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+-CLASS1 ESPECIALLY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! BIG T[NS1 DUE TO CONC5TRATION ( L>GE 9DU/RIES EMPLOY+ L>GE MASS ( PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S OPPOSE ALL !SE COMPROMIS+ & CONFUS+ ALLIANCES4 ,!Y >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! GOAL ( A FREE SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE REA*$ ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! NONPOLITICAL1 BUT SOCIAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( BO? T[N & C\NTRY1 ) ! FUSION ( =GES ( ALL ?OSE MEMB]S ( ! UPP] CLASS :O >E WILL+ TO DECLASS !MSELVES & READY TO BREAK ) ! PA/1 & TO COMB9E TOGE!R = ! SAME DEM&S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S >E OPPOS$1 !RE=E1 TO ALL POLITICS4 

,?US WE HAVE TWO ME?ODS3 

#a7 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! REPRES5TATIVE OR POLITICAL /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! PURPOSE ( CAPTUR+ POLITICAL P[] 9 ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M SOCIETY4 

#b7 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! DIRECT /R5G?1 ! SOCIAL & 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! PURPOSE ( ABOLI%+ ALL POLITICAL P[] & ! /ATE4 

,! ADVOCATES ( BO? ME?ODS BELIEVE 9 SCI5CE :I* IS \T TO SLAY SUP]/ITION1 & :I* %ALL TAKE ! PLACE ( RELIGI\S *UR* BELIEF4 ,BUT ! =M] PROPOSE TO =CE IT 9TO HUMANITY1 :IL/ ! LATT] SEEK TO CONV9CE ! PEOPLE ( ITS TRU?1 TO $UCATE !M EV]Y:]E1 SO ?AT !Y %ALL VOLUNT>ILY ORGANIZE & COMB9E - FREELY1 FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & ACCORD+ TO !IR TRUE 9T]E/S1 BUT NEV] ACCORD+ TO A PLAN DRAWN UP BE=E H& = ! 0IGNORANT MASSES0 BY A FEW 9TELLECTUALLY SUP]IOR P]SONS4 

,REVOLUTION>Y-N[ KN[N AS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S BELIEVE ?AT1 9 ! 9/9CTIVE YE>N+S & TRUE WANTS ( ! MASSES1 IS TO BE F\ND MU* S\ND REASON & LOGIC ?AN 9 ! DEEP WISDOM ( ALL ! DOCTORS1 S]VANTS1 & TEA*]S ( HUMANITY :O1 AFT] MANY DISA/R\S ATTEMPTS1 /ILL DABBLE 9 ! PROBLEM ( MAK+ ! PEOPLE HAPPY4 ,HUMANITY1 ?9K !Y1 HAS BE5 RUL$ & GOV]N$ MU* TOO LONG & SO !Y ?9K ?IS /ATE ( ! AFFAIRS %\LD CONT9UE4 ,9DE$ ! S\RCE ( PEOPLE'S TR\BLE1 LIES NOT 9 ?IS OR ?AT =M ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT 9 ! EXI/5CE & MANIFE/ATION ( ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 :ATEV] =M IT MAY ASSUME4 

,?IS IS ! HI/ORICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/ IDEAS1 SCI5TIFICALLY DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! ,G]MAN ,M>XI/ S*OOL & P>TLY ADOPT$ BY ,5GLI% & ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/S1 ON ONE H& & ! ,AN>*I/ IDEAS ( ,JOSEPH ,PI]RE ,PR\DHON :I* HAVE $UCAT$ ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES & L$ !M 9TELLECTUALLY TO ! LA/ CONSEQU5CES ( ,PR\DHON'S TEA*+S ,?IS LATT] REVOLUTION>Y OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM HAS N[ = ! FIR/ TIME1 ATTEMPT$ TO PUT ITS IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,I AM A FOLL[] ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I*1 ?\< DA/>DLY MURD]$ & DR[N$ 9 BLOOD BY ! ASSASS9S ( ! CL]ICAL & MON>*ICAL REACTION1 YET LIVES1 MORE ?AN EV]1 9 ! IMAG9ATION & HE>TS ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT4 ,I AM ITS FOLL[]1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ( ! FEET ?AT IT WAS A C\RAGE\S1 DET]M9$1 NEGATION ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS A FACT ( 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE1 ?AT ?IS %\LD HAVE HAPP5$ 9 ,FRANCE1 HI!RTO ! L& ( /RONGE/ POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION2 ?AT IT WAS ,P>IS1 ! HEAD & CREATOR ( ?IS GREAT C5TRALIZATION1 :I* MADE ! />T- ?US DE/ROY+ ITSELF & PROCLAIM+ ) JOY ITS FALL1 9 ORD] TO GIVE LIFE TO ,FRANCE1 TO ,EUROPE1 TO ! :OLE WORLD2 ?US REVEAL+ TO ALL 5SLAV$ PEOPLE-& :O >E ! PEOPLE :O >E NOT SLAVES-! ONLY WAY TO LIB]TY & HAPP9ESS2 DELIV]+ A DEA?LY /ROKE AGA9/ ! POLITICAL TRADITIONS ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 & GIV+ A S\ND BASIS TO REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 

,P>IS ?US E>N$ = ITSELF ! CURSES ( ! REACTION>IES ( ,FRANCE & ,EUROPE4 ,IT 9AUGURAT$ ! NEW ]A1 ?AT ( ! F9AL & 5TIRE LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE1& !IR TRULY REALIZ$ SOLID>ITY1 ABOVE & 9 SPITE ( ALL LIMITATIONS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,PROCLAIM$ ! RELIGION ( HUMANITY4 ,MADE MANIFE/ ITS HUMANISM & A!ISM1 & SUB/ITUT$ ! GREAT TRU?S ( SOCIAL LIFE & SCI5CE = GODLY LIES4 ,P>IS1 H]OIC1 SANE1 UNFL9*+1 ASS]T$ ITS /RONG BELIEF 9 ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY4 ,IT SUB/ITUT$ LIB]TY1 JU/ICE1 & FRAT]NITY = ! FALSEHOOD & 9JU/ICE ( RELIGI\S & POLITICAL MORALITY4 ,P>IS1 *OK$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ITS *ILDR51 SYMBOLIZ$ HUMANITY CRUCIFI$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL UNIT$ REACTION ( ,EUROPE AT ! DIRECT 9SPIRATION ( ! *UR*ES & ! HI< PRIE/S 7,POLITICIANS7 ( 9JU/ICE4 ,! NEXT 9T]NATIONAL UPHEAVAL ( HUMANITY WILL BE ! RESURRECTION ( ,P>IS4 

