,! ,BALKAN ,W> 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

,PUBLI%$3 ,DECEMB] #a1 #aiab 9 ,L',AVANGU>DIA2 PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% 9 ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT #a_/#a#a1 #a#i#i#g1 PAGES #f#c-#f#h4 
,S\RCE3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,LIBR>Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT4 

,?\< WE CAN'T YET EVALUATE ! HI/ORICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! 
SLAU<T]1 AS IT DRAWS TO A CLOSE WE CAN AT LEA/ EXAM9E IT SOME:AT 
OBJECTIVELY FROM ! SOCIALI/ /&PO9T4 

,IT IS SAID ?AT ! ,BALKAN PEOPLES >E FI<T+ = ! CAUSE ( 
CIVILIZATION1 LIB]TY & ! 9DEP5D5CE ( PEOPLES2 IT IS ACCEPT$ AS 
9DISPUTABLE DOGMA ?AT ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,TURKEY FROM ! MAP ( 
,EUROPE WILL BE A S\ND BASIS = EA/]N ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T1 & SO MU/ BE WELCOM$ BY SOCIALI/S4 ,BE=E AN A/ONI%$ 
,EUROPE1 ! F9E GE/URE ( ! F\R /ATELETS TOOK ON ! HI/ORIC 
PHYSIOGNOMY ( A CRUSADE & A REVOLUTION AT ! SAME TIME4 ,IT 
5RAPTUR$ ,*RI/IANS & REPUBLICANS1 NATIONALI/S & SOCIALI/S1 :O 
VI$ 9 APPLAUD+ ! W>4 

,BUT ! RIV]S ( BLOOD & FIRE :I* WELL$ UP FROM C\NTRIES 
DEVA/AT$ BY ONE ( ! MO/ MURD]\S W>S ON RECORD1 :ILE 
EXHIL>AT+ = ! NATIONALI/S & ! !ORETICIANS ( MASSACRE ONLY 
MAKE US CURSE1 & S]VES US AS W>N+ = ! FUTURE4 

"9 "9 "9 

,H]E ! HI/ORICAL PROBLEM IS SET BE=E US 9 ALL ITS GRAVITY3 ,:AT 
/ANCE MU/ ! SOCIALI/S TAKE ON SO-CALL$ 0W>S ( 9DEP5D5CE01 
:I* ASPIRE TO ! LIB]ATION ( AN OPPRESS$ NATIONALITY FROM ! 
=EIGN YOKE8 

,SOME W\LD SAY3 AS HI/ORY TEA*ES US ?AT NATIONAL FRE$OM IS A 
PRE-CONDITION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ B\RGEOISIE1 & = 
! CONSEQU5T CLASS /RUGGLE :I* LEADS TO SOCIALISM1 SOCIALI/S MU/ 
LOOK FAVORABLY ON W>S = 9DEP5D5CE4 

,WE WILL DISCUSS ?IS CONCLUSION1 :I* IS ALMO/ A SOPHISM1 ) ! 
V]Y MODE/ AIM ( UNSETTL+ ! F\NDATIONS ( A TOO COMMONLY-ACCEPT$ 
PREJUDICE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! PREMISE ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE NE$S 0NATIONAL FRE$OM0 
= ITS DEVELOPM5T IS NOT EXACT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE ONLY NE$S TO TAKE ! 
,/ATE AWAY FROM ! FEUDAL OLIG>*IES & 9/ALL A DEMOCRATIC 
POLITICAL REGIME4 ,! COLLABORATION ( ! MASSES BE+ NECESS>Y = 
?IS1 ! B\RGEOISIE TRIES TO MAKE ?IS /RUGGLE POPUL> BY GIV+ IT1 
9 CASES :]E ! >I/OCRACIES BELONG TO A NON-9DIG5\S NATION OR 
RACE1 A PATRIOTIC CONT5T4 

,SO = EXAMPLE 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY :]E1 AS AN EXTRA-NATIONAL 
QUE/ION1 ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! B\RGEOISIE WAS RESOLV$ ) ! 
W>S ( '#e#i & '#f#f4 ,9 ,FRANCE ON ! O!R H&1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 
! >I/OCRACY & ! B\RGEOISIE HAD A REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 & A 
FUNDAM5TAL PHYSIOGNOMY ( CIVIL W>4 ,BE IT UND]/OOD ?AT !SE 
EXAMPLES HAVE A RELATIVE VALUE1 S9CE HI/ORICAL FACTS >E NOT SO NEATLY 
CLASSIFI$ OR CATALOG$4 

