,! ,BASIS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM 

#aih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMILE ,P\GET 

,TEXT 3 

,D,E,F,9,I,T,I,O,N ,( ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,I,S,M.<#a.> 

,( LATE ! T]M 0TRADE UNIONISM0 HAS A F> MORE F>-REA*+ MEAN+ ?AN IT US$ TO HAVE4 ,! T]M CONT9UES TO QUALIFY 0MEMB]S ( A TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION40 ,BESIDES ?IS NEBUL\S & COLORLESS DEF9ITION1 :I*1 BY /RET*+ A PO9T1 MI<T BE A LABEL = 0,YELL[0 AS WELL AS = 0,R$0 TRADE UNIONS1 ! T]M HAS ACQUIR$ A NEW & V]Y PRECISE MEAN+4 

,! T]M 0TRADE UNIONISM0 HAS BECOME A COMPREH5SIVE T]M3 ! IMPULSIVE P[] ( CONSCI\S WORK]S T[>DS PROGRESS4 ,! WORK]S :O 9VOKE ?IS EPI!T HAVE ?R[N ASIDE UNS\ND & DECEPTIVE NOTIONS1 & >E CONV9C$ ?AT IMPROVEM5TS1 BE !Y P>TIAL OR EXTREME1 CAN ONLY RESULT FROM POPUL> =CE & WILL4 ,ON ! RU9S ( !IR =M] %EEPLIKE HOPES & SUP]/ITI\S BELIEFS 9 MIRACLES TO BE EXPECT$ FROM ,/ATE ,PROVID5CE AS WELL AS FROM ,DIV9E ,PROVID5CE1 !Y HAVE ELABORAT$ A HEAL?Y1 TRULY HUMAN DOCTR9E :OSE BASIS IS EXPLA9$ & PROV$ BY SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 

,! TRADE UNIONI/ IS EVID5TLY A P>TISAN ( GR\P+ WORK]S BY MEANS ( TRADE UNIONS1 ONLY HE DOES NOT CONCEIVE A TRADE UNION AS AN AG5T = N>R[+ HIS VISION TO SU* A PO9T ?AT HIS SPH]E ( ACTION IS RE/RICT$ TO DAILY DEBATES & WRANGLES ) HIS EMPLOY]S2 & AL?\< AT PRES5T HE /RIVES TO GET M9OR GRIEVANCES R$RESS$1 HE NEV] PUTS ASIDE ! EVILS >IS+ FROM ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,NEI!R DOES HE CONCEIVE ! TRADE UNION TO BE1 AS SOME POLITICIANS DO1 AN 0ELEM5T>Y S*OOL ( ,SOCIALISM01 :]E M5 >E RECRUIT$ & TRA9$ TO BE AGGRESSIVE FI<T]S 9 A CAUSE !Y CONSID] EFFECTIVE & WOR?:ILE -- ! CONQUE/ ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]4 

,= ! TRADE UNIONI/1 ! TRADE UNION IS A P]FECT COMB9ATION ANSW]+ TO ALL NE$S1 TO ALL ASPIRATIONS1 & !RE=E SUFFICI5T = ALL PURPOSES4 ,IT IS AN ASSOCIATION CONCEIV$ BY 0RE=M]S0 AF=D+ OPPORTUNITY = DAILY CONFLICT ) EMPLOY]S1 = IMPROVEM5TS1 & = SETTL+ M9OR CLAIMS4 

,BUT IT IS NOT ONLY ?IS2 IT IS A COMB9ATION CAPABLE ( BR++ AB\T ! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL & ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 :I* SOME ,SOCIALI/S1 :O >E DECEIV$ BY !IR CONFID5CE 9 ! 0,/ATE01 BELIEVE WILL BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[]4 

,!RE=E1 = ! TRADE UNIONI/ ! TRADE UNION IS NOT A TRANSI5T ASSOCIATION1 ONLY SUIT$ TO ! NE$S ( ! H\R1 & :OSE USEFULNESS C\LD NOT BE CONCEIV$ AP>T FROM ITS PRES5T SURR\ND+S4 ,= HIM ! TRADE UNION IS AN 9ITIAL & ESS5TIAL COMB9ATION2 IT %\LD >ISE SPONTANE\SLY1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL PRECONCEIV$ !ORIES1 & DEVELOP 9 ANY SURR\ND+S4 

,9 FACT1 :AT MORE REASONABLE ?AN = ! EXPLOIT$ ( ! SAME TRADE TO COME TOGE!R1 TO AGREE TO UNITE 9 DEF5SE ( COMMON ADVANTAGES ?AT >E TO BE GA9$ IMM$IATELY8 

,ON ! O!R H&1 SUPPOS+ SOCIETY TO HAVE BE5 ANNIHILAT$ & A ,COMMUNI/ OR ANY O!R SOCIETY TO HAVE BLOSSOM$ =? ON ITS RU9S1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 9 !SE NEW SURR\ND+S1 ! NE$ ( ASSOCIATIONS1 BR++ M5 EMPLOY$ 9 ID5TICAL OR SIMIL> WORK & DUTIES 9 CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R1 WILL BE MO/ URG5T4 

,?US ! TRADE UNION1 ! CORPORATE BODY1 APPE>S TO BE ! ORGANIC CELL ( ALL SOCIETY4 ,AT PRES5T1 = ! TRADE UNIONI/ ! TRADE UNION IS AN ORGANISM ( CONFLICT & CLAIM ( WORK] AGA9/ EMPLOY]4 ,9 ! FUTURE IT WILL BE ! BASE ON :I* NORMAL SOCIETY WILL BE BUILT1 :5 FRE$ FROM EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 

,! ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S ,B,A,T,T,L,E,S ,( ,! ,N,9,E,T,E,5,? ,C,5,T,U,R,Y 

,! CONCEPTION ( ! =]UNN]S ( TRADE UNIONISM IS NOT ! RESULT ( A HYPO!TICAL SY/EM SPRUNG FROM SOME BRA9 & NOT JU/IFI$ BY PRACTICAL TE/S2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT PROCE$S FROM ! EXAM9ATION ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS & ( !IR CLE> 9T]PRETATION4 ,WE MAY SAY ?AT IT IS ! RESULT ( A :OLE C5TURY ( CONFLICT BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASSES & ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 

,DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! PROLET>IAT /ROVE TO SEP>ATE ITS MOVEM5T FROM ?AT ( ! PURELY POLITICAL ACTION ( MIDDLE-CLASS P>TIES4 ,?IS WAS 9DE$ A GREAT EF=T1 = ! MIDDLE CLASSES WANT+ TO GOV]N )\T H9DRANCE1 ! ASS5T OR 9DIFF]5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS NECESS>Y1 & POLITICIANS EX]T$ !MSELVES1 NOT ONLY TO FI<T & MASSACRE PROLET>IANS :5 !Y ROSE AGA9/ !IR EXPLOIT]S1 BUT ALSO TO MAKE !M TRACTABLE BY A %AM $UCATION1 DESIGN$ TO TURN !M ON FROM ! EXAM9ATION ( ECONOMIC QUE/IONS1 & TO CAUSE !IR 5]GY TO DRIFT T[>DS ! DECEPTIVE HOPE ( DEMOCRACY4 

,WE CANNOT MAKE IT TOO CLE> ?AT ! AUTONOM\S WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T HAS BE51 & IS /ILL1 OB/RUCT$ BY ALL ! =CES ( OBSCURANTISM & REACTION1 & ALSO BY ! DEMOCRATIC =CES ?AT >E1 BUT UND] NEW & HYPOCRITICAL DISGUISES1 ! CONT9UATION ( OLD SOCIETIES 9 :I* A H&FUL ( P>ASITES & MA9TA9$ 9 PL5TY BY ! =C$ LABOR ( PLEBEIANS4 

,! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ?R\< ! ,/ATE1 :OSE FUNCTION1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ITS =M1 CONSI/S 9 PROTECT+ CAPITALI/ PRIVILEGES1 HAVE APPLI$ !MSELVES TO /IFL+ & DEVIAT+ WORK+ CLASS ASPIRATIONS4 ,?US1 DUR+ ATTEMPTS AT EMANCIPATION PROLET>IANS HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO REALIZE ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5TS !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO W]E ALL ALIKE1 NO MATT] BY :AT NAME !Y W]E LABEL$4 ,!Y PASS$ FROM ONE RULE TO ANO!R )\T D]IV+ ANY RESULT FROM *ANGE ( SC5]Y1 M5TION$ BY HI/ORY AS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE4 ,ALL GOV]NM5TS TREAT$ !M ) ANIMOSITY & ILL-WILL4 ,:5 !Y OBTA9$ FROM !IR RUL]S A MITIGATION ( !IR WRET*$ FATE1 !Y [$ IT1 NOT TO FEEL+S ( JU/ICE ( PITY1 BUT TO ! :OLESOME FE> !Y W]E ABLE TO 9SPIRE4 ,TO GOV]NM5T 9ITIATIVE !Y >E 9DEBT$ = ,DRACONIAN LEGISLATION1 >BITR>Y MEASURES1 & SAVAGE REPRISALS4 

,ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! WORK+ CLASSES DOM9ATES ! :OLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 WE SEE IT MO/ PLA9LY :5 WE OBS]VE ?AT GOV]NM5TS1 BY WAY ( ?R[+ !IR 5EMIES A BONE TO GNAW1 HAVE READILY CONC$$ POLITICAL RI<TS TO ! PEOPLE1 :ILE !Y HAVE %[N !MSELVES 9TRACTABLE AS F> AS REG>DS ECONOMIC LIB]TIES4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE !Y HAVE ONLY GIV5 WAY TO POPUL> PRESSURE4 

