,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,>T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,>T IS ALWAYS AB\T 0SOME?+ HIDD540 ,BUT DOES IT HELP US CONNECT ) ?AT HIDD5 SOME?+8 ,I ?9K IT MOVES US AWAY FROM IT4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ MILLION OR SO YE>S AS REFLECTIVE BE+S HUMANS SEEM TO HAVE CREAT$ NO >T4 ,AS ,JAMESON PUT IT1 >T HAD NO PLACE 9 ?AT 0UNFALL5 SOCIAL REALITY0 BECAUSE !RE WAS NO NE$ = IT4 ,?\< TOOLS W]E FA%ION$ ) AN A/ONI%+ ECONOMY ( EF=T & P]FECTION ( =M1 ! OLD CLI*E AB\T ! ES!TIC IMPULSE AS ONE ( ! IRR$UCIBLE COMPON5TS ( ! HUMAN M9D IS 9VALID4 

,! OLDE/ 5DUR+ WORKS ( >T >E H&-PR9TS1 PRODUC$ BY PRESSURE OR BL[N PIGM5T -- A DRAMATIC TOK5 ( DIRECT IMPRESS ON NATURE4 ,LAT] 9 ! ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC ]A1 AB\T #c1 YE>S AGO1 COMM5C$ ! RA!R SUDD5 APPE>ANCE ( ! CAVE >T ASSOCIAT$ ) NAMES LIKE ,ALTAMIRA & ,LASCAUX4 ,!SE IMAGES ( ANIMALS POSSESS AN (T5 BREA?TAK+ VIBRANCY & NATURALISM1 ?\< CONCURR5T SCULPTURE1 SU* AS ! WIDELY-F\ND 0V5US0 /ATUETTES ( WOM51 WAS QUITE /YLIZ$4 ,P]HAPS ?IS 9DICATES ?AT DOME/ICATION ( PEOPLE WAS TO PREC$E DOME/ICATION ( NATURE4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! 0SYMPA!TIC MAGIC0 OR HUNT+ !ORY ( E>LIE/ >T IS N[ WAN+ 9 ! LI<T ( EVID5CE ?AT NATURE WAS B\NTIFUL RA!R ?AN ?REAT5+4 

,! V]ITABLE EXPLOSION ( >T AT ?IS TIME BESPEAKS AN ANXIETY NOT FELT BE=E3 9 ,WORR+]'S WORDS1 0CREATION 9 ORD] TO SUBDUE ! TORM5T ( P]CEPTION40 ,H]E IS ! APPE>ANCE ( ! SYMBOLIC1 AS A MOM5T ( DISCONT5T4 ,IT WAS A SOCIAL ANXIETY2 PEOPLE FELT SOME?+ PRECI\S SLIPP+ AWAY4 ,! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ! E>LIE/ RITUAL OR C]EMONY P>ALLELS ! BIR? ( >T1 & WE >E REM9D$ ( ! E>LIE/ RITUAL RE-5ACTM5TS ( ! MOM5T ( 0! BEG9N+10 ! PRIMORDIAL P>ADISE ( ! TIMELESS PRES5T4 ,PICTORIAL REPRES5TATION R\S$ ! BELIEF 9 CONTROLL+ LOSS1 ! BELIEF 9 CO]CION ITSELF4 

,& WE SEE ! E>LIE/ EVID5CE ( SYMBOLIC DIVISION1 AS ) ! HALF-HUMAN1 HALF-BEA/ /ONE FACES AT ,EL ,JUYO4 ,! WORLD IS DIVID$ 9TO OPPOS+ =CES1 BY :I* B9>Y DI/9CTION ! CONTRA/ ( CULTURE & NATURE BEG9S & A PRODUCTIONI/1 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY IS P]HAPS ALREADY PREFIGUR$4 

,! P]CEPTUAL ORD] ITSELF1 AS A UNITY1 />TS TO BREAK D[N 9 REFLECTION ( AN 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX SOCIAL ORD]4 ,A HI]>*Y ( S5SES1 ) ! VISUAL /EADILY MORE SEP>ATE FROM ! O!RS & SEEK+ ITS COMPLETION 9 >TIFICIAL IMAGES SU* AS CAVE PA9T+S1 MOVES TO REPLACE ! FULL SIMULTANEITY ( S5SUAL GRATIFICATION4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS DISCOV]$1 TO HIS AMAZEM5T1 A TRIBAL PEOPLE ?AT HAD BE5 ABLE TO SEE ,V5US 9 DAYTIME2 BUT NOT ONLY W]E \R FACULTIES ONCE SO V]Y ACUTE1 !Y W]E ALSO NOT ORD]$ & SEP>ATE4 ,P>T ( TRA9+ SI<T TO APPRECIATE ! OBJECTS ( CULTURE WAS ! ACCOMPANY+ REPRESSION ( IMM$IACY 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL S5SE3 REALITY WAS REMOV$ 9 FAVOR ( M]ELY ES!TIC EXP]I5CE4 ,>T ANES!TIZES ! S5SE ORGANS & REMOVES ! NATURAL WORLD FROM !IR PURVIEW4 ,?IS REPRODUCES CULTURE1 :I* CAN NEV] COMP5SATE = ! DISABILITY4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! FIR/ SIGNS ( A DEP>TURE FROM ?OSE EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ HUNT]-GA!R] LIFE %[ UP N[4 ,! %AMANI/IC ORIG9 ( VISUAL >T & MUSIC HAS BE5 (T5 REM>K$1 ! PO9T H]E BE+ ?AT ! >TI/-%AMAN WAS ! FIR/ SPECIALI/4 ,IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ! IDEAS ( SURPLUS & COMMODITY APPE>$ ) ! %AMAN1 :OSE OR*E/RATION ( SYMBOLIC ACTIVITY PORT5D$ FUR!R ALI5ATION & /RATIFICATION4 

