,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,B4,F4 ,SK9N] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,I 

,A C5TURY AGO1 A VOICE ( ,BRITI% LIB]ALISM DESCRIB$ ! 0,*9AMAN0 AS 0AN 9F]IOR RACE ( MALLEABLE ORI5TALS40.<#a.> ,DUR+ ! SAME YE>S1 AN?ROPOLOGY BECAME PR(ESSIONALIZ$ AS A DISCIPL9E1 09TIMATELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! RISE ( RACIOLOGY40.<#b.> ,PRES5T$ ) ! CLAIMS ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY RACI/ AN?ROPOLOGY1 A RATIONAL P]SON WILL ASK TWO SORTS ( QUE/IONS3 ,:AT IS ! SCI5TIFIC /ATUS ( ! CLAIMS8 ,:AT SOCIAL OR IDEOLOGICAL NE$S DO !Y S]VE8 ,! QUE/IONS >E LOGICALLY 9DEP5D5T1 BUT ! SECOND TYPE ( QUE/ION NATURALLY COMES TO ! =E AS SCI5TIFIC PRET5SIONS >E UND]M9$4 ,! QUE/ION ( ! SCI5TIFIC /ATUS ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY RACI/ AN?ROPOLOGY IS NO LONG] S]I\SLY AT ISSUE1 & ITS SOCIAL FUNCTION IS NOT DIFFICULT TO P]CEIVE4 ,IF ! 0,*9AMAN0 IS MALLEABLE BY NATURE1 !N :AT OBJECTION CAN !RE BE TO CONTROLS EX]CIS$ BY A SUP]IOR RACE8 

,CONSID] N[ A G5]ALIZ$ V]SION ( ! PSEUDO-SCI5CE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 IT IS NOT M]ELY ! HEA!N ,*9ESE :O >E MALLEABLE BY NATURE1 BUT RA!R ALL PEOPLE4 ,SCI5CE HAS REVEAL$ ?AT IT IS AN ILLUSION TO SPEAK ( 0FRE$OM0 & 0DIGNITY40 ,:AT A P]SON DOES IS FULLY DET]M9$ BY HIS G5ETIC 5D[M5T & HI/ORY ( 0RE9=CEM5T40 ,!RE=E WE %\LD MAKE USE ( ! BE/ BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY TO %APE & CONTROL BEHAVIOR 9 ! COMMON 9T]E/4 

,AGA91 WE MAY 9QUIRE 9TO ! EXACT MEAN+ & SCI5TIFIC /ATUS ( ! CLAIM1 & ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS IT S]VES4 ,AGA91 IF ! SCI5TIFIC /ATUS IS SLI<T1 !N IT IS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ TO CONSID] ! CLIMATE ( OP9ION )9 :I* ! CLAIM IS TAK5 S]I\SLY4 

,9 HIS SPECULATIONS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 :I* >E TO BE CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ FROM HIS EXP]IM5TAL 9VE/IGATIONS ( CONDITION+ BEHAVIOR1 ,B4 ,F4 ,SK9N] (F]S A P>TICUL> V]SION ( ! !ORY ( HUMAN MALLEABILITY4 ,! PUBLIC RECEPTION ( HIS WORK IS A MATT] ( SOME 9T]E/4 ,SK9N] HAS BE5 CONDEMN$ AS A PROPON5T ( TOTALIT>IAN ?9K+ & LAUD$ = HIS ADVOCACY ( A TI<TLY MANAG$ SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,HE IS ACCUS$ ( IMMORALITY & PRAIS$ AS A SPOKESMAN = SCI5CE & RATIONALITY 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,HE APPE>S TO BE ATTACK+ FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN VALUES1 DEM&+ CONTROL 9 PLACE ( ! DEF5SE ( FRE$OM & DIGNITY4 ,!RE SEEMS SOME?+ SC&AL\S 9 ?IS1 & S9CE ,SK9N] 9VOKES ! AU?ORITY ( SCI5CE1 SOME CRITICS CONDEMN SCI5CE ITSELF1 OR 0! SCI5TIFIC VIEW ( MAN10 = SUPPORT+ SU* CONCLUSIONS1 :ILE O!RS ASSURE US ?AT SCI5CE WILL 0W9 \T0 OV] MY/ICISM & IRRATIONAL BELIEF4 

,A CLOSE ANALYSIS %[S ?AT ! APPE>ANCE IS MISLEAD+4 ,SK9N] IS SAY+ NO?+ AB\T FRE$OM & DIGNITY1 ?\< HE USES ! WORDS 0FRE$OM0 & 0DIGNITY0 9 SEV]AL ODD & IDIOSYNCRATIC S5SES4 ,HIS SPECULATIONS >E DEVOID ( SCI5TIFIC CONT5T & DO NOT EV5 H9T AT G5]AL \TL9ES ( A POSSIBLE SCI5CE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,SK9N] IMPOSES C]TA9 >BITR>Y LIMITATIONS ON SCI5TIFIC RESE>* :I* VIRTUALLY GU>ANTEE CONT9U$ FAILURE4 

,AS TO ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS1 ,SK9N]'S SCI5CE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 BE+ QUITE VACU\S1 IS AS CONG5IAL TO ! LIB]T>IAN AS TO ! FASCI/4 ,IF C]TA9 ( HIS REM>KS SUGGE/ ONE OR ANO!R 9T]PRETATION1 !SE1 IT MU/ BE /RESS$1 DO NOT FOLL[ FROM HIS 0SCI5CE0 ANY MORE ?AN !IR OPPOSITES DO4 ,I ?9K IT W\LD BE MORE ACCURATE TO REG>D ,SK9N]'S ,BEYOND ,FRE$OM & ,DIGNITY AS A K9D ( ,RORS*A* TE/4 ,! FACT ?AT IT IS WIDELY REG>D$ AS PO9T+ ! WAY TO #aihd IS1 P]HAPS1 A SUGGE/IVE 9DICATION ( C]TA9 T5D5CIES 9 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT A !ORY ( HUMAN MALLEABILITY MI<T BE PUT TO ! S]VICE ( TOTALIT>IAN DOCTR9E4 ,IF1 9DE$1 FRE$OM & DIGNITY >E M]ELY ! RELICS ( \TDAT$ MY/ICAL BELIEFS1 !N :AT OBJECTION CAN !RE BE TO N>R[ & EFFECTIVE CONTROLS 9/ITUT$ TO 5SURE 0! SURVIVAL ( A CULTURE08 

,9 VIEW ( ! PRE/IGE ( SCI5CE & ! T5D5CIES T[>D C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL :I* CAN EASILY BE DETECT$ 9 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO 9VE/IGATE S]I\SLY ! CLAIM ?AT ! SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR & A RELAT$ TE*NOLOGY PROVIDE ! RATIONALE & ! MEANS = CONTROL ( BEHAVIOR4 ,:AT1 9 FACT1 HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$1 OR EV5 PLAUSIBLY SUGGE/$ 9 ?IS REG>D8 

,SK9N] ASSURES US REPEAT$LY ?AT HIS SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR IS ADVANC+ MI<TILY & ?AT !RE EXI/S AN EFFECTIVE TE*NOLOGY ( CONTROL4 ,IT IS1 HE CLAIMS1 A 0FACT ?AT ALL CONTROL IS EX]T$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T0 7P4 #h#b74 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 0,:5 WE SEEM TO TURN CONTROL OV] TO A P]SON HIMSELF1 WE SIMPLY %IFT FROM ONE MODE ( CONTROL TO ANO!R0 7P4 #i#g74 ,! ONLY S]I\S TASK1 !N1 IS TO DESIGN LESS 0AV]SIVE0 & MORE EFFECTIVE CONTROLS1 AN 5G9E]+ PROBLEM4 0,! \TL9ES ( A TE*NOLOGY >E ALREADY CLE>0 7P4 #a#d#i74 0,WE HAVE ! PHYSICAL1 BIOLOGICAL1 & BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGIES NE$$ 'TO SAVE \RSELVES'2 ! PROBLEM IS H[ TO GET PEOPLE TO USE !M0 7P4 #a#e#h74 

,IT IS A FACT1 ,SK9N] MA9TA9S1 ?AT 0BEHAVIOR IS %AP$ & MA9TA9$ BY ITS CONSEQU5CES0 & ?AT AS ! CONSEQU5CES CONT+5T ON BEHAVIOR >E 9VE/IGAT$1 MORE & MORE 0!Y >E TAK+ OV] ! EXPLANATORY FUNCTIONS PREVI\SLY ASSIGN$ TO P]SONALITIES1 /ATES ( M9D1 FEEL+S1 TRAITS ( *>ACT]1 PURPOSES1 & 9T5TIONS0 7P4 #a#h74 

,AS A SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR ADOPTS ! /RATEGY ( PHYSICS & BIOLOGY1 ! AUTONOM\S AG5T TO :I* BEHAVIOR HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 ATTRIBUT$ IS REPLAC$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T -- ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! SPECIES EVOLV$ & 9 :I* ! BEHAVIOR ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS %AP$ & MA9TA9$4 .<,P4 #a#h#d4.> 

,A 0BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS0 IS ?US REPLAC+ ! 0TRADITIONAL APPEAL TO /ATES ( M9D1 FEEL+S1 & O!R ASPECTS ( ! AUTONOM\S MAN10 & 0IS 9 FACT MU* FUR!R ADVANC$ ?AN ITS CRITICS USUALLY REALIZE0 7P4 #a#f74 ,HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION ( 0CONDITIONS1 5VIRONM5TAL OR G5ETIC10 & PEOPLE %\LD NOT OBJECT 0:5 A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS TRACES !IR BEHAVIOR TO EXT]NAL CONDITIONS0 7P4 #g#e71 OR :5 A BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY IMPROVES ! SY/EM ( CONTROL4 

,NOT ONLY HAS ALL ( ?IS BE5 DEMON/RAT$1 ACCORD+ TO ,SK9N]1 BUT AS ! SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR PROGRESSES1 IT WILL1 9EVITABLY1 MORE FULLY E/ABLI% !SE FACTS4 0,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS ?AT ! FUNCTIONS ( AUTONOM\S MAN BE TAK5 OV] ONE BY ONE AS ! ROLE ( ! 5VIRONM5T IS BETT] UND]/OOD0 7P4 #e#h74 ,?IS IS ! 0SCI5TIFIC VIEW10 & 0IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY0 ?AT ! EVID5CE %\LD %IFT 9 ITS FAVOR 7P4 #a#a74 0,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( AN EXP]IM5TAL ANALYSIS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR ?AT IT %\LD /RIP AWAY ! FUNCTIONS PREVI\SLY ASSIGN$ TO AUTONOM\S MAN & TRANSF] !M ONE BY ONE TO ! CONTROLL+ 5VIRONM5T0 7P4 #a#i#h74 ,FUR!RMORE1 PHYSIOLOGY SOME DAY 0WILL EXPLA9 :Y BEHAVIOR IS 9DE$ RELAT$ TO ! ANTEC$5T EV5TS ( :I* IT CAN BE %[N TO BE A FUNCTION0 7P4 #a#i#e74 

,!SE CLAIMS FALL 9TO TWO CATEGORIES4 ,9 ! FIR/ >E CLAIMS AB\T :AT HAS BE5 DISCOV]$2 9 ! SECOND1 ASS]TIONS AB\T :AT SCI5CE MU/ DISCOV] 9 ITS 9EXORABLE PROGRESS4 ,IT IS LIKELY ?AT ! HOPE OR FE> OR RESIGNATION 9DUC$ BY ,SK9N]'S PROCLAMATIONS RESULTS1 9 P>T1 FROM HIS ASS]TIONS ?AT SCI5TIFIC PROGRESS WILL 9EVITABLY DEMON/RATE BO? ?AT ALL CONTROL IS EX]T$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T & ?AT ! ABILITY ( 0AUTONOM\S MAN0 TO *OOSE IS AN ILLUSION4 