,! DIFF]5CE 9 BEHAVIOR ON ! P>T ( ! RUL]S IS EASILY EXPLA9$4 ,RECOGNITION ( POLITICAL RI<TS TO ! PEOPLE DOES ! GOV]NM5TS NO H>M1 AS !SE BAUBLES DO NOT IMP]IL ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY & DO NOT UND]M9E ! CLASS BASIS ( SOCIETY4 

,IT IS ANO!R /ORY :5 ECONOMIC LIB]TIES >E 9 QUE/ION4 ,!E >E ( REAL ADVANTAGE TO ! PEOPLE1 & CAN ONLY BE ACQUIR$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PRIVILEG$4 ,IT IS !RE=E EVID5T ?AT ! ,/ATE1 ! UPHOLD] ( CAPITALISM1 REFUSES TO ! LA/ TO GRANT A P>TICLE ( ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5T4 

,! DEMON/RATION ( ?IS P]MAN5T CONFLICT ( ! WORK+ CLASS ) ! ,/ATE W\LD LEAD US 9TO WRIT+ A M>TYROLOGY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,TO PROVE ! TRU? & CON/ANCY ( ?IS ANTAGONISM A FEW HI/ORICAL L&M>KS WILL SUFFICE4 

,LASS ?AN TWO YE>S AFT] ! TAK+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE 7,JUNE #a#g#i#a71 ! B\RGEOISIE1 BY ITS M\?PIECE1 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 DESPOIL$ ! WORK+ CLASSES ( !IR RI<T TO =M ASSOCIATIONS.<#b.>1 A RI<T !Y HAD JU/ OBTA9$ BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 

,! WORK]S BELIEV$ ! ,REVOLUTION TO BE ! DAWN ( ECONOMIC FRE$OM4 ,!Y ?\<T ! BURN+ GATES ( ,P>IS :]E T[N DUES W]E COLLECT$ 7,JUNE #a#b1 #a#g#h#i7 W\LD DE/ROY ALL B>RI]S4 ,LET US ADD ?AT TWO DAYS AFT] ! BURN+ ( ! GATES ( ,P>IS1 ! ,BA/ILLE WAS TAK5 BY ASSAULT1 NOT BECAUSE IT WAS A POLITICAL PRISON1 BUT BECAUSE IT WAS A DANG] TO REBELLI\S ,P>IS1 AS WAS ! ,MONT ,VAL]I5 9 #a#h#g#a4 

,WORK]S TAK5 9 BY ! 5?USIA/IC /RA9S ( PAMPHLETE]S ?\<T !MSELVES FRE$ FROM ! TRAMMELS ( ! ANCI5T REGIME1 & BEGAN TO COME TO AN UND]/&+ ) ONE ANO!R & TO GR\P !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO RESI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y =MULAT$ PRECISE CLAIMS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE SOON PROV$ TO !M ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ONLY POLITICAL & NOT ECONOMIC4 ,IT ELABORAT$ REPRESSIVE LAWS1 & AS ! WORK]S LACK$ KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE1 AS !IR AGITATION WAS CONFUS$ & /ILL 9COH]5T1 IT WAS NOT H>D = ! GOV]NM5T TO *ECK ?IS MOVEM5T4 

,WE %\LD BE MI/AK5 9 SUPPOS+ ?AT ! ,*APELI] LAW WAS EXP$I5T1 & ?AT ?OSE :O VOT$ = IT IGNOR$ ITS EFFECT ON SOCIAL LIFE4 ,TO MAKE US SWALL[ ?IS FANCIFUL 9T]PRETATION1 WE >E TOLD ?AT ,REVOLUTIONI/S ( ?AT P]IOD RAIS$ NO PROTE/ AGA9/ IT4 ,!IR SIL5CE ONLY %[S US ?AT !Y IGNOR$ ! SOCIAL ASPECT ( ! ,REVOLUTION !Y TOOK P>T 91 & ?AT !Y W]E ONLY PURE ,DEMOCRATS4 ,MOREOV]1 !RE IS NO?+ A/ONI%+ 9 !IR GREAT WANT ( =ESI<T1 & EV5 TODAY WE SEE M5 PRET5D+ TO BE ,SOCIALI/S :O >E ALSO M]ELY SIMPLE ,DEMOCRATS4 

,AS A PRO( ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>IANS ( #agia KN[ :AT !Y W]E AB\T1 SOME MON?S LAT]1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#i#a1 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY /R5G!N$ ! ,*APELI] LAW PROHIBIT+ COMB9ATIONS AMONG 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 BY 5ACT+ ANO!R LAW ?AT MADE ASSOCIATIONS ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S ILLEGAL4 

,! ,CON/ITU5T WAS NOT ! ONLY ,ASSEMBLY ?AT MANIFE/$ ITS HATR$ ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,ALL ,ASSEMBLIES ?AT FOLL[$ /ROVE TO TI<T5 ! B\NDS 5SLAV+ ! WORK] TO HIS EMPLOY]4 ,MORE ?AN ?IS1 SEE+ ?AT PASS+ LAWS TRY+ TO MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = WORKM5 TO DISCUSS & DEF5D !IR 9T]E/S WAS 9SUFFICI5T1 B\RGEOIS ,ASSEMBLIES CONTRIV$ TO AGGRAVATE ! WRET*$ POSITION ( PROLET>IANS BY PUTT+ !M UND] ABSOLUTE POLICE CONTROL4 

,! ,CONV5TION DID NOT PROVE MORE SYMPA!TIC TO ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,9 ! MON? ( ,NIVOSE ( ! YE> ,I,I1 IT LEGISLAT$ 0AGA9/ COALITION ( WORKM51 EMPLOY$ 9 DIFF]5T TRADES1 :O1 BY WRIT+ OR BY EMISS>IES1 9CITE TO ! CESSATION ( WORK40 ,?IS BEHAVIOR ( ! ,CONV5TION1 ! REVOLUTION>ISM ( :I* MEETS ) SO MU* PRAISE1 CLE>LY PROVES ?AT POLITICAL OP9IONS HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,A /ILL BETT] PRO( IS ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ! *ANGES 9 GOV]NM5TAL =MS1 />T+ FROM ! ,DEMOCRACY ( ! ,CONV5TION1 ! ,AUTOCRACY ( ,NAPOLEON #a1 ! ,MON>*Y ( ,*>LES ,X1 TO ! ,CON/ITUTIONALISM ( ,L\IS-,PHILLIPE1 NEV] W]E ! SEV]ITY ( ! LAWS AGA9/ WORKM5 MITIGAT$4 

,UND] ! CONSULATE1 9 ! YE> ,X,I 7#a#h#c71 A NEW L9K TO ! SLAVES' *A9 WAS =G$ -- ! ,C]TIFICATE ,BOOK1 :I* MADE ! WORK+ M5 A CLASS ( SPECIFICALLY REGI/]$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!N1 ) !IR VILE & CRAFTY LEGAL PROC$URE1 & !IR LAWY]S :O DRAFT$ ! ,CODE WE /ILL SUFF] FROM1 RUL]S TI$ D[N & GAGG$ ! PROLET>IAT SO WELL ?AT ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I & ,*>LES ,X1 HEIRS TO ?IS BAGGAGE1 DID NOT NE$ TO 9CREASE IT4 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 SPITE ( SEV]E LEGISLATIVE PROHIBITIONS1 ! WORK]S CAME TO AN UND]/&+1 GR\P$ !MSELVES UND] MILD =MS SU* AS 0MUTUALITIES01 & CON/ITUT$ EMBRYO TRADE UNIONS = ORGANIZ+ RESI/ANCE4 ,! COMB9ATIONS GREW TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT /RIKES MULTIPLI$1 & ! ,LIB]AL GOV]NM5T ( ,L\IS-,PHILLIPE 9FLICT$ GREAT] P5ALTIES AGA9/ ASSOCIATIONS 7#a#h#c#d74 ,BUT ! IMPETUS HAD BE5 GIV56 ,?IS RECRUDESC5CE ( LEGAL SEV]ITY DID NOT /OP ! MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 SPITE ( ! LAW1 ! ,SOCIETES DE ,RESI/ANCE MULTIPLI$1 & W]E FOLL[$ BY A P]IOD ( GR[+ AGITATION & NUM]\S /RIKES4 

,! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh WAS ! RESULT ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,A PRO( ( ! ECONOMIC SCOPE ( ?IS ,REVOLUTION IS ?AT ECONOMIC QUE/IONS TOOK PREC$5CE OV] ALL O!RS4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! CORPORATE GR\PS LACK$ EXP]I5CE4 ,! URBAN WORK]S IGNOR$ ! PEASANTS1 & VISE V]SA4 ,?US 9 #ahdh ! PEASANTS DID NOT /IR1 NOT UND]/&+ ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T2 LIKEWISE 9 #aheb ! T[N WORK]S UND]/OOD NO?+ ( ! PEASANTS' ATTEMPT AT 9SURRECTION4 ,9 SPITE ( !SE FAILURES -- & !RE W]E MANY O!RS -- ALL IMPROVEM5TS W]E DUE TO WORK+ CLASS 5]GY4 ,IT WAS ! WILL ( ! WORK]S ?AT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION & WAS LEGALLY REGI/]$ BY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ! FIR/ H\RS ( ! ,REVOLUTION ! FRI<T5$ MIDDLE CLASSES %[$ !MSELVES CONCILIATORY1 & TO SAVE CAPITALISM W]E DISPOS$ TO SACRIFICE A FEW TRIFL+ PRIVILEGES4 ,!Y W]E1 H[EV]1 SOON REASSUR$1 BY ! 9OCULATION ( ! PEOPLE ) A POLITICAL VIRUS -- UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE -- AS MU* AS BY 9CONSI/5CY ON ! P>T ( ! COPORATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 & !IR F]OCITY BECAME AS GREAT AS HAD BE5 !IR FE>4 ,! MASSACRES ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 W]E = ! MIDDLE CLASSES ! FIR/ 9/ALLM5T ( SATISFACTION4 ,SOON AFT]1 9 #a#h#d#i1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 PROV+ !MSELVES SIMPLY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 LEGISLAT$ AGA9/ ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!Y W]E PROHIBIT$1 & !IR MEMB]S SUBJECT$ TO P5ALTIES DECRE$ 9 ! LAW ( #a#h#a4 

