,! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION BEGAN 9 ! AFT]MA? ( A FAIL$ FASCI/ C\P BY ,G5]AL ,FRANCO ON ! #ah ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,! C\P1 :I* WAS SPONSOR$ BY CONS]VATIVE SECTIONS ( BIG CAPITAL & ! ,*UR*1 FAIL$ 9 MO/ ( ,SPA9 9 ! FACE ( >M$ RESI/ANCE BY WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ PRIM>ILY BY ! GIANT REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T474 0,)9 H\RS ( ! ,FRANCO ASSAULT1 AN>*I/ WORK]S & PEASANTS SEIZ$ DIRECT CONTROL OV] RURAL L&1 CITIES1 FACTORIES1 & SOCIAL S]VICE & TRANSPORT NETWORKS0 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iA3 #f2 ALSO ,GEUR9 #a#i#g3 #a#c-#a74 ,?IS \TCOME WAS ! DIRECT RESULT ( ! /R5G? ( A MASS ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ WORK] & PEASANT MOVEM5T 7,AMSD5 #a#i#g#i2 ,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iA71 AMONG :OM1 A ,G]MAN OBS]V] NOT$1 0! PROBLEM ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS CONT9U\SLY & SY/EMATICALLY DISCUSS$ 9 !IR TRADE-UNION & GR\P MEET+S1 9 !IR PAP]S1 !IR PAMPHLETS & !IR BOOKS0 7CIT$ 9 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g3 #a#b#a74 ,! ,C4,N4,T41 :I* >GUABLY COMM&$ ! SUPPORT ( A MAJORITY ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 DEF9$ ITS GOAL AS 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM01 A PROGRAM :I* IT DEF9$ 9 GREAT DETAIL 9 ITS ,S>AGOSSA ,PROGRAM ( ,MAY #aicf 4 ,REASONS ( SPACE PREV5T A DISCUSSION ( ?IS & O!R ,C4,N4,T4 DOCUM5TS1 BUT SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ! ,C4,N4,T4 /OOD SQU>ELY )9 ! TRADITION ( AN>*O-COMMUNISM \TL9$ ABOVE 7= DISCUSSIONS ( !SE PROGRAM1 SEE ,GEUR9 #a#i#g3 #a#b#a-#f2 ,GUILL5 #a#i#i#b3 #h-#a#a74 

,AT LEA/ TWO ?\S& SELF-MANAG$ RURAL COLLECTIVES W]E =M$1 OV] FIFTE5 MILLION ACRES ( L& EXPROPRIAT$ BETWE5 ,JULY #aicf & ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#h1 & BETWE5 SEV5 & EI<T MILLION PEOPLE W]E DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY AFFECT$ BY COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! NE>LY #f P]C5T ( ,SPA9'S L& >EA AFFECT$ BY ?IS PROCESS 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iA3 #f74 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS VOLUNT>Y1 & USUALLY FOLL[$ A VILLAGE MEET+ AT :I* A DECISION WAS TAK5 TO POOL PEASANT PLOTS & 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 & L& SEIZ$ FROM ! E/ATE-HOLD]S 9TO A S+LE PRODUCTION UNIT 4 ,>TISANS1 B>B]S & O!R NONAGRICULTURAL WORK]S W]E ALSO GR\P$ 9TO COLLECTIVES 7,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,)9 ?IS UNIT1 ! L& WAS DIVID$ BETWE5 WORK TEAMS 7BRIGADA7 ( T5 TO FIFTE5 PEOPLE ON A TE*NICAL BASIS4 ,)9 ! BRIGADA1 LESS PLEASANT TASKS W]E ROTAT$ & %>$1 & EA* P]SON 5C\RAG$ TO P]=M ?OSE TASK 7S7 = :I* S_/HE HAD SPECIAL COMPET5CE 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES ) REGUL>LY ROTAT+ MEMB]%IPS W]E ELECT$ TO OV]SEE ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ON EA* COLLECTIVE1 & MON?LY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( BO? WORK+ & NON-WORK+ MEMB]S W]E HELD TO REVIEW PRODUCTION PLANS1 EVALUATE PROGRESS & R$ESIGN /AGES ( PRODUCTION 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,OV]ALL1 NO TASKS W]E GIV5 /ATUS OV] O!RS1 NO DID ANY COLLECTIVE MEMB]S GET PAID = DO+ ADM9I/RATIVE WORK3 9 MO/ COLLECTIVES1 PAYM5T WAS DONE ACCORD+ TO NE$3 ALL COLLECTIVE MEMB]S W]E ASSUR$ ( FOOD1 CLO?+ & %ELT] 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 ,!SE GOODS W]E MADE AVAILABLE ?R\< ELECT$ COMMITTEES ( CONSUM]S :O ORGANIZ$ ! SUPPLY & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS ?R\< 0COOP]ATIVE W>EH\SES01 MANY ( :I* W]E SITUAT$ 9 OLD *UR*ES4 ,*UR*ES1 CONV5TS & OLD >MY B>RACKS1 & MANSIONS W]E USUALLY TURN$ 9TO S*OOLS1 C9EMAS1 LIBR>IES1 G>AGES1 OLD PEOPLE'S HOMES OR HOSPITALS 7NONE ( :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 COMMON 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE7 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 ,$UCATION WAS FREE1 & COMPULSORY = ALL *ILDR5 UND] #ad 7,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 