,CLAIMS ( ! FIR/ SORT MU/ BE EVALUAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! EVID5CE PRES5T$ = !M4 ,9 ! PRES5T 9/ANCE1 ?IS IS A SIMPLE TASK1 S9CE NO EVID5CE IS PRES5T$1 AS WILL BECOME CLE> :5 WE TURN TO MORE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES4 ,9 FACT1 ! QUE/ION ( EVID5CE IS BESIDE ! PO9T1 S9CE ! CLAIMS DISSOLVE 9TO TRIVIALITY OR 9COH]5CE UND] ANALYSIS4 ,CLAIMS ) REG>D TO ! 9EVITABILITY ( FUTURE DISCOV]IES >E MORE AMBIGU\S4 ,IS ,SK9N] SAY+ ?AT1 AS A MATT] ( NECESSITY1 SCI5CE WILL %[ ?AT BEHAVIOR IS COMPLETELY DET]M9$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T8 ,IF SO1 HIS CLAIM CAN BE DISMISS$ AS PURE DOGMATISM1 =EIGN TO ! 0NATURE ( SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY40 ,IT IS QUITE CONCEIVABLE ?AT AS SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ADVANCES1 IT WILL REVEAL ?AT EV5 ) FULL DETAILS AB\T G5ETIC 5D[M5T & P]SONAL HI/ORY1 A ,LAPLACEAN OMNISCI5CE C\LD PR$ICT V]Y LITTLE AB\T :AT AN ORGANISM WILL DO4 ,IT IS EV5 POSSIBLE ?AT SCI5CE MAY SOME DAY PROVIDE PR9CIPL$ REASONS = ?IS CONCLUSION 7IF 9DE$ IT IS TRUE74 

,BUT P]HAPS ,SK9N] IS SUGGE/+ M]ELY ?AT ! T]M 0SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+0 BE RE/RICT$ TO ! PR$ICTION ( BEHAVIOR FROM 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,IF SO1 !N SCI5CE MAY REVEAL1 AS IT PROGRESSES1 ?AT 0SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR10 9 ?IS S5SE1 IS 9H]5TLY LIMIT$4 ,AT ! MOM5T WE HAVE VIRTUALLY NO SCI5TIFIC EVID5CE & NOT EV5 ! G]MS ( AN 9T]E/+ HYPO!SIS AB\T H[ HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS DET]M9$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 WE CAN ONLY EXPRESS \R HOPES & GUESSES AB\T :AT SOME FUTURE SCI5CE MAY DEMON/RATE4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ! CLAIMS ?AT ,SK9N] PUTS =? 9 ?IS CATEGORY >E EI!R DOGMATIC OR UN9T]E/+1 DEP5D+ ON :I* 9T]PRETATION WE GIVE TO !M4 

,! DOGMATIC ELEM5T 9 ,SK9N]'S ?9K+ IS FUR!R REVEAL$ :5 HE /ATES ?AT 0! TASK ( A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS IS TO EXPLA9 H[ ! BEHAVIOR ( A P]SON AS A PHYSICAL SY/EM IS RELAT$ TO ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! HUMAN SPECIES EVOLV$ & ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL LIVES0 7P4 #a#d74 ,SURELY ! TASK ( A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS IS TO DISCOV] ! FACTS & EXPLA9 !M4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT 9 FACT ! HUMAN BRA9 OP]ATES BY PHYSICAL PR9CIPLES 7P]HAPS N[ UNKN[N7 ?AT PROVIDE = FREE *OICE1 APPROPRIATE TO SITUATIONS BUT ONLY M>G9ALLY AFFECT$ BY 5VIRONM5TAL CONT+5CIES4 ,! TASK ( SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS IS NOT -- AS ,SK9N] BELIEVES -- TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! CONDITIONS TO :I* HE RE/RICTS HIS ATT5TION FULLY DET]M9E HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 BUT RA!R TO DISCOV] :E!R 9 FACT !Y DO 7OR :E!R !Y >E AT ALL SIGNIFICANT71 A V]Y DIFF]5T MATT]4 ,IF !Y DO NOT1 AS SEEMS PLAUSIBLE1 ! 0TASK ( A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS0 WILL BE TO CL>IFY ! ISSUES & DISCOV] AN 9TELLIGIBLE EXPLANATORY !ORY ?AT WILL DEAL ) ! ACTUAL FACTS4 ,SURELY NO SCI5TI/ W\LD FOLL[ ,SK9N] 9 9SI/+ ON ! A PRIORI NECESSITY ?AT SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION WILL LEAD TO A P>TICUL> CONCLUSION1 SPECIFI$ 9 ADVANCE4 

,9 SUPPORT ( HIS BELIEF ?AT SCI5CE WILL DEMON/RATE ?AT BEHAVIOR IS 5TIRELY A FUNCTION ( ANTEC$5T EV5TS1 ,SK9N] NOTES ?AT PHYSICS ADVANC$ ONLY :5 IT 0/OPP$ P]SONIFY+ ?+S0 & ATTRIBUT+ TO !M 0WILLS1 IMPULSES1 FEEL+S1 PURPOSES10 & SO ON 7P4 #h74 ,!RE=E1 HE CONCLUDES1 ! SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR WILL PROGRESS ONLY :5 IT /OPS P]SONIFY+ PEOPLE & AVOIDS REF]5CE TO 09T]NAL /ATES40 ,NO D\BT PHYSICS ADVANC$ BY REJECT+ ! VIEW ?AT A ROCK'S WI% TO FALL IS A FACTOR 9 ITS 0BEHAVIOR10 BECAUSE 9 FACT A ROCK HAS NO SU* WI%4 ,= ,SK9N]'S >GUM5T TO HAVE ANY =CE1 HE MU/ %[ ?AT PEOPLE HAVE WILLS1 IMPULSES1 FEEL+S1 PURPOSES1 & ! LIKE NO MORE ?AN ROCKS DO4 ,IF PEOPLE DO DIFF] FROM ROCKS 9 ?IS RESPECT1 !N A SCI5CE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR WILL HAVE TO TAKE ACC\NT ( ?IS FACT4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,SK9N] IS CORRECT 9 ASS]T+ ?AT 0MOD]N PHYSICS OR MO/ ( BIOLOGY0 DOES NOT DISCUSS SU* MATT]S AS 0A CRISIS ( BELIEF0 OR 0LOSS ( CONFID5CE0 7P4 #a74 ,EVID5TLY1 FROM ?IS CORRECT OBS]VATION NO?+ FOLL[S AB\T ! SCI5CE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,PHYSICS & BIOLOGY1 ,SK9N] OBS]VES1 0DID NOT ADVANCE BY LOOK+ MORE CLOSELY AT ! JUBILANCE ( A FALL+ BODY1 OR444! NATURE ( VITAL SPIRITS1 & WE DO NOT NE$ TO TRY TO DISCOV] :AT P]SONALITIES1 /ATES ( M9D1 FEEL+S1 TRAITS ( *>ACT]1 PLANS1 PURPOSES1 9T5TIONS1 OR ! O!R P]QUISITES ( AUTONOM\S MAN REALLY >E 9 ORD] TO GET ON ) A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( BEHAVIOR02 & WE MU/ NEGLECT 0SUPPOS$ M$IAT+ /ATES ( M9D0 7P4 #a#e74 

,?IS IS TRUE 5\<1 IF 9DE$ !RE >E NO M$IAT+ /ATES ?AT CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY AN AB/RACT !ORY ( M9D1 & IF P]SONALITIES1 ETC41 >E NO MORE REAL ?AN ! JUBILANCE ( A FALL+ BODY4 ,BUT IF ! FACTUAL ASSUMPTIONS >E FALSE1 !N WE C]TA9LY DO NE$ TO TRY TO DISCOV] :AT ! 0P]QUISITES ( AUTONOM\S MAN0 REALLY >E4 ,SK9N] MI<T >GUE1 MORE RATIONALLY1 ?AT HIS 0SCI5CE0 DOES NOT OV]LOOK !SE 0P]QUISITES10 BUT RA!R ACC\NTS 9 O!R WAYS = ! PH5OM5A DISCUSS$ 9 !SE T]MS4 ,WE %ALL SEE DIRECTLY :AT SUB/ANCE !RE IS TO SU* A CLAIM4 

,IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT SCI5CE HAS ADVANC$ ONLY BY REPUDIAT+ HYPO!SES CONC]N+ 09T]NAL /ATES40 ,BY REJECT+ ! /UDY ( PO/ULAT$ 9N] /ATES ,SK9N] REVEALS HIS HO/ILITY NOT ONLY TO 0! NATURE ( SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY0 BUT EV5 TO COMMON 5G9E]+ PRACTICE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,SK9N] BELIEVES ?AT 09=MATION !ORY0 RAN 9TO A 0PROBLEM :5 AN 9N] 'PROCESSOR' HAD TO BE 9V5T$ TO CONV]T 9PUT 9TO \TPUT0 7P4 #a#h74 

,?IS IS A /RANGE WAY ( DESCRIB+ ! MATT]4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT AN 5G9E] IS PRES5T$ ) A DEVICE :OSE FUNCTION+ HE DOES NOT UND]/&1 & SUPPOSE ?AT ?R\< EXP]IM5T HE CAN OBTA9 9=MATION AB\T 9PUT-\TPUT RELATIONS ( ?IS DEVICE4 ,HE W\LD NOT HESITATE1 IF RATIONAL1 TO CON/RUCT A !ORY ( ! 9T]NAL /ATES ( ! DEVICE & TO TE/ IT AGA9/ FUR!R EVID5CE4 ,HE MI<T ALSO GO ON TO TRY TO DET]M9E ! ME*ANISMS ?AT FUNCTION 9 ! WAYS DESCRIB$ BY HIS !ORY ( 9T]NAL /ATES1 & ! PHYSICAL PR9CIPLES AT WORK -- LEAV+ OP5 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT NEW & UNKN[N PHYSICAL PR9CIPLES MI<T BE 9VOLV$1 A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT MATT] 9 ! /UDY ( BEHAVIOR ( ORGANISMS4 ,HIS !ORY ( 9T]NAL /ATES MI<T WELL BE ! ONLY USEFUL GUIDE TO FUR!R RESE>*4 ,BY OBJECT+1 A PRIORI1 TO ?IS RESE>* /RATEGY1 ,SK9N] M]ELY CONDEMNS HIS /RANGE V>IETY ( 0BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE0 TO CONT9U$ 9EPTITUDE4 