,AS ! REACTION ( ,L\IS-,PHILLIPE FAIL$ TO *ECK ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T1 SO DID ! ,REPUBLICAN & ,NAPOLEONIC GOV]NM5TS FAIL4 ,)\T TR\BL+ !MSELVES AB\T ! =M ( GOV]NM5T1 OR ) ! PROHIBITION TO COMB9E1 ! CORPORATE GR\PS CONT9U$ TO DEVELOP 9 NUMB] & 9 /R5G?1 SO MU* SO ?AT BY !IR PRESSURE ON PUBLIC AU?ORITIES !Y WRUNG FROM ! GOV]NM5T LEGAL SANCTION = ! AEMELORIATIONS & LIB]TIES !Y HAD =CIBLY ACQUIR$1 ?ANKS TO !IR REVOLUTION>Y VIGOR4 

,IT WAS BY :AT WE N[ CALL ,DIRECT ,ACTION ?AT ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION WAS WRUNG FROM ,CAES>ISM 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,! WORK]S ( ALL ASSOCIATIONS GR\P$ !MSELVES1 COMB9$ & W5T ON /RIKE )\T TAK+ ! LEA/ HE$ ( ! LAW4 ,BEYOND ALL O!RS1 ! PR9T]S DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES BY !IR REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 & 9 ,P>IS 7#a#h#f#b7 ONE ( !IR /RIKES WAS ! DET]M9+ EV5T ?AT BR\<T AB\T ! RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T TO COMB9E4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 BL9D LIKE ALL O!RS1 ?\<T TO KILL ! MOVEM5T BY /RIK+ A GREAT BL[4 ,:OLESALE >RE/S TOOK PLACE4 ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! /RIKE COMMITTEE W]E IMPRISON$1 AS WELL AS ! MO/ ACTIVE AMONG ! /RIK]S4 

,?IS >BITR>Y ABUSE ( P[]1 F> FROM T]RORIZ+1 EXCIT$ PUBLIC OP9ION1 & SU* A CURR5T ( 9DIGNATION RESULT$ FROM IT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS OBLIG$ TO CAPITULATE1 & TO RECOGNIZE ! WORK]S' RI<T TO COMB9ATION4 ,?IS WAS DUE ONLY TO PRESSURE FROM )\T4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO ATTRIBUTE ?IS SUCCESS TO ,SOCIALI/ DEPUTIES1 = ! EXCELL5T REASON ?AT !RE W]E NONE 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 

,! CONQUE/ ( ! RI<T TO COMB9E SO /IMULAT$ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 IT GREW SO RAPIDLY IRRESI/IBLE1 ?AT ! /ATE WAS COMPELL$ TO PUT A GOOD FACE ON A BAD MATT]4 ,9 #ahfc TRADE UNION LIB]TY WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY AN ,IMP]IAL CIRCUL>1 :I* SAID1 0,AS TO ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK+ CLASS ASSOCIATION1 ! ,ADM9I/RATION MU/ LEAVE TO ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 !M FULL LIB]TY40 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION1 DEF9ITIVELY CON/ITUT$ 9 #a#h#f#d1 AFT] SEV]AL E>LI] FRUITLESS ATTEMPTS1 %$ ITS RAYS ON ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & OP5$ UP NEW HORIZONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 HORIZONS ?AT W]E TO BE OBSCUR$ BY ! GREAT CRISIS ( #a#h#g#a4 

,LET US N[ /OP1 SO AS NOT TO BE LUR$ ON TOO F> BY ?IS RETROSPECTIVE SUMM>Y1 & LET US DRAW LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS FROM IT4 

,FROM ! L&M>KS ( HI/ORY ?AT WE HAVE M5TION$1 IT FOLL[S ?AT AT ! DAWN ( ! PRES5T REGIME1 9 #a#g#i#a1 ! GOV]NM5T1 AS DEF5D] ( ! PRIVILEGES ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 D5I$ & REFUS$ ALL ECONOMIC RI<TS TO WORK+ M51 & GR\ND !M D[N UNTIL !Y W]E LIKE P>TICLES ( DU/1 HAV+ NO COHESION ) ONE ANO!R1 SO ?AT !Y W]E AT ! M]CY ( EXPLOITATION4 

,LAT] ON ! WORK]S EM]G$ FROM *AOS1 ON :I* ! MIDDLE CLASSES W\LD LIKE TO KEEP !M4 ,!Y GR\P$ !MSELVES ON ECONOMIC GR\ND AP>T FROM ANY POLITICS4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 :ATEV] NAME IT IS LABEL$ )1 TRIES TO >RE/ ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 & NOT SUCCE$+1 MAKES UP ITS M9D TO SANCTION ! IMPROVEM5TS OR LIB]TIES OBTA9$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,! MO/ SALI5T PO9T 9 ALL !SE AGITATIONS & !SE SOCIAL %OCKS IS ?AT EXPLOIT$ & EXPLOIT]S1 GOV]NORS & GOV]N$1 HAVE 9T]E/$1 NOT ONLY DI/9CT1 BUT OPPOS$2 & ?AT BETWE5 !M A CLASS W> 9 ! TRUE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 

,9 ! %ORT SUMM>Y GIV5 WE SEE ! DRIFT ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 UNTRAMMEL$ BY P>LIAM5T>Y CONTAM9ATION1 & ! WISDOM ( WORK+ M5'S ASSOCIATIONS ON SOLID ECONOMIC GR\ND1 :I* IS ! BASE ( ALL TRUE PROGRESS4 

,A,G,R,E,E,M,5,T ,9 ,O,R,D,] ,T,O ,L,I,V,E 

,BASIS ( ,SOCIAL ,H>MONY 

,HAV+ DEMON/RAT$ ?AT1 FROM A HI/ORICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T ( ! #b? C5TURY IS ! NORMAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS EF=TS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 WE MU/ N[ EXAM9E ! VALUE ( ?IS MOVEM5T FROM A PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,TO BEG9 )1 LET US SET D[N ! PREMISES 9 A FEW L9ES4 ,MAN IS A SOCIABLE ANIMAL4 ,HE CANNOT1 & HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO1 LIVE ISOLAT$ 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE ! LIFE ( M5 :O DO NOT =M A SOCIAL GR\P4 ,H[EV] RUDIM5T>Y W]E PRIMITIVE HUMAN AGGLOM]ATIONS1 M5 ALWAYS GA!R$ TOGE!R 9 ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT IS NOT TRUE1 AS ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 !ORI/ ( DEMOCRATIC S]VITUDE1 TAU<T -- ?AT BE=E !Y =M$ SOCIETIES M5 LIV$ 9 A 0/ATE ( NATURE01 & W]E ONLY ABLE TO EM]GE FROM IT :5 !Y REL9QUI%$ SOME ( !IR NATURAL RI<TS BY MEANS ( A 0SOCIAL CONTRACT40 

,?IS IDLE NONS5SE1 N[ \T ( DATE1 WAS MU* 9 VOGUE AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,IT 9SPIR$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MIDDLE CLASS 9 #a#g#h#i-#i#c1 & IT CONT9UES TO BE ! BASIS ( LAW & ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAMP] US4 

,H[EV] ]RONE\S ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU'S SOPHISMS MAY BE1 !Y HAVE ! ADVANTAGE ( GIV+ A PHILOSOPHICAL V>NI% TO ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 & ( BE+ ! !ORETICAL EXPRESSION ( MIDDLE CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,= ?IS REASON ! MIDDLE CLASS MADE !M ITS [N4 ,IT DREW !M UP 9 ! 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN10 AS WELL AS 9 >TICLES ( ! 0,CODE0 ( LAWS1 SO AS TO SET UP = ITSELF A COMPLETE COMP5DIUM ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION4 

,NEI!R IS IT TRUE1 AS PROCLAIM$ BY ,D>W9I/S1 ?AT SOCIETY IS BUT A BATTLEFIELD :]E ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ALONE REGULATES ! ACTION ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,?IS !ORY1 AS MON/R\S AS IT IS ]RONE\S1 GIVES A FALSE HYPOCRITICAL & SCI5TIFIC V>NI% TO ! WOR/ =MS ( EXPLOITATION4 ,BY !SE MEANS ! MIDDLE CLASSES CON/RUE ?AT ! EXPLOIT] IS ! /RONG BE+ PRODUC$ BY NATURAL SELECTION1 :]EAS ! EXPLOIT$ IS A WEAK BE+1 ! VICTIM ( AN 9V9CIBLE NECESSITY 7ALSO NATURAL72 & ?AT ! WEAK >E COMPELL$ TO VEGETATE OR DISAPPE> AS ! /RONG D]IVES PR(IT FROM ONE OR ANO!R ( !SE SOLUTIONS4 

