,! ,AUTO-E?NOGRAPHY ?AT CAN ,NEV] BE & ! ,ACTIVI/ ,E?NOGRAPHY ?AT ,MI<T BE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,MY FIR/ REACTION :5 ASK$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS VOLUME IS ?AT AN AUTO-E?NOGRAPHY ( AN?ROPOLOGY W\LD SIMPLY BE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,MY LOGIC WAS ?IS4 ,DUR+ ! '#hS1 WE ALL BECAME US$ TO ! IDEA ( REFLEXIVE AN?ROPOLOGY1 ! EF=T TO PROBE BEH9D ! APP>5T AU?ORITY ( E?NOGRAPHIC TEXTS TO REVEAL ! COMPLEX RELATIONS ( P[] & DOM9ATION ?AT W5T 9TO MAK+ !M4 ,! RESULT WAS AN \TP\R+ ( E?NOGRAPHIC M$ITATIONS ON ! POLITICS ( FIELDWORK4 ,BUT EV5 AS A GRADUATE /UD5T1 IT ALWAYS SEEM$ TO ME !RE WAS SOME?+ ODDLY MISS+ H]E4 ,E?NOGRAPHIC TEXTS1 AFT] ALL1 >E NOT ACTUALLY WRITT5 9 ! FIELD4 ,!Y >E WRITT5 AT UNIV]SITIES4 ,REFLEXIVE AN?ROPOLOGY1 H[EV]1 ALMO/ NEV] HAD ANY?+ TO SAY AB\T ! P[] RELATIONS UND] :I* !SE TEXTS W]E ACTUALLY COMPOS$4 ,9 RETROSPECT ! REASON SEEMS SIMPLE 5\<3 :5 ONE IS 9 ! FIELD1 ALL ! P[] IS ONE SIDE--OR AT LEA/1 C\LD EASILY BE IMAG9$ AS BE+ SO4 ,TO M$ITATE ON ONE'S [N P[] IS NOT GO+ TO (F5D ANYONE 79 FACT1 IT'S SOME?+ ( A CLASSIC UPP] MIDDLE CLASS PREOCCUPATION71 & EV5 IF IT DOES1 !RE'S LIKELY TO BE NO?+ ?OSE :O >E (F5D$ BY Y\R REPRES5TATIONS ( !M CAN TO DO AB\T IT4 ,! MOM5T ONE RETURNS FROM ! FIELD & BEG9S WRIT+1 H[EV]1 ! P[] RELATIONS >E REV]S$4 ,:ILE ONE IS WRIT+ ONE'S DISS]TATION1 ONE IS1 TYPICALLY1 A P5NILESS GRADUATE /UD5T1 :OSE 5TIRE C>E] C\LD V]Y POSSIBLY BE DE/ROY$ BY ONE IMPOLITIC 9T]ACTION ) A COMMITTEE MEMB]4 ,:ILE ONE IS TRANS=M+ ! DISS]TATION 9TO A BOOK1 ONE IS TYPICALLY AN ADJUNCT OR UNT5UR$ ,ASSI/ANT ,PR(ESSOR1 DESP]ATELY TRY+ NOT TO /EP ON ANY P[]FUL TOES & L& A REAL P]MAN5T JOB4 ,ANY AN?ROPOLOGI/ 9 SU* A SITUATION WILL1 9 FACT1 MO/LY LIKELY SP5D MANY H\RS DEVELOP+ COMPLEX1 NUANC$1 & EXTREMELY DETAIL$ E?NOGRAPHIC ANALYZES ( ! P[] RELATIONS ?IS 5TAILS1 BUT ?AT CRITIQUE CAN NEV]1 BY DEF9ITION1 BE PUBLI%$1 BECAUSE ANYONE :O DID SO W\LD BE COMMITT+ ACADEMIC SUICIDE4 ,ONE CAN ONLY IMAG9E ! FATE (1 SAY1 A FEMALE GRAD /UD5T :O WROTE AN ESSAY DOCUM5T+ ! SEXUAL POLITICS ( H] DEP>TM5T1 LET ALONE ! SEXUAL OV]TURES ( H] COMMITTEE MEMB]S1 OR1 SAY1 ONE ( WORK+ CLASS BACKGR\ND :O PUBLI%$ AN DESCRIPTION ( ! PRACTICES ( ,M>XI/ PR(ESSORS :O REGUL>LY CITE ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU'S ANALYZES ( ! REPRODUCTION ( CLASS PRIVILEGE 9 ACADEMIC SETT+S1 & !N 9 !IR ACTUALLY LIVES ACT AS IF ,B\RDIEU HAD BE5 WRIT+ A H[-TO BOOK 9/EAD ( A CRITIQUE4 ,BY ! TIME ONE IS A S5IOR FACULTY MEMB]1 ABSOLUTELY SECURE 9 ONE'S POSITION1 ONE MI<T BE ABLE TO GET AWAY ) PUBLI%+ SU* AN ANALYSIS4 ,BUT BY !N--UNLESS ONE IS REM9ISC+--ONE'S V]Y SITUATION ( P[] GU>ANTEES ! OBJECT CAN NO LONG] BE P]CEIV$4 

,MY CONCLUSION WAS ?AT IT W\LD BE SAF] TO ADMIT TO BE+ AN AN>*I/ ?AN TO WRITE AN HONE/ AUTO-E?NOGRAPHY ( ! ACADEMY4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I AM AN AN>*I/4 ,& IT /RIKES ME ! DILEMMAS ?AT HAVE COME \T ( ?AT PROVIDE AN 9T]E/+ COMM5T>Y ON ! ACADEMY 9 !MSELVES4 

,CONS5SUS & DIRECT DEMOCRACY 

,I CONDUCT$ MY DOCTORAL RESE>* 9 A RURAL COMMUNITY 9 ,MADAGASC>1 DUR+ A P]IOD 9 :I* MO/ ( ! C\NTRYSIDE !RE HAD BE5 L>GELY AB&ON$ BY ! /ATE4 ,RURAL COMMUNITIES1 & EV5 TO SOME DEGREE T[NS1 W]E TO A L>GE DEGREE SELF-GOV]N+2 NO ONE WAS REALLY PAY+ TAXES2 IF A CRIME WAS COMMITT$1 ! POLICE W\LD NOT COME4 ,PUBLIC DECISIONS1 :5 !Y HAD TO BE MADE1 T5D$ TO BE MADE BY A K9D ( 9=MAL CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,I WROTE A LITTLE BIT AB\T ! LATT] 9 MY DISS]TATION BUT1 LIKE MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ,I C\LDN'T ?9K ( ALL ?AT MU* 9T]E/+ TO SAY AB\T IT4 