,SU* IS ! TRUE MEAN+ & ! B5EFICIAL & IMMEASURABLY IMPORTANT RESULTS ( ! TWO-MON?S' EXI/5CE & MEMORABLE FALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,IT LA/$ ONLY A %ORT TIME4 ,IT WAS HAMP]$ TOO MU* BY ! DEADLY W> IT HAD TO WAGE AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLES REACTION & ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS UNABLE TO WORK \T ITS ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM1 EV5 !ORETICALLY1 MU* LESS PRACTICALLY4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE1 EV51 W]E NOT ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! REAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,& IF !Y ACT$ AS ,SOCIALI/S1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E IRRESI/IBLY C>RI$ AWAY BY ! NATURE ( !IR SURR\ND+S1 ! NECESSITY ( !IR POSITION1 & NOT BY !IR [N 9N]MO/ CONVICTIONS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 L$ BY \R FRI5D ,V>L91 =M$ 9 ! ,COMMUNE ONLY A DISAPPE>+LY SMALL M9ORITY SAY F\RTE5 OR FIFTE5 MEMB]S4 ,! RE/ CONSI/$ ( ,JACOB9S4 ,BUT WE MU/ DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 ,JACOB9S & ,JACOB9S4 

,!RE >E DOCTR9AIRE ,JACOB9S LIKE ,GAMBETTA :OSE1 OPPRESS+ LU/ = P[] & =MAL REPUBLICANISM HAS LO/ ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y FIRE1 & PRES]V$ ONLY A RESPECT = C5TRALIZ$ UNITY & AU?ORITY4 ,?IS WAS ! ,JACOB9ISM ?AT BETRAY$ ! ,FRANCE ( ! PEOPLE TO ! ,PRUSSIAN CONQU]ORS1 & !N TO ! NATIVE REACTION4 ,BUT !RE W]E HONE/ REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9S ALSO1 ! LA/ H]OIC DESC5DANTS ( ! DEMOCRATIC IMPULSE ( #a#g#i#c1 M5 & WOM5 :O C\LD SACRIFICE !IR C5TRALIZ$ UNITY & WELL->M$ AU?ORITY TO ! NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION RA!R ?AN B5D !IR CONSCI5CE BE=E ! OBNOXI\S REACTION4 ,9 ! VANGU>D ( !SE GREAT-HE>T$ JACOB9S WE SEE ,DELECLUSE1 A GREAT & NOBLE FIGURE4 ,BE=E EV]Y?+ HE DESIR$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION2 & AS1 )\T ! PEOPLE1 NO REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE1 AS ! PEOPLE >E ,SOCIALI/ICALLY 9CL9$1 & C\LD NOT BE WON = ANY O!R REVOLUTION ?AN A SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC ONE1 ,DELECLUSE & HIS FELL[ HONE/ ,JACOB9S ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE C>RI$ AWAY BY ! LOGIC ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,)\T DESIR+ IT1 !Y BECAME REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S1 & SIGN$ PROCLAMATIONS & APPEALS :OSE G5]AL SPIRIT WAS ( A DECID$LY ,SOCIALI/ NATURE4 

,BUT1 9 SPITE ( !IR HONE/Y & GOODWILL1 !IR ,SOCIALISM WAS ! PRODUCT ( EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES RA!R ?AN 9N] CONVICTION4 ,!Y HAD NEI!R ! TIME NOR ! ABILITY TO OV]COME B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ ,SOCIALISM4 ,?IS 9T]NAL CONFLICT ( OP9ION WEAK5$ !M 9 ACTION4 ,!Y NEV] GOT BEYOND FUNDAM5TAL !ORIES1 & W]E UNABLE TO COME TO DECISIVE CONCLUSIONS SU* AS W\LD HAVE SEV]$ !IR CONNECTION ) B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ONCE & = ALL4 

,?IS WAS A GREAT CALAMITY = ! ,COMMUNE & = ! M5 !MSELVES4 ,IT P>ALYZ$ !M1 & !Y P>ALYZ$ ! ,COMMUNE4 ,BUT WE MU/ NOT REPROA* !M ON ?AT ACC\NT4 ,MAN DOES NOT *ANGE 9 A DAY1 & WE CANNOT *ANGE \R NATURES & CU/OMS OV]NI<T4 ,! ,JACOB9S ( ! COMMUNE HAVE %[N !IR HONE/Y BY SUFF]+ !MSELVES TO BE MURD]$ = IT4 ,:O CAN EXPECT MORE ( !M8 