,>T1 LIKE LANGUAGE1 IS A SY/EM ( SYMBOLIC EX*ANGE ?AT 9TRODUCES EX*ANGE ITSELF4 ,IT IS ALSO A NECESS>Y DEVICE = HOLD+ TOGE!R A COMMUNITY BAS$ ON ! FIR/ SYMPTOMS ( UNEQUAL LIFE4 ,TOL/OY'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0>T IS A MEANS ( UNION AMONG M51 JO9+ !M TOGE!R 9 ! SAME FEEL+10 ELUCIDATES >T'S CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL COHESION AT ! DAWN ( CULTURE4 ,SOCIALIZ+ RITUAL REQUIR$ >T2 >T WORKS ORIG9AT$ 9 ! S]VICE ( RITUAL2 ! RITUAL PRODUCTION ( >T & ! >TI/IC PRODUCTION ( RITUAL >E ! SAME4 0,MUSIC10 WROTE ,SEU-MA-TS51 0IS :AT UNIFIES40 

,AS ! NE$ = SOLID>ITY ACCEL]AT$1 SO DID ! NE$ = C]EMONY2 >T ALSO PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ITS MNEMONIC FUNCTION4 ,>T1 ) MY? CLOSELY FOLL[+1 S]V$ AS ! SEMBLANCE ( REAL MEMORY4 ,9 ! RECESSES ( ! CAVES1 E>LIE/ 9DOCTR9ATION PROCE$$ VIA ! PA9T+S & O!R SYMBOLS1 9T5D$ TO 9SCRIBE RULES 9 DEP]SONALIZ$1 COLLECTIVE MEMORY4 ,NIETZS*E SAW ! TRA9+ ( MEMORY1 ESPECIALLY ! MEMORY ( OBLIGATIONS1 AS ! BEG9N+ ( CIVILIZ$ MORALITY4 ,ONCE ! SYMBOLIC PROCESS ( >T DEVELOP$ IT DOM9AT$ MEMORY AS WELL AS P]CEPTION1 PUTT+ ITS /AMP ON ALL M5TAL FUNCTIONS4 ,CULTURAL MEMORY MEANT ?AT ONE P]SON'S ACTION C\LD BE COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ANO!R1 9CLUD+ PORTRAY$ ANCE/ORS1 & FUTURE BEHAVIOR ANTICIPAT$ & CONTROLL$4 ,MEMORIES BECAME EXT]NALIZ$1 AK9 TO PROP]TY BUT NOT EV5 ! PROP]TY ( ! SUBJECT4 

,>T TURNS ! SUBJECT 9TO OBJECT1 9TO SYMBOL4 ,! %AMAN'S ROLE WAS TO OBJECTIFY REALITY2 ?IS HAPP5$ TO \T] NATURE & TO SUBJECTIVITY ALIKE BECAUSE ALI5AT$ LIFE DEM&$ IT4 ,>T PROVID$ ! M$IUM ( CONCEPTUAL TRANS=MATION BY :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS SEP>AT$ FROM NATURE & DOM9AT$1 AT ! DEEPE/ LEVEL1 SOCIALLY4 ,>T'S ABILITY TO SYMBOLIZE & DIRECT HUMAN EMOTION ACCOMPLI%$ BO? 5DS4 ,:AT WE W]E L$ TO ACCEPT AS NECESSITY1 9 ORD] TO KEEP \RSELVES ORI5T$ 9 NATURE & SOCIETY1 WAS AT BASE ! 9V5TION ( ! SYMBOLIC WORLD1 ! ,FALL ( ,MAN4 

,! WORLD MU/ BE M$IAT$ BY >T 7& HUMAN COMMUNICATION BY LANGUAGE1 & BE+ BY TIME7 DUE TO DIVISION ( LABOR1 AS SE5 9 ! NATURE ( RITUAL4 ,! REAL OBJECT1 ITS P>TICUL>ITY1 DOES NOT APPE> 9 RITUAL2 9/EAD1 AN AB/RACT ONE IS US$1 SO ?AT ! T]MS ( C]EMONIAL EXPRESSION >E OP5 TO SUB/ITUTION4 ,! CONV5TIONS NE$$ 9 DIVISION ( LABOR1 ) ITS /&>DIZATION & LOSS ( ! UNIQUE1 >E ?OSE ( RITUAL1 ( SYMBOLIZATION4 ,! PROCESS IS AT BASE ID5TICAL1 BAS$ ON EQUIVAL5CE4 ,PRODUCTION ( GOODS1 AS ! HUNT]-GA!R] MODE IS GRADUALLY LIQUIDAT$ 9 FAVOR ( AGRICULTURE 7HI/ORICAL PRODUCTION7 & RELIGION 7FULL SYMBOLIC PRODUCTION71 IS ALSO RITUAL PRODUCTION4 