,WE CANNOT SPECIFY1 A PRIORI1 :AT PO/ULATES & HYPO!SES >E LEGITIMATE4 ,SK9N]'S A PRIORISM 9 ?IS REG>D IS NO MORE LEGITIMATE ?AN ! CLAIM ?AT CLASSICAL PHYSICS IS NOT 0SCI5CE0 BECAUSE IT APPEALS TO ! 0OCCULT =CE ( GRAVITY40 ,IF A CONCEPT OR PR9CIPLE F9DS ITS PLACE 9 AN EXPLANATORY !ORY1 IT CANNOT BE EXCLUD$ ON ME?ODOLOGICAL GR\NDS1 AS ,SK9N] CONT9UALLY 9SI/S4 ,9 G5]AL1 ,SK9N]'S CONCEPTION ( SCI5CE IS V]Y ODD4 ,NOT ONLY DO HIS A PRIORI ME?ODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS RULE \T ALL BUT ! MO/ TRIVIAL SCI5TIFIC !ORIES2 HE IS1 FUR!RMORE1 GIV5 TO /RANGE PRON\NCEM5TS SU* AS ! ASS]TION ?AT 0! LAWS ( SCI5CE >E DESCRIPTIONS ( CONT+5CIES ( RE9=CEM5T0 7P4 #a#h#i7 -- :I* ,I HAPPILY LEAVE TO O!RS TO DECODE4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT ,SK9N]'S /RICTURES DO NOT DEF9E ! PRACTICE ( BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE4 ,9 FACT1 ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES 0BEHAVIORAL SCI5TI/S0 OR EV5 0BEHAVIORI/S0 V>Y WIDELY 9 ! K9DS ( !ORETICAL CON/RUCTIONS ?AT !Y >E WILL+ TO ADMIT4 ,W4 ,V4 ,O4 ,QU9E1 :O ON O!R OCCASIONS HAS ATTEMPT$ TO WORK )9 ,SK9N]'S FRAMEWORK1 GOES SO F> AS TO DEF9E 0BEHAVIORISM0 SIMPLY AS ! 9SI/5CE ?AT CONJECTURES & CONCLUSIONS MU/ EV5TUALLY BE V]IFI$ BY OBS]VATIONS4.<#c.> ,AS HE PO9TS \T1 ANY REASONABLE P]SON IS A 0BEHAVIORI/0 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,QU9E'S PROPOSAL SIGNIFIES ! DEMISE ( BEHAVIORISM AS A SUB/ANTIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* IS JU/ AS WELL4 ,:ATEV] FUNCTION 0BEHAVIORISM0 MAY HAVE S]V$ 9 ! PA/1 IT HAS BECOME NO?+ MORE ?AN A SET ( >BITR>Y RE/RICTIONS ON 0LEGITIMATE0 !ORY CON/RUCTION1 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y SOMEONE :O 9VE/IGATES MAN & SOCIETY %\LD ACCEPT ! K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL %ACKLES ?AT PHYSICAL SCI5TI/S W\LD SURELY NOT TOL]ATE & ?AT CONDEMN ANY 9TELLECTUAL PURSUIT TO 9SIGNIFICANCE4 

,LET US CONSID] MORE C>EFULLY :AT ,SK9N] MEANS :5 HE ASS]TS ?AT ALL BEHAVIOR IS EXT]NALLY CONTROLL$ & ?AT BEHAVIOR IS A FUNCTION ( G5ETIC & 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4 ,DOES HE MEAN ?AT FULL KN[L$GE ( SU* CONDITIONS W\LD P]MIT1 9 PR9CIPLE1 SPECIFIC PR$ICTIONS AS TO :AT A P]SON WILL DO8 ,SURELY NOT4 ,SK9N] MEANS ?AT G5ETIC & 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS DET]M9E 0PROBABILITY ( RESPONSE40 ,BUT HE IS SO VAGUE AB\T ?IS NOTION ?AT IT IS UNCLE> :E!R HIS CLAIMS AB\T DET]M9ISM AM\NT TO ANY?+ AT ALL4 

,NO ONE W\LD D\BT ?AT ! LIKELIHOOD ( MY GO+ TO ! BEA* DEP5DS ON ! TEMP]ATURE1 OR ?AT ! LIKELIHOOD ( MY PRODUC+ A S5T5CE ( ,5GLI% RA!R ?AN ,*9ESE IS 0DET]M9$0 BY MY PA/ EXP]I5CE1 OR ?AT ! LIKELIHOOD ( MY PRODUC+ A S5T5CE ( A HUMAN LANGUAGE RA!R ?AN ( SOME IMAG9ABLE BUT HUMANLY 9ACCESSIBLE SY/EM IS 0DET]M9$0 BY MY G5ETIC CON/ITUTION4 ,WE H>DLY NE$ BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE TO TELL US ?IS4 ,:5 WE LOOK = MORE SPECIFIC PR$ICTIONS1 H[EV]1 WE F9D VIRTUALLY NO?+4 ,WORSE1 WE DISCOV] ?AT ,SK9N]'S A PRIORI LIMITATIONS ON 0SCI5TIFIC0 9QUIRY MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = HIM EV5 TO =MULATE ! RELEVANT CONCEPTS1 LET ALONE 9VE/IGATE !M4 

,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! NOTION1 0LIKELIHOOD ( MY PRODUC+ A S5T5CE ( ,5GLI% RA!R ?AN ,*9ESE40 ,GIV5 A *>ACT]IZATION ( 0,5GLI%0 & 0,*9ESE0 BY AN AB/RACT !ORY ( PO/ULAT$ 9T]NAL /ATES 7M5TAL /ATES1 IF Y\ LIKE71 ONE CAN GIVE SOME MEAN+ TO ?IS NOTION -- ?\< ! PROBABILITIES1 BE+ NEGLIGIBLE UND] ANY KN[N *>ACT]IZATION ( DET]M9+ FACTORS1 WILL BE ( NO 9T]E/ = ! PR$ICTION ( BEHAVIOR4 ,BUT = ,SK9N]1 EV5 ?IS M>G9AL A*IEVEM5T IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,= ,SK9N]1 :AT WE CALL 0KN[L$GE ( ,FR5*0 IS A 0REP]TOIRE ACQUIR$ AS A P]SON LE>NS TO SPEAK ,FR5*0 7P4 #a#i#g74 ,!RE=E PROBABILITIES ( SPEAK+ ,FR5* OR O!R LANGUAGES WILL BE DEF9$ BY REF]R+ TO SU* 0REP]TOIRES40 

,BUT :AT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY ?AT SOME S5T5CE ( ,5GLI% ?AT ,I HAVE NEV] HE>D OR PRODUC$ BELONGS TO MY 0REP]TOIRE10 BUT NOT ANY S5T5CE ( ,*9ESE 7SO ?AT ! =M] HAS A HI<] 0PROBABILITY078 ,SK9N]IANS1 AT ?IS PO9T 9 ! DISCUSSION1 APPEAL TO 0SIMIL>ITY0 OR 0G5]ALIZATION10 BUT ALWAYS )\T *>ACT]IZ+ PRECISELY ! WAYS 9 :I* A NEW S5T5CE IS 0SIMIL>0 TO FAMILI> EXAMPLES OR 0G5]ALIZ$0 FROM !M4 ,! REASON = ?IS FAILURE IS SIMPLE4 ,SO F> AS IS KN[N1 ! RELEVANT PROP]TIES CAN BE EXPRESS$ ONLY BY ! USE ( AB/RACT !ORIES 7= EXAMPLE1 A GRAMM>7 DESCRIB+ PO/ULAT$ 9T]NAL /ATES ( ! ORGANISM1 & SU* !ORIES >E EXCLUD$1 A PRIORI1 FROM ,SK9N]'S 0SCI5CE40 ,! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT ! ,SK9N]IAN MU/ LAPSE 9TO MY/ICISM 7UNEXPLA9$ 0SIMIL>ITIES0 & 0G5]ALIZATION0 ( A SORT ?AT CANNOT BE SPECIFI$7 AS SOON AS ! DISCUSSION T\*ES ! WORLD ( FACT4 ,:ILE ! SITUATION IS P]HAPS CLE>] 9 ! CASE ( LANGUAGE1 !RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT O!R ASPECTS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR WILL FALL )9 ! GRASP ( ! 0SCI5CE0 CON/RA9$ BY A PRIORI ,SK9N]IAN RE/RICTIONS4 

,SK9N]'S RESPONSE TO CRITICISM AB\T SU* MATT]S IS ILLUM9AT+4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT PEOPLE ATTACK HIM & >GUE AGA9/ HIS 0SCI5TIFIC PICTURE ( MAN0 BECAUSE 0! SCI5TIFIC =MULATION HAS DE/ROY$ ACCU/OM$ RE9=C]S0 & CAUSES 0BEHAVIOR PREVI\SLY RE9=C$ BY CR$IT OR ADMIRATION .<TO.> UND]GO EXT9CTION10 S9CE 0A P]SON CAN NO LONG] TAKE CR$IT OR BE ADMIR$ = :AT HE DOES40 ,& EXT9CTION1 HE ASS]TS1 0(T5 LEADS TO AGGRESSIVE ATTACK0 7P4 #b#a#b74 ,ELSE:]E1 HE ACCUSES HIS CRITICS ( 0EMOTIONAL 9/ABILITY10 CIT+ COMM5TS ( ,>?UR ,KOE/L] & ,PET] ,GAY TO ! EFFECT ?AT BEHAVIORISM IS 0A MONUM5TAL TRIVIALITY0 M>K$ BY 09NATE NAOVET,Z0 & 09TELLECTUAL BANKRUPTCY0 7P4 #a#f#e74 ,SK9N] DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO MEET ?IS CRITICISM BY PRES5T+ SOME RELEVANT RESULTS ?AT >E NOT A MONUM5TAL TRIVIALITY4 ,HE IS UNABLE TO P]CEIVE ?AT OBJECTION TO HIS 0SCI5TIFIC PICTURE ( MAN0 D]IVES NOT FROM 0EXT9CTION0 ( C]TA9 BEHAVIOR OR OPPOSITION TO SCI5CE1 BUT FROM AN ABILITY TO DI/+UI% SCI5CE FROM TRIVIALITY & OBVI\S ]ROR4 

,SK9N] DOES NOT COMPREH5D ! BASIC CRITICISM3 :5 HIS =MULATIONS >E 9T]PRET$ LIT]ALLY1 !Y >E CLE>LY FALSE1 & :5 !SE ASS]TIONS >E 9T]PRET$ 9 HIS *>ACT]I/IC VAGUE & METAPHORICAL WAY1 !Y >E M]ELY A POOR SUB/ITUTE = ORD9>Y USAGE4 ,SU* CRITICISMS CANNOT BE OV]COME BY V]BAL MAGIC1 ?AT IS1 BY M]E REIT]ATION ?AT HIS APPROA* IS SCI5TIFIC & ?AT ?OSE :O DO NOT SEE ?IS >E OPPOS$ TO SCI5CE1 OR D]ANG$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,SK9N] CLAIMS ?AT ,KOE/L]'S *>ACT]IZATION ( BEHAVIORISM IS SEV5TY YE>S \T ( DATE1 BUT DOES NOT 9DICATE :AT GREAT A*IEVEM5TS ( ! PA/ SEV5TY YE>S ,KOE/L] HAS NEGLECT$4 ,9 FACT1 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE ?AT >E NOT TRIVIAL1 SO F> AS WE KN[1 HAVE NO BE>+ ON ! PROBLEMS ?AT ,SK9N] DISCUSSES4 

,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ,SK9N] ASSURES ! READ] ?AT HE HAS NO 0NE$ TO KN[ ! DETAILS ( A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( BEHAVIOR0 7P4 #b#b71 NONE ( :I* IS PRES5T$4 ,IT IS NOT ! DEP? OR COMPLEXITY ( ?IS !ORY ?AT PREV5TS ,SK9N] FROM \TL9+ IT = ! LAY READ]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,JACQUES ,MONOD1 9 HIS REC5T WORK ON BIOLOGY & HUMAN AFFAIRS1.<#d.> GIVES A RA!R DETAIL$ PRES5TATION ( A*IEVEM5TS ( MOD]N BIOLOGY ?AT HE BELIEVES TO BE RELEVANT TO HIS 7CLE>LY ID5TIFI$7 SPECULATIONS4 ,I %\LD ADD1 TO MAKE MYSELF CLE>1 ?AT ,I AM NOT CRITICIZ+ ,SK9N] = ! LACK ( SIGNIFICANT A*IEVEM5T 9 ! BEHAVIORAL SCI5CES AS COMP>$1 SAY1 TO BIOLOGY1 BUT RA!R = HIS IRRESPONSIBLE CLAIMS REG>D+ ! 0SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR10 :I* ,SK9N] DOES NOT BO!R TO TELL ! READ] AB\T BUT :I* HAS ALLEG$LY PRODUC$ ALL SORTS ( REM>KABLE RESULTS CONC]N+ ! CONTROL ( BEHAVIOR4 