,EV5 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 UND] :OSE 9FLU5CE !Y ?\<T & ACT$1 W]E ,SOCIALI/S MORE BY 9/9CT ?AN BY WELL-BALANC$ CONVICTION4 ,ALL !IR YE>N+S W]E 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE 5TIRELY ,SOCIALI/IC4 ,BUT !IR ?\<TS W]E EXPRESS$ 9 TRADITIONAL =MS = REMOV$ FROM ?IS HEI<T4 ,AMONG ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,FR5* T[NS1 & EV5 ( ,P>IS1 MANY ,JACOB9S PREJUDICES /ILL REMA94 ,MANY FALSE IDEAS AB\T ! NECESSITY ( DICTATOR%IP & GOV]NM5T /ILL FL\RI%4 ,! WOR%IP ( AU?ORITY-! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( RELIGI\S $UCATION1 ?AT ET]NAL S\RCE ( ALL EVIL1 ALL DEGRADATION1 ALL 5SLAVEM5T ( PEOPLES-HAS NOT YET BE5 5TIRELY REMOV$ FROM ITS MID/4 ,SO MU* IS ?IS ! CASE ?AT EV5 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T SONS ( ! PEOPLE1 ! SELF-CONSCI\S ,SOCIALI/S ( ?AT TIME1 HAVE NOT YET BE5 ABLE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ?IS SUP]/ITION4 ,W]E ONE TO DISSECT !IR M9DS1 ONE W\LD F9D ! ,JACOB91 ! BELIEV] 9 GOV]NM5T1 HUDDL$ TOGE!R 9 A LITTLE CORN]1 =SAK5 & ALMO/ LIFELESS1 BUT NOT QUITE DEAD4 

,BESIDES1 ! POSITION ( ! SMALL M9ORITY ( CLASS CONSCI\S & REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,COMMUNE WAS V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,!Y FELT ?AT !Y LACK$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MASS ( ! ,P>IS POPULATION4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION WAS V]Y IMP]FECT1 & IT ONLY HAD A FEW ?\S& MEMB]S4 ,) ?IS BACK+1 !Y HAD TO FI<T DAILY AGA9/ A ,JACOB9 MAJORITY4 ,& UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES6 ,DAILY !Y HAD TO F9D WORK & BREAD = SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& WORK]S1 TO ORGANIZE & >M !M1 & TO GU>D AGA9/ REACTION>Y CONSPIRACIES4 ,ALL 9 A T[N LIKE ,P>IS1 BELEAGU]$1 M5AC$ ) />VATION1 & EXPOS$ TO ALL UND]H& ATTACKS ( ! REACTION :I* HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ,V]SAILLES BY K9D P]MISSION ( ! ,PRUSSIAN ,CONQU]OR4 ,!Y W]E =C$ TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T & >MY 9 ORD] TO OPPOSE ,V]SAILLES GOV]NM5T & >MY4 ,!Y HAD TO =GET & VIOLATE ! FIR/ PR9CIPLES ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM1 & ORGANIZE !MSELVES AS A ,JACOB9 REACTION1 9 ORD] TO FI<T ! MON>*ICAL & CL]ICAL REACTION4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,JACOB9S W]E ! /RONG] P>TY4 ,!Y W]E 9 A MAJORITY & POSSESS$ SUP]IOR POLITICAL CUNN+4 ,!IR TRADITIONS & GREAT] EXP]I5CE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( GOV]NM5T GAVE !M A GIGANTIC ADVANTAGE OV] ! FEW G5U9E ,SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT ! ,JACOB9S TOOK LITTLE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS FACT2 !Y -DID NOT /RIVE TO GIVE TO ! UPRIS+ ( ,P>IS A DI/9CTIVE ,JACOB9 *>ACT]1 BUT ALL[$ !MSELVES TO DRIFT 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,MANY ,SOCIALI/S1 V]Y CONSEQU5TIAL 9 !IR !ORY1 REPROA* \R ,P>IS COMRADES ) NOT HAV+ ACT$ SUFFICI5TLY ,SOCIALI/IC1 :IL/ ! B>K]S ( ! B\RGEOIS =CES ACCUS$ !M ( HAV+ BE5 TOO LOYAL TO ! ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,WE WILL LEAVE ! LATT] G5TRY ON ONE SIDE N[1 & 5DEAVOR TO CONV9CE ! /]N !ORI/S ( ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR ?AT !Y >E UNJU/ TO \R ,P>IS BRE?R54 ,BETWE5 ! BE/ !ORIES & !IR PRACTICAL REALIZATION IS A GIGANTIC DIFF]5CE1 :I* CANNOT BE COV]$ 9 A FEW DAYS4 ,?OSE ( US :O KNEW = 9/ANCE1 \R FRI5D ,V>L9 - TO M5TION ONLY HIM :OSE DEA? WAS C]TA9-H[ /RONG1 WELL CONSID]$1 & DEEP-ROOT$ W]E ! CONVICTIONS ( ,SOCIALISM 9 HIM & HIS FRI5DS4 ,!Y W]E M5 :OSE 5?USIASM1 HONE/Y1 & SELF-SACRIFICE NOBODY C\LD D\BT4 ,!IR V]Y HONE/Y MAKE !M SUSPICI\S ( !MSELVES1 & !Y UND]E/IMAT$ !IR /R5G? & *>ACT] 9 FACE ( ! TITANIC LABOR TO :I* !Y W]E CONSECRAT+ !IR LIFE & ?\<T4 ,BESIDES1 !Y HAD ! RI<T CONVICTION ?AT1 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION - :I* 9 ?IS1 AS 9 EV]Y O!R RESPECT1 IS ! DIRECT OPPOSITE ( POLITICAL REVOLUTION-! DE$S ( ! S+LE LEAD+ P]SONALITY NE>LY DISAPPE>1 & ! 9DEP5D5T1 DIRECT REACTION ( ! MASSES C\NT AS EV]Y?+4 ,! ONLY ?+ :I* ! MORE ADVANC$ CAN DO IS TO WORK \T1 SPREAD1 & EXPLA9 ! IDEAS :I* SUIT ! REQUIREM5TS & IDEALS ( ! PEOPLE1 & CONTRIBUTE TO ! NATIONAL /R5G? ( ! LATT] BY WORK+ UNTIR+LY ON ! TASK ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION - NO?+ MORE4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE CAN & MU/ BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,O!RWISE WE W\LD >RIVE AT POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP2 ?AT IS1 A RE9/ATEM5T ( ! ,/ATE1 PRIVILEGE1 9EQUALITY1 P]SECUTION2 A REE/ABLI%M5T1 BY A LONG & R\NDAB\T WAY1 ( POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC SLAV]Y4 