,9 FACT ,I ONLY REAL CAME TO UND]/& :AT WAS 9T]E/+ AB\T CONS5SUS RETROSPECTIVELY1 T5 YE>S LAT]1 :5 ,I BECAME AN ACTIVI/ 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,ALMO/ ALL ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ GR\PS OP]ATE BY SOME =M ( CONS5SUS PROCESS1 & ! PROCESS WORKS SO WELL--IT REALLY SEEMS AB\T ! ONLY =M ( DECISION-MAK+ FULLY CONSI/5T ) NON-TOP-D[N /YLES ( ORGANIZATION--?AT IT HAS BE5 WIDELY ADOPT$ BY ANYONE 9T]E/$ 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,!RE'S 5ORM\S V>IATION AMONG DIFF]5T /YLES & =MS ( CONS5SUS BUT ONE ?+ ALMO/ ALL ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN V>IANTS HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y >E ORGANIZ$ 9 CONSCI\S OPPOSITION TO ! /YLE ( ORGANIZATION &1 ESPECIALLY1 ( DEBATE TYPICAL ( ! CLASSICAL SECT>IAN ,M>XI/ GR\P4 ,:]E ! LATT] >E 9V>IABLY ORGANIZ$ >\ND SOME ,MA/] ,!ORETICIAN1 :O (F]S A COMPREH5SIVE ANALYSIS ( ! WORLD SITUATION &1 USUALLY1 ( HUMAN HI/ORY AS A :OLE1 BUT V]Y LITTLE !ORETICAL REFLECTION ON MORE IMM$IATE QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION & PRACTICE1 AN>*I/-9SPIR$ GR\PS T5D TO OP]ATE ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT NO ONE C\LD1 OR PROBABLY %\LD1 EV] CONV]T ANO!R P]SON COMPLETELY TO ONE'S [N PO9T ( VIEW1 ?AT DECISION-MAK+ /RUCTURES >E WAYS ( MANAG+ DIV]SITY1 & !RE=E1 ?AT ONE %\LD CONC5TRATE 9/EAD ON MA9TA9+ EGALIT>IAN PROCESS & CONSID]+ IMM$IATE QUE/IONS ( ACTION 9 ! PRES5T4 ,ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL DEBATE1 = 9/ANCE1 IS ?AT ONE IS OBLIG$ TO GIVE O!R P>TICIPANTS ! B5EFIT ( ! D\BT = HONE/Y & GOOD 9T5TIONS1 :ATEV] ELSE ONE MI<T ?9K ( !IR >GUM5TS4 ,9 P>T TOO ?IS EM]GES FROM ! /YLE ( DEBATE CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ 5C\RAGES3 :]E VOT+ 5C\RAGES ONE TO R$UCE ONE'S OPPON5TS POSITIONS TO A HO/ILE C>ICATURE1 OR :ATEV] IT TAKES TO DEFEAT !M1 A CONS5SUS PROCESS IS BUILT ON A PR9CIPLE ( COMPROMISE & CREATIVITY :]E ONE IS CON/ANTLY *ANG+ PROPOSALS >\ND UNTIL ONE CAN COME UP ) SOME?+ EV]YONE CAN AT LEA/ LIVE )2 !RE=E1 ! 9C5TIVE IS ALWAYS TO PUT ! BE/ POSSIBLE CON/RUCTION ON O!R'S >GUM5TS4 

,ALL ?IS WAS V]Y MU* LIKE :AT ,I'D WITNESS$ 9 ,MADAGASC>2 ! MA9 DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT S9CE ,AM]ICAN ACTIVI/S W]E LE>N+ ALL ?IS FROM SCRAT*1 IT ALL HAD TO BE SPELL$ \T EXPLICITLY4 ,SO ! ACTIVI/ EXP]I5CE DID ?R[ SOME NEW LI<T ON MY ORIG9AL E?NOGRAPHY3 ,I CAME TO WOND]1 = 9/ANCE1 :E!R IT WAS ! V]Y NE$ TO CON/ANTLY PUT ! BE/ CON/RUCTION ON O!RS' 9T5TIONS 9 PUBLIC :I* L$ TO ! OBSESSION1 SO (T5 SE5 9 EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 ) SECRET EVIL MOTIVES & MAGICAL P[]S4 ,BUT ! MA9 WAY IT /RUCK ME WAS TO BR+ HOME TO ME JU/ H[ MU* ORD9>Y 9TELLECTUAL PRACTICE--! K9D ( ?+ ,I WAS TRA9$ TO DO AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO1 = EXAMPLE--REALLY DOES RESEMBLE JU/ ! SORT ( SECT>IAN MODES ( DEBATE AN>*I/S W]E SO TRY+ TO AVOID4 ,ONE ( ! ?+S :I* HAD MO/ DI/URB$ ME AB\T MY TRA9+ !RE WAS PRECISELY ! WAY WE W]E 5C\RAG$ TO READ O!R !ORI/S' >GUM5TS3 BASICALLY1 9 ! LEA/ *>ITABLE WAY POSSIBLE4 ,I HAD SOMETIMES WOND]$ H[ ?IS C\LD BE RECONCIL$ ) AN IDEA ?AT 9TELLECTUAL PRACTICE WAS1 ON SOME ULTIMATE LEVEL1 A COMMON 5T]PRISE 9 PURSUIT ( TRU?4 ,9 FACT1 ACADEMIC DISC\RSE (T5 SEEMS AN ALMO/ AN ALMO/ EXACT REPRODUCTION ( /YLE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEBATE TYPICAL ( ! MO/ RIDICUL\S VANGU>DI/ SECTS4 ,I 5D$ UP COMPIL+ A K9D ( *ECKLI/3 

! T5D5CY1 IF !RE W]E TWO WAYS TO READ A S5T5CE WRITT5 BY SOMEONE ) A PO9T ( VIEW DIFF]+ FROM ONE'S [N1 ONE ( :I* ASSUMES ! AU?OR HAD AT LEA/ A IOTA ( COMMON S5SE1 TO ALWAYS TO *OOSE ! O!R ONE4 

! T5D5CY TO WALK >\ND C>RY+ 9 ONE'S HEAD A K9D ( LI/S ( 0#c#b DIFF]5T WAYS TO BE WRONG0 & TO LI/5 TO PO9TS ( VIEW DIFF]+ FROM ONE'S [N ONLY SO LONG AS IT TAKES TO FIGURE \T :I* V>IETY ( WRONGNESS TO PLUG !M 9TO4 ,WE HAVE PROBABLY ALL HAD ! EXP]I5CE ( HAV+ SOMEONE EXPLA9+ TO US1 9 DETAIL1 :AT WE ?9K3 0,Y\ LIKE COOPS8 ,Y\ >E A COOP]ATIVI/4 ,Y\ BELIEVE ?AT ,X & ,Y & ,Z4 ,BUT Y\ >E WRONG BECAUSE COOP]ATIVISM UTOPIAN & RE=MI/4444 ,Y\ LIKE CL>ITY8 ,Y\ >E A ,HAB]MASSIAN4440 

! T5D5CY TO TREAT (T5 M9OR 9TELLECTUAL DIFF]5CES NOT ONLY AS TOK5S ( BELONG+ TO SOME IMAG9$ 0ISM0 BUT AS PR(\ND MORAL FLAWS3 ONE IS ?US REVEAL$ TO BE RACI/1 OR SEXI/1 OR B\RGEOIS1 OR SOME?+ SIMIL>LY EXECRABLE4 