,MOREOV]1 AS ! CONCEPTS ( RACE & NATIONALITY >E SO ELA/IC 
HI/ORICALLY & GEOGRAPHICALLY1 !Y'RE ALWAYS WELLADAPT$ TO ! 
9T]E/S ( OLIG>*IC CAPITALI/ GR\PS1 ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( 
!IR ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,ONLY AFT] ! EV5T CAN SYCOPHANTIC HI/ORY 
RECON/RUCT FANTA/IC1 S5TIM5TAL MOTIVES1 & CREATE ! PATRIOTIC & 
NATIONAL TRADITION1 :I* S]VES ! %REWD B\RGEOISIE SO WELL AS AN 
ANTIDOTE TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,BUT ! ,P>TY :I* REPRES5TS ! WORK+ CLASS HAS TO LOOK A BIT 
CLOS]4 ,WE SEE IRR$5TISM AS NO MORE ?AN A CUNN+ REACTION>Y PLOY4 
,EV5 FROM ! VIEWPO9T - WE'LL N[ REEXAM9E IT - :I* SAYS ! 
B\RGEOISIE NE$S TO PURSUE ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ETC41 IRR$5TISM IS NOT 
JU/IFI$4 ,NICE & ,TRIE/E >E MORE 9DU/RIALIZ$ ?AN MU* ( ,ITALY4 

"9 "9 "9 

,WE'RE NOT MAK+ A COMP>ISON H]E ) ! ,BALKAN REGIONS4 ,WE ACCEPT AS 
A FACT ?AT ,BULG>IA1 ,S]BIA1 ETC4 >E MORE CIVILIZ$ ?AN ,TURKEY4 ,ON 
?AT BASIS1 IS !RE P]HAPS SOME K9D ( RI<T TO >M$ CONQUE/ ( 
T]RITORY SUBJECT TO ! LESS-CIVILIZ$ /ATE8 

,WE'RE NOT RAIS+ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! W> IS JU/ OR UNJU/ 9 
SU* A CASE2 HI/ORY ISN'T JU/IFI$1 IT'S JU/ OBS]V$4 ,WE'RE M]ELY 
DISCUSS+ ! POSITION A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS P>TY HAS TO TAKE 9 !SE 
CONFLICTS4 

,DOES ! P>TY HAVE TO SUPPORT ! W>1 9 ORD] TO ACCEL]ATE ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 A C\NTRY ?AT IS /ILL FEUDAL8 

,\R ANSW] IS NO1 & WE APPLAUD ! H]OIC ATTITUDE ( ?OSE ,S]B & 
,BULG>IAN COMRADES :O OPPOS$ ! W>4 

,9 FACT1 ?IS IS ! FIR/ REASON3 ! W> C\LD POSSIBLY BE FAVORABLE 
TO ! MORE ADVANC$ PEOPLE1 BUT ! 9V]SE IS ALSO POSSIBLE1 ) 
OPPOSITE RESULTS2 EV5 ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( W>MONG]+ 
SOCIALI/S 787 ( ! ,BISSOLATI TYPE4 ,?IS UNC]TA9TY ALONE W\LD 
SUFFICE TO TURN EV]Y TRUE FRI5D ( PROGRESS AGA9/ ! >M$ 
CONFLICT4 ,PROVID$1 ?AT IS1 !Y DON'T /ILL BELIEVE 9 ,GOD4 ,BUT 
DEMOCRACY1 GIV5 TIME &444 V5ALITY1 EV5 S9KS ?AT L[4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 EV5 IF ! SOLUTION ( ! CONFLICT W]E TO BE SU* 
AS TO GIVE GREAT] FRE$OM TO ! PEOPLES ( ! CONQU]$ T]RITORY1 
NO?+ PROVES ?AT A BETT] POSITION W\LD BE OBTA9$ = ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS IS :Y3 

,! 9CREAS$ PRE/IGE ( ! DYNA/IC1 MILIT>Y & SOMETIMES 
PRIE/LY OLIG>*IES 79 ! NATIONS ?AT WAG$ W>74 

,! 9T5SIFICATION ( NATIONALISM & PATRIOTISM1 :I* DELAYS ! 
ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9TO AN 9T]NATIONALI/ CLASS P>TY4 

,9 ! DEFEAT$ C\NTRY1 ! 9T5SIFICATION ( RACIAL HATR$S1 & 
( ! DESIRE = REV5GE AGA9/ ! RACE ?AT WAS ONCE DOM9ANT & IS 
N[ OPPRESS$1 ASSUM+ IT HASN'T BE5 TOTALLY DE/ROY$4 

,! V]Y GRAVE FACT ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! RACES AFT] HEAL?Y 
M5 HAVE BE5 DECIMAT$ BY W>1 ! DEPOPULATION CAUS$ BY MASSACRES1 
SICKNESS1 HUNG]1 ETC41 & ! IMM5SE DE/RUCTION ( WEAL?1 ) ! 
CONSEQU5T ECONOMIC CRISIS1 & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ 9DU/RY 
& AGRICULTURE ?R\< LACK ( CAPITAL & LABOR4 

,!RE=E ! IDEA ?AT W> ACCEL]ATES ! COM+ ( SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTION IS A VULG> PREJUDICE4 ,SOCIALISM MU/ OPPOSE ALL W>S1 
AVOID+ CAPTI\S DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 W>S ( CONQUE/ & W>S ( 
9DEP5D5CE4 