,SU* A !ORY C\LD ONLY TAKE ROOT BY AN >BITR>Y & ]RONE\S 9T]PRETATION ( ,D>W9'S IDEAS4 ,IF IT W]E TRUE1 IT C\LD ONLY APPLY TO DIFF]5T SPECIES ANYWAY4 ,W> AMONG ONE SPECIES IS AN ACCID5TAL MON/ROSITY1 AMONG DIFF]5T SPECIES1 LIV+ 9 ASSOCIATION1 IT IS ALSO UNNATURAL1 = H>MONY IS AN UNQUE/IONABLE NECESSITY4 

,! AGREEM5T 9 ORD] TO LIVE1 F> FROM CAUS+ A DIM9UTION ( 9DIVIDUALITY 9 MAN1 IS A MEANS ( ACCRU+ & MULTIPLY+ HIS P[] ( WELL-BE+4 ,! EXAM9ATION ( ! REAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE ?AT PREVAIL 9 HUMAN SPECIES 5DS 9 ! NEGATION ( !ORIES CIRCULAT$ BY ! DOM9ANT CLASSES1 !ORIES ?AT ONLY AIM AT FACILITAT+ & JU/IFY+ EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 

,9DE$1 AL?\< BO? DOCTR9ES -- ! DEMOCRATISM ( ,J,J ,R\SSEAU ( ! #a#h? C5TURY & ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,D>W9ISM ( ! #a#i? -- HAVE !ORETICAL DI/9CTIONS1 !Y COME TO ! SAME CONCLUSIONS3 !Y PROCLAIM ! SPIRIT ( R5UNCIATION1 & TEA* ?AT 0! LIB]TY ( EA* IS LIMIT$ BY ! LIB]TY ( O!RS04 ,BY MEANS ( !SE DOCTR9ES1 ! SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE ?AT W5T \T ( FA%ION & WAS DISCR$IT$ 9 ITS RELIGI\S ASPECT HAS AGA9 RIS5 & BECOME A SOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,!SE DOCTR9ES TEA* ?AT AS SOON AS MAN AGREES TO LIVE 9 SOCIETY1 HE ( NECESSITY AGREES TO R5\NCE SOME ( HIS NATURAL RI<TS4 ,?IS R5UNCIATION HE MAKES ON ! ALT> ( AU?ORITY & PROP]TY1 & 9 EX*ANGE HE ACQUIRES ! HOPE ( 5JOY+ ! RI<TS ?AT HAVE SURVIV$ HIS SACRIFICE4 

,MOD]N NATIONS L$ AWAY BY METAPHYSICS1 N[ WE>+ A SCI5TIFIC1 N[ A DEMOCRATIC MASK1 HAVE B5T !IR BACKS & SACRIFIC$ !IR RI<TS2 = !SE DOCTR9ES HAVE BE5 SO DRILL$ 9TO !M ?AT TODAY EV5 CITIZ5S :O PRIDE !MSELVES ON BE+ SO 9TELLECTUALLY EMANCIPAT$ ACCEPT AS AN UNQUE/IONABLE AXIOM ?AT ! LIB]TY ( EA* IS LIMIT$ BY ! LIB]TY ( O!RS4 

,?IS LY+ =MULA WILL NOT BE> EXAM9ATION2 IT MEANS NO?+ MORE & NO?+ LESS ?AN A CON/ANT & P]PETUAL ANTAGONISM BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S4 ,IF IT HAD ANY TRU? 9 IT1 PROGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE1 = LIFE W\LD HAVE BE5 A CONT9UAL /RUGGLE ( 5RAG$ WILD BEA/S4 ,AS ! HUMAN ANIMAL C\LD HAVE ONLY SATISFI$ HIS WANTS BY 9JUR+ HIS FELL[ HUMAN BE+S1 IT W\LD HAVE MEANT NEV]5D+ /RUGGLES1 W>S & UNLIMIT$ F]OCITY4 

,BUT 9 SPITE ( ALL CRIM9AL !ORIES ?AT REPRES5T SOCIETY AS A BATTLEFIELD1 & M5 AS BE+S ONLY ABLE TO EXI/ IF !Y 9JURE ONE ANO!R1 TE> ONE ANO!R TO PIECES & DEV\R ONE ANO!R1 WE HAVE PROGRESS$1 & ! IDEA ( SOLID>ITY HAS FL\RI%$ BECAUSE ! 9/9CT ( SOCIAL H>MONY IS MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! !ORIES ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 

,?IS D$UCTION MAY BE OBJECT$ TO BY SOME1 :O SAY ?AT ! /ATE HAS BE5 AN AG5T ( PROGRESS1 & ?AT ITS 9T]V5TION HAS BE5 MORALIZ+ & PACIFY+4 ,?IS ALLEGATION COMPLETES ! SOPHISMS QUOT$ ABOVE4 ,! 0ORD]0 CREAT$ BY ! /ATE HAS CONSI/$ ONLY ( REPRESS+ & OPPRESS+ ! MASSES 9 ORD] ?AT A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY MI<T PR(IT1 ! MASSES BE+ MADE MALLEABLE BY ! BELIEF !Y HAVE BE5 IMPREGNAT$ )1 CONSI/+ 9 ! ADMISSION ?AT ! R5UNCIATION ( P>T ( !IR 0NATURAL RI<TS0 IS NECESS>Y :5 !Y AGREE TO A 0SOCIAL CONTRACT40 

,WE MU/ OPPOSE ! MIDDLE CLASS DEF9ITION ( LIB]TY ?AT SANCTIONS SLAV]Y & MIS]Y ) A CONTR>Y =MULA1 ?AT :I* IS ! REAL EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL TRU?1 >IS+ FROM ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( 0H>MONY 9 ORD] TO /RUGGLE0 -- ?AT IS1 ! LIB]TY ( EA* GR[S :5 9 T\* ) ! LIB]TY ( O!RS4 

,! UNQUE/IONABLE EVID5CE ( ?IS DEF9ITION EXPLA9S ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETIES4 ,! P[] ( H>MONY 9 ORD] TO LIVE HAS A DYNAMIC =CE SUP]IOR TO ! =CES ( DIVISION1 REPRESSION & SUPPRESSION EX]CIS$ BY P>ASITICAL M9ORITIES4 ,?AT IS :Y SOCIETIES HAVE PROGRESS$4 ,?AT IS :Y !Y HAVE NOT CONSI/$ SOLELY ( BUT*]Y1 RU9S & M\RN+4 

,IT IS TO \R ADVANTAGE TO BECOME IMPREGNAT$ ) ?IS NOTION ( LIB]TY1 9 ORD] TO BE PRO($ AGA9/ ! 9CULCATION ( MIDDLE CLASS SOPHISMS1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO UND]/& :AT ! WORD 0SOCIETY0 MEANS4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! *IEF PROPELL+ P[] IS HUMANITY IS H>MONY & ASSOCIATION4 

,LET US ALSO UND]/& ?AT ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y IS ! AGGLOM]ATION ( ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS ?AT CON/ITUTE IT1 & ?AT IT HAS NO 9DIVIDUAL LIFE ( ITS [N AP>T FROM !M2 CONSEQU5TLY !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( AIM+ AT HAPP9ESS O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HAPP9ESS ( ! HUMAN BE+S COMPOS+ SOCIETY4 

,U,N,I,O,N ,= ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N - ,! ,E,M,B,R,Y,O ,( ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y 

,CIVIC & ,DEMOCRATIC ,D]IVATIVES 

,H>MONY & CONCORD 9 ! BATTLE ( LIFE BE+ RECOGNIZ$ AS ! SOCIAL PIVOT1 IT FOLL[S ?AT SOCIETY'S ME?OD ( AGGREGATION WILL CONSI/ ( GR\PS2 & 9 ORD] ?AT 9DIVIDUAL GR[? MAY NOT BE /UNT$ & ?AT IT %\LD EV] CONT9UE DEVELOP+1 IT IS NECESS>Y = ! GR\P TO BE 9 COMPLETE ACCORD ) ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS4 

,= HUMAN BE+S !SE FUNCTIONS HAVE TWO IRR$UCIBLE ACTIONS -- 7#a7 ,CONSUMPTION2 7#b7 ,PRODUCTION4 ,WE >E BORN CONSUM]S1 & WE BECOME PRODUC]S4 ,SU* IS ! NORMAL PROCESS4 

,! ,CONSUM] 

,AS A CONSUM]1 A HUMAN BE+ %\LD FOLL[ HIS [N 9CL9ATION1 & 9 FULFILL+ ?IS ROLE ONLY ?9K IF HIS NE$S1 ! SATISFACTION ( :I* WILL P]=CE BE LIMIT$ BY POSSIBILITIES4 ,CONSUMPTION IS ! MEASURE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T3 ! GREAT] IT IS = EA*1 ! HI<] IS ! LEVEL ( WELL-BE+4 ,PRES5T SOCIETY WORKS 9 NO WAY ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,F> FROM BE+ FREE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SUBJECT TO PROHIBITIONS & OB/ACLES ?AT CAN ONLY BE REMOV$ BY MEANS ( MONEY4 ,N[1 AS ! MONEY IS SEIZ$ BY ! GOV]N+ CLASS1 ?IS CLASS1 ?ANKS TO ! PRIVILEGES IT 5JOYS1 CONSUMES ACCORD+ TO ITS WILL & PLEASURE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK]S1 :O HAVE MADE NATURAL PRODUCTS CONSUMABLE1 & :O BESIDES ?IS HAVE B5EFIT$ ! CAPITALI/ FROM :OM !Y RECEIVE WAGES1 >E PLAC$ 9 A POSITION 9 :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO CONSUME ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S4 