,V>L9 & ALL HIS FRI5DS2 LIKE ALL TRUE ,SOCIALI/S1 & LIKE ! AV]AGE WORK] :O IS BORN & BR$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 EXP]I5C$ 9 HI<E/ DEGREE ?IS WELL JU/IFI$ FE> ( ! CONT9U$ 9ITIATIVE ( ! SAME M51 ?IS DI/RU/ ( ! RULE ( DI/+UI%$ P]SONALITIES4 ,!IR UPRI<TNESS CAUS$ !M TO TURN ?IS FE> & SUSPICION AS MU* AGA9/ !MSELVES AS AGA9/ O!RS4  

 ,9 OPPOSITION TO !1 9 MY OP9ION1 5TIRELY ]RONE\S IDEA ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT A DICTATOR%IP OR A CON/ITUTIONAL ASSEMBLY-?AT HAS EM]G$ FROM A POLITICAL REVOLUTION-CAN PROCLAIM & ORGANIZE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY LAWS & DEGREES1 \R ,P>IS FRI5DS W]E CONV9C$ ?AT IT C\LD ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T & DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! 9DEP5D5T & UNCEAS+ EF=TS ( ! MASSES & ! GR\PS4 ,!Y W]E A ?\S& TIMES RI<T4 ,:]E IS ! HEAD1 H[EV] G5IAL1 OR-IF ONE SPEAKS ( ! COLLECTIVE DICTATOR%IP ( AN ELECT$ ASSEMBLY1 EV5 IF IT CONSI/S ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ UNCOMMONLY WELL $UCAT$ PEOPLE -- :]E IS ! BRA9 ?AT IS MI<TY & GRASP+ 5\< TO GRASP ! UN5D+ NUMB] & MULTITUDE ( TRUE 9T]E/S1 YE>N+S1 WILLS1 & REQUIREM5TS1 ! SUM TOTAL ( :I* CON/ITUTE ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! PEOPLE8 ,& :O C\LD 9V5T A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* W\LD SATISFY EV]Y WANT-- SU* AN ORGANIZATION W\LD BE NO?+ LESS ?AN A TORTURE-*AMB]1 9TO :I* ! MORE OR LESS AGGRESSIVE ,/ATE W\LD PUT UNHAPPY SOCIETY4 ,?IS HAS ALWAYS HAPP5$ UP TO N[4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ MAKE AN 5D ( ?IS ANTIQUAT$ SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT MU/ GIVE BACK TO ! MASSES1 ! GR\PS1 COMMUNES1 SOCIETIES1 EV5 TO EV]Y MAN & WOMAN1 !IR FULL & UNRE/RICT$ LIB]TY4 ,IT MU/ ABOLI%1 ONCE & = ALL1 POLITICAL P[]4 ,! ,/ATE MU/ GO4 ,) ITS FALL MU/ DISAPPE> ALL LEGAL RI<TS1 ALL ! LIES ( V>I\S RELIGIONS4 ,= LAW & RELIGION W]E ALWAYS ONLY ! =G$ JU/IFICATION = PRIVILEGE \TRAGES & E/ABLI%$ AGGRESSION4   

 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT LIB]TY CAN ONLY BE RE/OR$ TO MANK9D1 & ?AT ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 ( ALL GR\PS1 ALL LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS1 AS WELL AS EV]Y S+LE1 BE+ CAN BE 5TIRELY SATISFI$ 5TIRELY ONLY :5 ALL ,/ATES HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$4  

 ,ALL ! SO-CALL$ 0COMMON 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY0 :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO BE REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE1 >E 9 REALITY NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! 5TIRE & CONT9U$ SUPPRESSION ( ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( ! DI/RICTS1 COMMUNES1 SOCIETIES1 & 9DIVIDUALS :I* >E SUBS]VI5T TO ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y >E AN IMAG9ATION1 AN AB/RACT IDEA1 A LIE4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( ?IS IDEA ( REPRES5T+ COMMON 9T]E/S1 ! ,/ATE BECOMES A VA/ SLAU<T]-H\SE OR CEMET]Y1 :]E9 IS SLA9 ALL ! LIV+ 5]GY ( ! PEOPLE4  

 ,BUT AN AB/RACT IDEA CAN NEV] EXI/ = ITSELF & ?R\< ITSELF4 ,IT HAS NO FEET ) :I* TO WALK1 NO >MS ) :I* TO WORK1 NO /OMA* 9 :I* TO DIGE/ ITS SLAU<T]$ VICTIMS4 ,! RELIGI\S IDEA1 ,GOD1 REPRES5TS1 9 REALITY1 ! SELF-EVID5T & REAL 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 ! CL]GY1 :O REPRES5T ! E>?LY HALF ( ! ,GOD IDEA4 ,! ,/ATE1 ! POLITICAL AB/RACTION1 REPRES5TS AS REAL & SELF EVID5T 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,TODAY1 ?AT CLASS IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT & PRACTICALLY ONLY EXPLOIT+ CLASS1 :I* IS ?REAT5+ TO SWALL[ UP ALL O!R CLASSES4 ,PRIE/HOOD IS DEVELOP+ GRADUALLY 9TO A V]Y RI* & MI<TY M9ORITY1 BUT IS RA!R RELEGAT$ & ) POOR MAJORITY4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ITS POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS >E EV]Y DAY MAK+ = A REAL RUL+ OLIG>*Y1 TO :OM A MAJORITY ( MORE OR LESS CONCEIT$ & IMPOV]I%$ B\RGEOIS CREATURES :O >E OBLIG$ TO S]VE ! ALMI<TY OLIG>*Y AS BL9D TOOLS4 ,?IS MAJORITY LIVES 9 A CONT9U\S ILLUSION1 & IS1 ?R\< ! IRRESI/IBLE P[] ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 UNAVOIDABLY & EV] MORE PULL$ D[N TO ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT4  

