,*APT] #be 
,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 

#aibeaibe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,GREATLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! P]SONALITY & ACTIVITIES ( ,MAKHNO1 ,I 9DUC$ ,YOSSIF TO SKET* HIS /ORY 9 ITS ESS5TIAL FEATURES4 

,BORN ( V]Y POOR P>5TS 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,GULYAI-,POLE 7C\NTY ( ,ALEX&ROVSK1 PROV9CE ( ,YEKAT]9OSLAV1 ,UKRA9A71 ,NE/OR SP5T A SUNLESS *ILDHOOD4 ,HIS FA!R DI$ E>LY1 LEAV+ FIVE SMALL BOYS TO ! C>E ( ! MO!R4 ,ALREADY AT ! T5D] AGE ( EI<T Y\NG ,MAKHNO HAD TO HELP EKE \T AN EXI/5CE = ! FAMILY4 ,9 ! W9T] MON?S HE ATT5D$ S*OOL1 :ILE 9 ! SUMM] HE WAS 0HIR$ \T0 TO TAKE C>E ( ! RI* PEASANTS' CATTLE4 ,:5 NOT YET TWELVE YE>S OLD1 HE W5T TO WORK 9 ! NEI<BOR+ E/ATES1 :]E BRUTAL TREATM5T & ?ANKLESS LABOR TAU<T HIM TO HATE HIS H>D TASKMA/]S & ! ,CZ>I/ (FICIALS :O ALWAYS SID$ AGA9/ ! POOR4 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( #aie BR\<T ,MAKHNO1 !N ONLY SIXTE51 9 T\* ) SOCIALI/ IDEAS4 ,! MOVEM5T = HUMAN EMANCIPATION & WELL-BE+ QUICKLY APPEAL$ TO ! 9T5SE & IMAG9ATIVE BOY1 & PRES5TLY HE JO9$ ! LITTLE GR\P ( Y\NG PEASANT ,AN>*I/S 9 HIS VILLAGE4 

,9 #a#i#h1 >RE/$ = REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES1 ,MAKHNO WAS TRI$ & CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,BECAUSE ( HIS Y\?1 H[EV]1 & ! EF=TS ( HIS 5]GETIC MO!R1 ! S5T5CE WAS SUBSEQU5TLY COMMUT$ TO P5AL S]VITUDE = LIFE4 ,HE SP5T SEV5 YE>S 9 ! ,BUTIRKI PRISON 9 ,MOSC[1 :]E HIS REBELLI\S SPIRIT CONT9UALLY 9VOLV$ HIM 9 DIFFICULTIES ) ! AU?ORITIES4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME HE WAS KEPT 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 *A9$ H& & FOOT4 ,BUT HE EMPLOY$ HIS LEISURE TO GOOD ADVANTAGE2 HE READ OMNIVOR\SLY1 BE+ P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 HI/ORY1 & LIT]ATURE4 ,RELEAS$ BY ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 HE RETURN$ TO HIS NATIVE PLACE1 A CONV9C$ ,AN>*I/1 MU* RIP5$ BY YE>S ( SUFF]+1 /UDY1 & ?\<T4 

,! ONLY LIB]AT$ POLITICAL 9 ! VILLAGE1 ,MAKHNO IMM$IATELY BECAME ! C5T] ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK4 ,HE ORGANIZ$ A LABOR COMMUNE & ! FIR/ ,SOVIET 9 HIS DI/RICT1 & SY/EMATICALLY 5C\RAG$ ! PEASANTS 9 !IR RESI/ANCE TO ! BIG L&[N]S4 ,:5 ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN =CES OCCUPI$ ! C\NTRY1 & ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY BY !IR AID S\<T TO /IFLE ! GR[+ AGR>IAN REBELLION1 ,MAKHNO WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO =M MILIT>Y UNITS = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! MOVEM5T GREW QUICKLY1 9VOLV+ EV] L>G] T]RITORY4 ,! RECKLESS C\RAGE & GU]RILLA TACTICS ( ! POV/ANTSI BR\<T PANIC TO ! 5EMY1 BUT ! PEOPLE REG>D$ !M AS !IR FRI5DS & DEF5D]S4 ,MAKHNO'S FAME SPREAD2 HE BECAME ! AV5G+ ANGEL ( ! L[LY1 & PRES5TLY HE WAS LOOK$ UPON AS ! GREAT LIB]ATOR :OSE COM+ HAD BE5 PROPHESI$ BY ,PUGAT*EV 9 HIS DY+ MOM5TS4"9 