,SU* AN 9EQUITY IS 9TOL]ABLE4 ,IT IS MON/R\S ?AT 9DIVIDUALS1 SAVE *ILDR51 9VALIDS & OLD PEOPLE1 %\LD BE ABLE TO CONSUME )\T PRODUC+4 ,IT IS ALSO MON/R\S ?AT ! REAL PRODUC]S %\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( ! POSSIBILITY ( CONSUM+4 

,CONSUMPTION TAKES PREC$5CE OV] PRODUCTION1 = WE CONSUME LONG BE=E WE >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+4 ,YET 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IT IS NECESS>Y TO 9V]T !SE T]MS & MAKE PRODUCTION ! />T+ PO9T4 

,! ,PRODUC] 

,! PRODUC] IS ! BASIS ( EV]Y?+4 ,%E OR HE FULFILLS ! ESS5TIAL ORGANIC FUNCTION ?AT PRES]VES SOCIETY FROM EXT9CTION4 ,!Y >E ALSO ! FIR/ CELL ( ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,IT IS !IR UNION & GOOD UND]/&+ ) O!R PRODUC]S :O WORK ) ! SAME PURPOSE 9 M9D -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 AT ! SAME 9DU/RY1 ! SAME TRADE1 ) SIMIL> EF=TS -- ?AT CREATES ! BONDS ( SOLID>ITY :I*1 LIKE A NET1 /RET*ES OV] ! HUMAN COLLECTIVITY4 

,?IS 5=C$ & LOGICAL H>MONY CAUSES ,U,N,I,O,N ,= ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N1 :I* IS ! F\NDATION ( SOCIETY4 ,NO O!R =M ( ASSOCIATION IS SO NECESS>Y4 ,ALL O!RS >E ( A SECOND>Y NATURE4 ,IT ALONE IS ! SOCIAL NUCLEUS1 ! C5T] ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 ,BUT = ! PRODUCTIVE GR\P TO P]=M ITS FUNCTION NORMALLY1 IT MU/ RAISE ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & IT MU/ NEV] T5D TO DIM9I% !IR AUTONOMY UND] ANY PRETEXT :ATSOEV]4 

,MO/ ASSUR$LY1 ! AW>5ESS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL P>T PLAY$ BY ! PRODUC] 9 SOCIETY1 & ! GR\P ( :I* !Y HAVE ! RI<T TO BE AN 9TEGRAL P>T1 IS RELATIVELY NEW4 ,! ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S & COMMUNION ( ASPIRATIONS AMONG PRODUC]S1 COORD9AT$ ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S1 !IR PR(ESSIONAL ACTIVITIES & !IR T5D5CIES1 HAVE NOT ALWAYS BE5 AS TANGIBLE AS N[4 ,! UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A WAS IMP$$ BY IGNORANCE1 EV5 )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! FACT ?AT ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HAD NOT !N ACQUIR$ ! ACUT5ESS ( \R TIMES4 ,ANO!R CAUSE IMP$+ COMPREH5SION SPRUNG FROM ! SURVIVAL ( ! DOM9ANT P>T =M]LY PLAY$ BY FAMILY GR\PS4 ,AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 :5 HUMANITY WAS MO/LY COMPOS$ ( HUNT+ & PA/ORAL TRIBES1 ! FAMILY FULFILL$ ! FUNCTION ( SOCIAL NUCLEUS1 A PH5OM5ON EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT 9 ?OSE F>-(F AGES PRODUCTION1 BO? 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL1 H>DLY W5T BEYOND ! FAMILY CIRCLE1 SO ?AT ?IS =M ( ASSOCIATION BE+ 5\< = BASIC NE$S1 B>T] HAD NOT BEGUN TO MODIFY EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 

,TODAY !SE CONDITIONS HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ TO SU* A TRANS=MATION ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSID] ! FAMILY AS AN ORGANIC NUCLEUS4 ,IT W\LD 9DE$ BE EQUIVAL5T TO LEGITIMIZ+ ALL =MS ( SLAV]Y1 = ALL SLAV]Y FOLL[S AS A CONSEQU5CE ( AN AU?ORITY ?AT ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY APPROPRIATES1 BY VIRTUE ( HIS SUPPOS$ /R5G? & ANCE/RY4 

,BESIDES1 NOBODY DREAMS ( SU* REGRESSION4 ,9 QUITE ANO!R DIRECTION DID ! MIDDLE CLASS AT ! DAWN ( ITS REVOLUTION 9 #a<i TRY TO GUIDE ! T5D5CIES ( ! PEOPLE T[>DS SOCIABILITY4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS1 NE$+ M5 :O W\LD WORK1 :O W\LD BE FLEXIBLE1 MALLEABLE & DEPRIV$ ( ALL P[] ( RESI/ANCE1 DE/ROY$ ! BONDS ( TRUE SOLID>ITY1 ! CLASS -- UND] PRETEXT ( UPROOT+ TRADE PRIVILEGES =M]LY LOOK$ UPON ) FAVOR BY ! OLD REGIME4 ,!N1 TO FILL ! EMPTY SPACE LEFT 9 ! POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS1 & TO H9D] ! IDEA ( ASSOCIATION ) AN ECONOMIC BASIS1 ! REAPPE>ANCE ( :I* IT DREAD$1 ! MIDDLE CLASS MANEUV]$ TO SUB/ITUTE 9 ! PLACE ( TRUE BONDS ( SOLID>ITY RESULT+ FROM ID5TICAL 9T]E/S FICTITI\S & DECEPTIVE BONDS ( CITIZ5%IP & DEMOCRACY4 

,RELIGION1 :I* UNTIL !N HAD S]V$ ! P[]FUL ( ! E>? TO *ECK & RE/RA9 ! T5D5CY T[>DS IMPROVEM5T ( !IR LOT ?AT IMPELL$ ! PEOPLE1 WAS RELEGAT$ TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,NOT ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASS DI/A9$ ! BRUTALIZ+ P[] ( ?IS 0CURB10 BUT IT CONSID]$ RELIGION \T ( DATE & AS HAV+ DONE ITS WORK4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS PR(ESS$ ,VOLTAIRIANISM1 & AL?\< IT ATTACK$ PRIE/S1 IT SUGGE/$ TO ! WORK+ CLASSES SUP]/ITIONS JU/ AS DEBAS+ AS ?OSE ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,S,O,V,],E,I,G,N,T,Y ,( ,! ,P,E,O,P,L,E6 ,H,O,M,E ,& ,C,\,N,T,R,Y6 ,!SE BECAME ! FA%IONABLE IDOLS4 

,! ,PATRIOTIC ,CURB 

,9 A CIVIC DIRECTION ! MIDDLE CLASS GLORIFI$ PATRIOTIC S5TIM5TALITY4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL L9ES ?AT UNITE M5 BORN BY *ANCE BETWE5 V>IABLE FRONTI]S SURR\ND+ A C]TA9 T]RITORY W]E GLORIFI$ AS SACR$4 ,!Y E>NE/LY TAU<T ?AT ! MO/ GLORI\S DAY 9 ! LIFE ( A PATRIOT IS ! ONE 9 :I* !Y HAVE ! PLEASURE ( BE+ BUT*]$ = !IR C\NTRY4 

,!Y DECEIV$ ! PEOPLE ) SU* NONS5SE & H9D]$ !M FROM REFLECT+ ON ! PHILOSOPHICAL VALUE ( ! MORAL VIRUS !Y W]E BE+ 9FECT$ )4 ,?ANKS TO ! S\ND ( TRUMPET & DRUM1 W>LIKE SONGS & J+OI/IC BLU/]1 !Y W]E TRA9$ TO DEF5D :AT !Y HAD NOT GOT3 !IR 9H]ITANCE4 ,PATRIOTISM CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT ALL PATRIOTS )\T DI/9CTION [N A P>T ( SOCIAL PROP]TY1 & NO?+ IS MORE ABSURD ?AN A PATRIOT )\T PATRIMONY4 

,NOT)/&+ ! ABSURDITY1 PROLET>IANS HAVE REA*$ ! PO9T AT :I* !Y DO NOT POSSESS A CLOD ( ! NATIONAL SOIL2 IT FOLL[S ?AT !RE IS ABSOLUTELY NO REASON = !IR PATRIOTISM1 :I* IS JU/ A DISEASE4 

,UND] ! OLD SY/EM ! MILIT>Y C>E] WAS A PR(ESSION LIKE ANY O!R1 ONLY MORE B>B>\S2 & ! >MY1 9 :I* ! PATRIOTIC BIG DRUM WAS NOT BEAT51 WAS A M$LEY ( M]C5>IES 0M>*+0 = PAY4 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ! MIDDLE CLASSES DEVIS$ A BLOOD TAX -- CONSCRIPTION = ! PEOPLE1 A NATURAL D$UCTION FROM ! HYPO!SIS ?AT 9 FUTURE ! ,FA!RL& WAS TO BE 0EV]YBODY'S PROP]TY02 BUT IT HAS CONT9U$ TO BE 0! PROP]TY ( A FEW10 & !SE FEW HAVE1 ?ANKS TO ! NEW SY/EM1 SOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( CAUS+ !IR PRIVILEGES TO BE PROTECT$ BY O!RS1 BY ?OSE DESPOIL$ ( !IR 9H]ITANCE4 