,! AG5T1 AGA91 IS ! %AMAN->TI/1 5R\TE TO PRIE/HOOD1 LEAD] BY REASON ( MA/]+ HIS [N IMM$IATE DESIRES VIA ! SYMBOL4 ,ALL ?AT IS SPONTANE\S1 ORGANIC & 9/9CTIVE IS TO BE NEUT]$ BY >T & MY?4 

,REC5TLY ! PA9T] ,]IC ,FIS*L PRES5T$ AT ! ,:ITNEY ,MUSEUM A C\PLE 9 ! ACT ( SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE4 ,A VIDEO CAM]A RECORD$ !IR ACTIONS & PROJECT$ !M ON A ,T,V MONITOR BE=E ! TWO4 ,! MAN'S EYES W]E RIVET$ TO ! IMAGE ON ! SCRE51 :I* WAS CLE>LY MORE EXCIT+ ?AN ! ACT ITSELF4 ,! EVOCATIVE CAVE PICTURES1 VOLATILE 9 ! DRAMATIC1 LAMP-LIT DEP?S1 BEGAN ! TRANSF] EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ,FIS*L'S TABLEAU1 9 :I* EV5 ! MO/ PRIMAL ACTS CAN BECOME SECOND>Y TO !IR REPRES5TATION4 ,CONDITION$ SELF-DI/ANC+ FROM REAL EXI/5CE HAS BE5 A GOAL ( >T FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! CATEGORY ( AUDI5CE1 ( SUP]VIS$ CONSUMPTION1 IS NO?+ NEW1 AS >T HAS /RIV5 TO MAKE LIFE ITSELF AN OBJECT ( CONTEMPLATION4 

,AS ! ,PALEOLI?IC ,AGE GAVE WAY TO ! ,NEOLI?IC >RIVAL ( AGRICULTURE & CIVILIZATION -- PRODUCTION1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 GOV]NM5T & RELIGION -- CULTURE C\LD BE SE5 MORE FULLY AS SPIRITUAL DECL9E VIA DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?\< GLOBAL SPECIALIZATION & A ME*ANI/IC TE*NOLOGY DID NOT PREVAIL UNTIL ! LATE ,IRON ,AGE4 

,! VIVID REPRES5TATION ( LATE HUNT]-GA!R] >T WAS REPLAC$ BY A =MALI/IC1 GEOMETRIC /YLE1 R$UC+ PICTURES ( ANIMALS & HUMANS TO SYMBOLIC %APES4 ,?IS N>R[ /YLIZATION REVEALS ! >TI/ %UTT+ HIMSELF (F FROM ! WEAL? ( EMPIRICAL REALITY & CREAT+ ! SYMBOLIC UNIV]SE4 ,! >IDITY ( L9E> PRECISION IS ONE ( ! HALLM>KS ( ?IS TURN+ PO9T1 CALL+ TO M9D ! ,YORUBA1 :O ASSOCIATE L9E ) CIVILIZATION3 0,?IS C\NTRY HAS BECOME CIVILIZ$10 LIT]ALLY MEANS1 9 ,YORUBA1 0?IS E>? HAS L9ES UPON ITS FACE40 ,! 9FLEXIBLE =MS ( TRULY ALI5AT$ SOCIETY >E EV]Y:]E APP>5T2 ,GORDON ,*ILDE1 = EXAMPLE1 REF]R+ TO ?IS SPIRIT1 PO9TS \T ?AT ! POTS ( A ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE >E ALL ALIKE4 ,RELAT$LY1 W>F>E 9 ! =M ( COMBAT SC5ES MAKES ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 >T4 

,! WORK ( >T WAS 9 NO S5SE AUTONOM\S AT ?IS TIME2 IT S]V$ SOCIETY 9 A DIRECT S5SE1 AN 9/RUM5T ( ! NE$S ( ! NEW COLLECTIVITY4 ,!RE HAD BE5 NO WOR%IP-CULTS DUR+ ! ,PALEOLI?IC1 BUT N[ RELIGION HELD SWAY1 & IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT = ?\S&S ( YE>S >T'S FUNCTION WILL BE TO DEPICT ! GODS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 :AT ,GLU3CK /RESS$ AB\T ,AFRICAN TRIBAL >*ITECTURE WAS TRUE 9 ALL O!R CULTURES AS WELL3 SACR$ BUILD+S CAME TO LIFE ON ! MODEL ( ?OSE ( ! SECUL> RUL]4 ,& ?\< NOT EV5 ! FIR/ SIGN$ WORKS %[ UP BE=E ! LATE ,GREEK P]IOD1 IT IS NOT 9APPROPRIATE TO TURN H]E TO >T'S REALIZATION1 SOME ( ITS G5]AL FEATURES4 