,CONT9U$ ,G]MAN OPPRESSION & ! TYRANNY ( ! HOME MA/]S RESULT$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( POV/ANTSI UNITS ?R\<\T ! ,UKRA9A4 ,SOME ( !M JO9$ ,MAKHNO1 :OSE =CES SOON REA*$ ! SIZE ( AN >MY1 WELL PROVISION$ & CLAD1 & SUPPLI$ ) MA*9E GUNS & >TILL]Y4 ,HIS TROOPS CONSI/$ MO/LY ( PEASANTS1 MANY ( :OM RETURN$ TO !IR FIELDS TO FOLL[ !IR USUAL OCCUPATIONS :5 !IR DI/RICT WAS TEMPOR>ILY FRE$ FROM ! 5EMY4 ,BUT AT ! FIR/ SIGN ( DANG] !RE W\LD ISSUE ,NE/OR'S CALL1 & ! F>M]S W\LD LEAVE !IR HOMES TO %\LD] ! GUN & JO9 !IR BELOV$ LEAD]1 UPON :OM !Y BE/[$ ! HONOR$ & AFFECTIONATE TITLE ( BAT'KA 7FA!R74 

,! SPIRIT ( ,MAKHNOV/*9A SWEPT ! :OLE S\!RN ,UKRA9A4 ,9 ! NOR?WE/ !RE W]E ALSO NUM]\S POV/ANTSI UNITS1 FI<T+ AGA9/ ! =EIGN 9VAD]S & ,:ITE G5]ALS1 BUT )\T ANY CLE> SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & IDEAL4 ,MAKHNO1 H[EV]1 ASSUM$ ! BLACK FLAG ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S AS HIS EMBLEM1 & ANN\NC$ A DEF9ITE PROGRAM3 AUTONOM\S COMMUNES ( FREE PEASANTS2 ! NEGATION ( ALL GOV]NM5T1 & COMPLETE SELF-DET]M9ATION BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( LABOR4 ,FREE ,SOVIETS ( PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E TO BE =M$ ( DELEGATES 9 CONTRA-DI/9CTION TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,SOVIETS ( DEPUTIES2 ?AT IS1 TO BE 9=MATIVE & EXECUTIVE 9/EAD ( AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S APPRECIAT$ ! UNIQUE MILIT>Y G5IUS ( ,MAKHNO1 BUT !Y ALSO REALIZ$ ! DANG] TO !IR ,P>TY DICTATOR%IP FROM ! SPREAD ( ,AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,!Y S\<T TO EXPLOIT HIS =CES 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME 9T5T UPON DE/ROY+ ! ESS5TIAL QUALITY ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,BECAUSE ( ,MAKHNO'S REM>KABLE SUCCESS AGA9/ ! OCCUPATION >MIES & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y G5]ALS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI PROPOS$ TO HIM TO JO9 ! ,R$ ,>MY1 PRES]V+ = HIS POV/ANTSI UNITS !IR AUTONOMY4 ,MAKHNO CONS5T$1 & HIS TROOPS BECAME ! ,?IRD ,BRIGADE ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 LAT] (FICIALLY KN[N AS ! ,FIR/ ,REVOLUTION>Y POV/ANTSI ,UKRA9IAN ,DIVISION4 ,BUT ! HOPE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI TO ABSORB ! REBEL PEASANTS 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY FAIL$4 ,9 ! ,MAKHNO T]RITORY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S REMA9$ 9SIGNIFICANT1 & !Y F\ND !MSELVES EV5 UNABLE TO SUPPORT !IR 9/ITUTIONS !RE4 ,UND] V>I\S PRETEXTS !Y 9T]DICT$ ! CONF]5CES ( ! POV/ANTSI & \TLAW$ ,MAKHNO1 HOP+ ?US TO ALI5ATE ! PEASANTRY FROM HIM4 