 ,! ABOLITION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE MU/ BE ! FIR/ & ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! TRUE LIB]ATION ( SOCIETY4 ,ONLY AFT]W>DS CAN & MU/ SOCIETY ORGANIZE ITSELF ON A NEW BASIS4 ,BUT NOT FROM ! TOP D[NW>D1 AFT] A MORE OR LESS BEAUTIFUL PLAN ( A FEW EXP]TS OR !ORI/S1 OR ON ! ,/R5G? ( DECREES ( A RUL+ P[]1 OR ?R\< A UNIV]SAL-SUFFRAGE-ELECT$ ,P>LIAM5T4 ,SU* A PROCE$+ W\LD LEAD 9EVITABLY TO ! CREATION ( A NEW RUL+ >I/OCRACY1 I4E41 A CLASS :O HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS CLASS W\LD EXPLOIT & BLE$ ! PEOPLE UND] ! PRES5CE ( ! COMMON WELF>E4 ,OR 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE ! NEW ,/ATE4  

 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE MU/ & CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS1 ?R\< ! FREE F$]ATION & UNION ( ! WORK]S 9TO GR\PS1 UNIONS1 & SOCIETIES1 :I* WILL UNITE AGA9 9TO DI/RICTS1 COMMUNES1 NATIONAL COMMUNES1 & F9ALLY =M A GREAT 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,ONLY ?US CAN BE EVOLV$ ! TRUE VITAL ORD] ( LIB]TY & HAPP9ESS = ALL1 ! ORD] :I* IS NOT OPPOS$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ( SOCIETY1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y /R5G!NS ! SAME & BR+S !M 9TO H>MONY4 

 ,IT IS SAID ?AT ! H>MONY & ! SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY CAN NEV] BE EFFECT$1 BECAUSE ( AN 9H]5T ANTAGONISM4 ,BUT IF !SE 9T]E/S NEV] & NO:]E DID H>MONIZE1 UP TO N[1 IT HAS BE5 ! FAULT ( ! ,/ATE 9 SACRIFIC+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE TO ! GA9 ( A SMALL PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY4 ,?IS (T-M5TION$ OPPOSITION ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/S IS ONLY A SW9DLE & POLITICAL LIE1 :I* ORIG9AT$ ?R\< ! RELIGI\S & !OLOGICAL LIE ( ! ,FALL-A DOGMA :I* WAS 9V5T$ TO DEGRADE MAN & DE/ROY HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS [N VALUE4 ,SUPPORT WAS L5T TO ?IS FALSE IDEA ( ANTAGONISM ( 9T]E/S BY LITTLE SPECULATION ( ! METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHIES4 ,!SE >E CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !OLOGY4 ,METAPHYSICS OV]-LOOK ! FACT ?AT MAN IS A SOCIAL ANIMAL1 H[EV]1 & VIEW SOCIETY AS A ME*ANICAL & :OLLY >TIFICIAL CONGLOM]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :O SUDD5LY ORGANIZE !MSELVES ON ! BASIS ( A SECRET OR SACR$ COMPACT \T ( !IR FREE WILL OR AT ! DICTATION ( A HI<] P[]4 ,BE=E COM+ TOGE!R 9 ?IS FA%ION1 !SE 9DIVIDUALS HAD BOA/$ AN ET]NAL S\L & LIV$ 9 ALLEG$ UNLIMIT$ LIB]TY6  

 ,BUT :5 ! METAPHYSICIANS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 ASS]T ?AT M51 \TSIDE SOCIETY1 >E FREE BE+S1 !Y MA9TA9 ?AT M5 CAN 5T] 9TO SOCIETY ONLY BY D5Y+ !IR FRE$OM & NATURAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & SACRIFIC+ BO? !IR P]SONAL & LOCAL 9T]E/S4 ,?IS D5IAL & SACRIFICE ( ! EGO BECOMES GREAT] ! MORE DEVELOP$ ! SOCIETY & ! MORE COMPLICAT$ 1ITS ORGANIZATION4 ,FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T ! ,/ATE BECOMES ! EXPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL SACRIFICE1 :I* ALL HAVE TO BR+ TO ITS ALT>4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! AB/RACT & \TRAGE\S LIE CALL$ 0! COMMON GOOD10 & 0LAW & ORD]0 IT IMP]ILS 9CREAS+LY ALL P]SONAL LIB]TY1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! GOV]N+ CLASS IT EXCLUSIVELY REPRES5TS4 ,H5CE ! ,/ATE APPE>S TO US AS AN 9EVITABLE NEGATION &  DE/RUCTION ( ALL LIB]TY1 ALL P]SONAL1 9DIVIDUAL1 & COMMON 9T]E/S4  

 ,EV]Y?+ 9 ! METAPHYSICAL & !OLOGICAL SY/EM FOLL[S & SOLVES ITSELF4 ,!RE=E ! UPHOLD]S ( !SE SY/EMS >E OBLIG$ TO EXPLOIT ! MASSES ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,:IL/ FILL+ !IR POCKETS & SATISFY+ ALL !IR FIL?Y DESIRES1 !Y TELL !MSELVES ?AT !Y WORK = ! HONOR ( ,GOD1 ! TRIUMPH ( CIVILIZATION1 & ! ET]NAL WELF>E ( ! PROLET>IAT4  

 ,BUT WE REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S1 :O BELIEVE NEI!R 9 ,GOD1 NOR YET 9 7ABSOLUTE OR UNQUALIFI$7 FREE WILL1 NOR YET 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 WE SAY ?AT LIB]TY1 9 ITS FULLE/ S5SE1 MU/ BE ! GOAL ( HUMAN PROGRESS4  