,MO/ COLLECTIVE VILLAGES W]E ABLE TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ /&>DS ( !IR MEMB]S1 & /R5U\S EF=TS W]E MADE 9 MO/ CASES TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 ,?IS WAS (T5 DONE QUITE SUCCESSFULLY1 AS =M]LY VACANT L& WAS BR\<T UND] CULTIVATION1 H]DS 9CREAS$1 CONS]VATION MEASURES 9TRODUC$ 7SU* AS CROP ROTATION & PLANT+ TO TREES TO PREV5T SOIL ]OSION71 &1 ) ! HELP ( TE*NICIANS & AGRONOMI/S1 NEW OR BETT] F>M+ TE*NIQUES APPLI$ 7= EXAMPLE1 IRRIGATION WAS GREATLY EXP&$1 SELECTIVE CATTLE BRE$+ DEVELOP$1 & TREE NURS]IES E/ABLI%$7 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 ,9 SOME CASES1 H>VE/S W]E 9CREAS$ BY UP TO FIVE TIMES !IR PRE-,REVOLUTION LEVEL 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB3 #h#i74 ,NEW 9DU/RIES -SU* AS FOOD PROCESS+1 PAP] PRODUCTION1 & SOAP MANUFACTURE- W]E ALSO 9TRODUC$ OR EXP&$ 9 ! RURAL >EAS 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE !IR SELF-SUFFICI5CY 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 

,PRODUCTION WAS PLANN$1 & SPECIAL ATT5TION WAS PAID TO SU* FACTORS AS ! NE$S ( ! URBAN WORK]S & ! WORK]S MILITIA 7:I* WAS HOLD+ ! FRONT AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO'S TROOPS7 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! NOTION ?AT ! COLLECTIVES W]E ISOLAT$ FROM1 & 9 COMPETITION )1 ONE ANO!R1 SEV]AL L>GE REGIONAL F$]ATIONS ( COLLECTIVES COMPOS$ ( VILLAGES1 DI/RICTS & PROV9CES1 W]E =M$ BETWE5 ,JULY #aicf & ,JUNE #a#i#c#g3 !SE 9CLUD$ ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( PEASANTS ( ,LEVANT1 ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANTS ( ,CA/ILE1 & ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,!SE F$]ATIONS HELP$ FACILITATE ! TRANSF] ( GOODS )9 & BETWE5 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ DI/RICTS1 & BETWE5 ! RURAL COLLECTIVES & ! CITIES4 ,DELEGATES FROM EA* COLLECTIVE SUBMITT$ RECORDS ( IMPORTS & EXPORTS TO A RECORD KEEP] = ! REGION1 :I* ALL[$ ! SYN*RONIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION )9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ ZONES2 )9 ! LOCAL DI/RICT1 SURPLUS GOODS W]E TRANSF]R$ BETWE5 VILLAGES OR US$ = TRADE )9 ! L>G] REGION 7A =M ( EQUALIZATION FUND72 ! F$]ATION AS A :OLE HELP$ ORGANIZE ! CO-ORD9ATION ( PRODUCTION BETWE5 ! COLLECTIVES1 & TRANSF]S ( RURAL PRODUCTS TO ! URBAN >EAS 9 RETURN = PRODUCTS SU* AS MA*9]Y2 ! F$]AL /RUCTURES ALSO 5ABL$ ! SUPPLY ( HEAL? S]VICES TO POOR] DI/RICTS & ! ORGANIZATION ( RESE>* TEAMS TO ADVISE COLLECTIVES ON NEW AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 ,BACKW>D & =W>D L9KAGES W]E E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 COLLECTIVES1 ! TRANSPORT SY/EM WAS CORRESPOND+LY REVAMP$1 :IL/ ! RAILWAY L9ES W]E !MSELVES PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,RAILWAYS 7SEE BEL[ = DISCUSSION ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 9DU/RY7 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB74 