,AN>*ISM & ! ACADEMY 

,ALL ?IS HELP$ EXPLA9 SOME?+ ELSE3 :Y !RE >E SO FEW AN>*I/S 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 AN>*ISM IS GO+ ?R\< A V]ITABLE R5AISSANCE4 ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES----AUTONOMY1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 MUTUAL AID--HAVE BECOME ! BASIS = ORGANIZ+ ( NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS FROM ,K>NATAKA TO ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 EV5 IF !IR EXPON5TS >E AS LIKELY TO ACTUALLY CALL !MSELVES ,AUTONOMI/S1 ,ASSOCIATIONALI/S1 ,HORIZONTALI/S1 OR ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,YET MO/ ACADEMICS SEEM TO HAVE ONLY ! VAGUE/ IDEA ANY ( ?IS IS HAPP5+1 & T5D TO /ILL BE AT ! /AGE ( DISMISS+ ! V]Y IDEA ( AN>*ISM ) /UPID JOKES 70AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION6 BUT ISN'T ?AT A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS8071 IF1 9DE$1 !Y >E EV5 AW>E ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,!RE >E /ILL ?\S&S ( ACADEMIC ,M>XI/S & NO MORE ?AN ?REE OR F\R WELL KN[N ACADEMIC AN>*I/S4 

,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS BECAUSE ACADEMICS >E SL[ ON ! BALL4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ,M>XISM HAS ALWAYS HAD AN AFF9ITY ) ! ACADEMY ?AT AN>*ISM NEV] C\LD4 ,IT WAS1 AFT] ALL WAS 9V5T$ BY A ,PH4,D42 & !RE'S ALWAYS BE5 SOME?+ AB\T ITS SPIRIT :I* FITS ?AT ( ! ACADEMY4 ,AN>*ISM ON ! O!R H& WAS NEV] REALLY 9V5T$ BY ANYONE4 ,TRUE1 HI/ORIANS USUALLY TREAT IT AS IF IT W]E1 CON/RUCT+ ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM AS IF IT'S BASICALLY A CREATURE ID5TICAL 9 ITS NATURE TO ,M>XISM3 IT WAS CREAT$ BY SPECIFIC #a#i? C5TURY ?9K]S1 P]HAPS ,GODW9 OR ,/IRN]1 BUT DEF9ITELY ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 IT 9SPIR$ WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 BECAME 5ME%$ 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLES444 ,BUT 9 FACT ! ANALOGY IS /RA9$4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! #a#i? C5TURY G5]ALLY CR$IT$ ) 9V5T+ AN>*ISM DIDN'T ?9K ( !MSELVES AS HAV+ 9V5T$ ANY?+ P>TICUL>LY NEW4 ,BAKUN9 NO MORE SO HIMSELF AS AN 9V5TOR ( FRE$OM ?AN ,KROPOTK9 ?\<T HE HAD 9V5T$ MUTUAL AID4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! REJECTION ( ! /ATE & ( ALL =MS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 9EQUALITY1 OR DOM9ATION 7AN>*ISM LIT]ALLY MEANS 0)\T RUL]S071 EV5 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL !SE =MS >E SOMEH[ RELAT$ & RE9=CE EA* O!R1 WAS H>DLY SOME />TL+LY NEW #a#i? C5TURY DOCTR9E4 ,ONE CAN F9D EVID5CE ( PEOPLE MAK+ SIMIL> >GUM5TS ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 DESPITE ! FACT !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT SU* OP9IONS W]E ! ONES LEA/ LIKELY TO BE WRITT5 D[N4 ,WE >E TALK+ LESS AB\T A BODY ( !ORY ?AN AB\T AN ATTITUDE1 OR P]HAPS A FAI?3 A REJECTION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( SOCIAL RELATION1 A CONFID5CE ?AT C]TA9 O!RS >E A MU* BETT] ONES ON :I* TO BUILD A DEC5T OR HUMANE SOCIETY1 A FAI? ?AT IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO DO SO4 

,ONE NE$ ONLY COMP>E ! HI/ORICAL S*OOLS ( ,M>XISM1 & AN>*ISM1 !N1 TO SEE WE >E DEAL+ ) A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORT ( ?+4 ,M>XI/ S*OOLS HAVE AU?ORS4 ,JU/ AS ,M>XISM SPRANG FROM ! M9D ( ,M>X1 SO WE HAVE ,L59I/S1 ,MAOI/S1 ,TROTKSYITES1 ,GRAMSCIANS1 ,AL?USS]IANS444 ,NOTE H[ ! LI/ />TS ) HEADS ( /ATE & GRADES ALMO/ SEAMLESSLY 9TO ,FR5* PR(ESSORS4 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU ONCE NOT$ ?AT1 IF ! ACADEMIC FIELD IS A GAME 9 :I* S*OL>S /RIVE = DOM9ANCE1 !N Y\ KN[ Y\ HAVE WON :5 O!R S*OL>S />T WOND]+ H[ TO MAKE AN ADJECTIVE \T ( Y\R NAME4 ,IT IS1 PRESUMABLY1 TO PRES]VE ! POSSIBILITY ( W9N+ ! GAME ?AT 9TELLECTUALS 9SI/1 9 DISCUSS+ EA* O!R1 ON CONT9U+ TO EMPLOY JU/ ! SORT ( ,GREAT ,MAN !ORIES ( HI/ORY !Y W\LD SC(F AT 9 DISCUSS+ JU/ AB\T ANY?+ ELSE3 ,F\CAULT'S IDEAS1 LIKE ,TROTSKY'S1 >E NEV] TREAT$ AS PRIM>ILY ! PRODUCTS ( A C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL MILIEU1 AS SOME?+ ?AT EM]G+ FROM 5DLESS CONV]SATIONS & >GUM5TS 9 CAFES1 CLASSROOMS1 ETC1 BUT ALWAYS1 AS IF !Y EM]G$ FROM A S+LE MAN'S G5IUS4 ,H]E1 TOO1 ,M>XISM SEEMS 5TIRELY )9 ! SPIRIT ( ! ACADEMY4 

,S*OOLS ( AN>*ISM1 9 CONTRA/1 EM]GE FROM SOME K9D ( ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE OR =M ( PRACTICE3 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S & ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/S1 ,9SURRECTIONI/S & ,PLAT=MI/S1 ,COOP]ATIVI/S1 ,9DIVIDUALI/S1 & SO ON4 7,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?OSE ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES :I* >E NOT NAM$ AFT] 9DIVIDUALS1 LIKE ,AUTONOMISM OR ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM1 >E !MSELVES ! CLOSE/ TO AN>*ISM47 ,AN>*I/S >E DI/+UI%$ BY :AT !Y DO1 & H[ !Y ORGANIZE !MSELVES TO GO AB\T DO+ IT4 ,& 9DE$ ?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 :AT AN>*I/S HAVE SP5T MO/ ( !IR TIME ?9K+ & >GU+ AB\T4 ,!Y HAVE NEV] BE5 MU* 9T]E/$ 9 ! K9DS ( BROAD /RATEGIC OR PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS ?AT PREOCCUPY ,M>XI/S SU* AS ,>E ! PEASANTS A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS8 7AN>*I/S T5D TO ?9K ?IS SOME?+ = PEASANTS TO DECIDE7 OR :AT IS ! NATURE ( ! COMMODITY =M8 ,RA!R1 !Y T5D TO >GUE AB\T :AT IS ! TRULY DEMOCRATIC WAY TO GO AB\T A MEET+1 AT :AT PO9T ORGANIZATION /OPS BE+ EMP[]+ PEOPLE & />TS SQUEL*+ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,IS 0LEAD]%IP0 NECESS>ILY A BAD ?+8 ,OR1 ALT]NATELY1 AB\T ! E?ICS ( OPPOS+ P[]3 ,:AT IS DIRECT ACTION8 ,%\LD ONE CONDEMN SOMEONE :O ASSASS9ATES A HEAD ( /ATE8 ,:5 IS IT OKAY TO BREAK A W9D[8 