,>T NOT ONLY CREATES ! SYMBOLS ( & = A SOCIETY1 IT IS A BASIC P>T ( ! SYMBOLIC MATRIX ( E/RANG$ SOCIAL LIFE4 ,OSC> ,WILDE SAID ?AT >T DOES NOT IMITATE LIFE1 BUT VISE V]SA2 :I* IS TO DAY ?AT LIFE FOLL[S SYMBOLISM1 NOT =GETT+ ?AT IT IS 7DE=M$7 LIFE ?AT PRODUCES SYMBOLISM4 ,EV]Y >T =M1 ACCORD+ TO ,T4,S4 ,ELIOT1 IS 0AN ATTACK UPON ! 9>TICULATE40 ,UPON ! UNSYMBOLIZ$1 HE %\LD HAVE SAID4 

,BO? PA9T] & POET HAVE ALWAYS WANT$ TO REA* ! SIL5CE BEH9D & )9 >T & LANGUAGE1 LEAV+ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9 ADOPT+ !SE MODES ( EXPRESSION1 DIDN'T SETTLE = F> TOO LITTLE4 ,?\< ,B]GSON TRI$ TO APPROA* ! GOAL ( ?\<T )\T SYMBOLS1 SU* A BREAK?R\< SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE \TSIDE \R ACTIVE UNDO+ ( ALL ! LAY]S ( ALI5ATION4 ,9 ! EXTREMITY ( REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 IMM$IATE COMMUNICATION HAS BLOOM$1 IF BRIEFLY4 

,! PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( >T IS TO OBJECTIFY FEEL+1 BY :I* ONE'S [N MOTIVATIONS & ID5TITY >E TRANS=M$ 9TO SYMBOL & METAPHOR4 ,ALL >T1 AS SYMBOLIZATION1 IS ROOT$ 9 ! CREATION ( SUB/ITUTES1 SURROGATES = SOME?+ ELSE2 BY ITS V]Y NATURE !RE=E1 IT IS FALSIFICATION4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( 05RI*+ ! QUALITY ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE10 WE ACCEPT VIC>I\S1 SYMBOLIC DESCRIPTIONS ( H[ WE %\LD FEEL1 TRA9$ TO NE$ SU* PUBLIC IMAGES ( S5TIM5T ?AT RITUAL >T & MY? PROVIDE = \R PSY*IC SECURITY4 

,LIFE 9 CIVILIZATION IS LIV$ ALMO/ :OLLY 9 A M$IUM ( SYMBOLS4 ,NOT ONLY SCI5TIFIC OR TE*NOLOGICAL ACTIVITY BUT ES!TIC =M >E CANONS ( SYMBOLIZATION1 (T5 EXPRESS$ QUITE UNSPIRITUALLY4 ,IT IS WIDELY AV]R$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( MA!MATICAL FIGURES ACC\NT = ! EFFICACY ( >T4 ,!RE IS ,CEZANNE'S FAM\S DICTUM TO 0TREAT NATURE BY ! CYL9D]1 ! SPH]E & ! CONE10 & ,K&9SKY'S JUDGM5T ?AT 0! IMPACT ( ! ACUTE ANGLE ( A TRIANGLE ON A CIRCLE PRODUCES AN EFFECT NO LESS P[]FUL ?AN ! F+] ( ,GOD T\*+ ! F+] ( ,ADAM 9 ,MI*ELANGELO40 ,! S5SE ( A SYMBOL1 AS ,*>LES ,PI]CE CONCLUD$1 IS ITS TRANSLATION 9TO ANO!R SYMBOL1 ?IS AN 5DLESS REPRODUCTION1 ) ! REAL ALWAYS DISPLAC$4 

,?\< >T IS NOT FUNDAM5TALLY CONC]N$ ) BEAUTY1 ITS 9ABILITY TO RIVAL NATURE S5SU\SLY HAS EVOK$ MANY UNFAVORABLE COMP>ISONS4 0,MOONLI<T IS SCULPTURE10 WROTE ,HAW?ORNE2 ,%ELLEY PRAIS$ ! 0UNPREM$ITAT$ >T0 ( ! SKYL>K2 ,V]LA9E PRON\NC$ ! SEA MORE BEAUTIFUL ?AN ALL ! CA!DRALS4 ,& SO ON1 ) SUNSETS1 SN[FLAKES1 FL[]S1 ETC41 BEYOND ! SYMBOLIC PRODUCTS ( >T4 ,JEAN ,>P1 9 FACT1 T]M$ 0! MO/ P]FECT PICTURE0 NO?+ MORE ?AN 0W>TY1 ?READB>E APPROXIMATION1 A DRY PORRIDGE40 

,:Y !N W\LD ONE RESPOND POSITIVELY TO >T8 ,AS COMP5SATION & PALLIATIVE1 BECAUSE \R RELATION%IP TO NATURE & LIFE IS SO DEFICI5T & DISALL[S AN AU!NTIC ONE4 ,AS ,MO!RLANT PUT IT1 0,ONE GIVES TO ONE'S >T :AT ONE HAS NOT BE5 CAPABLE ( GIV+ TO ONE'S [N EXI/5CE40 ,IT IS TRUE = >TI/ & AUDI5CE ALIKE2 >T1 LIKE RELIGION1 >ISES FROM UNSATISFI$ DESIRE4 