,H]E1 9DE$1 APPE>S A =MIDABLE CONTRADICTION4 ,! BONDS ( NATIONALITY1 ( :I* MILIT>ISM IS A TANGIBLE =M1 & :I* WE >E TOLD T5DS TO ! DEF5SE ( COMMON 9T]E/S1 HAS A DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE RESULT -- IT *ECKS WORK+-CLASS ASPIRATIONS4 

,IT IS NOT ! IDEOLOGICAL FRONTI] ?AT SEP>ATES NATIONS 9TO ,5GLI%1 ,FR5*1 ,G]MANS1 ETC41 ?AT ! >MY WAT*ES OV]1 BUT PR9CIPALLY ! FRONTI] ( RI*ES 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! POOR *A9$ UP 9 POV]TY4 

,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,CURB 

,! MIDDLE CLASS HAS ITSELF AS CRAFTY 9 A DEMOCRATIC DIRECTION4 ,HAV+ CONQU]$ POLITICAL P[] & SECUR$ = ITSELF ECONOMIC DOM9ATION1 IT TOOK C>E NOT TO DE/ROY ! ME*ANISM ?AT HAD BE5 ( USE TO ! >I/OCRACY4 ,IT CONF9$ ITSELF TO REPLA/]+ ! ,/ATE FRONTAGE 5\< TO *ANGE ITS APPE>ANCE1 & TO GET IT ACCEPT$ AS A NEW P[] BY ! PEOPLE4 

,N[ 9 SOCIETY !RE IS NO?+ REAL1 EXCEPT = ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS1 :I* >E COMPLETELY SUFFICI5T = 9DIVIDUALS & USEFUL TO GR\PS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ALL EXT]IOR CRY/ALLIZATION & ALL POLITICAL SUP]FLUITY >E P>ASITIC & OPPRESSIVE EXCRESC5CES1 & !RE=E NOXI\S4 

,BUT ( ?IS ! PEOPLE HAD NO CONSCI\SNESS1 & SO IT WAS EASY TO FOOL !M4 

,! MIDDLE CLASS1 ) ! 9T5TION ( IMP$+ ! BLOSSOM+ ( ECONOMIC SOV]EIGNTY :I* WAS G]M9AT+ 9 ! FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION !Y HAD JU/ /IFL$1 TAU<T ! PEOPLE TO TURN TO ! MIRAGE ( POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY1 ! P[]LESS MANIFE/ATIONS ( :I* W\LD NOT DI/URB CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,! FRAUD SUCCE$$ SO WELL ?AT ! BELIEF 9 POLITICAL EQUALITY -- ?AT GREAT HOAX -- HAS DONE A GOOD S]VICE 9 KEEP+ ! MASSES D[N DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY4 

,ONLY A SMALL AM\NT ( WISDOM IS REQUIR$ TO UND]/& ?AT ! CAPITALI/ & ! WORK]1 ! L&[N] & ! DISPOSSESS$1 >E NOT EQUALS4 ,EQUALITY IS NOT A FACT BECAUSE BO? RI* & POOR >E 9 ! POSSESSION ( A VOT+ TICKET4 

,& YET ! FRAUD GOES ON4 ,IT GOES ON TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT EV5 TODAY !RE >E1 AMONG WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE1 ?OSE :O /ILL HAVE CONFID5CE 9 !SE IDLE FANCIES4 

,!Y >E VICTIMS ( A SUP]FICIAL LOGIC2 !Y SUM UP ! 9FLU5CE ( ! POPUL> MASSES & COMP>E IT TO ! NUM]ICAL WEAKNESS ( ! GOV]N+ M9ORITY1 & SUPPOSE ?AT ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES IS 5\< TO 5SURE ?AT !Y WILL TRIUMPH BY MEANS ( ! NORMAL ACTION ( MAJORITIES4 

,!Y DO NOT SEE ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC GR\P+1 ) UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE AS A BASIS1 9 NOT A HOMOG5\S OR LA/+ ASSOCIATION1 & ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REGULATE IT ) A VIEW TO P]SI/5T ACTION4 

,?IS GR\P BR+S TOGE!R TEMPOR>Y CITIZ5S :OSE 9T]E/S >E NOT ID5TICAL1 SU* AS EMPLOY]S & EMPLOY$1 & :5 IT UNITES !M1 IT ONLY CONF]S ON !M ! RI<T TO DECIDE AB\T AB/RACTIONS OR ILLUSIONS4 

,! WANT ( COH]5CE 9 ,P>LIAM5TS1 !IR IGNORANCE ( POPUL> ASPIRATIONS & ALSO !IR P[]LESSNESS1 >E FACTS ?AT HAVE BE5 SIFT$ ?R\< SO C>EFULLY ?AT IT IS USELESS TO DWELL ON !M4 ,! RESULT IS NO BETT] :5 WE EXAM9E ! CONSEQU5CES ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 MUNICIPAL DI/RICTS4 ,A FEW BRIEFLY-DESCRIB$ EXAMPLES WILL DEMON/RATE ?IS4 

,DUR+ ! LA/ QU>T] ( A C5TURY RURAL MUNICIPALITIES HAVE BE51 = ! MO/ P>T1 9 ! H&S ( PEASANTS4 ,WEAL?Y L&[N]S W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO ?IS CONQUE/1 KN[+ ?AT1 [+ TO ! 9V9CIBLE NECESSITIES ( PRES5T SOCIETY & ! OB/ACLES PUT 9 ! WAY BY A C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 NO?+ EFFECTUAL C\LD BE ATTEMPT$ AGA9/ !M4 

,BY ,SOCIALI/ PU%1 ! SAME CONQUE/ ( MUNICIPALITIES HAS BE5 REALIZ$ 9 WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS2 ! B5EFIT TO ! WORK]S HAS BE5 SMALL4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES ANNIHILAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO REALIZE !IR PROGRAM1 & DISILLUSIONS HAVE BE5 ! CONSEQU5CE4 ,YET ANO!R DANG]4 ,WORK]S HAVE TURN$ FROM !IR UNION TO POLITICAL EF=TS1 ALL !IR 5]GY HAS GONE 9 ?IS DIRECTION & !Y HAVE NEGLECT$ ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 SO ?AT BAD EMPLOY]S1 :OSE EXPLOIT+ F]OCITY HAS NO LIMITS1 HAVE B5EFIT$ BY NOT F9D+ AN ACTIVE & VIGOR\S TRADE UNION GR\P TO OPPOSE !M4 

,9 ! NOR? ( ,FRANCE -- ,R\BAIX1 ,>M5TI]ES1 ETC4 -- :]E MUNICIPALITIES >E OR HAVE BE5 ,SOCIALI/IC1 WAGES >E FRI<TFULLY L[4 ,9 ! ,>D5NES ! SAME GOES4 ,!RE NUM]\S TRADE UNIONS HAD BE5 =M$1 BUT ! MEMB]S HAV+ ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE COMPLETELY ABSORB$ BY POLITICS1 ! UNIONS HAVE LO/ ! P[] ( OPPOS+ !IR EMPLOY]S4 

,TO ALL !SE DEFECTS ,DEMOCRACY ADDS1 IF POSSIBLE1 YET A GREAT] MI/AKE4 ,PROGRESS1 AS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! :OLE ( \R HI/ORIC PA/1 IS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS ( CONSCI\S M9ORITIES4 ,N[ ,DEMOCRACY ORGANIZES ! /IFL+ ( M9ORITIES TO ! PR(IT ( %EEPI% & CONS]VATIVE MAJORITIES .<OR TO !IR MUTUAL FLEEC+8 - TRANSCRIB]S' NOTE.>4 

,! WORK ( DEVIAT+ ! ECONOMIC MOVEM5T ATTEMPT$ BY ! MIDDLE CLASS C\LD ONLY BE MOM5T>Y4 ,! CORPORATIVE GR\P IS NOT ! RESULT ( >TIFICIAL GR[?4 ,IT SPR+S UP & DEVELOPS SPONTANE\SLY & 9EVITABLY 9 ALL SURR\ND+S4 ,IT IS TO BE F\ND 9 ANCI5T TIMES1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & TODAY1 & WE CAN %[ ?AT AT ALL TIMES ITS DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 OB/RUCT$ BY ! POSSESSOR ( PRIVILEGES1 :O1 FE>+ ! EXPANSIVE P[] ( ?IS ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION1 TOOK UP ! CUDGELS AGA9/ IT -- )\T1 H[EV]1 SUCCE$+ 9 DE/ROY+ IT4 

,IT IS NOT A/ONI%+ ?AT CORPORATIVE GR\PS HAVE SU* AN 9T5SE VITALITY4 ,!IR ABSOLUTE ANNIHILATION IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REALIZE4 ,9 ORD] TO SUCCE$ IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 ! CORPORATE GR\P HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! EXI/+ =M ( PRODUCTION1 & NORMALLY PROCE$S FROM IT4 ,N[1 AS ASSOCIATION = PRODUCTION IS AN 9EVITABLE NECESSITY1 H[ C\LD IT BE POSSIBLE = WORK]S GA!R$ TOGE!R = ?IS PURPOSE TO LIMIT !IR COOP]ATION TO MATT]S ONLY USEFUL TO !IR EMPLOY]S1 :O B5EFIT BY EXPLOITATION 9 COMMON8 ,9 ORD] TO SATISFY CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S1 PRODUC]S W]E BR\<T TOGE!R 9 ECONOMIC GR\PS1 & !Y W\LD HAVE HAD ! 9TELLIG5CE ( MOLLUSKS HAD !Y NOT 5\< JUDGM5T TO OV]/EP ! B\ND>IES IMPOS$ ON !M BY !IR EXPLOIT]S4 