,?US1 0.<C.>OMMUNAL PROPRIETOR%IP ( ! L& & ! ELIM9ATION ( CLASS 9 AN>*I/ >EAS AFT] ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 REPLAC$ PRIVATE L& [N]%IP & CAPITALI/ OR FEUDAL P[] HI]>*IES0 ) A HI<LY EFFICI5T1 9TEGRAT$ SY/EM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION0 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB3 #i#c74 ,! REVOLUTION WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 CONF9$ TO ! RURAL >EAS3 URBAN WORK]S IMPLEM5T$ 0ONE ( ! L5G?IE/ & MO/ EXT5SIVE EXP]IM5TS 9 COMPLETE WORK]S PRODUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION0 9 HI/ORY1 RE/RUCTUR+ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE >\ND !IR TRADE UNIONS 7,AMSD5 #a#i#g#i3 #i#i7 4 ,SOME S5SE ( ! EXT5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION IS PROVID$ BY A CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]VATION ?AT 0RAILWAYS1 TRAMC>S & BUSSES1 TAXICABS & %IPP+1ELECTRIC LI<T & P[] COMPANIES1 GASWORKS & WAT]WORKS1 5G9E]+ & AUTOMOBILE ASSEMBLY PLANTS1 M9ES & CEM5T WORKS1 TEXTILE MILLS & PAP] FACTORIES1 ELECTRICAL & *EMICAL CONC]NS1 GLASS BOTTLE FACTORIES & P]FUM]IES1 FOOD PROCESS+ PLANTS & BREW]IES W]E CONFISCAT$ OR CONTROLL$ BY WORKM5'S COMMITTEES1 EI!R T]M POSSESS+ = ! [N]S ALMO/ EQUAL SIGNIFICANCE0 7,BOLLOT5 CIT$ 9 ,CONLON #a#i#h#f3 #b-#a74 ,HE CONT9UES3 0MOTION PICTURE !AT]S & LEGITIMATE !AT]S1 NEWSPAP]S & PR9T+1 %OPS1 DEP>TM5T /ORES & HOTELS1 DE-LUX RE/AURANTS & B>S W]E LIKEWISE SEQUE/]$0 7IBID474 ,MANY ( !SE 9DU/RIES W]E VA/ 9 SIZE3 = EXAMPLE1 NE>LY ! 5TIRE ,SPANI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ) NE>LY A QU>T] ( A MILLION WORK]S SCATT]$ OV] SEV]AL CITIES1 WAS PLAC$ UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T 7,FLOOD ET AL #a#i#i#g3 #b#a74 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME E/IMATES1 AT LEA/ #c1 5T]PRISES W]E COLLECTIVIZ$ 9 ! MASSIVE 9DU/RIAL CITY ( ,B>CELONA 7,CONLON #a#i#h#f3 #a#i7 4 