,IF A PHYSICAL SCI5TI/ W]E TO ASSURE US ?AT WE NE$ NOT CONC]N \RSELVES OV] ! WORLD'S S\RCES ( 5]GY BECAUSE HE HAS DEMON/RAT$ 9 HIS LABORATORY ?AT W9DMILLS WILL SURELY SUFFICE = ALL FUTURE HUMAN NE$S1 HE W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO PRODUCE SOME EVID5CE1 OR O!R SCI5TI/S W\LD EXPOSE ?IS P]NICI\S NONS5SE4 ,! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T 9 ! BEHAVIORAL SCI5CES4 ,A P]SON :O CLAIMS ?AT HE HAS A BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY ?AT WILL SOLVE ! WORLD'S PROBLEMS & A SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR ?AT BO? SUPPORTS IT & REVEALS ! FACTORS DET]M9+ HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS REQUIR$ TO DEMON/RATE NO?+4 ,ONE WAITS 9 VA9 = PSY*OLOGI/S TO MAKE CLE> TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC ! ACTUAL LIMITS ( :AT IS KN[N4 ,9 VIEW ( ! PRE/IGE ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY1 ?IS IS AN UN=TUNATE SITUATION4 

,I,I 

,LET US N[ TURN TO ! EVID5CE ?AT ,SK9N] PROVIDES = HIS EXTRAORD9>Y CLAIMS3 E4G41 ?AT 0AN ANALYSIS ( BEHAVIOR0 REVEALS ?AT ! A*IEVEM5TS ( >TI/S1 WRIT]S1 /ATESM51 & SCI5TI/S CAN BE EXPLA9$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ACCORD+ TO 5VIRONM5TAL CONT+5CIES 7P4 #d#d72 ?AT IT IS ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT MAKES A P]SON WISE OR COMPASSIONATE 7P4 #a#g#a72 ?AT 0ALL !SE QUE/IONS AB\T PURPOSES1 FEEL+S1 KN[L$GE1 & SO ON1 CAN BE RE/AT$ 9 T]MS ( ! 5VIRONM5T TO :I* A P]SON HAS BE5 EXPOS$0 & ?AT 0:AT A P]SON '9T5DS TO DO' DEP5DS ON :AT HE HAS DONE 9 ! PA/ & :AT HAS !N HAPP5$0 7P4 #g#b72 & SO ON4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,SK9N]1 AP>T FROM G5ETIC 5D[M5T1 BEHAVIOR IS DET]M9$ 5TIRELY BY 0RE9=CEM5T40 ,TO A HUNGRY ORGANISM1 FOOD IS A POSITIVE RE9=C]4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 0ANY?+ ! ORGANISM DOES ?AT IS FOLL[$ BY ! RECEIPT ( FOOD IS MORE LIKELY TO BE DONE AGA9 :5EV] ! ORGANISM IS HUNGRY0 7P4 #b#g72 BUT 0,FOOD IS RE9=C+ ONLY 9 A /ATE ( DEPRIVATION0 7P4 #c#g74 ,A NEGATIVE RE9=C] IS A /IMULUS ?AT 9CREASES ! PROBABILITY ( BEHAVIOR ?AT R$UCES ! 9T5SITY ( ?AT /IMULUS2 IT IS 0AV]SIVE10 &1 R\<LY SPEAK+1 CON/ITUTES A ?REAT 7P4 #b#g74 ,A /IMULUS CAN BECOME A CONDITION$ RE9=C] BY ASSOCIATION ) O!R RE9=C]S4 ,?US MONEY IS 0RE9=C+ ONLY AFT] IT HAS BE5 EX*ANG$ = RE9=C+ ?+S0 7P4 #c#c74 ,! SAME IS G5]ALLY TRUE ( APPROVAL & AFFECTION4 7,! READ] MAY ATTEMPT SOME?+ ?AT ,SK9N] ALWAYS AVOIDS1 NAMELY1 TO *>ACT]IZE ! 0/IMULI0 ?AT CON/ITUTE 0APPROVAL407 

,BEHAVIOR IS %AP$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! >RANGEM5T ( SU* RE9=C]S4 ,?US1 0,WE *ANGE ! RELATIVE /R5G?S ( RESPONSES BY DIFF]5TIAL RE9=CEM5T ( ALT]NATIVE C\RSES ( ACTION0 7PP4 #i#d-#i#e74 ,ONE'S REP]TOIRE ( BEHAVIOR IS DET]M9$ BY 0! CONT+5CIES ( RE9=CEM5T TO :I* HE IS EXPOS$ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL0 7P4 #a#b#g74 ,AN 0ORGANISM WILL RANGE BETWE5 VIGOR\S ACTIVITY & COMPLETE QUIESC5CE DEP5D+ UPON ! S*$ULES ON :I* IT HAS BE5 RE9=C$0 7P4 #a#h#f74 ,AS ,SK9N] REALIZES 7?\< SOME ( HIS DEF5D]S DO NOT71 METICUL\S CONTROL IS NECESS>Y TO %APE BEHAVIOR 9 HI<LY SPECIFIC WAYS4 ,?US1 0,! CULTURE444TEA*ES A P]SON TO MAKE F9E DISCRIM9ATIONS BY MAK+ DIFF]5TIAL RE9=CEM5T MORE PRECISE0 7P4 #a#i#d71 A FACT ?AT CAUSES PROBLEMS :5 0! V]BAL COMMUNITY CANNOT >RANGE ! SUBTLE CONT+5CIES NECESS>Y TO TEA* F9E DI/9CTIONS AMONG /IMULI :I* >E 9ACCESSIBLE TO IT40 0,AS A RESULT ! LANGUAGE ( EMOTION IS NOT PRECISE0 7P4 #a#f74 

,! PROBLEM 9 0DESIGN ( A CULTURE0 IS TO 0MAKE ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T AS FREE AS POSSIBLE ( AV]SIVE /IMULI0 7P4 #d#b71 0TO MAKE LIFE LESS PUNI%+ & 9 DO+ SO TO RELEASE = MORE RE9=C+ ACTIVITIES ! TIME & 5]GY CONSUM$ 9 ! AVOIDANCE ( PUNI%M5T0 7P4 #h#a74 ,IT IS AN 5G9E]+ PROBLEM1 & WE C\LD GET ON ) IT IF ONLY WE C\LD OV]COME ! IRRATIONAL CONC]N = FRE$OM & DIGNITY4 ,:AT WE REQUIRE IS ! MORE EFFECTIVE USE ( ! AVAILABLE TE*NOLOGY1 MORE & BETT] CONTROLS4 ,9 FACT1 0,A TE*NOLOGY ( BEHAVIOR IS AVAILABLE :I* W\LD MORE SUCCESSFULLY R$UCE ! AV]SIVE CONSEQU5CES ( BEHAVIOR1 PROXIMATE OR DEF]R$1 & MAXIMIZE ! A*IEVEM5TS ( :I* ! HUMAN ORGANISM IS CAPABLE0 7P4 #a#b#e74 ,BUT 0! DEF5D]S ( FRE$OM OPPOSE ITS USE10 ?US CONTRIBUT+ TO SOCIAL MALAISE & HUMAN SUFF]+4 ,IT IS ?IS IRRATIONALITY ?AT ,SK9N] HOPES TO P]SUADE US TO OV]COME4 

,AT ?IS PO9T AN ANNOY+1 ?\< OBVI\S1 QUE/ION 9TRUDES4 ,IF ,SK9N]'S !SIS IS FALSE1 !N !RE IS NO PO9T 9 HIS HAV+ WRITT5 ! BOOK OR \R READ+ IT4 ,BUT IF HIS !SIS IS TRUE1 !N !RE IS ALSO NO PO9T 9 HIS HAV+ WRITT5 ! BOOK OR \R READ+ IT4 ,= ! ONLY PO9T C\LD BE TO MODIFY BEHAVIOR1 & BEHAVIOR1 ACCORD+ TO ! !SIS1 IS 5TIRELY CONTROLL$ BY >RANGEM5T ( RE9=C]S4 ,!RE=E READ+ ! BOOK CAN MODIFY BEHAVIOR ONLY IF IT IS A RE9=C]1 ?AT IS1 IF READ+ ! BOOK WILL 9CREASE ! PROBABILITY ( ! BEHAVIOR ?AT L$ TO READ+ ! BOOK 7ASSUM+ AN APPROPRIATE /ATE ( DEPRIVATION74 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE SEEM TO BE R$UC$ TO GIBB]I%4 

,A C\NT]>GUM5T MI<T BE MADE ?AT EV5 IF ! !SIS IS FALSE1 !RE IS A PO9T TO WRIT+ & READ+ ! BOOK1 S9CE C]TA9 FALSE !SES >E ILLUM9AT+ & PROVOCATIVE4 ,BUT ?IS ESCAPE IS H>DLY AVAILABLE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! !SIS IS ELEM5T>Y & NOT ( MU* 9T]E/ 9 ITSELF4 ,ITS ONLY VALUE LIES 9 ITS POSSIBLE TRU?4 ,BUT IF ! !SIS IS TRUE1 !N READ+ OR WRIT+ ! BOOK W\LD APPE> TO BE AN 5TIRE WA/E ( TIME1 S9CE IT RE9=CES NO BEHAVIOR4 

,SK9N] W\LD SURELY >GUE ?AT READ+ ! BOOK1 OR P]HAPS ! BOOK ITSELF1 IS A 0RE9=C]0 9 SOME O!R S5SE4 ,HE WANTS US TO BE P]SUAD$ BY ! BOOK1 &1 NOT TO \R SURPRISE1 HE REF]S TO P]SUASION AS A =M ( BEHAVIORAL CONTROL1 ALBEIT A WEAK & 9EFFECTIVE =M4 ,SK9N] HOPES TO P]SUADE US TO ALL[ GREAT] SCOPE TO ! BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGI/S1 & APP>5TLY BELIEVES ?AT READ+ ?IS BOOK WILL 9CREASE ! PROBABILITY ( \R BEHAV+ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO P]MIT !M GREAT] SCOPE 7FRE$OM874 ,?US READ+ ! BOOK1 HE MI<T CLAIM1 RE9=CES ?IS BEHAVIOR4 ,IT WILL *ANGE \R BEHAVIOR ) RESPECT TO ! SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR 7P4 #b#d74 

,LET US OV]LOOK ! PROBLEM1 9SUP]ABLE 9 HIS T]MS1 ( CL>IFY+ ! NOTION ( 0BEHAVIOR ?AT GIVES GREAT] SCOPE TO BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGI/S10 & CONSID] ! CLAIM ?AT READ+ ! BOOK MI<T RE9=CE SU* BEHAVIOR4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! CLAIM IS CLE>LY FALSE1 IF WE USE ! T]M 0RE9=CE0 ) ANY?+ LIKE ITS TE*NICAL MEAN+4 ,RECALL ?AT READ+ ! BOOK RE9=CES ! DESIR$ BEHAVIOR ONLY IF IT IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! BEHAVIOR4 ,OBVI\SLY PUTT+ \R FATE 9 ! H&S ( BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGI/S IS NOT BEHAVIOR ?AT L$ TO 7& H5CE CAN BE RE9=C$ BY7 \R READ+ ,SK9N]'S BOOK4 ,!RE=E ! CLAIM CAN BE TRUE ONLY IF WE DEPRIVE ! T]M 0RE9=CE0 ( ITS TE*NICAL MEAN+4 ,COMB9+ !SE OBS]VATIONS1 WE SEE ?AT !RE CAN BE SOME PO9T TO READ+ ! BOOK OR TO ,SK9N]'S HAV+ WRITT5 IT ONLY IF ! !SIS ( ! BOOK IS DIVORC$ FROM ! 0SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR0 ON :I* IT ALLEG$LY RE/S4 