,>T %\LD BE CONSID]$ A RELIGI\S ACTIVITY & CATEGORY ALSO 9 ! S5SE ( ,NIETZS*E'S APHORISM1 0,WE HAVE ,>T 9 ORD] NOT TO P]I% ( ,TRU?40 ,ITS CONSOLATION EXPLA9S ! WIDESPREAD PREF]5CE = METAPHOR OV] A DIRECT RELATION%IP TO ! G5U9E >TICLE4 ,IF PLEASURE W]E SOMEH[ RELEAS$ FROM EV]Y RE/RA9T1 ! RESULT W\LD BE ! ANTI!SIS ( >T4 ,9 DOM9AT$ LIFE FRE$OM DOES NOT EXI/ \TSIDE >T1 H[EV]1 & SO EV5 A T9Y1 DE=M$ FRACTION ( ! RI*ES ( BE+ IS WELCOM$4 0,I CREATE 9 ORD] NOT TO CRY10 REVEAL$ ,KLEE4 

,?IS SEP>ATE REALM ( CONTRIV$ LIFE IS BO? IMPORTANT & 9 COMPLICITY ) ! ACTUAL NI<TM>E ?AT PREVAILS4 ,9 ITS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SEP>ATION IT CORRESPONDS TO RELIGION & IDEOLOGY 9 G5]AL1 :]E ITS ELEM5TS >E NOT1 & CANNOT BE1 ACTUALIZ$2 ! WORK ( >T IS A SELECTION ( POSSIBILITIES UNREALIZ$ EXCEPT 9 SYMBOLIC T]MS4 ,>IS+ FROM ! S5SE ( LOSS REF]R$ TO ABOVE1 IT CON=MS TO RELIGION NOT ONLY BY REASON ( ITS CONF9EM5T TO AN IDEAL SPH]E & ITS ABS5CE ( ANY DISS5T+ CONSEQU5CES1 BUT IT CAN H5CE BE NO MORE ?AN ?OR\<LY NEUTRALIZ$ CRITIQUE AT BE/4 

,FREQU5TLY COMP>$ TO PLAY1 >T & CULTURE -- LIKE RELIGION -- HAVE MORE (T5 WORK$ AS G5]ATORS ( GUILT & OPPRESSION4 ,P]HAPS ! LUDIC FUNCTION ( >T1 AS WELL AS ITS COMMON CLAIM TO TRANSC5D5CE1 %\LD BE E/IMAT$ AS ONE MI<T REASSESS ! MEAN+ ( ,V]SAILLES3 BY CONTEMPLAT+ ! MIS]Y ( ! WORK]S :O P]I%$ DRA9+ ITS M>%ES4 

,CLIVE ,BELL PO9T$ TO ! 9T5TION ( >T TO TRANSPORT US FROM ! PLANE ( DAILY /RUGGLE 0TO A WORLD ( ES!TIC EXALTATION10 P>ALLEL+ ! AIM ( RELIGION4 ,MALRAUX (F]$ ANO!R TRIBUTE TO ! CONS]VATIVE (FICE ( >T :5 HE WROTE ?AT )\T >T WORKS CIVILIZATION W\LD CRUMBLE 0)9 FIFTY YE>S0 444 BECOM+ 05SLAV$ TO 9/9CTS & TO ELEM5T>Y DREAMS40 

,HEGEL DET]M9$ ?AT >T & RELIGION ALSO HAVE 0?IS 9 COMMON1 NAMELY1 HAV+ 5TIRELY UNIV]SAL MATT]S AS CONT5T40 ,?IS FEATURE ( G5]ALITY1 ( MEAN+ )\T CONCRETE REF]5CE1 S]VES TO 9TRODUCE ! NOTION ?AT AMBIGUITY IS A DI/9CTIVE SIGN ( >T4 

,USUALLY DEPICT$ POSITIVELY1 AS A REVELATION ( TRU? FREE ( ! CONT+5CIES ( TIME & PLACE1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( SU* A =MULATION ONLY ILLUM9ATES ANO!R MOM5T ( FALS5ESS AB\T >T4 ,KI]KEGA>D F\ND ! DEF9+ TRAIT ( ! ES!TIC \TLOOK TO BE ITS HOSPITABLE RECONCILIATION ( ALL PO9TS ( VIEW & ITS EVASION ( *OICE4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 9 ! P]PETUAL COMPROMISE ?AT AT ONCE VALORIZES >T ONLY TO REPUDIATE ITS 9T5T & CONT5TS ) 0WELL1 AFT] ALL1 IT IS ONLY >T40 

,TODAY CULTURE IS COMMODITY & >T P]HAPS ! /> COMMODITY4 ,! SITUATION IS UND]/OOD 9ADEQUATELY AS ! PRODUCT ( A C5TRALIZ$ CULTURE 9DU/RY1 A LA ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO4 ,WE WITNESS1 RA!R1 A MASS DIFFUSION ( CULTURE DEP5D5T ON P>TICIPATION = ITS /R5G?1 NOT =GETT+ ?AT ! CRITIQUE MU/ BE ( CULTURE ITSELF1 NOT ( ITS ALLEG$ CONTROL4 