,9 ONE S5SE1 H[EV]1 ! URBAN COLLECTIVIZATIONS W]E LESS COMPREH5SIVE ?AN ?OSE ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,SOME W]E 5TIRELY TAK5 OV] & RUN BY ! WORK]S1 :IL/ 9 O!RS1 WORK]S RE/RICT$ !MSELVES TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 0CONTROL COMMITTEES0 ) A VETO P[] OV] CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T'S 7,AMSD5 #a#i#g#i2 ,CONLON #a#i#h#f74 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! MORE SELF-MANAG$ UNITS T5D$ TO BE ?OSE :]E ! MAJORITY TRADE UNION WAS P>T ( ! ,C4,N4,T42 ! UNITS BAS$ ON 0CONTROL COMMITTEES0 W]E (T5 /RON<OLDS ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,LABOR 7,U4,G4,T4 71 A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC TRADE UNION 1 OR SUBSIDI>IES ( =EIGN-[N$ FIRMS4 ,9 ! SELF-MANAG$ FACTORIES 7IT WAS HELD 9 ! LATT] CASE ?AT FULL COLLECTIVIZATION W\LD 5TAIL A DISRUPTION ( VITAL L9KAGES ) ! P>5T COMPANY74 ,)9 ! SELF-MANAG$ FIRMS1 ! BASIC UNIT ( DECISION-MAK+ WAS ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLY1 :I* 9 TURN ELECT$ A COMMITTEE ( DELEGATES FROM EA* SECTION ( ! PLANT TO OV]SEE ! DAY-TO-DAY RUNN+ ( ! FIRM 7,FLOOD ET AL #a#i#i#g2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,! WORK]S' COMMITTEES (T5 9CLUD$ A NUMB] ( TE*NICAL EXP]TS AS WELL4 ,! FUNCTIONS ( !SE COMMITTEES 9CLUD$ DEAL+ ) ISSUES ( F9ANCES1 ! COLLECTION ( /ATI/ICS1 CORRESPOND5CE1 & LIAISON ) O!R PLANTS & ! COMMUNITY 7,FLOOD ET AL #a#i#i#g74 

,AGA91 AS WAS ! CASE 9 AGRICULTURE1 SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) REM>KABLE IMPROVEM5TS 9 BO? WORK]S CONDITIONS1 & PRODUCTIVITY & EFFICI5CY4 ,?US1 ! ,CATALAN WORK]S W]E SUCCESSFUL 9 RE/OR+ S]VICES 9 WAT]1 P[]1 & TRANSPORT ?R\< WORK]S COMMITTEES BE=E ! /REET BATTLES AGA9/ ! ,FRANCOI/S HAD EV5 5D$ 7,AMSD5 #a#i#g#i3 #a#d74 ,! TRAMWAYS HAD BE5 P>TLY DAMAG$ BY ! FI<T+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 & !RE WAS ?US MORE ( A DELAY 9 ?IS >EA4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! ,TRANSPORT ,SYNDICATE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 7! MAJORITY UNION AMONG TRAMWORK]S7 IMM$IATELY APPO9T$ A COMMISSION TO 9SPECT ! TRACKS & DRAW UP A PLAN = REPAIR 7,CONLON #a#i#h#f74 0,FIVE DAYS AFT] ! ( ! FI<T+ /OPP$1 #g TRAMC>S1 9/EAD ( ! USUAL #f1 ALL PA9T$ 9 ! R$ & BLACK COLORS ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 W]E OP]AT+ ON ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA0 7,CONLON #a#i#h#f3 #b74,! NUMB] ( ACCID5TS W]E R$UC$ 9 SUBSEQU5T MON?S1 :IL/ F>ES W]E L[]$ & ! NUMB] ( PASS5G]S C>RI$ 9CREAS$3 9 #aicf ! TRAMS HAD C>RI$ #a#h#c1#e#d#c1#e#a#f PASS5G]S2 9 #a#i#c#g1 AN ADDITIONAL #e11 PEOPLE W]E C>RI$ 7,CONLON #a#i#h#f3 #b74 ,WAGES = WORK]S W]E 9CREAS$ & EQUALIZ$1 FREE M$ICAL C>E WAS PROVID$1 & ! TRAMWAY WORK]S ALSO BEGAN TO PRODUCE ROCKETS & H[ITZ]S = ! W> EF=T4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! WORK]S AT ! ,HISPANO-,SUIZA FACTORY = LUXURY C>S TURN$ ! L9ES OV] TO W> PRODUCTION1 ) FIFTE5 >MOR$ C>S PRODUC$ = ! FRONT )9 SEV5 DAYS ( ! />T ( RE/RUCTUR+ 7,AMSD5 #a#i#g#i74 ,SIMIL> EXAMPLES ( RE/RUCTUR+ UND] WORK]S' CONTROL 9 O!R SECTORS AB\ND 7,AMSD5 #a#i#g#i2 ,CONLON #a#i#h#f2 ,FLOOD ET AL #a#i#i#g2 ,GUILL5 #a#i#i#b74 

