,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #ah 

#ahiiahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,MASLOVA MI<T BE S5T AWAY ) ! FIR/ P>TY ( 
EXILES2 H5CE ,NEKHLUD(F WAS PREP>+ = DEP>TURE4 
,BUT HE HAD SO MANY ?+S TO ATT5D TO ?AT HE FELT 
?AT HE C\LD NEV] GET ?R\< ) !M1 NO MATT] 
H[ MU* TIME !RE MI<T BE LEFT = PREP>ATIONS4 ,IT 
WAS DIFF]5T 9 =M] TIMES4 ,!N IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 
DEVISE SOME?+ TO DO1 & ! 9T]E/ 9 ALL HIS AFFAIRS 
C5T]$ 9 ,DMITRI ,IVANOVI* ,NEKHLUD(F4 ,BUT ?\< 
ALL 9T]E/ 9 LIFE C5T]$ 9 ,DMITRI ,IVANOVI*1 HE ALWAYS 
SUFF]$ FROM 5NUI4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 ALL HIS AFFAIRS 
RELAT$ TO PEOPLE O!R ?AN ,DMITRI ,IVANOVI*1 & W]E 
ALL 9T]E/+ & ATTRACTIVE1 AS WELL AS 9EXHAU/IBLE4 

,BESIDES1 =M]LY ! OCCUPATION ) ! AFFAIRS ( 
,DMITRI ,IVANOVI* ALWAYS CAUS$ VEXATION & IRRITATION2 
:ILE !SE AFFAIRS ( O!RS = ! MO/ P>T PUT HIM 
9 A HAPPY MOOD4 

,NEKHLUD(F'S AFFAIRS W]E N[ DIVID$ 9TO ?REE P>TS4 
,HE HIMSELF1 9 HIS HABITUAL P$ANTISM1 ?US DIVID$ !M1 
& ACCORD+ PLAC$ !M 9 ?REE DIFF]5T PORTFOLIOS4 

,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ( ,MASLOVA4 ,?IS CONSI/$ 9 EF=TS 
TO OBTA9 A SUCCESSFUL RESULT 9 ! P5D+ PETITION1 & 
PREP>ATIONS = DEP>TURE TO ,SIB]IA4 

,! SECOND P>T RELAT$ TO ! SETTLEM5T ( HIS E/ATES4 
,! ,PANOV L& WAS GRANT$ TO ! PEASANTS ON CONDITION 
( !IR PAY+ A R5T TO BE US$ = COMMON NECESSITIES4 
,BUT1 9 ORD] TO COMPLETE ?AT >RANGEM5T1 IT WAS NECESS>Y 
TO SIGN AN AGREEM5T & ALSO MAKE HIS WILL4 ,! 
>RANGEM5T MADE = ! ,KUSM9SKOIE E/ATE WAS TO 
REMA9 9 =CE1 ONLY !RE REMA9$ TO BE DET]M9$ 
:AT P>T ( ! R5T HE WAS TO APPROPRIATE TO HIMSELF1 
& :AT WAS TO BE LEFT = ! B5EFIT ( ! PEASANTS4 
,)\T KN[+ :AT HIS NECESS>Y DISBURSEM5TS 
W\LD BE ON HIS TRIP TO ,SIB]IA1 HE C\LD NOT MAKE UP 
HIS M9D TO DEPRIVE HIMSELF ( HIS 9COME1 AL?\< 
HE R$UC$ IT BY ONE-HALF4 

,! ?IRD P>T RELAT$ TO AID TO PRISON]S1 :O W]E 
N[ APPLY+ TO HIM MORE & MORE FREQU5TLY4 

,AT FIR/1 :5 WRITT5 TO = AID1 HE PROCE$$ IMM$IATELY 
TO 9T]C$E = ! APPLICANTS1 5DEAVOR+ TO 
RELIEVE !IR CONDITION1 BUT 9 ! 5D !IR NUMB] BECAME 
SO GREAT ?AT HE F\ND IT IMPOSSIBLE TO HELP EV]Y 
ONE1 & WAS 9VOLUNT>ILY BR\<T TO A F\R? MATT]1 
:I* HAD ( LATE OCCUPI$ HIM MORE ?AN EI!R ( ! 
O!RS4 