,DAILY LIFE HAS BECOME AES!TICIZ$ BY A SATURATION ( IMAGES & MUSIC1 L>GELY ?R\< ! ELECTRONIC M$IA1 ! REPRES5TATION ( REPRES5TATION4 ,IMAGE & S\ND1 9 !IR EV]-PRES5CE1 HAVE BECOME A VOID1 EV] MORE ABS5T ( MEAN+ = ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 >TI/ & SPECTATOR HAS DIM9I%$1 A N>R[+ ?AT ONLY HI<LI<TS ! ABSOLUTE DI/ANCE BETWE5 ES!TIC EXP]I5CE & :AT IS REAL4 ,?IS P]FECTLY DUPLICATES ! SPECTACLE AT L>GE3 SEP>ATE & MANIPULAT+1 P]PETUAL ES!TIC EXP]I5CE & A DEMON/RATION ( POLITICAL P[]4 

,REACT+ AGA9/ ! 9CREAS+ ME*ANIZATION ( LIFE1 AVANTG>DE MOVEM5TS HAVE NOT1 H[EV]1 RESI/$ ! SPECTACUL> NATURE ( >T ANY MORE ?AN OR?ODOX T5D5CIES HAVE4 ,9 FACT1 ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ,ES!TICISM1 OR 0>T = >T'S SAKE10 IS MORE RADICAL ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO 5GAGE ALI5ATION ) ITS [N DEVICES4 ,! LATE #a#i? C5TURY >T P\R L'>T DEVELOPM5T WAS A SELF-REFLECTIVE REJECTION ( ! WORLD1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! AVANTG>DE EF=T TO SOMEH[ ORGANIZE LIFE >\ND >T4 ,A VALID MOM5T ( D\BT LIES BEH9D ,ES!TICISM1 ! REALIZATION ?AT DIVISION ( LABOR HAS DIM9I%$ EXP]I5CE & TURN$ >T 9TO JU/ ANO!R SPECIALIZATION3 >T %$ ITS ILLUSORY AMBITIONS & BECAME ITS [N CONT5T4 

,! AVANT-G>DE HAS G5]ALLY /AK$ \T WID] CLAIMS1 PROJECT+ A LEAD+ ROLE D5I$ IT BY MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS BE/ UND]/OOD AS A SOCIAL 9/ITUTION PECULI> TO TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT SO /RONGLY PRIZES NOVELTY2 IT IS PR$ICAT$ ON ! PROGRESSIVI/ NOTION ?AT REALITY MU/ BE CON/ANTLY UPDAT$4 

,BUT AVANT-G>DE CULTURE CANNOT COMPETE ) ! MOD]N WORLD'S CAPACITY TO %OCK & TRANSGRESS 7& NOT JU/ SYMBOLICALLY74 ,ITS DEMISE IS ANO!R DATUM ?AT ! MY? ( PROGRESS IS ITSELF BANKRUPT4 

,DADA WAS ONE ( ! LA/ TWO MAJOR AVANT-G>DE MOVEM5TS1 ITS NEGATIVE IMAGE GREATLY 5HANC$ BY ! S5SE ( G5]AL HI/ORICAL COLLAPSE RADIAT$ BY ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,ITS P>TISANS CLAIM$1 AT TIMES1 TO BE AGA9/ ALL 0ISMS10 9CLUD+ ! IDEA ( >T4 ,BUT PA9T+ CANNOT NEGATE PA9T+1 NOR CAN SCULPTURE 9VALIDATE SCULPTURE1 KEEP+ 9 M9D ?AT ALL SYMBOLIC CULTURE IS ! CO-OPT+ ( P]CEPTION1 EXPRESSION & COMMUNICATION4 .<NOR CAN WRIT+ NEGATE WRIT+1 NOR CAN TYP+ RADICAL ESSAYS ONTO DISKETTES TO ASSI/ 9 !IR PUBLICATION EV] BE LIB]AT+ -- EV5 IF ! TYP] BREAKS ! RULES & PUTS 9 AN UN9VIT$ COMM5T.> ,9 FACT1 ,DADA WAS A QUE/ = NEW >TI/IC MODES1 ITS ATTACK ON ! RIGIDITIES & IRRELEVANCIES ( B\RGEOIS >T A FACTOR 9 ! ADVANCE ( >T2 ,HANS ,RI*T]'S MEMOIRS REF]R$ TO 0! REG5]ATION ( VISUAL >T ?AT ,DADA HAD BEGUN40 ,IF ,WORLD ,W> ,I ALMO/ KILL$ >T1 ! ,DADAI/S RE=M$ IT4 