,LET US CONSID] FUR!R ! MATT] ( 0P]SUASION40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SK9N]1 WE P]SUADE 70*ANGE M9DS07 0BY MANIPULAT+ 5VIRONM5TAL CONT+5CIES10 SPECIFICALLY1 0BY PO9T+ TO /IMULI ASSOCIAT$ ) POSITIVE CONSEQU5CES0 & 0MAK+ A SITUATION MORE FAVORABLE = ACTION1 AS BY DESCRIB+ LIKELY RE9=C+ CONSEQU5CES0 7P4 #i#aF474 ,EV5 IF WE OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT P]SUASION1 SO *>ACT]IZ$1 IS A =M ( CONTROL 7A V>IETY ( 0RE9=CEM5T07 UNKN[N TO ,SK9N]'S SCI5CE1 HIS >GUM5T IS 9 NO WAY ADVANC$4 

,SUPPOSE ,SK9N] W]E TO CLAIM ?AT HIS BOOK MI<T P]SUADE US BY PO9T+ TO POSITIVE CONSEQU5CES ( BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY4 ,BUT ?IS WILL NOT DO AT ALL4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< = HIM TO PO9T TO ?OSE CONSEQU5CES 7E4G41 TO DRAW PICTURES ( HAPPY PEOPLE72 RA!R HE MU/ %[ ?AT !SE >E 9DE$ CONSEQU5CES ( ! RECOMM5D$ BEHAVIOR4 ,TO P]SUADE US1 HE MU/ E/ABLI% A CONNECTION BETWE5 ! RECOMM5D$ BEHAVIOR & ! PLEASANT SITUATION HE DESCRIBES4 ,! QUE/ION IS BEGG$ BY USE ( ! T]M 0CONSEQU5CES40.<#e.> ,IT IS NOT 5\< M]ELY TO CONJO9 A DESCRIPTION ( ! DESIR$ BEHAVIOR & A DESCRIPTION ( ! 0RE9=C+0 /ATE ( AFFAIRS 7WE OV]LOOK1 AGA91 ?AT NOT EV5 !SE NOTIONS >E EXPRESSIBLE 9 ,SK9N]'S T]MS74 ,W]E ?AT SUFFICI5T = 0P]SUASION10 !N WE C\LD 0P]SUADE0 SOMEONE ( ! OPPOSITE BY M]ELY CONJO9+ A DESCRIPTION ( AN UNPLEASANT /ATE ( AFFAIRS ) A DESCRIPTION ( ! BEHAVIOR ?AT ,SK9N] HOPES TO PRODUCE4 

,IF P]SUASION W]E M]ELY A MATT] ( PO9T+ TO RE9=C+ /IMULI & ! LIKE1 !N ANY P]SUASIVE >GUM5T W\LD RETA9 ITS =CE IF ITS /EPS W]E R&OMLY 9T]*ANG$1 OR IF SOME ( ITS /EPS W]E REPLAC$ BY >BITR>Y DESCRIPTIONS ( RE9=C+ /IMULI4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS NONS5SE4 ,= AN >GUM5T TO BE P]SUASIVE1 AT LEA/ TO A RATIONAL P]SON1 IT MU/ BE COH]5T2 ITS CONCLUSIONS MU/ FOLL[ FROM ITS PREMISES4 ,BUT !SE NOTIONS >E 5TIRELY BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ,SK9N]'S SCI5CE4 ,:5 HE /ATES ?AT 0D]IV+ NEW REASONS FROM OLD1 ! PROCESS ( D$UCTION0 M]ELY 0DEP5DS UPON A MU* LONG] V]BAL HI/ORY0 7P4 #i#f71 HE IS 9DULG+ 9 H&-WAV+ ( A MO/ PA!TIC SORT4 

,CONSID] ,SK9N]'S CLAIM ?AT 0WE SAMPLE & *ANGE V]BAL BEHAVIOR1 NOT OP9IONS10 AS1 HE SAYS1 BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS REVEALS 7P4 #i#e74 ,TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 ?IS MEANS ?AT IF1 UND] A CR$IBLE ?REAT ( TORTURE1 ,I =CE SOMEONE TO SAY1 REPEAT$LY1 ?AT ! E>? /&S /ILL1 !N ,I HAVE *ANG$ HIS OP9ION4 ,COMM5T IS UNNECESS>Y4 

,SK9N] CLAIMS ?AT P]SUASION IS A WEAK ME?OD ( CONTROL1 & HE ASS]TS ?AT 0*ANG+ A M9D IS CONDON$ BY ! DEF5D]S ( FRE$OM & DIGNITY BECAUSE IT IS AN 9EFFECTIVE WAY ( *ANG+ BEHAVIOR1 & ! *ANG] ( M9DS CAN !RE=E ESCAPE FROM ! *>GE ?AT HE IS CONTROLL+ PEOPLE0 7P4 #i#g74 ,SUPPOSE ?AT Y\R DOCTOR GIVES Y\ A V]Y P]SUASIVE >GUM5T TO ! EFFECT ?AT IF Y\ CONT9UE TO SMOKE1 Y\ WILL DIE A HORRIBLE DEA? FROM LUNG CANC]4 ,IS IT NECESS>ILY ! CASE ?AT ?IS >GUM5T WILL BE LESS EFFECTIVE 9 MODIFY+ Y\R BEHAVIOR ?AN ANY >RANGEM5T ( TRUE RE9=C]S8 

,9 FACT1 :E!R P]SUASION IS EFFECTIVE OR NOT DEP5DS ON ! CONT5T ( ! >GUM5T 7= A RATIONAL P]SON71 A FACTOR ?AT ,SK9N] CANNOT BEG9 TO DESCRIBE4 ,! PROBLEM BECOMES /ILL WORSE IF WE CONSID] O!R =MS ( 0*ANG+ M9DS40 ,SUPPOSE ?AT A DESCRIPTION ( A NAPALM RAID ON A =EIGN VILLAGE 9DUCES SOMEONE 9 AN ,AM]ICAN AUDI5CE TO C>RY \T AN ACT ( SABOTAGE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! 0EFFECTIVE /IMULUS0 IS NOT A RE9=C]1 BUT ! MODE ( *ANG+ BEHAVIOR MAY BE QUITE EFFECTIVE1 &1 FUR!RMORE1 ! ACT ?AT IS P]=M$ 7! BEHAVIOR 0RE9=C$07 IS 5TIRELY NEW 7NOT 9 ! 0REP]TOIRE07 & MAY NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 H9T$ AT 9 ! 0/IMULUS0 ?AT 9DUC$ ! *ANGE ( BEHAVIOR4 ,9 EV]Y POSSIBLE RESPECT1 !N1 ,SK9N]'S ACC\NT IS SIMPLY 9COH]5T4 

,S9CE HIS ,WILLIAM ,JAMES ,LECTURES ( #a#i#d#g1.<#f.> ,SK9N] HAS BE5 SP>R+ ) !SE & RELAT$ PROBLEMS4 ,! RESULTS >E NIL4 ,IT REMA9S IMPOSSIBLE = ,SK9N] TO =MULATE QUE/IONS ( ! K9D JU/ RAIS$ 9 HIS [N T]MS1 LET ALONE 9VE/IGATE !M4 ,:AT IS MORE1 NO S]I\S SCI5TIFIC HYPO!SES ) SUPPORT+ EVID5CE HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ TO SUB/ANTIATE ! EXTRAVAGANT CLAIMS TO :I* HE IS ADDICT$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS RECORD ( FAILURE WAS PR$ICTABLE FROM ! />T1 FROM AN ANALYSIS ( ! PROBLEMS & ! MEANS PROPOS$ TO DEAL ) !M4 

,IT MU/ BE /RESS$ ?AT 0V]BAL BEHAVIOR0 IS ! ONLY ASPECT ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR ?AT ,SK9N] HAS ATTEMPT$ TO 9VE/IGATE 9 ANY DETAIL4 ,TO HIS CR$IT1 HE RECOGNIZ$ E>LY ?AT ONLY ?R\< A SUCCESSFUL ANALYSIS ( LANGUAGE C\LD HE HOPE TO DEAL ) HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,BY COMP>+ ! RESULTS ?AT HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ 9 ?IS P]IOD ) ! CLAIMS ?AT >E /ILL ADVANC$1 WE GA9 A GOOD 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( ,SK9N]'S SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR4 ,MY IMPRESSION IS1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! CLAIMS >E BECOM+ MORE EXTREME & MORE /RID5T AS ! 9ABILITY TO SUPPORT !M & ! REASONS = ?IS FAILURE BECOME 9CREAS+LY OBVI\S4 

,IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO LABOR ! PO9T ANY FUR!R4 ,EVID5TLY ,SK9N] HAS NO WAY ( DEAL+ ) ! FACTORS 9VOLV$ 9 P]SUAD+ SOMEONE OR *ANG+ HIS M9D4 ,! ATTEMPT TO 9VOKE 0RE9=CEM5T0 M]ELY LEADS TO 9COH]5CE4 ,! PO9T IS CRUCIAL4 ,SK9N]'S DISCUSSION ( P]SUASION & 0*ANG+ M9DS0 IS ONE ( ! FEW 9/ANCES 9 :I* HE TRIES TO COME TO T]MS ) :AT HE CALLS ! 0LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM & DIGNITY40 ,! LIB]T>IAN :OM HE CONDEMNS DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 P]SUASION & C]TA9 =MS ( CONTROL4 ,HE ADVOCATES P]SUASION & OBJECTS TO CO]CION4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,SK9N] CLAIMS ?AT P]SUASION IS ITSELF A 7WEAK7 =M ( CONTROL & ?AT BY US+ WEAK ME?ODS ( CONTROL WE SIMPLY %IFT CONTROL TO O!R 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS1 NOT TO ! P]SON HIMSELF 7PP4 #ig & #i#i74 

,?US1 ,SK9N] CLAIMS1 ! ADVOCATE ( FRE$OM & DIGNITY IS DELUD+ HIMSELF 9 HIS BELIEF ?AT P]SUASION LEAVES ! MATT] ( *OICE TO 0AUTONOM\S MAN10 & FUR!RMORE HE POSES A DANG] TO SOCIETY BECAUSE HE /&S 9 ! WAY ( MORE EFFECTIVE CONTROLS4 ,AS WE SEE1 H[EV]1 ,SK9N]'S >GUM5T AGA9/ ! 0LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM & DIGNITY0 IS )\T =CE4 ,P]SUASION IS NO =M ( CONTROL AT ALL1 9 ,SK9N]'S S5SE2 9 FACT1 HE IS UNABLE TO DEAL ) ! CONCEPT4 ,BUT !RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT P]SUASION CAN 0*ANGE M9DS0 & AFFECT BEHAVIOR1 ON OCCASION QUITE EFFECTIVELY4 

,S9CE P]SUASION CANNOT BE COH]5TLY DESCRIB$ AS ! RESULT ( >RANGEM5T ( RE9=C]S1 IT FOLL[S ?AT BEHAVIOR IS NOT 5TIRELY DET]M9$ BY ! SPECIFIC CONT+5CIES TO :I* ,SK9N] >BITR>ILY RE/RICTS HIS ATT5TION1 & ?AT ! MAJOR !SIS ( ! BOOK IS FALSE4 ,SK9N] CAN ESCAPE ?IS CONCLUSION ONLY BY CLAIM+ ?AT P]SUASION IS A MATT] ( >RANG+ RE9=C+ /IMULI1 BUT ?IS CLAIM IS T5ABLE ONLY IF ! T]M 0RE9=CEM5T0 IS DEPRIV$ ( ITS TE*NICAL MEAN+ & US$ AS A M]E SUB/ITUTE = ! DETAIL$ & SPECIFIC T]M9OLOGY ( ORD9>Y LANGUAGE4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 ,SK9N]'S 0SCI5CE ( BEHAVIOR0 IS IRRELEVANT3 ! !SIS ( ! BOOK IS EI!R FALSE 7IF WE USE T]M9OLOGY 9 ITS TE*NICAL S5SE7 OR EMPTY 7IF WE DO NOT74 ,& ! >GUM5T AGA9/ ! LIB]T>IAN COLLAPSES 5TIRELY4 