,M>XISM1 !N HAS T5D$ TO BE A !ORETICAL OR ANALYTICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 ,AN>*ISM HAS T5D$ TO BE AN E?ICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,N[1 ?IS DOES IMPLY !RE'S A LOT ( POT5TIAL COMPLEM5T>Y BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,!RE IS NO REASON ONE C\LDN'T WRITE ,M>XI/ !ORY1 & SIMULTANE\SLY 5GAGE 9 AN>*I/ PRACTICE2 9 FACT1 A LOT ( PEOPLE HAVE1 9CLUD+ ME4.<#a.> ,BUT IF AN>*ISM IS AN E?ICS ( PRACTICE1 IT MEANS NO?+ TO SAY Y\ >E AN AN>*I/ UNLESS Y\ >E DO+ SOME?+4 ,& IF IT IS A =M ( E?ICS ?AT 9SI/S1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 ?AT ONE'S MEANS MO/ BE CONSONANT ) ONE'S 5DS2 ONE CANNOT CREATE FRE$OM ?R\< AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS2 ?AT AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ONE MU/ EMBODY ! SOCIETY ONE WI%ES TO CREATE1 !N IT'S V]Y DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E H[ ONE C\LD DO ?IS 9 A UNIV]SITY )\T GETT+ 9 S]I\S TR\BLE4 

,:5 ,I ASK$ ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E9 :Y HE ?\<T ACADEMICS 5GAG$ 9 SU* SECT>IAN /YLES ( DEBATE HE ACT$ AS IF ! ANSW] WAS OBVI\S3 0! ACADEMY IS A P]FECT FEUDALISM40 ,9 FACT1 ! MOD]N UNIV]SITY SY/EM IS AB\T ! ONLY 9/ITUTION--O!R ?AN ! ,BRITI% MON>*Y & ,CA?OLIC *UR*--TO HAVE SURVIV$ MORE OR LESS 9TACT FROM ! ,HI< ,MIDDLE ,AGES4.<#b.> ,:AT W\LD IT ACTUALLY MEAN TO ACT LIKE AN AN>*I/ 9 AN 5VIRONM5T FULL ( DEANS & PROVO/S & PEOPLE WE>+ FUNNY ROBES1 CONF]5CE HOPP+ 9 LUXURI\S HOTELS1 DO+ 9TELLECTUAL BATTLE 9 LANGUAGE SO >CANE ?AT NO ONE :O HASN'T SP5T AT LEA/ TWO OR ?REE YE>S 9 GRAD S*OOL W\LD EV] HOPE TO BE ABLE TO UND]/& IT8 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT W\LD MEAN *ALL5G+ ! ,UNIV]SITY /RUCTURE 9 SOME WAY4 ,SO WE >E BACK TO ! PROBLEM ) :I* ,I BEGAN4 ,TO ACT LIKE AN AN>*I/ W\LD BE ACADEMIC SUICIDE4 ,SO IT IS NOT AT ALL CLE> :AT AN AN>*I/ ACADEMIC C\LD ACTUALLY DO4 

,REVOLUTION>IES & ! UNIV]SITY 

,IF ONE W]E TO FOLL[ ,WALL]/E9'S LEAD1 IT W\LD NO D\BT BE POSSIBLE TO WRITE A HI/ORY ( ACADEMIC SECT>IANISM1 />T+ P]HAPS ) ! !OLOGICAL QU>RELS BETWE5 ,DOM9ICANS & ,FRANCISCANS 9 ! #a#c? C5TURY--?AT IS1 BACK :5 ! QU>RELS W]E LIT]ALLY BETWE5 RIVAL SECTS--& TRAC+ IT D[N TO ! ORIG9S ( ! MOD]N ,UNIV]SITY SY/EM 9 ,PRUSSIA 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY4 ,AS ,R&ALL ,COLL9S HAS PO9T$ \T1 ! RE=M]S :O CREAT$ ! MOD]N ,UNIV]SITY SY/EM1 MA9LY BY PUTT+ PHILOSOPHY 9 ! PLACE =M]LY HELD BY !OLOGY AS MA/] DISCIPL9E1 & TY+ ! 9/ITUTION TO A NEWLY C5TRALIZ+ /ATE1 W]E ALMO/ ALL EXPON5TS ( ONE OR ANO!R =M ( ,IDEALISM4 ,HIS >GUM5T SEEMS A TRIFLE CYNICAL1 BUT ! PATT]N WAS REPEAT$ 9 SO MANY C\NTRIES--FIR/ ,G]MANY1 !N ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,ITALY1 ,SC&9AVIA1 ,JAPAN--?AT IT'S DIFFICULT TO DISC\NT3 

,:5 ,KANT PROPOS$ TO MAKE ! PHILOSOPHY FACULTY >BIT] ( ! O!R DISCIPL9ES1 HE WAS C>RY+ \T A L9E :I* MADE ACADEMIC C>E]S 9 !MSELVES SUP]IOR TO C>E]S )9 ! *UR*444 ,:5 ,FI*TE 5VISION$ UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS AS A NEW SPECIES ( PHILOSOPH]-K+1 HE WAS PUTT+ 9 ! MO/ FLAMBOYANT =M ! T5D5CY = ACADEMIC DEGREE HOLD]S TO MONOPOLIZE 5TRY 9TO GOV]NM5T ADM9I/RATION4 ,! BASIS = !SE >GUM5TS HAD TO BE WORK$ \T 9 ! CONCEPTS ( PHILOSOPHICAL DISC\RSE2 BUT ! MOTIVATION = CREAT+ !SE CONCEPTS CAME FROM ! REALI/IC ASSESSM5T ?AT ! /RUCTURE WAS MOV+ 9 A DIRECTION FAVORABLE TO A SELF-GOV]N+ 9TELLECTUAL ELITE 7P#f#e7 

,IF SO1 IT EXPLA9S :Y FOLL[]S ( ,M>X1 ?AT GREAT REBEL AGA9/ ,G]MAN ,IDEALISM1 CAN =M SU* A P]FECT COMPLEM5T TO ! SPIRIT ( ! ACADEMY--IT'S MIRROR IMAGE1 EV5--EV5 :ILE S]V+ AS A BRIDGE ?R\< :I* HABITS ( >GUM5T ONCE TYPICAL ( !OLOGIANS CAN GET C>RI$ OV] 9TO DOMA9S ( POLITICS4 