,HIS F\R? CONC]N CONSI/$ 9 SOLV+ ! QUE/ION1 
,:Y1 H[ & :5CE CAME ?AT REM>KABLE 9/ITUTION 
CALL$ ! ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT1 TO :I* WAS DUE ! EXI/5CE 
( ?AT PRISON1 ) ! 9MATES ( :I* HE HAD BECOME 
SOME:AT FAMILI>1 & ALL ?OSE PLACES ( CONF9EM5T1 
BEG9N+ ) ! =TRESS D$ICAT$ TO TWO SA9TS1 ,PET] 
& ,PAUL1 & 5D+ ) ! ISL& ( ,SA<AL91 :]E 
HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( VICTIMS ( ?AT WOND]FUL 
CRIM9AL LAW W]E LANGUI%+8 

,FROM P]SONAL CONTACT ) PRISON]S1 & FROM 9=MATION 
RECEIV$ FROM ! LAWY]1 ! PRISON *APLA91 
! 9SPECTOR1 & FROM ! PRISON REGI/]1 ,NEKHLUD(F 
CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! PRISON]S1 SO-CALL$ CRIM9ALS1 
C\LD BE DIVID$ 9TO FIVE CLASSES4 ,! FIR/ CLASS 
CONSI/$ ( PEOPLE 5TIRELY 9NOC5T1 VICTIMS ( JUDICIAL 
MI/AKES1 SU* AS ?AT W\LD-BE 9C5DI>Y1 ,M5%OV1 OR 
,MASLOVA1 & O!RS4 ,!RE W]E COMP>ATIVELY FEW 
PEOPLE ( ?IS CLASS1 ACCORD+ TO ! OBS]VATIONS ( ! 
*APLA9 -- AB\T SEV5 P]C5T -- BUT !IR CONDITION ATTRACT$ 
P>TICUL> ATT5TION4 ,! SECOND CLASS CONSI/$ 
( PEOPLE CONVICT$ = (F5SES COMMITT$ UND] EXCEPTIONAL 
CIRCUM/ANCES1 SU* AS ANG]1 JEAL\SY1 DRUNK5NESS1 
ETC4--(F5SES :I*1 UND] SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES1 
W\LD ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HAVE BE5 COMMITT$ BY ALL ?OSE 
:O JUDG$ & PUNI%$ !M4 ,?IS CLASS MADE UP1 
ACCORD+ TO ,NEKHLUD(F'S OBS]VATIONS1 MORE ?AN ONE-HALF 
( ALL ! PRISON]S4 ,TO ! ?IRD CLASS BELONG$ 
?OSE :O COMMITT$1 ACCORD+ TO !IR [N IDEAS1 ! 
MO/ 9DIFF]5T OR EV5 GOOD ACTS1 BUT :I* W]E CONSID]$ 
CRIM9AL BY PEOPLE--5TIRE /RANG]S TO !M--:O 
W]E MAK+ ! LAWS4 ,TO ?IS CLASS BELONG$ ALL 
?OSE :O C>RI$ ON A SECRET TRADE 9 W9E1 OR W]E BR++ 
9 CONTRAB& GOODS1 OR W]E PICK+ H]BS1 OR GA!R+ 
WOOD1 9 PRIVATE OR GOV]NM5T =E/S4 ,TO ?IS 
CLASS ALSO BELONG$ ! PR$ATORY M\NTA9E]S4 

,! F\R? CLASS CONSI/$ ( PEOPLE :O1 ACCORD+ TO 
,NEKHLUD(F1 W]E RECKON$ AMONG ! CRIM9ALS ONLY BECAUSE 
!Y W]E MORALLY ABOVE ! AV]AGE LEVEL ( SOCIETY4 
,AMONG !SE ! P]C5TAGE ( ?OSE :O RESI/$ 
9T]F]5CE ) !IR AFFAIRS1 OR W]E S5T5C$ = RESI/+ 
! AU?ORITIES1 WAS V]Y L>GE4 