 ,\R IDEALI/IC OPPON5TS1 ! !OLOGIAN & METAPHYSICIANS1 TAKE ! AB/RACT 0LIB]TY0 AS ! F\NDATION ( !IR !ORIES4 ,IT IS !N QUITE EASY = !M TO DRAW ! CONCLUSION ?AT SLAV]Y IS ! 9DISPUTABLE CONDITION ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 :O >E 9 \R EMPIRICAL SCI5TIFIC !ORY1 MAT]IALI/S1 /RIVE 9 PRACTICE = ! TRIUMPH ( A SANE & NOBLE IDEALISM4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! :OLE WEAL? ( ! 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL & MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 AS WELL AS ITS SEEM+ 9DEP5D5CE1 IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT MAN LIVES 9 SOCIETY4 ,\TSIDE ( SOCIETY MAN W\LD NOT ONLY NOT HAVE BE5 FREE4 ,HE W\LD NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 CAPABLE ( BECOM+ A MAN1 I4 E41 A SELF-CONSCI\S BE+1 CAPABLE ( ?\<T & SPEE*4 ,?9K+ & WORK+ TOGE!R LIFT$ MAN \T ( HIS ANIMAL CONDITION4 ,WE >E ABSOLUTELY CONV9C$ ?AT ! :OLE LIFE ( MAN IS A SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,HIS 9T]E/S1 YE>N+S1 NE$S1 DREAMS1 & EV5 HIS FOOLI%NESS1 AS WELL AS HIS BRUTALITY1 9JU/ICE1 & ACTIONS1 DEP5D+1 SEEM+LY1 ON FREE WILL1 >E ONLY ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS ( =CES AT WORK 9 \R SOCIAL LIFE4 ,M5 >E NOT 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R1 BUT EA* 9FLU5CES ! O!R4 ,WE >E ALL 9 CONT9UAL CO-RELATION ) \R NEI<BORS & SURR\ND+ NATURE4  

 ,9 NATURE ITSELF ?IS WOND]FUL CO-WORK+ & FITT+ TOGE!R ( EV5TS DOES NOT TAKE PLACE )\T A /RUGGLE ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! H>MONY ( ! ELEM5TS IS BUT ! RESULT ( ?IS CONT9UAL /RUGGLE1 :I* IS ! CONDITION ( ALL LIFE & ( MOVEM5T4 ,BO? 9 NATURE & SOCIETY ORD] )\T /RUGGLE IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( DEA?4  

 ,ORD] IS POSSIBLE & NATURAL 9 WORLD SY/EM ONLY :5 ! LATT] IS A PREVI\SLY ?\<T \T >RANGEM5T IMPOS$ UPON MANK9D FROM ABOVE4 ,! ,JEWI% RELIGI\S IMAG9ATION ( A GODLY LAW-GIV] MAKES = UNP>ALLEL$ NONS5SE1 & ! NEGATION NOT ONLY ( ALL ORD]1 BUT ( NATURE ITSELF4 '^*,! LAWS ( NATURE0 RELATE ONLY TO ! GOAL ( NATURE ITSELF4 ,! PHRASE IS NOT TRUE IF US$ TO MEAN LAWS DECRE$ BY AN \TSIDE AU?ORITY4 ,= !SE 0LAWS0 >E NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! CONT9UAL ADAPTATION :I* IS P>T ( ! EVOLUTION ( ?+S1 ( ! WORK+ TOGE!R ( VA/LY DIFF]5T PASS+ BUT REAL FACTS4 ,! SUM TOTAL ( ALL ACTION & 9T]ACTION IS :AT WE CALL 0NATURE40 ,! ?\<TS & SCI5CE ( MAN OBS]VE !SE PH5OM5A1 CONTROLL$ & EXP]IM5T$ ) !M & F9ALLY UNIT$ !M 9TO A SY/EM1 ! S+LE P>TS ( :I* >E CALL$ 0LAWS40 ,BUT NATURE ITSELF KN[S NO LAWS4 ,NATURE ACTS UNCONSCI\SLY4 ,9 ITSELF IT DEMON/RATES ! UN5D+ DIFF]5CE ( ITS NECESS>ILY APPE>+ & SELF REPEAT+ PH5OM5A4 ,?IS IS H[1 ?ANKS TO ! 9EVITABL5ESS ( ACTIVITY1 ! COMMON ORD] CAN & DOES EXI/4  

 ,SO ) HUMAN SOCIETY1 :I* APP>5TLY DEVELOPS AGA9/ NATURE1 BUT 9 REALITY GOES H& 9 H& ) ! NATURAL & 9EVITABLE DEVELOPM5T ( ?+S4 ,ONLY ! SUP]IORITY ( MAN OV] ! RE/ ( ! ANIMALS & HIS HI<LY DEVELOP$ ?9K+ ABILITY BR\<T A SPECIAL FEATURE 9TO HIS EVOLUTION-ALSO1 BY ! WAY1 QUITE NATURAL S9CE MAN1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE1 IS ! MAT]IAL RESULT ( ! WORK+ TOGE!R & UNION ( NATURAL =CES4 ,?IS SPECIAL FEATURE IS ! CALCULAT+1 ?9K+ ABILITY1 ! P[] ( 9DUCTION & AB/RACTION4 ,?R\< ?IS MAN HAS BE5 ABLE TO C>RY HIS ?\<TS \TSIDE HIMSELF1 & SO OBS]VE & CRITICISM HIMSELF AS A ?+ AP>T1 SOME /RANGE OR =EIGN OBJECT4 ,& AS HE1 9 HIS ?\<TS1 LIFTS HIMSELF \T ( HIMSELF & ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 HE >RIVES AT ! IDEA ( ! 5TIRE AB/RACTION1 ! PURE NO?+NESS1 ! ABSOLUTE4 ,BUT ?IS REPRES5TS NO?+ BEYOND MAN'S [N ABILITY TO AB/RACT ?\<T1 :I* LOOKS D[N ON ALL ?AT IS & F9DS PEACE 9 ! 5TIRE NEGATION ( ALL ?AT IS4 ,?IS IS ! V]Y LIMIT ( ! HI<E/ AB/RACTION ( ?\<T3 ?IS IS ,GOD4  