,CLE>LY1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 9DICATES ?AT ! GOALS ( CLASSLESNESS1 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$1 & DEMOCRATIC ECONOMIC PLANN+ W]E BO? REALIZABLE & QUITE COMPATIBLE ) ECONOMIC EFFICI5CY1 9NOVATION1 9CREAS$ \TPUT1 & EV5 ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO CLAIM ?AT MI/AKES W]E NOT MADE4 ,FIR/LY1 ECONOMIC CO-ORD9ATION BETWE5 COLLECTIVES WAS UNEV5LY APPLI$4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY EVID5T 9 9DU/RY :]E !RE W]E 9ITIALLY FEW ATTEMPTS TO CO-ORD9ATE BEYOND ! WORKPLACE1 & A NUMB] ( FIRMS BEGAN TO SELL GOODS ON ! M>KET 9 A MANN] /RONGLY REM9ISC5T ( ,PR\DHONIAN MUTUALISM 7,FLOOD ET AL #a#i#i#g2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,SEV]AL SOLUTIONS W]E APPLI$3 ONE WAS = COLLECTIVES TO CONT9UE OP]AT+ )9 ! M>KET1 BUT UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! TRADE UNION 9 ?AT 9DU/RY1 :I* W\LD SEEK TO M9IMIZE ! ILL-EFFECTS ( ?IS SITUATION2 ANO!R APPROA* WAS TO UNIFY :OLE 9DU/RIES ?R\< ! EGIS ( TRADE UNIONS1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE AN ORGANIZ$ /RUCTURE TO L9K ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES TOGE!R 9 A DEMOCRATIC PROCESS ( PLANN+ 7,FLOOD ET AL #a#i#i#g74 ,?IS LATT] OPTION WAS SIMIL> TO ! PROCESS ( REGIONAL F$]ATION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,H[EV]1 NONE ( !SE SOLUTIONS WAS 5TIRELY SATISFACTORY3 ! FIR/ FAIL$ TO TRANSC5D ! M>KET =M1 & 9/EAD TURN$ 9TO A =M ( 0WORK] CAPITALISM0 7AS MANY MILITANTS PO9T$ \T72 9 ! SECOND MODEL1 CO-ORD9ATION TOOK PLACE1 AT BE/1 AT ! LEVEL ( 9DU/RY1 OR RURAL REGION1 & DID NOT ?US PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE VEHICLE = COMPREH5SIVE PLANN+1 &1 H5CE1 ! FULL REALIZATION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 

,?US1 ! COLLECTIVES' ULTIMATE FAILURE WAS A LACK ( UNITY AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL2 ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM1 9 P>TICUL>1 WAS NOT SOCIALIZ$1 :IL/ ! 7NON-,FRANCOI/7 ,/ATE ITSELF CONT9U$ TO EXI/4 ,! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE & ! ORGANS ( WORK]-PEASANT SELF-MANAGEM5T SOON CAME 9TO CONFLICT4 ,A S]IES ( DECREES DESIGN$ TO BR+ ! COLLECTIVES UND] EV] CLOS] ,/ATE SUP]VISION W]E P>ALLEL$ BY ATTEMPTS TO SABOTAGE !IR FUNCTION+ :I* 9CLUD$ DELIB]ATE DISRUPTIONS ( URBAN-RURAL EX*ANGES1 & ! SY/EMATIC D5IAL ( WORK+ CAPITAL & RAW MAT]IALS TO MANY COLLECTIVES 7,AMSD5 #a#i#g#i2 ,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iA1 #a#i#g#iB2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 /REET BATTLES BROKE \T AS TROOPS MOV$ AGA9/ URBAN COLLECTIVES SU* AS ! ,C4,N4,T4- CONTROLL$ TELEPHONE EX*ANGE 9 ,B>CELONA 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iA1 #a#i#g#iB2 ,CONLON #a#i#h#f2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g1 ,>AGON WAS MILIT>ILY 9VAD$1 COMPLETELY DE/ROY+ ?IRTY P]C5T ( ! COLLECTIVES & =CIBLY DISB&+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON2 SIMIL> ATTACKS W]E LAT] LAUN*$ 9 ! ,LEVANT1 9 ,CA/ILE & 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,HUESAC & ,T]ULE 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iA1 #a#i#g#iB2 ,CONLON #a#i#h#f2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#h1 ALL W>-RELAT$ 9DU/RIES W]E PLAC$ UND] FULL GOV]NM5T CONTROL 7,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 ,9 ALL CASES :]E ! COLLECTIVES W]E UND]M9$1 !RE W]E SUB/ANTIAL DROPS 9 BO? PRODUCTIVITY & MORALE3 A FACTOR :I* SURELY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC BY ! ,FRANCOI/ =CES 9 #aici 7,BREITB>T #a#i#g#iB2 ,CONLON #a#i#h#f2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g74 