,SOME W\LD >GUE 7,I ?9K ,COLL9S W\LD7 ?AT !SE SECT>IAN DIVISIONS >E SIMPLY 9EVITABLE FEATURES ( 9TELLECTUAL LIFE4 ,NEW IDEAS CAN ONLY EM]GE FROM A WELT] ( CONT5D+ S*OOLS4 ,?IS MAY BE TRUE2 BUT ,I ?9K IT RA!R MISSES ! PO9T4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! SORT ( CONS5SUS-BAS$ GR\PS ,I WAS DESCRIB+ E>LI] PUT A PREMIUM ON DIV]SITY ( P]SPECTIVES TOO2 !Y JU/ DON'T SEE DISCUSSIONS AS A CONTE/ :I* ONE !ORY OR P]SPECTIVE %\LD1 ULTIMATELY1 W94 ,?AT'S :Y DISCUSSION ALWAYS FOCUSES ON :AT PEOPLE >E GO+ TO DO4 ,SECOND1 SECT>IAN MODES ( DEBATE >E H>DLY CONDUCIVE TO FO/]+ 9TELLECTUAL CREATIVITY4 ,IT'S H>D TO SEE H[ A /RATEGY ( SY/EMATICALLY MISREPRES5T+ O!R S*OL>S' >GUM5TS C\LD ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTE TO ! FUR!RANCE ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 ,IT IS USEFUL1 ONLY1 IF ONE SEES ONESELF AS FI<T+ A BATTLE & ! ONLY OBJECT IS TO W94 ,ONE USES SU* TE*NIQUES TO IMPRESS AN AUDI5CE4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ACADEMIC BATTLES1 (T5 !RE IS NO AUDI5CE--O!R ?AN ONE'S GRAD /UD5TS OR O!R FEUDAL RETA9]S--:I* MAKES IT ALL SEEM RA!R PO9TLESS1 BUT IT DOESN'T SEEM TO PHASE ANYONE2 ACADEMIC W>RIORS WILL PLAY TO NON-EXI/5T AUDI5CES 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT M9USCULE ,TROTSKYITE SECTS ( SEV5 OR EI<T MEMB]S WILL 9V>IABLY PRET5D TO BE GOV]NM5TS 9 WAIT+1 & ?US FEEL IT IS !IR RESPONSIBILITY TO LAY \T !IR POSITIONS ON EV]Y?+ FROM GAY M>RIAGE TO H[ BE/ TO RESOLVE E?NIC T5SIONS 9 ,KA%MIR4 ,IT MI<T SEEM RIDICUL\S4 ,ACTUALLY1 IT IS RIDICUL\S4 ,BUT APP>5TLY1 IT IS ! BE/ WAY TO GU>ANTEE VICTORY 9 ?OSE ODD FEUDAL T\RNAM5TS ?AT HAVE BECOME ! HALLM>K ( ,COLL9'S 0SELF-GOV]N+ 9TELLECTUAL ELITE04 

,ON ! IDEA ( ! AVANT G>DE 

,I SEEM TO HAVE >GU$ MYSELF 9TO SOME?+ ( A BOX H]E4 ,AN>*I/S OV]COME SECT>IAN HABITS BY ALWAYS KEEP+ ! FOCUS ON AN>*I/S HAVE 9 COMMON1 :IC IS :AT !Y WANT TO DO2 :AT ACADEMICS WANT TO DO1 = ! MO/ P>T1 IS TO E/ABLI% !IR RELATIVE POSITION4 

,P]HAPS IT MI<T BE BE/ TO TAKE IT1 !N1 FROM ! O!R SIDE4 

,AN>*I/S HAVE A WORD = ?IS SORT ( BEHAVIOR4 ,!Y CALL IT 0VANGU>DISM04 ,9 REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES1 ?IS SORT ( SECT>IAN BEHAVIOR IS TYPICAL ( ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT ! PROP] ROLE ( 9TELLECTUALS IS TO COME UP ) ! CORRECT !ORETICAL ANALYSIS ( ! WORLD SITUATION1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO LEAD ! MASSES ON A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y PA?4 ,ONE SALUTORY EFFECT ( ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM )9 REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES N[ADAYS IS ?AT ?IS POSITION IS CONSID]$ DEF9ITIVELY PASSE4 ,! PROBLEM IS :AT1 !N1 TO ROLE ( REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS IS 9 FACT TO BE4 ,SO ANO!R WAY TO POSE ! QUE/ION IS3 H[ CAN WE GET PA/ \R VANGU>DI/ HABITS8 

,UNTW9+ SOCIAL !ORY FROM VANGU>DI/ HABITS MI<T SEEM A P>TICUL>LY DIFFICULT TASK BECAUSE HI/ORICALLY1 MOD]N SOCIAL !ORY & ! IDEA ( ! VANGU>D W]E BORN MORE OR LESS TOGE!R4 ,ACTUALLY1 SO WAS ! IDEA ( AN >TI/IC AVANT G>DE 70AVANT G>DE0 IS 9 FACT SIMPLY ! SAME WORD 9 ,FR5*71 & ! RELATION BETWE5 ! ?REE SUGGE/S SOME UNEXPECT$ POSSIBILITIES4 

,! T]M AVANT G>DE WAS ACTUALLY CO9$ BY ,H5RI DE ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ! PRODUCT ( A S]IES ( ESSAYS HE WROTE AT ! V]Y 5D ( HIS LIFE4 ,LIKE HIS ONETIME SECRET>Y & DISCIPLE 7& LAT] BITT] RIVAL7 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 ,SA9T-,SIMON WAS WRIT+ 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION & ESS5TIALLY1 W]E ASK+ :AT HAD GONE WRONG3 :Y ! TRANSITION FROM A M$IEVAL1 FEUDAL ,CA?OLIC SOCIETY TO A MOD]N1 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRATIC ONE SEEM$ TO BE CREAT+ SU* 5ORM\S VIOL5CE & SOCIAL DISLOCATION4 ,! PROBLEM1 HE CONCLUD$1 WAS ?AT :ILE SCI5CE HAD REPLAC$ RELIGION AS \R WAY ( 9T]PRET+ ! WORLD1 SCI5CE HAD NO PRIE/HOOD2 MOD]N SOCIETY LACK$ ANY =CE ( IDEOLOGICAL COHESION ?AT C\LD PLAY ! SAME ROLE AS ! ,M$IEVAL *UR*4 ,EA* 5D$ UP PROPOS+ A NEW RELIGION3 ,SA9T-,SIMON'S CALL$ HIS ! 0,NEW ,*RI/IANITY01 ,COMTE1 ! 0,NEW ,CA?OLICISM04 ,9 ! FIR/1 >TI/S W]E TO PLAY ! ROLE ( ! PRIE/HOOD2 ,/4 ,SIMON PRODUC$ AN IMAG9>Y DIALOGUE 9 :I* A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! >TI/S EXPLA9S TO ! SCI5TI/S H[1 9 !IR ROLE ( IMAG9+ POSSIBLE FUTURES & 9SPIR+ ! PUBLIC1 !Y WILL PLAY ! ROLE ( AN 0AVANT G>DE01 A 0TRULY PRIE/LY FUNCTION0 9 ! COM+ SOCIETY2 EV5TUALLY1 >TI/S WILL HAT* ! VISIONS ?AT SCI5TI/S & 9DU/RIALI/S WILL PUT 9TO EFFECT4 ,SA9T-,SIMON WAS ALSO P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO CONCEIVE ! NOTION ( ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE3 ONCE IT HAD BECOME CLE> ?AT ! AU?ORITIES W]E OP]AT+ = ! GOOD ( ! PUBLIC1 ONE W\LD NO MORE NE$ =CE TO COMPEL ! PUBLIC TO HE$ !IR ADVICE ?AN ONE NE$$ IT TO COMPEL PATI5TS TO TAKE ! ADVICE ( !IR DOCTORS4 ,GOV]NM5T W\LD PASS AWAY 9TO AT MO/ SOME M9OR POLICE FUNCTIONS4 