 ,H]E9 IS TO BE F\ND ! SPIRIT & HI/ORICAL PRO( ( EV]Y !OLOGICAL & RELIGI\S DOCTR9E4 ,MAN DID NOT UND]/& NATURE & ! MAT]IAL F\NDATION ( HIS [N ?\<TS4 ,HE WAS UNCONSCI\S ( ! NATURAL CIRCUM/ANCES & P[]S :I* W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( !M4 ,SO HE FAIL$ TO REALIZE ?AT HIS AB/RACT IDEAS ONLY EXPRESS$ HIS [N ABILITY TO AB/RACT ?\<T4 ,!RE=E1 HE CAME TO REG>D ! AB/RACT IDEA AS SOME?+ REALLY EXI/+ SOME?+ BE=E :I* EV5 NATURE SANK 9TO 9SIGNIFICANCE ,& SO HE WOR%IP$ & HONOR$ 9 EV]Y CONCEIVABLE FA%ION ?IS UNREALITY ( HIS IMAG9ATION4 ,BUT IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO IMAG9E MORE CLE>LY & TO MAKE UND]/OOD SOMEH[ ?IS ,GOAL1 ?IS SUPREME NO?+NESS :I* SEEM$ TO CONTA9 ALL ?+S 9 ESS5CE BUT NOT 9 FACT4 ,SO PRIMITIVE MAN 5L>G$ HIS IDEA ( ,GOD4 ,GRADUALLY HE BE/[$ ON ! DEITY ALL ! P[]S :I* EXI/$ 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 GOOD & BAD1 VIRTU\S & VICI\S4 ,SU* WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ALL RELIGIONS1 SU* !IR EVOLUTION FROM FETI% WOR%IP TO ,*RI/IANITY4  

 ,WE WILL NOT /OP TO ANALYZES ! HI/ORY ( RELIGI\S1 !OLOGICAL1 & METAPHYSICAL NONS5SE1 NOR SPEAK AB\T ! EV] OCCURR+ GODLY 9C>NATIONS & VISIONS :I* HAVE HAPP5$ DUR+ C5TURIES ( HUMAN IGNORANCE4 ,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT !SE SUP]/ITIONS OCCASION$ T]RIBLE SUFF]+1 & !IR PROGRESS WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY RIV]S ( BLOOD & MU* M\RN+4 ,ALL !SE T]RIBLE ]RORS ( POOR HUMANITY W]E 9EVITABLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y W]E ! NECESS>Y EFFECT1 ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT ALL P[]FUL IDEA ?AT ! UNIV]SE IS GOV]N$ & CONDITION$ BY A SUP]NATURAL P[] & WILL4 ,C5TURY SUCCE$S C5TURY4 ,MAN BECOMES MORE ,& MORE US$ TO ?IS BELIEF4 ,F9ALLY IT SEEKS TO CRU% & TO KILL EV]Y EF=T T[>DS ANY HI<] DEVELOPM5T4  

 ,! MAD DESIRE TO RULE OR TO GOV]N1 FIR/ ON ! P>T ( A FEW M51 !N ( A C]TA9 CLASS1 DEM&$ ?AT SLAV]Y & CONQUE/ %\LD BE ACCEPT$ AS ! UND]LY+ PR9CIPLES ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 /R5G!N$ ! T]RIBLE BELIEF 9 A ,GOD ABOVE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 NO SOCIAL ORD] C\LD EXI/ )\T BE+ F\ND$ ON ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,ALL DOCTR9AIRES DEF5D BO? ( !SE \TRAGE\S 9/ITUTIONS4  

 ,) !IR DEVELOPM5T 9CREAS$ ! P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ( ! PRIE/S & >I/OCRATS4 ,!IR FIR/ CONC]N WAS TO 9OCULATE ! 5SLAV$ PEOPLES ) ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY1 ! B5EFIT1 & ! SACR$NESS ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,& ! PURPOSE ( ALL ?IS WAS TO *ANGE BRUTAL & VIOL5T SLAV]Y 9TO LEGAL1 DIV9ELY PREORDA9$ & SANCTIFI$ SLAV]Y4  

 ,DID ! PRIE/S & >I/OCRATS REALLY & TRULY BELIEVE 9 !SE 9/ITUTIONS :I* !Y W]E 5DEAVOR+ TO UPHOLD ) ALL !IR P[]1 & TO !IR [N B5EFIT ,OR W]E !Y ONLY LAIRS & HYPOCRITES8 ,9 MY OP9ION !1 W]E HONE/ BELIEV]S & DI%ONE/ DECEIV]S SIMULTANE\SLY4  

 ,!Y !MSELVES BELIEVE 1 S9CE !Y P>TICIPAT$1 NATURALLY1 9 ! ]RORS ( ! MASSES4 ,ONLY LAT]1AT ! TIME ! OLD WORLD DECL9$-?AT IS1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DID !Y BECOME UNBELIEV]S & %AMELESS LI>S4 ,! F\ND]S ( /ATES CAN BE REG>D$ ALSO AS HONE/ M54 ,MAN READILY BELIEVES ?AT :I* HE DESIRES & ?AT :I* IS NOT DETRIM5TAL TO HIS [N 9T]E/S4 ,IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE IF HE IS 9TELLIG5T & $UCAT$4 ,?R\< HIS EGOTISM & HIS DESIRE TO LIVE ) HIS NEI<BORS & TO PR(IT BY !IR E/IMATION HE WILL BELIEVE ALWAYS ONLY 9 ?AT :I* IS USEFUL & DESIRABLE TO HIM4 ,I AM CONV9C$1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ,?I]S & ! ,V]SAILLES GOV]NM5T W]E TRY+ TO CONV9CE !MSELVES1 VIOL5TLY1 ?AT !Y W]E SAV+ ,FRANCE BY MURD]+ SEV]AL ?\S& M51 WOM51 & *ILDR54  