,BUT :ATEV] ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKI & ,MAKHNO1 ! LATT] ALWAYS CAME TO ! RESCUE ( ! ,REVOLUTION :5 IT WAS ?REAT5$ BY ! ,:ITES4 ,HE F\<T EV]Y C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 5EMY :O S\<T TO E/ABLI% HIS RULE OV] ! ,UKRA9A1 9CLUD+ ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY1 ,PETLURA1 & ,D5IK94 ,HE ELIM9AT$ ,GRIGORIEV1 :O HAD AT ONE TIME S]V$ ! ,COMMUNI/S & !N BETRAY$ !M4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 FE>+ ! SPIRIT ( ,MAKHNOV/*9A1 CONT9UALLY TRI$ TO DISORGANIZE & DISP]SE ITS =CES1 & EV5 SET A PRICE ON ,MAKHNO'S HEAD1 AS ,D5IK9 HAD DONE4 ,REPEAT$ ,COMMUNI/ TREA*]Y F9ALLY BR\<T A COMPLETE RUPTURE1 & COMPELL$ ,MAKHNO TO FI<T ! ,COMMUNI/S AS BITT]LY AS ! REACTIONI/S ( ! ,RI<T4 

,YOSSIF'S /ORY WAS 9T]RUPT$ BY ! >RIVAL ( ! FRI5DS :OM ,I HAD MET AT ! DAT*A ON ! PREVI\S OCCASION4 ,SEV]AL H\RS W]E SP5T 9 DISCUSS+ MATT]S ( ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ! DIFFICULTY ( ACTIVITY 9 ! FACE ( ,BOL%EVIK P]SECUTION1 & ! 9CREAS+LY REACTION>Y ATTITUDE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT1 AS USUAL 9 ! ,UKRA9A1 ! SUBJECT GRADUALLY CONV]G$ UPON ,MAKHNO4 ,SOMEONE READ EXC]PTS FROM ! (FICIAL ,SOVIET PRESS BITT]LY ATTACK+ & VILIFY+ ,NE/OR4 ,?\< ! ,BOL%EVIKI =M]LY EXTOLL$ HIM AS A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]1 !Y N[ PA9T$ HIM AS A B&IT & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BUT ! PEASANTS ( ! ,S\? --- ,YOSSIF FELT CONFID5T --- LOVE ,MAKHNO TOO WELL TO BE ALI5AT$ FROM HIM4 ,!Y KN[ HIM AS !IR TRUE/ FRI5D2 !Y LOOK UPON HIM AS ONE ( !IR [N4 ,!Y REALIZE ?AT HE DOES NOT SEEK P[] OV] !M1 AS DO ! ,BOL%EVIKI NO LESS ?AN ,D5IK94 ,IT IS ,MAKHNO'S CU/OM UPON TAK+ A CITY OR T[N TO CALL ! PEOPLE TOGE!R & ANN\NCE TO !M ?AT H5CE=? !Y >E FREE TO ORGANIZE !IR LIVES AS !Y ?9K BE/ = !MSELVES4 ,HE ALWAYS PROCLAIMS COMPLETE FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS2 HE DOES NOT FILL ! PRISONS OR BEG9 EXECUTIONS1 AS ! ,COMMUNI/S DO4 ,9 FACT1 ,NE/OR CONSID]S JAILS USELESS TO A LIB]AT$ PEOPLE4 