,COMTE1 ( C\RSE1 IS MO/ FAM\S AS ! F\ND] ( SOCIOLOGY2 HE 9V5T$ ! T]M TO DESCRIBE :AT HE SAW AS ! MA/]-DISCIPL9E :I* C\LD BO? UND]/& & DIRECT SOCIETY4 ,HE 5D$ UP TAK+ A DIFF]5T1 F> MORE AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA*3 ULTIMATELY PROPOS+ ! REGULATION & CONTROL ( ALMO/ ALL ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE ACCORD+ TO SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLES1 ) ! PRIE/LY ROLE.<#c.> 9 HIS ,NEW ,CA?OLICISM BE+ PLAY$ BY ! SOCIOLOGI/S !MSELVES4 

,IT'S A P>TICUL>LY FASC9AT+ OPPOSITION BECAUSE 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! POSITIONS W]E EFFECTIVELY REV]S$4 ,9/EAD ( ! LEFT-W+ ,SA9T-,SIMONIANS LOOK+ TO >TI/S = LEAD]%IP1 :ILE ! RI<T-W+ ,COMTIANS FANCI$ !MSELVES SCI5TI/S1 WE HAD ! FASCI/ LEAD]S LIKE ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I :O IMAG9$ !MSELVES AS GREAT >TI/S 9SPIR+ ! MASSES1 & SCULPT+ SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO !IR GR&IOSE IMAG9+S1 & ! ,M>XI/ VANGU>D CLAIM+ ! ROLE ( SCI5TI/S4 

,! ,SA9T ,SIMONIANS AT ANY RATE ACTIVELY S\<T TO RECRUIT >TI/S = !IR V>I\S V5TURES1 SALONS1 & UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES2 ?\< !Y QUICKLY RAN 9TO DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE SO MANY )9 0AVANT G>DE0 >TI/IC CIRCLES PREF]R$ ! MORE AN>*I/IC ,F\RI]I/S1 & LAT]1 ONE OR ANO!R BRAN* ( \TRI<T AN>*I/S4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! NUMB] ( #a#i? C5TURY >TI/S ) AN>*I/ SYMPA?IES IS QUITE /AGG]+1 RANG+ FROM ,PISS>O TO ,TOL/OY OR ,OSC> ,WILDE1 NOT TO M5TION ALMO/ ALL E>LY #b? C5TURY >TI/S :O LAT] BECAME ,COMMUNI/S1 FROM ,MALEVI* TO ,PICASSO4 ,RA!R ?AN A POLITICAL VANGU>D LEAD+ ! WAY TO A FUTURE SOCIETY1 RADICAL >TI/S ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SAW !MSELVES AS EXPLOR+ NEW & LESS ALI5AT$ MODES ( LIFE4 ,! REALLY SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5T 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY WAS LESS TO IDEA ( A VANGU>D ?AN ?AT ( ,BOHEMIA 7A T]M FIR/ CO9$ BY ,BALZAC 9 #a#h#c#h73 M>G9AL COMMUNITIES LIV+ 9 MORE OR LESS VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 SEE+ !MSELVES AS D$ICAT$ TO ! PURSUIT ( CREATIVE1 UNALI5AT$ =MS ( EXP]I5CE1 UNIT$ BY A PR(\ND HATR$ ( B\RGEOIS LIFE & EV]Y?+ IT /OOD =4 ,IDEOLOGICALLY1 !Y W]E AB\T EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE PROPON5TS ( 0>T = >T'S SAKE0 OR SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,& 9 FACT !Y SEEM TO HAVE BE5 DRAWN FROM ALMO/ PRECISELY ! SAME SOCIAL CONJUNCTURE AS MO/ MOD]N REVOLUTION>IES 7OR CURR5T ACTIVI/ CIRCLES = ?AT MATT]73 A K9D ( MEET+ BETWE5 C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( 79T5TIONALLY7 D[NW>DLY MOBILE PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES1 9 BROAD REJECTION ( B\RGEOIS VALUES1 & UPW>DLY MOBILE *ILDR5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS--! SORT :O MANAG$ TO GET !MSELVES A B\RGEOIS LEVEL ( $UCATION ONLY TO DISCOV] ?IS DIDN'T MEAN ACTUAL 5TRY 9TO ! B\RGEOISIE4.<#d.> 

,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY IDEA ( ! POLITICAL VANGU>D WAS US$ V]Y WIDELY & V]Y LOOSELY = ANYONE SE5 AS EXPLOR+ ! PA? TO A FUTURE1 FREE SOCIETY4 ,RADICAL NEWSPAP]S = EXAMPLE (T5 CALL$ !MSELVES 0! ,AVANT ,G>DE04 ,IT WAS ,M>X ?\< :O BEGAN TO SIGNIFICANTLY *ANGE ! IDEA BY 9TRODUC+ ! NOTION ?AT 

! PROLET>IAT W]E ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y CLASS--HE DIDN'T ACTUALLY USE ! T]M 0VANGU>D0 9 HIS [N WRIT+--BECAUSE !Y W]E ! ONE ?AT WAS ! MO/ OPPRESS$1 OR AS HE PUT IT 0NEGAT$0 BY CAPITALISM1 & !RE=E HAD ! LEA/ TO LOSE BY ITS ABOLITION4 ,9 DO+ SO1 HE RUL$ \T ! POSSIBILITY ?AT LESS ALI5AT$ 5CLAVES1 :E!R ( >TI/S OR ! SORT ( >TISANS & 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]S :O T5D$ TO =M ! BACKBONE ( AN>*ISM1 HAD ANY?+ SIGNIFICANT TO (F]4 ,! RESULTS WE ALL KN[4 ,! IDEA ( A VANGU>D P>TY TO D$ICAT$ TO BO? ORGANIZ+ & PROVID+ AN 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT = ?AT MO/-OPPRESS$ CLASS *OS5 AS ! AG5T ( HI/ORY1 BUT ALSO1 ACTUALLY SP>K+ ! REVOLUTION ?R\< !IR WILL+NESS TO EMPLOY VIOL5CE1 WAS FIR/ \TL9$ BY ,L59 9 #aib 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE82 IT HAS E*O$ 5DLESSLY1 TO ! PO9T :]E ! ,S,D,S 9 ! LATE '#fS C\LD 5D UP LOCK$ 9 FURI\S DEBATES OV] :E!R ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY %\LD BE CONSID]$ ! VANGU>D ( ,! ,MOVEM5T AS ! LEAD]S ( ITS MO/ OPPRESS$ ELEM5T4 ,ALL ?IS 9 TURN HAD A CURI\S EFFECT ON ! >TI/IC AVANT G>DE :O 9CREAS+LY />T$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES LIKE VANGU>D P>TIES1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,DADAI/S & ,FUTURI/S1 PUBLI%+ !IR [N MANIFE/OS1 COMMUNIQUES1 PURG+ ONE ANO!R1 & O!RWISE MAK+ !MSELVES 7SOMETIMES QUITE 9T5TIONAL7 P>ODIES ( REVOLUTION>Y SECTS4 7,NOTE H[EV] ?AT !SE GR\PS ALWAYS DEF9$ !MSELVES1 LIKE AN>*I/S1 BY A C]TA9 =M ( PRACTICE RA!R ?AN AFT] SOME H]OIC F\ND]47 ,! ULTIMATE FUSION CAME ) ! ,SURREALI/S & !N F9ALLY ! ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* ON ! ONE H& WAS ! MO/ SY/EMATIC 9 TRY+ TO DEVELOP A !ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ACCORD+ TO ! SPIRIT ( ,BOHEMIA1 ?9K+ AB\T :AT IT MI<T ACTUALLY MEAN TO DE/ROY ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 >T & LIFE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ITS [N 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION1 DISPLAY$ A K9D ( 9SANE SECT>IANISM FULL ( SO MANY SPLITS1 PURGES1 & BITT] D5UNCIATIONS ?AT ,GUY ,DEBORD F9ALLY REM>K$ ?AT ! ONLY LOGICAL CONCLUSION WAS = ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO BE F9ALLY R$UC$ TO TWO MEMB]S1 ONE ( :OM W\LD PURGE ! O!R & !N COMMIT SUICIDE4 7,:I* IS ACTUALLY NOT TOO F> FROM :AT ACTUALLY 5D$ UP HAPP5+47 