,WORK]S POSSESS+ A BIT ( COMMON S5SE W]E 9EVITABLY BR\<T TO SEE ! FLAGRANT ANTAGONISM ?AT MAKES !M1 ! PRODUC]S1 ! IRRECONCILABLE 5EMIES ( !IR EMPLOY]S2 !Y >E ! ROBB$1 !IR EMPLOY]S >E ! ROBB]S4 ,!RE=E1 = !M ! DISCORD IS SO RADICAL ?AT ONLY POLITICIANS OR EMPLOY]S' FLUNKIES CAN SP\T G>BAGE AB\T 0H>MONY BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR40 

,BESIDES1 IT W\LD NOT TAKE LONG = WAGE-E>N]S TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! EMPLOY]S' RAPACITY IS ! MORE EXACT+1 ! WEAK] IS WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE4 ,N[ IT IS EASY TO PROVE ?AT ! ISOLATION ( ! WAGE-E>N] CON/ITUTES !IR MAXIMUM ( WEAKNESS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 COOP]ATION = PRODUCTION HAV+ ALREADY TAU<T ! EXPLOIT$ TO APPRECIATE ! B5EFITS ( ASSOCIATION1 !Y ONLY NE$$ WILL & 9ITIATIVE TO CREATE A GR\P = WORK]S' SELF-DEF5SE4 

,!Y SOON LE>N$ ITS VALUE4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES1 :O HAD NO FE> ( ! 0,PEOPLE AS ELECTORS04 W]E COMPELL$ BY ! PEOPLE AS A 0TRADE UNION0 TO RECOGNIZE ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION & TRADE UNION FRE$OM4 

,9 CONSID]ATION ( !SE FIR/ RESULTS1 REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE TO DIV]T ! WORK+ CLASS FROM ! TRADE UNION4 ,9 SPITE ( SU* MANEUV]S1 ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! TRADE UNION HAS GR[N CLE>] & MORE PRECISE1 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 FUTURE IT CAN BE ?US DEF9$3 

,9 ! PRES5T1 ! P]MAN5T MISSION ( ! TRADE UNION IS TO DEF5D ITSELF AGA9/ ANY R$UCTION ( VITALITY -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 AGA9/ ANY R$UCTION ( WAGES & 9CREASE 9 WORK+ H\RS4 ,BESIDES RESI/+ ATTACK1 IT MU/ PLAY A PRO-ACTIVE P>T & /RIVE TO 9CREASE ! WELL-BE+ ( ! UNION1 :I* CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ BY TRESPASS+ ON CAPITALI/ PRIVILEGES1 & CON/ITUTES A SORT ( P>TIAL EXPROPRIATION4 

,BESIDES ?IS TALK ( 9CESSANT SKIRMI%ES1 ! UNION IS 5GAG$ 9 ! WORK ( 9TEGRAL EMANCIPATION1 ( :I* IT WILL EFFECTIVELY BE ! AG5T4 ,IT WILL CONSI/ ( TAK+ POSSESSION ( SOCIAL WEAL?1 N[ 9 ! H&S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 & 9 REORGANIZ+ SOCIETY ON A ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ BASIS1 SO ?AT ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( SOCIAL WELL-BE+ WILL BE A*IEV$ ) A M9IMUM ( PRODUCTIVE EF=T4 

,! ,R,I,<,T ,( ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N,I,S,M 

,WE WILL N[ EXAM9E H[ TRADE UNIONISM IS CON/ITUT$4 ,=M+ P>T ( A C]TA9 CLASS1 AN 9F9ITESIMAL M9ORITY ( BOLD 9DIVIDUALS1 POSSESS+ 5\< *>ACT]1 CREATE A GR\P 9 ORD] TO RESI/ & TO FI<T CAPITALI/S4 

,:AT WILL ! ATTITUDE TAK5 BY ?IS H&FUL ( MILITANTS BE8 ,WILL !Y WAIT UNTIL !Y HAVE WON OV]1 IF NOT ! :OLE1 AT LEA/ ! MAJORITY ( !IR ,FELL[ ,WORK]S BELONG+ TO ! CLASS1 TO /ATE !IR CLAIMS8 

,!Y W\LD ACT 9 ?IS WAY IF 9TO ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE !Y 9TRODUC$ ! POLITICAL PREJUDICES HELD BY ! MAJORITY4 

,BUT AS ! EV]YDAY PRACTICAL DEM&S ( ! /RUGGLE >E MORE URG5T ?AN DEMOCRATIC SOPHISMS1 ! LOGIC ( LIFE IMPELS !M 9TO ACTION1 T[>DS NEW IDEAS OPPOS$ TO ! POLITICAL =MULAS ) :I* !Y HAVE BE5 SATURAT$4 ,TO OBTA9 ?IS RESULT1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y = ! COMBATANTS TO POSSESS A GREAT QUANTITY ( JUDGM5T1 BUT ONLY IF !Y NOT BE P>ALYZ$ BY =MULAS & AB/RACTIONS4 

,WE HAVE WITNESS$1 9 A V]Y IMPORTANT CIRCUM/ANCE1 ! POLITICIAN ,BASLY RESPECT TRADE UNION PR9CIPLES & DEM& ?AT HEY BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,IT IS ALMO/ SUP]FLU\S TO ADD ?AT ?IS MANEUV] ON HIS P>T WAS UNADULT]AT$ CUNN+1 9 ORD] TO DISCR$IT REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES4 ,IT WAS AT ! ,M9]S' ,CONF]5CE HELD AT ,L5S 9 #aia :5 ! QUE/ION ( A G5]AL /RIKE WAS BE+ DISCUSS$1 ?AT ,BASLY 5DEAVOR$ TO IMP$E ! MOVEM5T BY PROPOS+ A REF]5DUM2 &1 CONTR>Y TO DEMOCRATIC !ORIES1 HE CAUS$ ! ,CONGRESS TO DECIDE ?AT ! NUMB] ( NONVOT]S %\LD BE ADD$ TO ! TOTAL ( ! MAJORITY4 

,?IS POLITICIAN1 :O ?\<T HIMSELF SO CUNN+1 W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y A/ONI%$ IF IT HAD BE5 PO9T$ \T TO HIM ?AT1 9/EAD ( HAV+ TRICK$ ! CONGRESS1 HE HAD ACT$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y & HAD BE5 9SPIR$ BY TRADE UNION PR9CIPLES4 ,9DE$1 9 ?IS P>TICUL> 9/ANCE1 ,BASLY PAID NO ATT5TION TO ! OP9ION ( M5 )\T JUDGM5T2 HE LOOK$ D[N ON !M AS HUMAN Z]OS1 ONLY FIT TO BE ADD$ TO ?9K+ UNITS1 AS 9]T BE+S :OSE LAT5T P[]S C\LD ONLY BE PUT 9TO MOTION BY CONTACT ) 5]GETIC & BOLD M54 ,?IS WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S IS ! NEGATION ( DEMOCRATIC !ORIES ?AT PROCLAIM EQUALITY ( RI<TS = ALL1 & TEA* ?AT ! SOV]EIGN WILL ( ! PEOPLE IS FULLY C>RI$ \T BY MEANS ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,BASLY WAS NOT CLE> ON ?IS PO9T1 & = A :ILE1 =GETT+ HIS POLITICAL !ORIES1 HE WAS EASILY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ECONOMIC DOCTR9ES ( HIS SURR\ND+S4 

,LET US ALSO REM>K ?AT DEMOCRACY HAS NEV] BE5 9 VOGUE AMONG CORPORATE GR\PS4 ,FACE TO FACE ) SOCIAL NE$S1 COMBATANTS 9 ! RANKS ( TRADE UNIONS SOLV$ PROBLEMS AS !IR COMMON S5SE TAU<T !M4 ,!IR DE$S1 !RE=E1 PREC$$ ! DECL>ATION ( TRADE UNION PR9CIPLES4 

,TRADE UNIONI/S HAVE NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT !Y MU/ CONSULT ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS ACCORD+ TO RULE1 & SUIT !IR ACTION TO PLEASE ! MAJORITY4 ,AS MANY AS W]E ( ONE M9D =M$ A GR\P1 & PRES5T$ !IR CLAIMS )\T TAK+ HE$ ( NON-?9K]S4 

,C\LD ANY?+ BE MORE NATURAL8 ,LET US DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! !ORETICAL & AB/RACT RI<T ?AT DEMOCRACY DANGLES BE=E \R EYES1 & ! TRUE & TANGIBLE RI<T ?AT REPRES5TS ! :OLE ( \R 9T]E/S1 & ! />T+ PO9T ( :I* IS AN ACT ( CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,! RI<T ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TO RISE AGA9/ OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION CANNOT BE D5I$4 ,! RI<T ( A MAN :O /&S ALONE TO PROTE/ & REBEL AGA9/ ALL REMA9S 9ALI5ABLE4 ,%\LD IT PLEASE ! MASSES TO B5D !IR BACKS B5EA? ! YOKE & LICK ! BOOTS ( ! MA/]S1 :AT MATT]S IT TO HIM8 ,! MAN :O ABHORS CR++1 &1 UNWILL+ TO SUBMIT1 RISES & REBELS1 SU* AS MAN HAS RI<T ON HIS SIDE AGA9/ ALL4 ,HIS RI<T IS CLE> & UNQUE/IONABLE4 ,! RI<T ( D[NTRODD5 MASSES1 AS LONG AS IT IS RE/RICT$ TO ! RI<T ( SLAV]Y1 IS UNWOR?Y ( NOTICE & CANNOT BE COMP>$ TO IT4 ,! RI<T ( !SE MASSES WILL ONLY TAKE %APE & BE WOR?Y ( RESPECT :5 M51 TIR$ ( OB$I5CE & WORK+ = O!RS1 DREAM ( REBELLION4 