0,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY :O IS RI<T OR WRONG 9 ?IS CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKI & ,MAKHNO10 REM>K$ ! ,R$ ,>MY MAN4 0,TROTSKY *>GES ,MAKHNO ) HAV+ WILLFULLY OP5$ ! FRONT TO ,D5IK91 :ILE ,MAKHNO CLAIMS ?AT HIS RETREAT WAS CAUS$ BY ,TROTSKY PURPOSELY FAIL+ TO SUPPLY HIS DIVISION ) AMMUNITION AT A CRITICAL P]IOD4 ,YET IT IS TRUE ?AT ,MAKHNO'S ACTIVITIES AGA9/ ,D5IK9'S RE>1 ESPECIALLY BY CUTT+ ! ,:ITE ,>MY (F FROM ITS >TILL]Y BASE1 5ABL$ ! ,BOL%EVIKI TO /EM ! ADVANCE ON ,MOSC[40 

0,BUT ,MAKHNO REFUS$ TO JO9 ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,POLES10 ! ,PESSIMI/ OBJECT$4 

0,RI<TLY SO10 ,YOSSIF REPLI$4 0,TROTSKY'S ORD] S5D+ ,MAKHNO'S =CES TO ! ,POLI% FRONT WAS MEANT ONLY TO ELIM9ATE ,NE/OR FROM HIS [N DI/RICT & !N BR+ ! LATT] UND] ! CONTROL ( ! COMMISS>S1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ITS DEF5D]S4 ,MAKHNO SAW ?R\< ! S*EME & PROTE/$ AGA9/ IT40 

0,! FACT IS10 ! ,PESSIMI/ P]SI/$1 0?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S & ! ,MAKHNOVTSI >E DO+ !IR BE/ TO EXT]M9ATE EA* O!R4 ,BO? SIDES >E GUILTY ( ! GREATE/ BRUTALITIES & ATROCITIES4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ,MAKHNO HAS NO OBJECT SA VE ,BOL%EVIK-KILL+40 

0,Y\ >E PITIFULLY BL9D10 RETORT$ ,YA%A1 AN ,AN>*I/ HOLD+ A HI< POSITION 9 A ,SOVIET 9/ITUTION1 0IF Y\ CAN'T SEE ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MEAN+ ( ! ,MAKHNOV/*9A4 ,IT IS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT EXPRESSION ( ! :OLE ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS ONLY A POLITICAL BODY1 ATTEMPT+ --- SUCCESSFULLY 9DE$ --- TO CREATE A NEW MA/] CLASS OV] ! PRODUC]S1 A ,SOCIALI/ RUL]%IP4 ,BUT ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! TOIL]S !MSELVES4 ,IT'S ! FIR/ GREAT MASS MOVEM5T ?AT BY ITS [N EF=TS SEEKS TO FREE ITSELF FROM GOV]NM5T & E/ABLI% ECONOMIC SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,9 ?AT S5SE IT IS ?OR\<LY ,AN>*I/IC40 

0,BUT ,AN>*ISM CANNOT BE E/ABLI%$ BY MILIT>Y =CE10 ,I REM>K$4 

0,( C\RSE NOT10 ,YOSSIF ADMITT$4 0,NOR DOES ,NE/OR PRET5D TO DO SO4 ',I'M JU/ CLE>+ ! FIELD1' --- ?AT'S :AT HE ALWAYS TELLS ! COMRADES VISIT+ HIM4 ',I'M DRIV+ \T ! RUL]S1 ,:ITE & ,R$1' HE SAYS1 '& IT'S UP TO Y\ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! OPPORTUNITY4 ,AGITATE1 PROPAGATE Y\R IDEALS4 ,HELP TO RELEASE & TO APPLY ! CREATIVE =CES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4' ,?AT IS ,NE/OR'S VIEW ( ! SITUATION40 

0,IT IS A GREAT MI/AKE ?AT MO/ ( \R PEOPLE /AY AWAY FROM ,MAKHNO10 ,YA%A DECL>$4 0,!Y REMA9 9 ,MOSC[ OR ,PETROGRAD1 & :AT >E !Y ACCOMPLI%+8 ,!Y CAN DO NO?+ BUT FILL ,BOL%EVIK PRISONS4 ,) ! POV/ANTSI WE HAVE AN EXCEPTIONAL *ANCE ( POPUL>IZ+ \R VIEWS & HELP+ ! PEOPLE TO BUILD A NEW LIFE40 