,NON-ALI5AT$ PRODUCTION 

,T HI/ORICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 POLITICAL & >TI/IC AVANT G>DES HAVE BE5 EXPLOR$ AT L5G? BY O!RS4 ,= ME ?\< ! REALLY 9TRIGU+ QUE/IONS IS3 :Y IS IT ?AT >TI/S HAVE SO (T5 BE5 SO DRAWN TO REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS TO BEG9 )8 ,BECAUSE IT DOES SEEM TO BE ! CASE ?AT1 EV5 9 TIMES & PLACES :5 !RE IS NEXT TO NO O!R CON/ITU5CY = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ! ONE PLACE ON IS MO/ LIKELY TO F9D ONE IS AMONG >TI/S1 AU?ORS1 & MUSICIANS2 EV5 MORE SO1 9 FACT1 ?AT AMONG PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ! ANSW] MU/ HAVE SOME?+ TO DO ) ALI5ATION4 ,!RE W\LD APPE> TO BE A DIRECT L9K BETWE5 ! EXP]I5CE ( FIR/ IMAG9+ ?+S & !N BR++ !M 9TO BE+ 79DIVIDUALLY OR COLLECTIVELY7--?AT IS1 ! EXP]I5CE ( C]TA9 =MS ( UNALI5AT$ PRODUCTION--& ! ABILITY TO IMAG9E SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES2 P>TICUL>LY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( A SOCIETY ITSELF PREMIS$ ON LESS ALI5AT$ =MS ( CREATIVITY4 ,:I* W\LD ALL[ US TO SEE ! HI/ORICAL %IFT BETWE5 SEE+ ! VANGU>D AS ! RELATIVELY UNALI5AT$ >TI/S 7OR P]HAPS 9TELLECTUALS7 TO SEE+ !M AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 0MO/ OPPRESS$0 9 A NEW LI<T4 ,9 FACT1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 REVOLUTION>Y COALITIONS ALWAYS T5D TO CONSI/ ( AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 A SOCIETY'S LEA/ ALI5AT$ & ITS MO/ OPPRESS$4 ,& ?IS IS LESS ELITI/ A =MULATION ?AN IT MI<T S\ND1 BECAUSE IT ALSO SEEMS TO BE ! CASE ?AT ACTUAL REVOLUTIONS T5D TO OCCUR :5 !SE TWO CATEGORIES COME TO OV]LAP4 ,?AT W\LD AT ANY RATE EXPLA9 :Y IT ALMO/ ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE PEASANTS & CRAFTSPEOPLE - OR ALT]NATELY1 NEWLY PROLET>IANIZ$ =M] PEASANTS & CRAFTSPEOPLE - :O ACTUALLY RISE UP & OV]?R[ CAPITALI/ REGIMES1 & NOT ?OSE 9UR$ TO G5]ATIONS ( WAGE LABOR4 ,F9ALLY1 ,I SUSPECT ?IS W\LD ALSO HELP EXPLA9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y IMPORTANCE ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLE'S /RUGGLES 9 ?AT PLANET>Y UPRIS+ USUALLY REF]R$ TO AS ! 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION0 MOVEM5T3 SU* PEOPLE T5D TO BE SIMULTANE\SLY ! V]Y LEA/ ALI5AT$ & MO/ OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ON E>?1 & ONCE IT IS TE*NOLOGICALLY POSSIBLE TO 9CLUDE !M 9 REVOLUTION>Y COALITIONS1 IT IS ALMO/ 9EVITABLE ?AT !Y %\LD TAKE A LEAD+ ROLE4 

,! ROLE ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES1 CURI\SLY1 LEADS US BACK TO ! ROLE ( E?NOGRAPHY4 ,N[1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 E?NOGRAPHY HAS RECEIV$ A SOME:AT RAW DEAL4 ,IT IS ASSUM$ TO BE 9TR9SICALLY ! SORT ( ?+ US$ AS A TOOL ( DOM9ATION1 OR AT LEA/ ADM9I/RATION1 BY COLONIAL GOV]NM5TS & =EIGN CONQU]ORS4 ,9 FACT1 AS ,I'VE >GU$ ELSE:]E 7,GRAEB] #b#a3,X,X,X71 ! USE ( E?NOGRAPHY BY ,EUROPEAN COLONIAL GOV]NM5TS IS SOME?+ ( AN ANOMALY3 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE SEES A BUR/ ( E?NOGRAPHIC CURIOSITY 9 ! TIME ( ,H]ODOTUS :I* VANI%ES ! MOM5T GIGANTIC MULTI-CULTURAL EMPIRES COME ON ! SC5E4 ,REALLY1 P]IODS ( GREAT E?NOGRAPHIC CURIOSITY HAVE T5D$ TO BE P]IODS ( RAPID SOCIAL *ANGE & AT LEA/ POT5TIAL REVOLUTION4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT UND] NORMAL CONDITIONS1 E?NOGRAPHY IS LESS LIKELY TO EMPLOY$ BY ! P[]FUL ?AN AS A WEAPON ( ! WEAK4 ,ALL ?OSE GRAD /UD5TS CON/RUCT+ ELABORATE E?NOGRAPHIES ( !IR DEP>TM5TS ?AT !Y CAN NEV] PUBLI% >E REALLY DO+1 P]HAPS 9 A MORE !ORETICALLY 9=M$ WAY1 SOME?+ ?AT EV]YONE 9 SU* A POSITION T5DS TO DO4 ,S]VANTS1 HIREL+S1 SLAVES1 SECRET>IES1 CONCUB9ES1 KIT*5 WORK]S1 PRETTY MU* ANYONE DEP5D5T ON ! :IMS ( A P]SON OR P]SONS LIV+ 9 A DIFF]5T MORAL OR CULTURAL UNIV]SE >E = OBVI\S REASONS CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO FIGURE \T :AT ?AT P]SON IS ?9K+1 H[ PEOPLE LIKE ?AT T5D TO ?9K4 ,! OPPOSITE R>ELY HAPP5S4.<#e.> 