,NOT ONLY IS ,SK9N] UNABLE TO UPHOLD HIS CLAIM ?AT P]SUASION IS A =M ( CONTROL1 BUT HE ALSO (F]S NOT A P>TICLE ( EVID5CE TO SUPPORT HIS CLAIM ?AT ! USE ( 0WEAK ME?ODS ( CONTROL0 SIMPLY %IFTS ! MODE ( CONTROL TO SOME OBSCURE 5VIRONM5TAL FACTOR RA!R ?AN TO ! M9D ( AUTONOM\S MAN4 ,( C\RSE1 FROM ! !SIS ?AT ALL BEHAVIOR IS CONTROLL$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T1 IT FOLL[S ?AT RELIANCE ON WEAK RA!R ?AN /RONG CONTROLS %IFTS CONTROL TO O!R ASPECTS ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT ! !SIS1 9 SO F> AS IT IS AT ALL CLE>1 IS )\T EMPIRICAL SUPPORT1 & 9 FACT MAY EV5 BE EMPTY1 AS WE HAVE SE5 9 DISCUSS+ 0PROBABILITY ( RESPONSE0 & P]SUASION4 ,SK9N] IS LEFT ) NO COH]5T CRITICISM ( ! 0LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM & DIGNITY40 

,! EMPT9ESS ( ,SK9N]'S SY/EM IS REVEAL$ :5 HE DISCUSSES MORE P]IPH]AL MATT]S4 ,HE CLAIMS 7P4 #a#a#b7 ?AT ! /ATEM5T 0,Y\ %\LD 7Y\ \<T TO7 READ ,DAVID ,COPP]FIELD0 MAY BE TRANSLAT$1 0,Y\ WILL BE RE9=C$ IF Y\ READ ,DAVID ,COPP]FIELD40 ,NO MATT] H[ WE TRY TO 9T]PRET ,SK9N]'S SUGGE/ION1 GIV+ ! T]M 0RE9=CE0 ITS LIT]AL S5SE1 WE FALL 9TO UTT] CONFUSION4 ,PROBABLY :AT ,SK9N] HAS 9 M9D :5 HE SAYS ?AT IT IS 0RE9=C+0 TO READ ,DAVID ,COPP]FIELD IS ?AT ! READ] WILL LIKE IT OR 5JOY IT1 & ?US BE 0RE9=C$40 

,BUT ?IS GIVES ! GAME AWAY4 ,WE >E N[ US+ 0RE9=CE0 9 A S5SE QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! LABORATORY !ORY ( BEHAVIOR4 ,IT W\LD MAKE NO S5SE AT ALL TO TRY TO APPLY RESULTS AB\T 0S*$UL+0 ( RE9=CEM5T1 = EXAMPLE1 TO ?IS SITUATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS NO WOND] ?AT WE CAN 0EXPLA90 BEHAVIOR BY US+ ! NONTE*NICAL T]M 0RE9=CE0 ) JU/ ! MEAN+ ( 0LIKE0 OR 05JOY0 OR 0LE>N SOME?+ FROM0 OR :ATEV]4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 ,SK9N] TELLS US ?AT A FASC9AT+ HOBBY IS 0RE9=C+0 7P4 #c#f71 HE IS SURELY NOT CLAIM+ ?AT ! BEHAVIOR ?AT LEADS TO 9DULG+ 9 ?IS HOBBY WILL BE 9CREAS$ 9 PROBABILITY4 ,RA!R1 HE MEANS ?AT WE 5JOY ! HOBBY4 ,A LIT]AL 9T]PRETATION ( SU* REM>KS YIELDS GIBB]I%1 & A METAPHORICAL 9T]PRETATION M]ELY REPLACES AN ORD9>Y T]M BY A HOMONYM ( A TE*NICAL T]M1 ) NO GA9 9 PRECISION4 

,9 FACT1 ,SK9N]IAN TRANSLATION1 :I* IS EASILY EMPLOY$ BY ANYONE1 LEADS TO A SIGNIFICANT LOSS ( PRECISION1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT ! FULL RANGE ( T]MS = ! DESCRIPTION & EVALUATION ( BEHAVIOR1 ATTITUDE1 OP9ION1 & SO ON1 MU/ BE 0TRANSLAT$0 9TO ! IMPOV]I%$ SY/EM ( T]M9OLOGY BORR[$ FROM ! LABORATORY 7& DEPRIV$ ( ITS MEAN+ 9 TRANSITION74 ,IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ,SK9N]'S TRANSLATIONS G5]ALLY MISS ! PO9T1 EV5 ) ! METAPHORICAL USE ( SU* T]MS AS 0RE9=CE40 ,?US ,SK9N] ASS]TS ?AT 0A P]SON WANTS SOME?+ IF HE ACTS TO GET IT :5 ! OCCASION >ISES0 7P4 #c#g74 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACT TO GET SOME?+1 GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY1 )\T WANT+ IT -- SAY1 TO ACT ?\<TLESSLY1 OR \T ( A S5SE ( DUTY 7WE CAN1 AS USUAL1 R$UCE ,SK9N]'S ASS]TION TO TRIVIALITY BY SAY+ ?AT :AT ! P]SON WANTS IS TO DO HIS DUTY1 & SO ON74 ,IT IS CLE> FROM ! CONTEXT ?AT ,SK9N] MEANS 0IF0 AS 0IF & ONLY IF40 ,?US IT FOLL[S FROM HIS DEF9ITION ( 0WANT0 ?AT A P]SON CANNOT WANT SOME?+ )\T ACT+ TO GET IT :5 ! OCCASION >ISES1 SAY = REASONS ( CONSCI5CE 7AGA91 WE CAN ESCAPE TO TRIVIALITY BY ASSIGN+ SU* REASONS TO ! 0OCCASION074 

,OR CONSID] ! CLAIM ?AT 0WE >E LIKELY TO ADMIRE BEHAVIOR MORE AS WE UND]/& IT LESS0 7P4 #e#c74 ,9 A /RONG S5SE ( 0EXPLA910 IT FOLL[S ?AT WE ADMIRE VIRTUALLY ALL BEHAVIOR1 S9CE WE CAN EXPLA9 VIRTUALLY NONE4 ,9 A LOOS] S5SE1 ,SK9N] IS CLAIM+ ?AT IF ,EI*MANN IS 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO US1 BUT WE UND]/& :Y ! ,VIETNAMESE FI<T ON1 !N WE >E LIKELY TO ADMIRE ,EI*MANN BUT NOT ! ,VIETNAMESE RESI/ANCE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,SK9N] ASS]TS1 0,EXCEPT :5 PHYSICALLY RE/RA9$1 A P]SON IS LEA/ FREE OR DIGNIFI$ :5 HE IS UND] ?REAT ( PUNI%M5T0 7P4 #f74 ,?US SOMEONE :O REFUSES TO B5D TO AU?ORITY 9 ! FACE ( SEV]E ?REAT HAS LO/ HIS DIGNITY4 

,! REAL CONT5T ( ,SK9N]'S SY/EM CAN BE APPRECIAT$ ONLY BY EXAM9+ SU* CASES1 PO9T BY PO9T4 ,! C>EFUL READ] WILL DISCOV] ?AT 9 EA* CASE A LIT]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ,SK9N]'S /ATEM5TS1 :]E T]M9OLOGY IS UND]/OOD 9 SOME?+ LIKE ! TE*NICAL S5SE1 YIELDS OBVI\S FALSEHOOD1 & ?AT A LOOSE METAPHORICAL 9T]PRETATION DOES P]MIT ! TRANSLATION ( ! FAMILI> DESCRIPTIVE & EVALUATIVE VOCABUL>Y ( ORD9>Y DISC\RSE 9TO ,SK9N]'S T]MS1 ( C\RSE ) A LOSS ( PRECISION & CL>ITY1 9 VIEW ( ! POV]TY ( HIS SY/EM4 

,WE CAN GET A TA/E ( ! EXPLANATORY =CE ( ,SK9N]'S !ORY FROM SU* 7TYPICAL7 EXAMPLES AS !SE3 A PIANI/ LE>NS TO PLAY A SCALE SMOO?LY BECAUSE 0SMOO?LY PLAY$ SCALES >E RE9=C+0 7P4 #b#d72 0,A P]SON CAN KN[ :AT IT IS TO FI<T = A CAUSE ONLY AFT] A LONG HI/ORY DUR+ :I* HE HAS LE>N$ TO P]CEIVE & TO KN[ ?AT /ATE ( AFFAIRS CALL$ FI<T+ = A CAUSE0 7P4 #a#i72 & SO ON4 

,SIMIL>LY1 WE CAN P]CEIVE ! P[] ( ,SK9N]'S BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY BY CONSID]+ ! USEFUL OBS]VATIONS & ADVICE HE (F]S3 0,PUNI%ABLE BEHAVIOR CAN BE M9IMIZ$ BY CREAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* IT IS NOT LIKELY TO OCCUR0 7P4 #f#d74 ,IF A P]SON 0IS /RONGLY RE9=C$ :5 HE SEES O!R PEOPLE 5JOY+ !MSELVES1444HE WILL DESIGN AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* *ILDR5 >E HAPPY0 7P4 #a#e74 ,IF OV]POPULATION1 NUCLE> W>1 POLLUTION1 & DEPLETION ( RES\RCES >E A PROBLEM1 0WE MAY !N *ANGE PRACTICES TO 9DUCE PEOPLE TO HAVE FEW] *ILDR51 SP5D LESS ON NUCLE> WEAPONS1 /OP POLLUT+ ! 5VIRONM5T1 & CONSUME RES\RCES AT A L[] RATE1 RESPECTIVELY0 7P4 #a#e#b74 

,! READ] MAY SE>* = MORE PR(\ND ?\<TS ?AN !SE4 ,HE MAY SEEK1 BUT HE WILL NOT F9D4 

,SK9N] ALLUDES MORE FREQU5TLY 9 ?IS BOOK TO ! ROLE ( G5ETIC 5D[M5T ?AN HE DID 9 HIS E>LI] SPECULATIONS AB\T HUMAN BEHAVIOR & SOCIETY4 ,ONE W\LD ?9K ?AT ?IS W\LD LEAD TO SOME MODIFICATION 9 HIS CONCLUSIONS1 OR TO NEW CONCLUSIONS4 ,IT DOES NOT1 H[EV]4 ,! REASON IS ?AT ,SK9N] IS AS VAGUE & UN9=MATIVE AB\T G5ETIC 5D[M5T AS HE IS AB\T CONTROL BY CONT+5CIES ( RE9=CEM5T4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 Z]O PLUS Z]O /ILL EQUALS Z]O4 

,I,I,I 

,LET US CONSID] N[ ! MATT] ( 0DESIGN ( A CULTURE40 ,! PR9CIPLES ( ,SK9N]'S 0SCI5CE0 TELL US NO?+ AB\T DESIGN+ A CULTURE1 BUT ?AT IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,SK9N] LEAVES US COMPLETELY 9 ! D>K AB\T :AT HE HAS 9 M9D4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT 0! CONTROL ( ! POPULATION AS A :OLE MU/ BE DELEGAT$ TO SPECIALI/S -- TO POLICE1 PRIE/S1 [N]S1 TEA*]S1 !RAPI/S1 & SO ON1 ) !IR SPECIALIZ$ RE9=C]S & !IR CODIFI$ CONT+5CIES0 7P4 #a#e#e74 ,! CONTROLL] & ! DESIGN] ( A CULTURE %\LD BE MEMB]S ( ! GR\P ?AT IS CONTROLL$ 7P4 #a#g#b74 ,:5 ! TE*NOLOGY ( BEHAVIOR IS 0APPLI$ TO ! DESIGN ( A CULTURE1 ! SURVIVAL ( ! CULTURE FUNCTIONS AS A VALUE40 ,IF \R CULTURE 0CONT9UES TO TAKE FRE$OM OR DIGNITY1 RA!R ?AN ITS [N SURVIVAL1 AS ITS PR9CIPAL VALUE1 !N IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT SOME O!R CULTURE WILL MAKE A GREAT] CONTRIBUTION TO ! FUTURE40 