,SURREALISM IS ! LA/ S*OOL TO ASS]T ! POLITICAL MISSION ( >T4 ,BE=E TRAIL+ (F 9TO ,TROTSKYISM &_/OR >T-WORLD FAME1 ! ,SURREALI/S UPHELD *ANCE & ! PRIMITIVE AS WAYS TO UNLOCK 0! ,M>VEL\S0 :I* SOCIETY IMPRISONS 9 ! UNCONSCI\S4 ,! FALSE JUDGM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE RE-9TRODUC$ >T 9TO EV]YDAY LIFE & !REBY TRANSFIGUR$ IT C]TA9LY MISUND]/OOD ! RELATION%IP ( >T TO REPRESSIVE SOCIETY4 ,! REAL B>RI] IS NOT BETWE5 >T & SOCIAL REALITY1 :I* >E ONE1 BUT BETWE5 DESIRE & ! EXI/+ WORLD4 ,! ,SURREALI/S' AIM ( 9V5T+ A NEW SYMBOLISM & MY?OLOGY UPHELD !SE CATEGORIES & MI/RU/$ UNM$IAT$ S5SUALITY4 ,CONC]N+ ! LATT]1 ,BRETON HELD ?AT 05JOYM5T IS A SCI5CE2 ! EX]CISE ( ! S5SES DEM&S A P]SONAL 9ITIATION & !RE=E Y\ NE$ >T40 

,MOD]NI/ AB/RACTION RESUM$ ! TR5D BEGUN BY ,ES!TICISM1 9 ?AT IT EXPRESS$ ! CONVICTION ?AT ONLY BY A DRA/IC RE/RICTION ( ITS FIELD ( VISION C\LD >T SURVIVE4 ,) ! LEA/ /RA9 ( EMBELLI%M5T POSSIBLE 9 A =MAL LANGUAGE1 >T BECAME 9CREAS+LY SELF-REF]5TIAL1 9 ITS SE>* = A 0PURITY0 ?AT WAS HO/ILE TO N>RATIVE4 ,GU>ANTE$ NOT TO REPRES5T ANY?+1 MOD]N PA9T+ IS CONSCI\SLY NO?+ MORE ?AN A FLAT SURFACE ) PA9T ON IT4 

,BUT ! /RATEGY ( TRY+ TO EMPTY >T ( SYMBOLIC VALUE1 ! 9SI/5CE ON ! WORK ( >T AS AN OBJECT 9 ITS [N RI<T 9 A WORLD ( OBJECTS1 PROV$ A VIRTUALLY SELF-ANNIHILAT+ ME?OD4 ,?IS 0RADICAL PHYSICALITY10 BAS$ ON AV]SION TO AU?ORITY ?\< IT WAS1 NEV] AM\NT$ TO MORE1 9 ITS OBJECTIV5ESS1 ?AN SIMPLE COMMODITY /ATUS4 ,! /]ILE GRIDS ( ,MONDRIAN & ! REPEAT$ ALL-BLACK SQU>ES ( ,RE9H>DT E*O ?IS ACQUIESC5CE NO LESS ?AN HIDE\S #b? C5TURY >*ITECTURE 9 G5]AL4 ,MOD]NI/ SELF-LIQUIDATION WAS P>ODI$ BY ,RAUS*5B]G'S #aiec ,]AS$ ,DRAW+1 EXHIBIT$ AFT] HIS MON?-LONG ]ASURE ( A DE ,KOON+ DRAW+4 ,! V]Y CONCEPT ( >T1 ,DU*AMP'S %[+ ( A UR9AL 9 A #aiag EXHIBITION NOT)/&+1 BECAME AN OP5 QUE/ION 9 ! '#eS & HAS GR[N /EADILY MORE UNDEF9ABLE S9CE4 

,POP ,>T DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 >T & MASS M$IA 7E4G4 ADS & COMICS7 >E DISSOLV+4 ,ITS P]FUNCTORY & MASS-PRODUC$ LOOK IS ?AT ( ! :OLE SOCIETY & ! DETA*$1 BLANK QUALITY ( A ,W>HOL & HIS PRODUCTS SUM IT UP4 ,BANAL1 MORALLY WEI<TLESS1 DEP]SONALIZ$ IMAGES1 CYNICALLY MANIPULAT$ BY A FA%ION-CONSCI\S M>KET+ /RATAGEM3 ! NO?+NESS ( MOD]N >T & ITS WORLD REVEAL$4 

,! PROLIF]ATION ( >T /YLES & APPROA*ES 9 ! '#fS -- ,CONCEPTUAL1 ,M9IMALI/1 ,P]=MANCE1 ETC4 -- & ! ACCEL]AT$ OBSOLESC5CE ( MO/ >T BR\<T ! 0PO/MOD]N0 ]A1 A DISPLACEM5T ( ! =MAL 0PURISM0 ( MOD]NISM BY AN ECLECTIC MIX FROM PA/ /YLI/IC A*IEVEM5TS4 ,?IS IS BASICALLY A TIR$1 SPIRITLESS RECYCL+ ( US$-UP FRAGM5TS1 ANN\NC+ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( >T IS AT AN 5D4 ,AGA9/ ! GLOBAL DEVALU+ ( ! SYMBOLIC1 MOREOV]1 IT IS 9CAPABLE ( G5]AT+ NEW SYMBOLS & SC>CELY EV5 MAKES AN EF=T TO DO SO4 