,( C\RSE1 E?NOGRAPHY IS IDEALLY1 A LOT MORE ?AN ?AT4 ,IDEALLY1 E?NOGRAPHY IS AB\T TEAS+ \T ! HIDD5 SYMBOLIC1 MORAL1 OR PRAGMATIC LOGICS ?AT UND]LY C]TA9 TYPES ( SOCIAL ACTION2 ! WAY PEOPLE'S HABITS & ACTIONS MAKES S5SE 9 WAYS ?AT !Y >E NOT !MSELVES COMPLETELY AW>E (4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?IS PROVIDES A POT5TIAL ROLE = ! RADICAL1 NON-VANGU>DI/ 9TELLECTUAL4 ,! FIR/ ?+ WE NE$ TO DO IS TO LOOK AT ?OSE :O >E CREAT+ VIABLE ALT]NATIVES ON ! GR\P1 & TRY TO FIGURE \T :AT MI<T BE ! L>G] IMPLICATIONS ( :AT !Y >E 7ALREADY7 DO+4 

,OBVI\SLY :AT ,I AM PROPOS+ W\LD ONLY WORK IF IT WAS1 ULTIMATELY1 A =M ( AUTO-E?NOGRAPHY--9 ! S5SE ( EXAM9+ MOVEM5TS TO :I* ONE HAS1 9 FACT1 MADE SOME K9D ( COMMITM5T1 9 :I* ONE FEELS ONESELF A P>T4 ,IT W\LD ALSO HAVE TO COMB9$ ) A C]TA9 UTOPIAN EXTRAPOLATION3 A MATT] ( TEAS+ \T ! TACIT LOGIC OR PR9CIPLES UND]LY+ C]TA9 =MS ( RADICAL PRACTICE1 & !N1 NOT ONLY (F]+ ! ANALYSIS BACK TO ?OSE COMMUNITIES1 BUT US+ !M TO =MULATE NEW VISIONS 70IF ONE APPLI$ ! SAME PR9CIPLES AS Y\ >E APPLY+ TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATION TO ECONOMICS1 MI<T IT NOT LOOK SOME?+ LIKE ?IS804447 ,H]E TOO !RE >E SUGGE/IVE P>ALLELS 9 ! HI/ORY ( RADICAL >TI/IC MOVEM5TS1 :I* BECAME MOVEM5TS PRECISELY AS !Y BECAME !IR [N CRITICS 7& ( C\RSE ! IDEA ( SELF-CRITICISM TOOK ON A V]Y DIFF]5T1 & MORE OM9\S1 TONE )9 ,M>XI/ POLITICS72 !RE >E ALSO 9TELLECTUALS ALREADY TRY+ TO DO PRECISELY ?IS SORT ( AUTO-E?NOGRAPHIC WORK4 ,BUT ,I SAY ALL ?IS NOT SO MU* TO PROVIDE MODELS AS TO OP5 UP A FIELD = DISCUSSION1 FIR/ ( ALL1 BY EMPHASIZ+ ?AT EV5 ! NOTION ( VANGU>DISM ITSELF F> MORE RI* 9 ITS HI/ORY1 & FULL ( ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITIES1 ?AN MO/ ( US W\LD EV] BE GIV5 TO EXPECT4 

.<#a.> ,ONE MI<T NOTE ?AT EV5 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 = ALL HIS 5DLESS BATTLES ) ,M>X OV] PRACTICAL QUE/IONS1 ALSO P]SONALLY TRANSLAT$ ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 ,I ALSO %\LD PO9T \T ?AT ,I AM AW>E ,I AM BE+ A BIT HYPOCRITICAL H]E BY 9DULG+ 9 SOME ( ! SAME SORT ( SECT>IAN REASON+ ,I'M O!RWISE CRITIQU+3 !RE >E S*OOLS ( ,M>XISM :I* >E F> MORE OP5-M9D$ & TOL]ANT1 & DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$1 !RE >E AN>*I/ GR\PS :I* >E 9SANELY SECT>IAN2 ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF WAS H>DLY A MODEL = DEMOCRACY BY ANY /&>DS1 ETC ETC4 

.<#b.> ,I FACT1 ,M$IEVAL HI/ORIANS 9=M ME ?AT AT LEA/ 9 MANY P>TS ( ,EUROPE1 ,M$IEVAL UNIV]SITIES W]E ACTUALLY MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN !Y >E N[1 S9CE /UD5TS (T5 ELECT$ ! PR(ESSORS4 

.<#c.> ,EFFECTIVELY1 ! VANGU>D1 ?\< HE DID NOT ACTUALLY CALL !M ?IS4 

.<#d.> ,CONTEMPOR>Y !ORI/S >E ACTUALLY QUITE DIVID$ OV] H[ TO EVALUATE !IR L>G] SIGNIFICANCE4 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU = EXAMPLE 9SI/$ ?AT ! PROMULGATION ( ! IDEA ( 0>T = >T'S SAKE01 F> FROM BE+ DEPOLITICIZ+1 %\LD BE CONSID]$ A SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLI%M5T1 AS WAS ANY :I* MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% ! AUTONOMY ( ONE P>TICUL> FIELD ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR FROM ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET4 ,COL9 ,CAMPBELL ON ! O!R H& >GUES ?AT 9S(> AS BOHEMIANS ACTUALLY W]E AN AVANT G>DE1 !Y W]E REALLY ! VANGU>D ( ! M>KET ITSELF1 OR MORE PRECISELY1 ( CONSUM]ISM3 !IR ACTUAL SOCIAL FUNCTION1 MU* ?\< !Y W\LD HAVE LOA!D TO ADMIT IT1 WAS TO EXPLORE NEW =MS ( PLEASURE OR ES!TIC T]RITORY :I* C\LD BE COMMODITIZ$ 9 ! NEXT G5]ATION4 7,ONE MI<T CALL ?IS ! ,TOM ,FRANKS V]SION ( HI/ORY47 ,CAMPBELL ALSO E*OES COMMON WISDOM ?AT BOHEMIA WAS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9HABIT$ BY ! *ILDR5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :O HAD--TEMPOR>ILY1 AT LEA/--REJECT+ !IR FAMILIES' MONEY & PRIVILEGE2 & :O1 IF !Y DID NOT DIE Y\NG ( DISSIPATION1 W]E LIKELY TO 5D UP BACK ON ! BO>D ( FA!R'S COMPANY4 ,?IS SEEMS AT ! V]Y LEA/ A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION4 

.<#e.> ,TAKE = EXAMPLE ,TODOROV'S FAM\S ESSAY ON ,CORTES1 :O1 HE >GUE1 WAS AN AMATEUR E?NOGRAPH] :O S\<T TO UND]/& ! ,AZTECS 9 ORD] TO CONQU] !M4 ,IT IS R>ELY NOT$ ?AT ,CORTES TRI$ TO UND]/& ! ,AZTECS PRECISELY AS LONG AS !IR >MY \TNUMB]$ HIS SOME?+ LIKE #a TO #a2 ! MOM5T HE DEFEAT$ !M1 HIS E?NOGRAPHIC CURIOSITY VANI%$4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM DAVIDGRAEB]4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,AUTO-E?NOGRAPHY ?AT CAN ,NEV] BE & ! ,ACTIVI/ ,E?NOGRAPHY ?AT ,MI<T BE -- ,ADD$4 

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