,! FIF? CLASS1 F9ALLY1 WAS COMPOS$ ( PEOPLE :O 
W]E MORE S9N$ AGA9/ BY SOCIETY ?AN !Y S9N$ 
!MSELVES4 ,!SE W]E ! HELPLESS PEOPLE1 BLUNT$ BY 
CON/ANT OPPRESSION & TEMPTATION1 LIKE ?AT BOY ) ! 
MATS1 & HUNDR$S ( O!RS :OM ,NEKHLUD(F SAW BO? 
9 & \T ( PRISON1 & ! CONDITIONS ( ?OSE 
:OSE LIVES SY/EMATICALLY DROVE !M TO ! NECESSITY ( 
COMMITT+ ?OSE ACTS :I* >E CALL$ CRIMES4 ,TO !SE 
PEOPLE BELONG$1 ACCORD+ TO ,NEKHLUD(F'S OBS]VATIONS1 
MANY ?IEVES & MURD]]S1 ) SOME ( :OM ,NEKHLUD(F 
HAD COME 9 CONTACT4 ,AMONG !SE ,NEKHLUD(F 
F\ND1 ON CLOSE ACQUA9TANCE1 ?OSE SPOIL$ & DEPRAV$ 
PEOPLE :OM ! NEW S*OOL CALLS ! CRIM9AL TYPE1 & 
! EXI/5CE ( :I* 9 SOCIETY IS GIV5 AS ! REASON = 
! NECESSITY ( CRIM9AL LAW & PUNI%M5T4 ,!SE SO-CALL$ 
DEPRAV$ TYPES1 DEVIAT+ FROM ! NORMAL1 W]E1 
ACCORD+ TO ,NEKHLUD(F1 NONE O!R ?AN ?OSE V]Y 
PEOPLE :O HAVE S9N$ LESS AGA9/ SOCIETY ?AN SOCIETY 
HAS S9N$ AGA9/ !M1 & AGA9/ :OM SOCIETY HAS 
S9N$1 NOT DIRECTLY1 BUT ?R\< !IR ANCE/ORS4 

,NEKHLUD(F'S ATT5TION WAS ATTRACT$ BY A HABITUAL ?IEF1 
,OKHOT91 :O CAME UND] ?IS HEAD4 ,HE WAS ! SON ( A 
FALL5 WOMAN2 HAD GR[N UP 9 LODG+-H\SES1 & TILL ! 
AGE ( ?IRTY HAD NEV] MET A MORAL MAN4 ,9 *ILDHOOD HE 
HAD FALL5 9 ) A GANG ( ?IEVES1 BUT HE POSSESS$ A 
HUMOR\S VE9 :I* ATTRACT$ PEOPLE TO HIM4 ,:ILE ASK+ 
,NEKHLUD(F = AID HE JE/$ AT HIMSELF1 ! JUDGES1 
! PRISON & ALL ! LAWS1 NOT ONLY CRIM9AL1 BUT EV5 
DIV9E4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A F9E-LOOK+ MAN1 ,F$ORFF1 :O1 
9 COMPANY ) A GANG ( :I* HE WAS ! LEAD]1 HAD 
KILL$ & ROBB$ AN OLD (FICIAL4 ,?IS ONE WAS A PEASANT 
:OSE FA!R'S H\SE HAD BE5 ILLEGALLY TAK5 FROM HIM1 
& :O1 :ILE 9 ! >MY1 SUFF]$ = FALL+ 9 LOVE 
) AN (FIC]'S MI/RESS4 ,HE WAS ATTRACTIVE & PASSIONATE4 
,HIS SOLE DESIRE 9 LIFE WAS TO 5JOY HIMSELF1 & HE 
HAD NEV] MET ANY PEOPLE :O1 \T ( ANY CONSID]ATION1 
TEMP]$ !IR PASSIONS1 NOR HAD HE EV] HE>D ?AT !RE 
WAS ANY O!R AIM 9 LIFE ?AN P]SONAL 5JOYM5T4 ,IT WAS 
PLA9 TO ,NEKHLUD(F ?AT !SE TWO W]E RI*LY 5D[$ 
BY NATURE1 & W]E ONLY NEGLECT$ & MUTILAT$ AS PLANTS 
>E SOMETIMES NEGLECT$ & MUTILAT$4 ,HE ALSO CAME 
ACROSS A VAGABOND1 & A WOMAN1 :OSE /UPIDITY & APP>5T 
CRUELTY W]E REPULSIVE1 BUT HE FAIL$ TO F9D 9 !M 
?AT CRIM9AL TYPE SPOK5 ( BY ! ,ITALIAN S*OOL4 ,HE 
ONLY SAW 9 !M PEOPLE :O W]E DISAGREEABLE TO HIM P]SONALLY1 
LIKE SOME HE HAD MET 9 DRESS-COATS1 UNI=MS1 & 
LACES4 