,! REFUSAL TO EX]CISE AVAILABLE CONTROLS1 ,SK9N] CONT9UES1 MAY BE 0A LE?AL CULTURAL MUTATION40 0,LIFE1 LIB]TY1 & ! PURSUIT ( HAPP9ESS >E BASIC RI<TS444.<BUT.> 444!Y HAVE ONLY A M9OR BE>+ ON ! SURVIVAL ( A CULTURE0 7P4 #a#hF474 ,ONE MI<T WOND]1 !N1 :AT IMPORTANCE !Y HAVE = ! BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGI/ :O TAKES ! SURVIVAL ( ! CULTURE AS A VALUE4 ,IT MAY BE !SE & SIMIL> RECOMM5DATIONS1 TO :I* WE %ALL TURN DIRECTLY1 ?AT LEAD SOME READ]S TO BELIEVE ?AT ,SK9N] IS ADVOCAT+ A =M ( TOTALIT>IAN CONTROL4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 9 HIS SPECIFIC RECOMM5DATIONS1 VAGUE ?\< !Y >E1 ,SK9N] SUCCE$S 9 DIFF]5TIAT+ HIS POSITION FROM ! 0LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM40 ,SK9N] CLAIMS ?AT ! LATT] HAS 0OV]LOOK$444CONTROL :I* DOES NOT HAVE AV]SIVE CONSEQU5CES AT ANY TIME0 7P4 #d#a7 & HAS 5C\RAG$ OPPOSITION TO ALL CONTROL1 :]EAS HE IS PROPOS+ A MU* MORE EXT5SIVE USE ( CONTROLS ?AT HAVE NO AV]SIVE CONSEQU5CES4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S =M ( CONTROL ( ?IS B5IGN TYPE IS DIFF]5TIAL WAGES4 ,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 9CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ! 0LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM0 HAS OV]LOOK$ SU* CONTROLS4 ,S9CE ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 IT HAS BE5 MU* CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEMS ( 0WAGE SLAV]Y0 & ! 0B5IGN0 =MS ( CONTROL ?AT RELY ON DEPRIVATION & REW>D RA!R ?AN DIRECT PUNI%M5T4 ,?IS CONC]N CLE>LY DI/+UI%ES ! LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM FROM ,SK9N]'S SOCIAL CONCEPTS4 

,OR CONSID] FRE$OM ( SPEE*4 ,SK9N]'S APPROA* SUGGE/S ?AT CONTROL ( SPEE* BY DIRECT PUNI%M5T %\LD BE AVOID$1 BUT ?AT IT IS 5TIRELY APPROPRIATE = SPEE* TO BE CONTROLL$1 SAY1 BY RE/RICT+ GOOD JOBS TO PEOPLE :O SAY :AT IS APPROV$ BY ! DESIGN] ( ! CULTURE4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ,SK9N]'S IDEAS1 !RE W\LD BE NO VIOLATION ( 0ACADEMIC FRE$OM0 IF PROMOTIONS W]E GRANT$ ONLY TO ?OSE :O CON=M1 9 !IR SPEE* & WRIT+1 TO ! RULES ( ! CULTURE1 ?\< IT W\LD BE WRONG TO GO F>!R & PUNI% ?OSE :O DEVIATE BY SAY+ :AT !Y BELIEVE TO BE TRUE4 ,SU* DEVIANTS MU/ SIMPLY REMA9 9 A /ATE ( DEPRIVATION4 ,9 FACT1 BY GIV+ PEOPLE /RICT RULES TO FOLL[1 SO ?AT !Y KN[ JU/ :AT TO SAY TO BE 0RE9=C$0 BY PROMOTION1 WE WILL BE 0MAK+ ! WORLD SAF]0 & ?US A*IEV+ ! 5DS ( BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY 7PP4 #gd & #h#a74 ,! LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM W\LD1 QUITE PROP]LY1 REJECT & ABHOR SU* CONTROLS4 

,9 FACT1 !RE IS NO?+ 9 ,SK9N]'S APPROA* ?AT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) A POLICE /ATE 9 :I* RIGID LAWS >E 5=C$ BY PEOPLE :O >E !MSELVES SUBJECT TO !M & ! ?REAT ( DIRE PUNI%M5T HANGS OV] ALL4 ,SK9N] >GUES ?AT ! GOAL ( A BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY IS TO 0DESIGN A WORLD 9 :I* BEHAVIOR LIKELY TO BE PUNI%$ SELDOM OR NEV] OCCURS0 -- A WORLD ( 0AUTOMATIC GOODNESS0 7P4 #f#f74 ,! 0REAL ISSUE10 HE EXPLA9S1 0IS ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( TE*NIQUES ( CONTROL0 :I* WILL 0MAKE ! WORLD SAF]40 ,WE MAKE ! WORLD SAF] = 0BABIES1 RET>DATES1 OR PSY*OTICS0 BY >RANG+ MATT]S SO ?AT PUNI%ABLE BEHAVIOR R>ELY OCCURS4 ,IF ONLY ALL PEOPLE C\LD BE TREAT$ 9 ?IS WAY1 0MU* TIME & 5]GY W\LD BE SAV$0 7PP4 #ff & #g#d74 

,SK9N] EV5 (F]S SOME 9DICATIONS1 P]HAPS UN9T5TIONALLY1 ( H[ ?IS B5IGN 5VIRONM5T MI<T BE BR\<T 9TO BE+3 

,A /ATE :I* CONV]TS ALL ITS CITIZ5S 9TO SPIES OR A RELIGION :I* PROMOTES ! CONCEPT ( AN ALL-SEE+ ,GOD MAKES ESCAPE FROM ! PUNI%] PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE1 & PUNITIVE CONT+5CIES >E !N MAXIMALLY EFFECTIVE4 ,PEOPLE BEHAVE WELL AL?\< !RE IS NO VISIBLE SUP]VISION4 7,PP4 #f#g-#f#h47 

,ELSE:]E1 WE LE>N ?AT FRE$OM 0WAXES AS VISIBLE CONTROL WANES0 7P4 #g74 ,!RE=E ! SITUATION JU/ DESCRIB$ IS ONE ( MAXIMAL FRE$OM1 S9CE !RE IS NO VISIBLE CONTROL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 S9CE 0\R TASK0 IS SIMPLY 0TO MAKE LIFE LESS PUNI%+0 7P4 #h#a71 ! SITUATION JU/ DESCRIB$ W\LD SEEM IDEAL4 ,S9CE PEOPLE BEHAVE WELL1 !RE WILL BE NO PUNI%+4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE CAN PROGRESS 0T[>D AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* M5 >E AUTOMATICALLY GOOD0 7P4 #g#c74 

,EXT5D+ !SE ?\<TS1 LET US CONSID] A WELL-RUN CONC5TRATION CAMP ) 9MATES SPY+ ON ONE ANO!R & ! GAS OV5S SMOK+ 9 ! DI/ANCE1 & P]HAPS AN OCCASIONAL V]BAL H9T AS A REM9D] ( ! MEAN+ ( ?IS RE9=C]4 ,IT W\LD APPE> TO BE AN ALMO/ P]FECT WORLD4 ,SK9N] CLAIMS ?AT A TOTALIT>IAN /ATE IS MORALLY WRONG BECAUSE IT HAS DEF]R$ AV]SIVE CONSEQU5CES 7P4 #a#g#d74 ,BUT 9 ! DELI<TFUL CULTURE WE HAVE JU/ DESIGN$ !RE %\LD BE NO AV]SIVE CONSEQU5CES1 IMM$IATE OR DEF]R$4 ,UNWANT$ BEHAVIOR W\LD BE ELIM9AT$ FROM ! />T BY ! ?REAT ( ! CREMATORIA & ! ALL-SEE+ SPIES4 ,?US ALL BEHAVIOR W\LD BE AUTOMATICALLY 0GOOD10 AS REQUIR$4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO PUNI%M5T4 ,EV]YONE W\LD BE RE9=C$ -- DIFF]5TIALLY1 ( C\RSE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS ABILITY TO OBEY ! RULES4 

,)9 ,SK9N]'S S*EME !RE IS NO OBJECTION TO ?IS SOCIAL ORD]4 ,RA!R1 IT SEEMS CLOSE TO IDEAL4 ,P]HAPS WE C\LD IMPROVE IT /ILL FUR!R BY NOT+ ?AT 0! RELEASE FROM ?REAT BECOMES MORE RE9=C+ ! GREAT] ! ?REAT0 7AS 9 M\NTA9 CLIMB+ -- P4 #a#a#a74 ,WE CAN1 !N1 5HANCE ! TOTAL RE9=CEM5T & IMPROVE ! CULTURE BY DEVIS+ A /ILL MORE 9T5SE ?REAT1 SAY1 BY 9TRODUC+ OCCASIONAL SCREAMS1 OR BY FLA%+ PICTURES ( HIDE\S TORTURE AS WE DESCRIBE ! CREMATORIA TO \R FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,! CULTURE MI<T SURVIVE1 P]HAPS = #a1 YE>S4 

,?\< ,SK9N]'S RECOMM5DATIONS MI<T BE READ 9 ?IS WAY1 IT W\LD BE IMPROP] TO CONCLUDE ?AT ,SK9N] IS ADVOCAT+ CONC5TRATION CAMPS & TOTALIT>IAN RULE 7?\< HE ALSO (F]S NO OBJECTION74 ,SU* A CONCLUSION OV]LOOKS A FUNDAM5TAL PROP]TY ( ,SK9N]'S SCI5CE1 NAMELY1 ITS VACUITY4 ,?\< ,SK9N] SEEMS TO BELIEVE ?AT 0SURVIVAL ( A CULTURE0 IS AN IMPORTANT VALUE = ! BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGI/1 HE FAILS TO CONSID] ! QUE/IONS ?AT >ISE AT ONCE4 ,:5 ! CULTURE *ANGES1 HAS IT SURVIV$ OR DI$8 ,SUPPOSE ?AT IT *ANGES 9 SU* A WAY AS TO EXT5D ! BASIC 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS ?AT ,SK9N] P]SONALLY REG>DS AS \TDAT$ 7P4 #a#hF74 ,IS ?IS SURVIVAL OR DEA?8 ,DO WE WANT ! #a1-YE> ,REI* TO SURVIVE8 ,:Y NOT1 IF SURVIVAL ( ! CULTURE FUNCTIONS AS A VALUE = ! BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGI/8 ,SUPPOSE ?AT 9 FACT PEOPLE >E 0RE9=C$0 BY 7?AT IS1 PREF]7 R$UCTION ( SANCTIONS & DIFF]5TIAL RE9=CEM5T4 ,DO WE !N DESIGN ! CULTURE SO AS TO LEAD TO ?IS RESULT1 ?US DIM9I%+ EFFECTIVE CONTROLS RA!R ?AN EXT5D+ !M1 AS ,SK9N] URGES8 