,IT %\LD JU/1 H[EV]1 BE NOT$ 9 CONCLUSION ?AT ! FAILURE ( ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO 9/ITUTE LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM AT A NATIONAL LEVEL DID NOT REFLECT AN 9ABILITY OR UNWILL+NESS TO ORGANIZE AT A NATIONAL LEVEL 70AMBIVAL5CE TO ! T]RIFY+ 5IGMA ( /ATE P[]0 7 OR A DESIRE TO RETURN TO A 0B>T] ECONOMY0 7667 AS ,AMSD5 7#a#i#g#i3 #a1 #a#b7 ASS]TS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,S>AGOSSA ,PROGRAM ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 CALL$ = BO? ! NATIONAL LEVEL F$]ATION ( ! WORK] & PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS1 AS WELL AS A NATIONAL-LEVEL WORK]-CONTROLL$ ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL TO CO-ORD9ATE ! MILIT>Y DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION 7,GUILL5 #a#i#i#b2 ,WETZEL #a#i#h#g74 ,!IR FAILURE TO 9/ITUTE FULL LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM WAS NOT ?US ! PRODUCT ( LACUNAE & CONFUSION 9 ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S' PROGRAM1 BUT1 RA!R1 ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO CO-OP]ATE ) ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! APP>5TLY MORE PRESS+ ?REAT ( ,FRANCO - A TACTICAL DECISION :I* CONTRADICT$ ALL ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PR9CIPLES 7,CONLON #a#i#h#f2 ,GEUR9 #a#i#g2 ,GUILL5 #a#i#i#b74 ,NONE!LESS1 ! SELF-LIMITATIONS ACCEPT$ BY ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S AS A MEANS TO MAKE ?IS UNHOLY TACTICAL ALLIANCE POSSIBLE DID NOT1 AS WE HAVE SE51 PREV5T ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T FROM MOV+ AGA9/ ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S AS SOON AS ! OPPORTUNITY PRES5T$ ITSELF4 ,GUILL5 SUMM>IZES ! LESSONS ( ?IS EXP]I5CE AS FOLL[S3 0! LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION SUFF]S ONE DILEMMA 3 EI!R IT IS C>RI$ \T IMM$IATELY & TOTALLY1 ABOVE & BEL[1 OR IT IS LO/ TO ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE & TO ITS BUREAUCRATIC & B\RGEOIS SUPPORT]S 44 LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL P[] MU/ SUB/ITUTE & DE/ROY ! EXPLOITATIVE & OPRESSIVE /ATE0 7#a#i#i#b3 #b#e-#f74 