,!RE REMA9S A S5TIM5TAL OBJECTION TO REMOVE3 ,BUT !N Y\ WANT TO 
PROLONG ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 & ! ,TURKI% OPPRESSION ( ! 
,*RI/IANS8 ,BUT ?AT'S ! SOCIALISM ( REACTION>IES6 

"9 "9 "9 

,9 G5]AL1 ONE MU/N'T DISCUSS HI/ORY ON ! BASIS ( S5TIM5TAL 
PREJUDICES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE'LL C\NT] !SE ) SOME CONSID]ATIONS4 
,EVILS >E REM$I$ BY REMOV+ !IR CAUSES4 ,N[1 IT'S AN EXAGG]ATION 
TO SAY ?AT ! CAUSE ( ! ,BALKAN DISORD] IS ,TURKI% RULE4 ,!RE >E 
MANY O!R CAUSES4 ,! AMBITION ( ! =EMO/ ( ! VILE OLD /ATES1 
:I* HAVE ALWAYS /IRR$ ! FIRES ( RACIAL HATR$4 ,! 9T]V5TION 
( CIVILIZ$ ,EUROPE1 :I* HAS SPEW$ FRI>S1 PRIE/S & 
UNSCRUPUL\S PR(ITE]S D[N !RE1 CAUS+ ! ,MUSLIM REACTION4 ,BUT ! 
CAUSE IS RACE HATR$1 :I* CAN'T BE ELIM9AT$ BY MEANS ( W>S4 
,JU/ AS ! ,BULG>IANS & ,GREEKS HAVE HU%$ UP !IR F]OCI\S MUTUAL 
LOA?+1 SO !Y W]E ABLE TO ATTEMPT A G5]AL ,BALKAN AGREEM5T4 ,CAN 
IT BE ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,TURKI% OLIG>*Y WAS MORE OPPOS$ TO ?IS 
AGREEM5T ?AN ! AMBITI\S OLIG>*IES ( ! F\R LITTLE /ATES8 

,ANYWAY \R ASS]TION1 BAS$ ON SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES1 IS ?IS3 SOCIALI/S 
HAVE TO OPPOSE ?IS W>4 ,IF IT HAD BE5 /RONG 5\< TO AVOID ! W>1 
! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD ALSO HAVE ! /R5G? TO RESOLVE ! ,BALKAN 
QUE/ION )\T MASSACRES4 

,9 DECL>+ \RSELVES AGA9/ W>S ( 9DEP5D5CE1 WE DON'T MEAN TO 
DEF5D RACIAL OPPRESSION4 

,M>X SAID ?AT BE+ OPPOS$ TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME WAS NOT ! 
SAME AS SUPPORT+ ABSOLUTISM4 

,& WE CAN ACCEPT ! =MULA - :I* SEEMS TO MAKE UP HALF ALL ! 
VA/ DIPLOMATIC LUCUBRATIONS WE'VE READ 9 A MON? - ! ,BALKANS = 
! ,BALKAN PEOPLES4 ,BUT1 WE ASK1 TO :I* PEOPLE8 ,TO ?OSE :O EM]GE 
FROM ! MUTUAL SLAU<T]1 TO ! ORPHANS1 ! CRIPPLES1 & ! VICTIMS 
( *OL]A6 ,?IS TIME1 ! /ATI/ICS %[ CLE>LY :AT EFFECTS W> HAS6 
,! LOSSES >E SU* ?AT IT ISN'T HYP]BOLE TO ASS]T ?AT ! RACE WILL 
BE DRA9$ ( BLOOD & /]ILIZ$ = A LONG TIME TO COME6 

,! FIELDS ( DEVA/ATION WILL REMA9 TO F\R GRATIFI$ PETTY TYRANTS4 

,IF TOMORR[ 9 ,SANTA ,S(IA ! CZ>1 9 EI<TE5?-C5TURY /YLE1 PUTS 
ON ! BLOODY CR[N ( ! ,BYZANT9E ,EMPIRE1 WE HOPE !RE WON'T BE ANY 
SOCIALI/S AMONG ?OSE :O RUMMAGE AMONG ! HI/ORICAL TRA% ( A 
CL[NI% HI/ORY & LIT]ATURE1 SEEK+ A FEW L9ES = ! HYMN TO ! 
VICTOR6 

,9 ! NAME ( A GREAT] CIVILIZATION1 WE CURSE ?OSE :O = ! SAKE 
( !IR AMBITI\S DREAMS1 BR\<T AB\T ! MASSACRE ( SO MANY Y\NG 
LIVES6 

,NO MATT] H[ BRUTAL ! CRIME1 Y\'LL ALWAYS GET GLORIFICATION ( ITS 
H]OISM & TRADITION FROM ! EUNU*S ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE6 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,BALKAN ,W> -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,BALKAN ,W> -- ,UPDAT$4 

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