,SUPPOSE ?AT HUMANS HAPP5 TO BE SO CON/RUCT$ ?AT !Y DESIRE ! OPPORTUNITY = FREELY UND]TAK5 PRODUCTIVE WORK4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT !Y WANT TO BE FREE FROM ! M$DL+ ( TE*NOCRATS & COMMISS>S1 BANK]S & TYCOONS1 MAD BOMB]S :O 5GAGE 9 PSY*OLOGICAL TE/S ( WILL ) PEASANTS DEF5D+ !IR HOMES1 BEHAVIORAL SCI5TI/S :O CAN'T TELL A PIGEON FROM A POET1 OR ANYONE ELSE :O TRIES TO WI% FRE$OM & DIGNITY \T ( EXI/5CE OR BEAT !M 9TO OBLIVION4 ,DO WE !N 0DESIGN \R CULTURE0 TO A*IEVE !SE 5DS 7:I*1 ( C\RSE CAN BE GIV5 AN APPROPRIATE ,SK9N]IAN TRANSLATION78 ,!RE >E NO ANSW]S TO ANY ( !SE QUE/IONS 9 ,SK9N]'S SCI5CE1 9 SPITE ( HIS CLAIM ?AT IT ACCOMMODATES 7FULLY1 IT SEEMS7 CONSID]ATION ( 0VALUES40 ,= ?IS REASON HIS APPROA* C\LD BE AS CONG5IAL TO AN AN>*I/ AS TO A ,NAZI1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$4 

,! LIB]T>IANS & HUMANI/S :OM ,SK9N] SCORNS OBJECT TO TOTALIT>IANISM \T ( RESPECT = FRE$OM & DIGNITY4 ,BUT1 ,SK9N] >GUES1 !SE NOTIONS >E M]ELY ! RESIDUE ( TRADITIONAL MY/ICAL BELIEFS & MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY ! /]N SCI5TIFIC NOTIONS ( BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS4 ,H[EV]1 !RE EXI/S NO BEHAVIORAL SCI5CE 9CORPORAT+ EMPIRICALLY SUPPORT$ PROPOSITIONS ?AT >E NOT TRIVIAL & ?AT APPLY TO HUMAN AFFAIRS OR SUPPORT A BEHAVIORAL TE*NOLOGY4 ,= ?IS REASON ,SK9N]'S BOOK CONTA9S NO CLE>LY =MULAT$ SUB/ANTIVE HYPO!SES OR PROPOSALS4 ,WE CAN AT LEA/ BEG9 TO SPECULATE COH]5TLY AB\T ! ACQUISITION ( C]TA9 SY/EMS ( KN[L$GE & BELIEF ON ! BASIS ( EXP]I5CE & G5ETIC 5D[M5T1 & CAN \TL9E ! G5]AL NATURE ( SOME DEVICE ?AT MI<T DUPLICATE ASPECTS ( ?IS A*IEVEM5T4 ,BUT H[ DOES A P]SON :O HAS ACQUIR$ SY/EMS ( KN[L$GE & BELIEF !N PROCE$ TO USE !M 9 HIS DAILY LIFE8 ,AB\T ?IS WE >E 5TIRELY 9 ! D>K1 AT ! LEVEL ( SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY4 

,IF !RE W]E SOME SCI5CE CAPABLE ( TREAT+ SU* MATT]S IT MI<T WELL BE CONC]N$ PRECISELY ) FRE$OM & DIGNITY & MI<T SUGGE/ POSSIBILITIES = 5HANC+ !M4 ,P]HAPS1 AS ! CLASSICAL LIT]ATURE ( FRE$OM & DIGNITY SOMETIMES SUGGE/S1 !RE IS AN 9TR9SIC HUMAN 9CL9ATION T[>D FREE CREATIVE 9QUIRY & PRODUCTIVE WORK1 & HUMANS >E NOT M]ELY DULL ME*ANISMS =M$ BY A HI/ORY ( RE9=CEM5T & BEHAV+ PR$ICTABLY ) NO 9TR9SIC NE$S AP>T FROM ! NE$ = PHYSIOLOGICAL SATIATION4 ,!N HUMANS >E NOT FIT SUBJECTS = MANIPULATION1 & WE WILL SEEK TO DESIGN A SOCIAL ORD] ACCORD+LY4 ,BUT WE CANNOT1 AT PRES5T1 TURN TO SCI5CE = 9SI<T 9TO !SE MATT]S4 ,TO CLAIM O!RWISE IS PURE FRAUD4 ,= ! MOM5T1 AN HONE/ SCI5TI/ WILL ADMIT AT ONCE ?AT WE UND]/& VIRTUALLY NO?+1 AT ! LEVEL ( SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY1 ) REG>D TO HUMAN FRE$OM & DIGNITY4 

,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 NO D\BT ?AT BEHAVIOR CAN BE CONTROLL$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ?REAT ( VIOL5CE OR A PATT]N ( DEPRIVATION & REW>D4 ,?IS MU* IS NOT AT ISSUE1 & ! CONCLUSION IS CONSI/5T ) A BELIEF 9 0AUTONOM\S MAN40 ,IF A TYRANT HAS ! P[] TO REQUIRE C]TA9 ACTS1 :E!R BY ?REAT ( PUNI%M5T OR BY ALL[+ ONLY ?OSE :O P]=M !SE ACTS TO ESCAPE FROM DEPRIVATION 7E4G41 BY RE/RICT+ EMPLOYM5T TO SU* PEOPLE71 HIS SUBJECTS MAY *OOSE TO OBEY -- ?\< SOME MAY HAVE ! DIGNITY TO REFUSE4 ,!Y WILL UND]/& ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ?IS COMPULSION & ! LAWS ?AT GOV]N FALL+ BODIES4 

,( C\RSE1 !Y >E NOT FREE4 ,SANCTIONS BACK$ BY =CE RE/RICT FRE$OM1 AS DOES DIFF]5TIAL REW>D4 ,AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES1 9 ,M>X'S PHRASE1 0W\LD BE NO?+ MORE ?AN A BETT] REMUN]ATION ( SLAVES1 & W\LD NOT RE/ORE1 EI!R TO ! WORK] OR TO ! WORK1 !IR HUMAN SIGNIFICANCE & WOR?40 ,BUT IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO CONCLUDE M]ELY FROM ! FACT ?AT FRE$OM IS LIMIT$1 ?AT 0AUTONOM\S MAN0 IS AN ILLUSION1 OR TO OV]LOOK ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 A P]SON :O *OOSES TO CON=M1 9 ! FACE ( ?REAT OR =CE OR DEPRIVATION1 & A P]SON :O 0*OOSES0 TO OBEY ,NEWTONIAN PR9CIPLES AS HE FALLS FROM A HI< T[]4 

,! 9F]5CE REMA9S ABSURD EV5 :]E WE CAN PR$ICT ! C\RSE ( ACTION ?AT MO/ 0AUTONOM\S M50 W\LD SELECT1 UND] CONDITIONS ( EXTREME DURESS & LIMIT$ OPPORTUNITY = SURVIVAL4 ,! ABSURDITY M]ELY BECOMES MORE OBVI\S :5 WE CONSID] ! REAL SOCIAL WORLD1 9 :I* DET]M9ABLE 0PROBABILITIES ( RESPONSE0 >E SO SLI<T AS TO HAVE VIRTUALLY NO PR$ICTIVE VALUE4 ,& IT W\LD BE NOT ABSURD BUT GROTESQUE TO >GUE ?AT S9CE CIRCUM/ANCES CAN BE >RANG$ UND] :I* BEHAVIOR IS QUITE PR$ICTABLE -- AS 9 A PRISON1 = EXAMPLE1 OR ! CONC5TRATION CAMP SOCIETY 0DESIGN$0 ABOVE -- !RE=E !RE NE$ BE NO CONC]N = ! FRE$OM & DIGNITY ( 0AUTONOM\S MAN40 ,:5 SU* CONCLUSIONS >E TAK5 TO BE ! RESULT ( A 0SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS10 ONE CAN ONLY BE AMAZ$ AT HUMAN GULLIBILITY4 

,SK9N] CONFUSES 0SCI5CE0 ) T]M9OLOGY4 ,HE APP>5TLY BELIEVES ?AT IF HE REPHRASES COMMONPLACE 0M5TALI/IC0 EXPRESSIONS ) T]M9OLOGY D]IV$ FROM ! LABORATORY /UDY ( BEHAVIOR1 BUT DEPRIV$ ( :ATEV] CONT5T ?IS T]M9OLOGY HAS )9 ?IS DISCIPL9E1 !N HE HAS A*IEV$ A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( BEHAVIOR4 ,IT W\LD BE H>D TO CONCEIVE ( A MORE /RIK+ FAILURE TO COMPREH5D EV5 ! RUDIM5TS ( SCI5TIFIC ?9K+4 ,! PUBLIC MAY WELL BE DECEIV$1 9 VIEW ( ! PRE/IGE ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 ,IT MAY EV5 *OOSE TO BE MISL$ 9TO AGREE+ ?AT CONC]N = FRE$OM & DIGNITY MU/ BE AB&ON$1 P]HAPS \T ( FE> & A S5SE ( 9SECURITY AB\T ! CONSEQU5CES ( A S]I\S CONC]N = FRE$OM & DIGNITY4 ,! T5D5CIES 9 \R SOCIETY ?AT LEAD T[>D SUBMISSION TO AU?ORIT>IAN RULE MAY PREP>E 9DIVIDUALS = A DOCTR9E ?AT CAN BE 9T]PRET$ AS JU/IFY+ IT4 

,! PROBLEMS ?AT ,SK9N] DISCUSSES -- IT W\LD BE MORE PROP] TO SAY 0CIRCUMV5TS0 -- >E (T5 REAL 5\<4 ,9 SPITE ( HIS CURI\S BELIEF TO ! CONTR>Y1 HIS LIB]T>IAN & HUMANI/ OPPON5TS DO NOT OBJECT TO 0DESIGN ( A CULTURE10 ?AT IS1 TO CREAT+ SOCIAL =MS ?AT WILL BE MORE CONDUCIVE TO ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S1 ?\< !Y DIFF] FROM ,SK9N] 9 !IR 9TUITIVE P]CEPTION ( :AT !SE NE$S TRULY >E4 ,!Y W\LD NOT1 OR AT LEA/ %\LD NOT1 OPPOSE SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY OR1 :]E POSSIBLE1 ITS APPLICATIONS1 ?\< !Y WILL NO D\BT DISMISS ! TRAVE/Y ?AT ,SK9N] PRES5TS4 

.<#a.> ,ECONOMI/1 ,OCTOB] #c#a1 #a#h#f#b4 ,CIT$ BY ,FR$]ICK ,F4 ,CLAIRMONTE1 REVIEW ( ,R4 ,SEGAL1 ,! ,RACE ,W>1 ,J\RNAL ( ,MOD]N ,AFRICAN ,/UDIES1 =?COM+4 

.<#b.> ,M>V9 ,H>RIS1 ,! ,RISE ( ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY 7,CR[ELL3 #a#i#f#h71 PP4 #a-#a4 ,BY ! #a#h#fS1 HE WRITES1 0AN?ROPOLOGY & RACIAL DET]M9ISM HAD BECOME ALMO/ SYNONYMS40 

.<#c.> 0,L+UI/ICS & PHILOSOPHY10 9 ,S4 ,HOOK 7$471 ,LANGUAGE & ,PHILOSOPHY1 7,NEW ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #i#g4 

.<#d.> ,JACQUES ,MONOD1 ,*ANCE & ,NECESSITY 7KNOPF1 #a#i#g#a74 

.<#e.> ,AS ,KOE/L] PO9TS \T1 9 REM>KS ,SK9N] QUOTES1 ,SK9N]'S APPROA* REPRES5TS 0QUE/ION-BEGG+ ON A H]OIC SCALE0 7P4 #a#f#e74 ,IT WILL NOT DO TO RESPOND1 AS ,SK9N] DOES1 BY CLAIM+ ?AT ?IS IS 0NAME-CALL+0 & A SIGN ( EMOTIONAL 9/ABILITY4 ,RA!R IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO %[ ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! LIT]AL & OBVI\S TRU? 7AS 9DE$ IT IS74 

.<#f.> ,SEE HIS ,V]BAL ,BEHAVIOR 7,APPLETON-,C5TURY-,CR(TS1 #a#i#e#g71 :I* 9CORPORATES & EXT5DS !SE LECTURES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,B4,F4 ,SK9N] -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,B4,F4 ,SK9N] -- ,UPDAT$4 

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