,OCCASIONALLY CRITICS1 LIKE ,?OMAS ,LAWSON1 BEMOAN >T'S CURR5T 9ABILITY 0TO /IMULATE ! GR[? ( A REALLY TR\BL+ D\BT10 LITTLE NOTIC+ ?AT A QUITE NOTICEABLE MOVEM5T ( D\BT ?REAT5S TO ?R[ OV] >T ITSELF4 ,SU* 0CRITICS0 CANNOT GRASP ?AT >T MU/ REMA9 ALI5ATION & AS SU* MU/ BE SUP]S$$1 ?AT >T IS DISAPPE>+ BECAUSE ! IMMEMORIAL SEP>ATION BETWE5 NATURE & >T IS A DEA? S5T5CE = ! WORLD ?AT MU/ BE VOID$4 

,DECON/RUCTION1 = ITS P>T1 ANN\NC$ ! PROJECT ( DECOD+ ,LIT]ATURE & 9DE$ ! 0TEXTS10 OR SY/EMS ( SIGNIFICATION1 ?R\<\T ALL CULTURE4 ,BUT ?IS ATTEMPT TO REVEAL SUPPOS$LY HIDD5 IDEOLOGY IS /YMI$ BY ITS REFUSAL TO CONSID] ORIG9S OR HI/ORICAL CAUSATION1 AN AV]SION IT 9H]IT$ FROM /RUCTURALISM_/PO//RUCTURALISM4 ,D]RIDA1 ,DECON/RUCTION'S SEM9AL FIGURE1 DEALS ) LANGUAGE AS A SOLIPSISM1 CONSIGN$ TO SELF-9T]PRETATION2 HE 5GAGES NOT 9 CRITICAL ACTIVITY BUT 9 WRIT+ AB\T WRIT+4 ,RA!R ?AN A DE-CON/RUCT+ ( IMPACT$ REALITY1 ?IS APPROA* IS M]ELY A SELF-CONTA9$ ACADEMICISM1 9 :I* ,LIT]ATURE1 LIKE MOD]N PA9T+ BE=E IT1 NEV] DEP>TS FROM CONC]N ) ITS [N SURFACE4 

,MEAN:ILE1 S9CE ,PI]O ,MANZONI CANN$ HIS [N FECES & SOLD !M 9 A GALL]Y & ,*RIS ,BURD5 HAD HIMSELF %OT 9 ! >M1 & CRUCIFI$ TO A ,VOLKSWAG51 WE SE5 9 >T EV] MORE FITT+ P>ABLES ( ITS 5D1 SU* AS ! SELF-PORTRAITS DRAWN BY ,ANA/ASI -- ) HIS EYES CLOS$4 0,S]I\S0 MUSIC IS LONG DEAD & POPUL> MUSIC DET]IORATES2 POETRY NE>S COLLAPSE & RETREATS FROM VIEW2 DRAMA1 :I* MOV$ FROM ! ,ABSURD TO ,SIL5CE1 IS DY+2 & ! NOVEL IS ECLIPS$ BY NONFICTION AS ! ONLY WAY TO WRITE S]I\SLY4 

,9 A JAD$1 5]VAT$ AGE1 :]E IT SEEMS TO SPEAK IS TO SAY LESS1 >T IS C]TA9LY LESS4 ,BAUDELAIRE WAS OBLIG$ TO CLAIM A POET'S DIGNITY 9 A SOCIETY :I* HAD NO MORE DIGNITY TO H& \T4 ,A C5TURY AN MORE LAT] H[ 9ESCAPABLE IS ! TRU? ( ?AT CONDITION & H[ MU* MORE ?READB>E ! CONSOLATION OR /ATION ( 0TIMELESS0 >T4 

,ADORNO BEGAN HIS BOOK ?USLY3 0,TODAY IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT NO?+ CONC]N+ >T GOES )\T SAY+1 MU* LESS )\T ?9K+4 ,EV]Y?+ AB\T >T HAS BECOME PROBLEMATIC2 ITS 9N] LIFE1 ITS RELATION TO SOCIETY1 EV5 ITS RI<T TO EXI/40 ,BUT ,ES!TIC ,!ORY AFFIRMS >T1 JU/ AS ,M>CUSE'S LA/ WORK DID1 TE/IFY+ TO DESPAIR & TO ! DIFFICULTY ( ASSAIL+ ! H]METICALLY SEAL$ IDEOLOGY ( CULTURE4 ,& AL?\< O!R 0RADICALS10 SU* AS ,HAB]MAS1 C\NSEL ?AT ! DESIRE TO ABOLI% SYMBOLIC M$IATION IS IRRATIONAL1 IT IS BECOM+ CLE>] ?AT :5 WE REALLY EXP]IM5T ) \R HE>TS & H&S ! SPH]E ( >T IS %[N TO BE PITIABLE4 ,9 ! TRANSFIGURATION WE MU/ 5ACT1 ! SYMBOLIC WILL BE LEFT BEH9D & >T REFUS$ 9 FAVOR ( ! REAL4 ,PLAY1 CREATIVITY1 SELF-EXPRESSION & AU!NTIC EXP]I5CE WILL RECOMM5CE AT ?AT MOM5T4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b#c1 #bb 3 ,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,>T -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,>T -- ,UPDAT$4 

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