,9 ,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N 

,?IS PAP] HAS S\<T TO EXAM9E :E!R A FUTURE = SOCIALISM EXI/S4 ,! EFFECT ( ! TW9 CRISIS ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY & ,L59ISM HAS BE5 TO DELEGITIMISE ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT 9 ! EYES ( MANY4 ,IT IS AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND ?AT ,I HAVE S\<T TO RE/ATE ! CASE AGA9/ ! M>KET1 >GU+ ?AT IT IS AN 9DEF5SIBLE SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION4 ,! NEXT /EP 9 MY >GUM5T WAS TO CRITICALLY EXAM9E ! V>I\S 0SOCIALISM'S0 CURR5TLY OR PREVI\SLY ON (F] AS ALT]NATIVES4 ,H]E ,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT NEI!R SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 ,L59ISM NOR 0M>KET SOCIALISM0 PROVIDE FEASIBLE ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM4 ,! ,/ATE DOES NOT PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM1 NOR CAPITALISM AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,/ATE4 ,BO? ( !SE /RUCTURES ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION >E 9TEGRALLY L9K$ TO1 & COMPLEM5T1 EA* O!R4 ,GIV5 ?AT NEI!R /RUCTURE IS1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$1 DESIRABLE1 ! QUE/ION BECOMES3 IS !RE A ?IRD WAY8 ,MY DISCUSSION ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM - /ATELESS SOCIALISM - HAS S\<T TO DEMON/RATE ! 9TELLECTUALLY COH]5CE1 FEASIBILITY & DESIRABILITY ( JU/ SU* AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,! ISSUE FAC+ SOCIALI/S %\LD NOT !RE=E BE 30IS ?IS ! 5D ( HI/ORY804 ,RA!R1 ! *ALL5GE IS TO R$ISCOV] & LE>N FROM AN IMPORTANT P>T ( SOCIALI/ HI/ORY1 ! RI* & HI/ORICALLY V9DICAT$ TRADITION ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 

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,ALB]T1 ,M4 & ,R4 ,HAHNEL1 7#a#i#i#b71 0,P>TICIPATORY ,PLANN+0 9 ,SCI5CE & ,SOCIETY #e#f7#a7 

,AMSD51 ,J41 4 7#a#i#g#i71 0,9DU/RIAL ,COLLECTIVISM ,UND] ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL3 ,CATALONIA1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i10 9 ,ANTIPODE3 ,A ,RADICAL ,J\RNAL ,( ,GEOGRAPHY4 #a 7#c7 @& #aa 7#a74 P#f#e4 

,>%9OV1 ,P4 7#a#i#h#g7 1 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T #a#i#a#h-#b#a 4 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 

,AVRI*1 ,P41 7#a#i#f#g71 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S4 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BAKUN91 ,M41 7#a#h#g#a71 0,GOD & ! ,/ATE01 9 ,S4 ,DOLG(F 7$471 7#a#i#g#c71 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM4 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW94 

,BAKUN91 ,M41 7#a#h#g#a71 0,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y01 9 ,S4 ,DOLG(F 7$471 7#a#i#g#c71 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM4 ,GEORGE ,ALL5 & ,UNW94 

,BAKUN91 ,M41 7#a#i#i71 ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE4 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 ,LONDON4 

,BAKUN91 ,M41 7#a#i#i#d71 ,! ,CAPITALI/ ,SY/EM4 ,LIB]T>A9 ,LABOR ,REVIEW4 

,B5DANA1 ,A41 7#a#i#i#e71 ,A ,S&9I/A ,COMMEMORATION ( ! ,S&9O ,C5T5NIAL4 ,SPEE* ,GIV5 ON ! #fa ,ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,DEA? ( ,G5]AL ,S&9O1 HELD 9 ,MANAGUA'S ,OLAF ,PALME ,CONV5TION ,C5T]4 ,DI/RIBUT$ BY ,C5T] = ,9T]NATIONAL ,/UDIES1 ,MANAGUA4 ,TRANS3 ,F4,S4 ,C\RNEYU] 

,B]KMAN1 ,A41 7#a#i#h#i71 ,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8 ,PH5IX4 

,BREITB>T1 ,M4,M4 7#a#i#g#iA71 0,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM3 AN 9TRODUCTORY ESSAY10 9 ,ANTIPODE3 ,A ,RADICAL ,J\RNAL ,( ,GEOGRAPHY4 #a 7#c7 @& #aa 7#a74 

,BREITB>T1 ,M4,M4 7#a#i#g#iB71 0,AN>*I/ ,DEC5TRALISM 9 ,RURAL ,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#i3 ! ,9TEGRATION ( ,COMMUNITY & ,5VIRONM5T10 9 ,ANTIPODE3 ,A ,RADICAL ,J\RNAL ,( ,GEOGRAPHY4 #a 7#c7 @& #aa 7#a74 

,CLEAV]1 ,H1 7#a#i#i#c71 ,KROPOTK91 ,SELF-,VALORIZATION ,& ,! ,CRISIS ,( ,M>XISM1 MIMEO1 REPR9T$ 9 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 ,LANCA/]1,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 #a#i#i#c4 