,!RE=E1 :5 A GR\P IS =M$ )9 :I* M5 ( JUDGM5T COME 9TO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R1 !Y NE$ NOT TAKE ! APA?Y ( ! MASSES 9TO ACC\NT4 ,IT IS 5\< = TRADE UNIONI/S TO REGRET ?AT NON-?9K]S LAY ASIDE !IR RI<TS2 !Y CANNOT ALL[ !M ! /RANGE PRIVILEGE ( IMP$+ ! PROCLAMATION & REALIZATION ( ! RI<T ( A ?9K+ M9ORITY4 

,)\T ANY !ORY HAV+ BE5 ELABORAT$ BE=EH&1 TRADE UNIONI/S W]E 9SPIR$ & GUID$ BY !SE IDEAS :5 !Y =M$ GR\PS4 ,!Y ACT$1 & /ILL ACT1 9 H>MONY ) !M4 

,FROM ?IS WE GA!R ?AT TRADE UNION RI<T HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) DEMOCRATIC RI<T4 

,! ONE IS ! EXPRESSION ( UN?9K+ MAJORITIES :O =M A COMPACT MASS ?AT W\LD /IFLE ?9K+ M9ORITIES4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ! DOGMA 0,SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE01 :I* TEA*ES ?AT ALL M5 >E BRO!RS & EQUALS1 ?IS DEMOCRATIC RI<T 5DS BY SANCTION+ ECONOMIC SLAV]Y & OPPRESS+ M5 ( 9ITIATIVE1 PROGRESS1 SCI5CE & LIB]TY4 

,TRADE UNION RI<T IS ! EXACT OPPOSITE4 ,/>T+ FROM 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY & ! AUTONOMY ( HUMAN BE+S1 IT 5DS 9 AGREEM5T 9 ORD] TO LIVE 9 SOLID>ITY1 SO ?AT ITS LOGICAL1 UNQUE/IONABLE CONSEQU5CE IS ! REALIZATION ( SOCIAL LIB]TY & EQUALITY4 

,?US WE CAN UND]/& ?AT BY VIRTUE ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY TRADE UNIONI/S HAVE GR[N /RONG BY COM+ 9TO CONTACT ) O!R ID5TICAL SOV]EIGNTIES2 !Y DO NOT WAIT UNTIL ! NATION AGREES TO MANIFE/ !IR WILL2 !Y ?9K & !Y ACT 9 ! NAME ( ALL1 AS IF !IR GR\P W]E REALLY COMPOS$ ( ! MASSES AS A :OLE4 ,LOGIC LEADS !M TO ?9K & ACT AS IF !Y W]E ?OSE :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- 9 FACT1 ! 5TIRE NATION4 

,BESIDES1 :AT PROVES TO US ?AT MILITANT TRADE UNIONI/S >E JU/IFI$ 9 CONSID]+ !MSELVES EXPON5TS ( ! ASPIRATIONS & ! WILL ( ALL IS ?AT :5 CIRCUM/ANCES REQUIRE IT -- = EXAMPLE1 9 A CASE ( /RIFE ) !IR EMPLOY]S -- NON-UNIONI/S FOLL[ ! TRADE UNION LEAD & SPONTANE\SLY GR\P !MSELVES1 FI<T+ SIDE BY SIDE ) !IR COMRADES :O HAVE ORGANIZ$ ! MOVEM5T ) PATI5CE & 5]GY4 

,! NON-UNIONI/S1 ! UN?9K+1 NE$ !RE=E NOT BE (F5D$ BY ?IS SORT ( MORAL GU>DIAN%IP ASSUM$ BY ?OSE ) JUDGM5T4 ,MILITANT TRADE UNIONI/S REFUSE NONE :O COME ) GOODWILL1 & ?OSE :O >E HURT AT BE+ TREAT$ AS UNWOR?Y ( NOTICE NE$ ONLY )DRAW FROM !IR 9F]IOR POSITION1 %AKE (F !IR 9]TIA1 & 5T] A TRADE UNION4 

,MORE ?AN ?IS1 LAGG>DS HAVE NO RI<T TO COMPLA91 AS !Y PR(IT BY RESULTS GA9$ BY !IR COMRADES :O ?9K & FI<T1 & B5EFIT )\T HAV+ HAD TO SUFF] 9 ! /RUGGLE4 

,?US ! B5EFITS GA9$ BY A FEW >E EXT5D$ TO ALL1 :I* PROVES ! SUP]IORITY ( ! TRADE UNION OV] DEMOCRATIC RI<T4 ,H[ F> TRADE UNION PR9CIPLES >E REMOV$ FROM MIDDLE CLASS PLATITUDES1 :I* TEA* ?AT EV]Y WORK] IS ! MA/] ( !IR [N DE/9Y6 ,9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 EV]Y WORK] HAS ! CONVICTION ?AT :5 FI<T+ = !MSELVES !Y >E FI<T+ = ALL1 & IT NEV] 5T]S !IR HEADS TO F9D 9 ?IS A MOTIVE = RECRIM9ATION OR 9ACTION4 

,! WORK]S DESPISE ! N>R[NESS & PETT9ESS ( MIDDLE CLASS EGOISM1 ?AT UND] ! CLOAK ( 9DIVIDUAL EXPANSION1 BRE$S POV]TY & DISEASE1 & DRIES UP ! SPR+S ( LIFE4 ,CONV9C$ ?AT MUTUAL AID 9 ORD] TO LIVE IS ! PRECONDITION ( ALL SOCIAL PROGRESS1 TRADE UNIONI/S ID5TIFY !IR 9T]E/S ) ! COMMON 9T]E/4 ,?AT IS :Y :5 !Y DO ACT1 IT IS NOT 9 !IR [N NAME1 BUT 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE :OSE DE/9Y !Y %APE4 ,BY FUR!R LOGIC !Y DO NOT LIMIT !IR ACTIVITY TO !IR ,ASSOCIATION1 BUT1 /AT+ G5]AL CLAIMS1 !Y EXT5D IT TO ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS1 :5 !Y HAVE WRUNG AN IMPROVEM5T FROM CAPITALISM1 !Y EXPECT ALL TO B5EFIT BY IT -- ALL6 ,NON-UNIONI/S6 ,! UN?9K+1 EV5 SCABS6 

,?IS FEEL+ ( BROADM9D$ FRAT]NITY1 ?IS PR(\NDLY HUMAN UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL H>MONY1 RAISES TRADE UNIONISM TO A PLANE ( EXCELL5CE4 ,ITS SUP]IORITY TO DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES1 :I* ONLY BRE$ %ABBY TRICKS1 FRATRICIDAL /RUGGLES & SOCIAL CONFLICT1 IS UNQUE/IONABLE4 ,!RE=E1 TRADE UNION RI<T IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! NEW1 PR(\NDLY HUMAN RI<T ?AT R\SES ! CONSCI5CE & OPPOSES ANCI5T DOGMAS BY PREP>+ SOCIAL REG5]ATION2 A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! OPPRESSIVE SY/EM ( LAW WILL BE REPLAC$ BY A SY/EM ( FREE CONTRACTS CONS5T$ TO BY ALL P>TIES CONC]N$1 IMPROVABLE OR REVOCABLE AT WILL1 9 :I* CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION WILL GIVE WAY TO ECONOMIC F$]ATION1 BR\<T AB\T ! COHESION ( PRODUC+ GR\PS1 :OSE MEMB]S WILL ASSURE TO HUMAN BE+S ! MAXIMUM ( WELL-BE+ & LIB]TY4 

,CONCLUSION 

,IT W\LD BE MORE TO ! PO9T TO SAY1 0,9TRODUCTION10 ,9 !SE >TICLES ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO DEF9E ! IDEAS ?AT GUIDE TRADE UNIONS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT IS /ILL TO FOLL[4 ,IT IS TO %[ ! H>MONY ( TRADE UNION ACTION ) TRADE UNION !ORIES1 & BY AN ACCUMULATION ( FACTS & EXAMPLES PROVE ?AT1 EV5 SOMETIMES UNCONSCI\SLY1 TRADE UNIONS >E 9SPIR$ BY !SE IDEAS4 

,!Y DEMON/RATE ?AT ! APPLICATION ( !SE GUID+ IDEAS GREATLY 9FLU5CES PRES5T SOCIETY1 & ?AT FACE TO FACE ) ANCI5T ORGANISMS OV]TAK5 BY OLD AGE1 !RE >E BE+ DEVELOP$ G]MS ( A NEW SOCIETY 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S WILL EVOLVE )\T H9DRANCE 9 ! MID/ ( AUTONOM\S GR\PS4 

.<#a.> ,! ,FR5* WORD 0,SYNDICAT0 HAS BE5 R5D]$ 9TO ,5GLI% AS ITS NE>E/ EQUIVAL5T4 ,! ,FR5* ORGANIZATIONS1 H[EV]1 DIFF] FROM ! ,5GLI% 9 9CULCAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT & IGNOR+ POLITICAL ACTION4 

.<#b.> ,LA LOI ,*APELI]1 PASS$ ON ,JUNE #a#g1 #a#g#i#a4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aig 3 ,! ,BASIS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b1 #bb 3 ,! ,BASIS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,BASIS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/