0,AS = MYSELF10 ANN\NC$ ,YOSSIF1 0,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION IS DEAD 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! ONLY PLACE :]E IT /ILL LIVES IS ! ,UKRA9A4 ,H]E IT HOLDS \T A RI* PROMISE TO US10 HE ADD$ CONFID5TLY4 0,:AT WE %\LD DO IS TO JO9 ,NE/OR1 ALL ( US :O WANT TO BE ACTIVE4 

0,I DISAGREE10 ! ,PESSIMI/ OBJECT$4 

0,HE ALWAYS DISAGREES :5 !RE IS WORK TO BE DONE10 ,YOSSIF RETORT$ ) ! 9IMITABLE SMILE ?AT TOOK ! /+ \T ( EV5 HIS %>PE/ WORDS4 0,BUT Y\1 FRI5DS0 --- HE FAC$ ! O!RS --- 0Y\ MU/ CLE>LY REALIZE ?IS3 ,OCTOB]1 LIKE ,FEBRU>Y1 WAS BUT ONE ( ! PHASES 9 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL REG5]ATION4 ,9 ,OCTOB] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY EXPLOIT$ ! SITUATION TO FUR!R ITS [N AIMS4 ,BUT ?AT /AGE HAS BY NO MEANS EXHAU/$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ITS F\NTA9 HEAD CONTA9S SPR+S ?AT CONT9UE TO FL[ TO ! HEI<T ( !IR S\RCE1 SEEK+ ! REALIZATION ( !IR GREAT HI/ORIC MISSION1 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! TOIL]S4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKI1 BECOME /ATIC1 MU/ GIVE PLACE TO NEW CREATIVE =CES40 

,LAT] 9 ! EV5+ ,YOSSIF TOOK ME ASIDE4 0,SA%A10 HE SPOKE SOLEMNLY1 0Y\ SEE H[ RADICALLY WE DIFF] 9 \R E/IMATE ( ! ,MAKHNO MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y Y\ %\LD LE>N ! SITUATION = Y\RSELF40 ,HE LOOK$ AT ME SIGNIFICANTLY4 

0,I %\LD LIKE TO MEET ,MAKHNO10 ,I SAID4 

,HIS FACE LIT UP ) JOY4 0,JU/ AS ,I HAVE HOP$10 HE REPLI$4 0,LI/51 DE> FRI5D1 ,I HAVE TALK$ ! MATT] OV] ) ,NE/OR --- &1 BY ! WAY1 HE IS NOT F> FROM H]E JU/ N[4 ,HE WANTS TO1 SEE Y\2 Y\ & ,EMMA1 HE SAID4 ,( C\RSE1 Y\ CAN'T GO TO HIM10 ,YOSSIF SMIL$ AT ! QUE/ION HE READ 9 MY EYES1 0BUT ,NE/OR WILL >RANGE TO TAKE ANY PLACE :]E Y\R ,MUSEUM C> MAY HAPP5 TO BE ON A DATE AGRE$ UPON4 ,TO SECURE Y\ AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK P]SECUTION1 HE WILL CAPTURE ! :OLE ,EXP$ITION --- Y\ UND]/&1 DON'T Y\80 

,AFFECTIONATELY PLAC+ HIS >M AB\T ME1 HE DREW ME ASIDE TO EXPLA9 ! DETAILS ( ! PLAN4 

"9,OLD TRADITION4 ,YEMILIAN ,PUGAT*EV1 LEAD] ( ! GREAT PEASANT & ,COSSACK UPRIS+ UND] ,CA!R9E ,I,I1 WAS EXECUT$ 9 #a#g#g#e4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,BONI & ,LIV]I<T1 #a#i#b#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #be -- ,ADD$4 

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