 ,EV5 IF ! PRIE/S1 PROPHETS1 >I/OCRATS1 & B\RGEOIS ( ALL TIMES W]E HONE/ BELIEV]S1 9 SPITE ( ALL1 !Y W]E P>ASITES4 ,ONE CANNOT SUPPOSE ?AT !Y BELIEV$ EV]Y BIT ( NONS5SE 9 RELIGION & POLITICS :I* !Y TAU<T ! MASSES4 ,I WILL NOT GO SO F> BACK AS TO ! TIME :5 TWO ,AUGURS 9 ,ROME W]E UNABLE TO LOOK 9TO EA* O!RS FACE )\T SMIL+4 ,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT EV5 9 ! TIME ( M5TAL D>KNESS & SUP]/ITION ! 9V5TORS ( MIRACLES W]E CONV9C$ ( !IR TRU?4 ,! SAME MAY BE SAID ( POLITICS1 :]E ! MOTTO IS3 0,ONE MU/ UND]/& H[ TO GOV]N & ROB A PEOPLE SO ?AT !Y DO NOT COMPLA9 TOO MU* OR =GET TO BE SUBS]VI5T1 SO ?AT !Y GET NO *ANCE TO ?9K ( RES5TM5T & REVOLT40  

 ,H[ CAN ONE POSSIBLY BELIEVE AFT] ?IS ?AT ! M5 :O MAKE A BUS9ESS \T ( POLITICS1 & :OSE GOAL IS 9JU/ICE1 VIOL5CE1 LIES1 TREASON1 S+LE1 & :OLESALE MURD]1 HONE/LY BELIEVE ?AT ! WISDOM & >T ( RUL+ ! ,/ATE MAKE = ! COMMON WEAL?8 ,9 SPITE ( ALL !IR BRUTALITY !Y >E NOT SO /UPID AS TO ?9K ?IS4 ,*UR* & ,/ATE W]E 9 ALL TIMES ! S*OOLS ( VISE4 ,HI/ORY TE/IFIES TO !IR CRIMES4 ,EV] & ALWAYS W]E PRIE/ & POLITICIAN ! CONSCI\S1 SY/EMATIC1 UNYIELD+1 BLOOD?IR/Y 5EMIES & EXECUTION]S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT H[ CAN WE RECONCILE TWO SEEM+LY OPPOS$ ?+S LIKE *EAT] & *EAT$1 LI> & BELIEV]8 ,9 ?\<T IT LOOKS DIFFICULT1 BUT 9 LIFE WE F9D ! TWO (T5 TOGE!R4  

 ,! GREAT BULK ( MANK9D LIVE 9 A CONT9UAL QU>REL & APA!TIC MISUND]/&+ ) !MSELVES1 !Y REMA9 UNCONSCI\S ( ?IS1 AS A RULE1 UNTIL SOME UNCOMMON OCCURR5CE WAKES !M UP \T ( !IR SLEEP1 & =CES !M TO REFLECT ON !MSELVES & !IR SURR\ND+S4  

 ,9 POLITICS1 AS WELL AS 9 RELIGION1 MAN IS ONLY A MA*9E 9 ! H&S ( HIS OPPRESSORS4 ,BUT ROBB] & ROBB$1 OPPRESSOR & OPPRESS$ LIVE SIDE BY SIDE1 RUL$ BY A H&FUL ( PEOPLE1 9 :OM ONE RECOGNIZES ! REAL OPPRESSORS4 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! SAME TYPE ( M51 :O1 FREE ( ALL POLITICAL & RELIGI\S PREJUDICE1 CONSCI\SLY TORTURE & OPPRESS ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! #a#g? & #a#h? C5TURY1 UNTIL ! ADV5T ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION1 !Y RUL$ ,EUROPE & DID AS !Y LIK$4 ,!Y DO ! SAME TODAY4 ,BUT WE HAVE REASON TO HOPE ?AT !IR RULE WILL BE OV] SOON4  

 ,HI/ORY TEA*ES US ?AT ! *IEF PRIE/S ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE OR ALSO ! SWORN S]VANTS & CREATURES ( !SE DAMNABLE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:IL/ CONSCI\SLY DECEIV+ ! PEOPLE & LEAD+ !M 9TO DISA/]1 !SE P]SONS >E CONC]N$ TO UPHOLD ZEAL\SLY ! SANCTITY & UNAPPROA*ABILITY ( BO? E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,! ,*UR*1 ON ! AU?ORITY ( ALL PRIE/S & MO/ POLITICIANS1 IS ESS5TIAL TO ! PROP] C>E ( ! PEOPLE'S S\LS2 & ! ,/ATE IS 9DISP5SABLE1 9 !IR OP9ION1 = ! PROP] MA9T5ANCE ( PEACE1 ORD]1 & JU/ICE4 ,& ! DOCTR9AIRES ( ALL S*OOLS EXCLAIM 9 *ORUS3 0,)\T ,*UR* OR GOV]NM5T PROGRESS & CIVILIZATION IS IMPOSSIBLE40  

 ,WE MAKE NO COMM5T ON ! HEAV5LY H]EAFT]1 S9CE WE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 AN IMMORTAL S\L4 ,BUT WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT NO?+ (F]S A GREAT] M5ACE TO TRU? & ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY ?AN ! ,*UR*4 ,H[ ELSE C\LD IT BE8 ,IS IT NOT ! TASK ( ! ,*UR* TO *LOR(ORM ! WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,DOES %E NOT KILL ALL S\ND REASON 5D SCI5CE ) H] DOGMAS1 & DEGRADE ! SELF-RESPECT ( MAN BY CONFUS+ HIS IDEAS ( RI<T & JU/ICE8 ,DOES %E NOT PREA* ET]NAL SLAV]Y TO ! MASSES 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ & OPPRESS+ CLASS8 ,& IS %E NOT DET]M9$ TO P]PETUATE ! PRES5T REIGN ( D>KNESS1 IGNORANCE1 MIS]Y1 & CRIME8 ,= ! PROGRESS ( \R AGE NOT TO BE AN EMPTY DREAM1 IT MU/ FIR/ SWEEP ! ,*UR* \T ( ITS PA?4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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