,CONLON1 ,E41 7#a#i#i#c71 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>3 ,AN>*ISM ,9 ,ACTION4 ,DUBL94 

,DIRLIK1 ,A41 7#a#i#i#a71 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION4 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 ,B]KELEY & ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,CALI=NIA4 

,F]N&EZ1 ,F41 7#a#i#h#f71 ,CUBA3 ! ,AN>*I/S & ,LIB]TY4 ,A,S,P4 ,LONDON4 

,FLOOD1 ,A41 7#a#i#i#b71 0,AFT] ! ,COLLAPSE ( ',SOCIALISM'3 ,AN>*ISM ,TODAY01 9 ,WORK]S ,SOLID>ITY4 NO4 #c#c4 ,DUBL94 

,FLOOD1 ,A41 7#a#i#i#d71 0,! ,LEFT 444 ,A%ES TO ,PEONIX_/ ,TIME TO ,GET ,CON/RUCTIVE01 9 ,R$ & ,BLACK ,REVOLUTION3 A ,MAGAZ9E ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 NO4 #a4 ,DUBL94 

,FLOOD1 ,A41 ,ELK91 ,G41 ,MC,KAY1 ,I4 & ,D4 ,NEAL1 7#a#i#i#f71 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q 7,FREQU5TLY ,ASK$ ,QUE/ION7 ,PAGE4 HTTP3_/_/WWW4GEOCITIES4COM_/,CAPITOL,HILL_/#a#i#c#a4 

,GEUR91 ,D41 7#a#i#g71 ,AN>*ISM FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE4 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS4 

,GUILL51 ,A41 7#a#i#i#b71 ,AN>*I/ ,ECONOMICS4 ,I,S,E,L_/,LA ,PR5SA4 ,MA*E/]4 

,HA ,KI ,RAK1 7#a#i#h#f71 ,HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T4 ,AN>*I/ ,PUBLSIH+ ,COMMITTEE1 ,SE\L4 

,HAYEK1 ,F4,A41 7#a#i#d#d71 ,! ,ROAD TO ,S]FDOM1 ,R\TL$GE4 ,LONDON4 

,K5AFIK1 ,K4,J41 7#a#i#i71 0,9TRODUCTION01 9 ,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE4 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 ,LONDON4 

,KROPOTK91 ,P41 7#a#i#h#g71 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3 ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES01 9 ,P4 ,KROPOTK91 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 ,LONDON4 

,MAKHNO1 ,N41 ,>*9OV1 ,P4 ET AL1 7#a#i#b#f71 ,! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/S1 V>I\S $ITIONS4 

,M>%ALL1 ,P41 7#a#i#i#d71 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,FONTANA4 

,NOVE1 ,A41 7#a#i#i71 ,/UDIES 9 ,ECONOMICS & ,RUSSIA1 ,/4 ,M>T9S ,PRESS4 ,NEW ,YORK4 

,ROCK]1 ,R41 7#a#i#h#h71 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS4 ,LONDON4 

,S\?ALL1 ,R41 7#a#i#i#e71 ,IMP]IALISM OR ,SOLID>ITY8 ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR & ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,U,C,T ,PRESS4 

,/E91 ,J41 7#a#i#i#bA71 0,AN>*I/ ,ECONOMICS3 ! ,COLLECTIVI/ ,TRADITION01 9 ,LIB]T>IAN ,LABOR ,REVIEW1 NO4 #a#c4 

,/E91 ,J41 7#a#i#i#bB71 0,REVIEW3 ,M>KET ,AN>*ISM8 ,CAVEAT ,EMPTOR601 9 ,LIB]T>IAN ,LABOR ,REVIEW1 NO4 #a#c4 

VAN D] ,L9D51 ,M4 & ,W4 ,?ORPE 7$S471 7#a#i#i#e71 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM3 ,AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,P]SPECTIVE4 ,SCOL> ,PRESS 4 

,WETZEL1 ,T41 7#a#i#h#g71 ,WORK]S ,P[] & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,NEW ,YORK4 MIMEO4 

,WOODCOCK1 ,G41 7#a#i#f#a7 ,AN>*ISM3 A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS4 ,P5GU94 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/