,?US ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! QUE/ION3 ,:Y >E PEOPLE 
( SU* GREAT V>IETY ( *>ACT] CONF9$ 9 PRISONS1 
:ILE O!RS1 NO DIFF]5T ?AN ?OSE1 5JOY FRE$OM & 
EV5 JUDGE ?OSE PEOPLE8 WAS ! F\R? CONC]N ( ,NEKHLUD(F4 

,AT FIR/ HE HOP$ TO F9D AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION 9 
BOOKS1 & B\<T EV]Y BOOK BE>+ ON ! SUBJECT4 ,HE 
B\<T ! WORKS ( ,LOMBROSO1 ,G>(ALO1 ,F]RI1 ,M&SLEY 
& ,T>D1 & READ !M C>EFULLY4 ,BUT ! MORE HE READ 
!M1 ! GREAT] WAS HIS DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,! SAME 
?+ HAPP5$ ) HIM ?AT HAPP5S ) PEOPLE :O 
APPEAL TO SCI5CE ) DIRECT1 SIMPLE1 VITAL QUE/IONS1 & 
NOT ) A VIEW ( PLAY+ ! P>T ( AN EXP\ND]1 
WRIT] OR TEA*] 9 IT4 ,SCI5CE SOLV$ A ?\S& & ONE 
V>I\S AB/RUSE1 COMPLICAT$ QUE/IONS BE>+ ON CRIM9AL 
LAW1 BUT FAIL$ TO GIVE AN ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION HE 
HAD =M$4 ,HIS QUE/ION WAS V]Y SIMPLE3 ,:Y & BY 
:AT RI<T DO SOME PEOPLE CONF9E1 TORTURE1 EXILE1 FLOG & 
KILL O!R PEOPLE NO DIFF]5T ?AN !Y >E !MSELVES8 
,& 9 ANSW] !Y >GU$ ! QUE/IONS3 ,:E!R OR 
NOT MAN IS A FREE AG5T8 ,CAN A CRIM9AL BE DI/+UI%$ 
BY ! MEASUREM5TS ( HIS CRANIUM8 ,TO :AT 
EXT5T IS CRIME DUE TO H]$ITY8 ,:AT IS MORALITY8 ,:AT 
IS 9SANITY8 ,:AT IS DEG5]ACY8 ,:AT IS TEMP]AM5T8 
,H[ DOES CLIMATE1 FOOD1 IGNORANCE1 EMULATION1 HYPNOTISM1 
PASSION AFFECT CRIME8 ,:AT IS SOCIETY8 ,:AT >E ITS 
DUTIES8 ETC41 ETC4 

,!SE >GUM5TS REM9D$ ,NEKHLUD(F ( AN ANSW] HE 
HAD ONCE RECEIV$ FROM A S*OOLBOY4 ,HE ASK$ ! BOY 
:E!R HE HAD LE>N$ ! DECL5SION ( N\NS4 0,YES10 
ANSW]$ ! BOY4 0,WELL1 !N DECL9E ',PAW4'0 0,:AT 
PAW8 ,A DOG'S PAW80 ! BOY ANSW]$1 ) A SLY EXPRESSION 
ON HIS FACE4 ,SIMIL> ANSW]S 9 ! =M ( QUE/IONS 
,NEKHLUD(F F\ND 9 SCI5TIFIC BOOKS TO HIS ONE BASIC 
QUE/ION4 

,HE F\ND !RE MANY WISE1 LE>N$ & 9T]E/+ 
?+S1 BUT !RE WAS NO ANSW] TO HIS PR9CIPAL QUE/ION3 
,BY :AT RI<T DO SOME PEOPLE PUNI% O!RS8 ,NOT ONLY 
WAS !RE NO ANSW]1 BUT ALL REASON+ T5D$ TO EXPLA9 
& JU/IFY PUNI%M5T1 ! NECESSITY ( :I* WAS CONSID]$ 
AN AXIOM4 ,NEKHLUD(F READ MU*1 BUT ONLY BY 
FITS & />TS1 & ! WANT ( AN ANSW] HE ASCRIB$ TO 
SU* SUP]FICIAL READ+4 ,HE1 !RE=E1 REFUS$ TO BELIEVE 
9 ! JU/ICE ( ! ANSW] :I* CON/ANTLY OCCURR$ TO 
HIM4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,AWAK5+ BY GRAF ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,SMI?1 ,WILLIAM ,E41 ,A,K,A3 ,! ,RESURRECTION4  ,TEXT FROM ,GUT5B]G4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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