,! ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,UTOPIA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAN ,*ODORK(F 

,TEXT 3 

,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,WE FACE AN UNPREC$5T$ CRISIS ( GLOBAL DIM5SIONS4 ,\R RELIANCE ON FOSSIL FUELS & *EMICAL SUB/ANCES ?AT POISON \R E>?1 WAT]1 & ATMOSPH]E REQUIRES MORE ?AN DRAMATIC %IFTS 9 POLICY2 IT REQUIRES ?AT WE BEG9 TO CONCEPTUALIZE & ACTUALIZE NEW 9/ITUTIONS & RELATION%IPS ?AT CAN MOVE US AWAY FROM !SE DE/RUCTIVE PRACTICES4 ,H[ CAN WE REH>MONIZE PEOPLE & NATURE8 ,H[ CAN WE CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY8 

,!SE FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS ANIMATE !SE ESSAYS4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY (F]S A SET ( IDEAS ?AT MAY HELP US =MULATE A COMPREH5SIVE RESPONSE TO ! CRISIS WE >E FAC+4 ,IT SUGGE/S NOT ONLY A TRANS=MATION ( ! UND]LY+ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES ( \R SOCIETY1 BUT1 EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 ! CREATION ( A NEW S5SIBILITY ?AT REFLECTS A QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T UND]/&+ ( PEOPLES RELATION%IP TO NATURE &1 9DE$1 A R$EF9ITION ( NATURE ITSELF4 ,SU* A F>-RANG+ TRANS=MATION DIRECTLY *ALL5GES \R CURR5T GLOBAL SY/EMS ( HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY BELIEVES ?AT ! CREATION ( !SE NEW 9/ITUTIONS & RELATION%IPS IS BO? POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y4 

,A GR&IOSE PROJECT8 ,P]HAPS4 ,BUT MY BACKGR\ND AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ HAS %[N ME ?AT MU* ( :AT WE ASSUME TO BE ! NATURAL ORD] ( ?+S >E1 9 FACT1 PRODUCTS ( \R P>TICUL> CULTURE2 ( A HI/ORICAL TRAJECTORY :I* RE9=CES & !N REIFIES \R CURR5T 9/ITUTIONS & RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON GRE$1 COMPETITION1 AGGRESSION1 & DOM9ATION AS EXPRESSIONS ( 0HUMAN NATURE40 ,9 DEVELOP+ A NEW PRAXIS WE MU/ GO BEYOND SU* A N>R[1 CULTURE-B\ND CONCEPT ( 0HUMAN NATURE10 & LOOK = A BROAD] UND]/&+ ( 0HUMAN POT5TIAL10 A CONT9UUM ?AT1 :ILE IT UND5IABLY 5COMPASSES GRE$1 COMPETITION1 AGGRESSION1 & DOM9ATION1 ALSO CONTA9S ! POSSIBILITIES ( C>E1 COOP]ATION1 NURTURANCE1 & UNITY 9 DIV]SITY4 ,?IS COLLECTION ( ESSAYS SUGGE/S ?AT \R CURR5T ASSUMPTIONS AB\T \R 0NATURE0 >E AN EXPRESSION ( ONLY ONE SET ( ! WIDE RANGE ( POSSIBILITIES OP5 TO US AS A SPECIES4 

,SU* A CALL = RADICAL *ANGE MAY SEEM NAIVE1 & ,I MU/ BEG9 ) A CONFESSION1 ,I HAVE SP5T MU* ( MY LIFE1 BO? P]SONAL & PR(ESSIONAL1 PURSU+ UTOPIA4 ,NOT ! CL\D CUCKOO L& ( FABULI/S1 NOR ! DREAM WORLD ( RELIGION1 RA!R ,I HAVE TRI$ TO SEEK ! F> %ORES ( REAL POSSIBILITIES3 A JU/1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,MY 9VOLVEM5T 9 A WIDE RANGE ( POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 C\PL$ ) MY P]SONAL J\RNEY ?R\< COLLECTIVES1 CO-OPS1 & SQUATS1 L$ ME TO ! ACADEMIC /UDY ( LIT]>Y1 HI/ORICAL1 & PHILOSOPHICAL UTOPIAS4 ,BY BE+ BO? A P>TICIPANT & OBS]V] )9 UTOPIAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO GRASP :AT ,I CALL 0! AN?ROPOLOGY ( UTOPIA40 ,ADMITT$LY1 IT IS (T5 A /UDY ( %AD[S & FLICK]S1 ( %ORT-LIV$ 0FE/IVALS ( ! OPPRESS$0 & MOVEM5TS /OPP$ F> %ORT ( !IR GOALS4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO ! /UDY ( POT5TIALITY ACTUALIZ$1 ( G>D5S GR[+ 9 <ETTOS1 & DIRECT DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES4 

,I SP5T =TY ( ?OSE YE>S WORK+ ) ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 7,I,S,E71 :I* ,I CO-F\ND$ ) ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 #a#i#g#d4 ,WE 5VISION$ AN 9/ITUTE = RADICAL $UCATION1 =W>D+ ! IDEAS ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ & DEMOCRATIC1 ECOLOGICAL REVOLUTION4 ,! 9/ITUTE WAS 9T5D$ TO BE RADICAL 9 =M1 9 CONT5T1 & 9 9T5T3 A PLACE :]E WE C\LD $UCATE PEOPLE AB\T ! SKILLS & IDEAS ?AT CAN HELP TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,! ,I,S,E HAS ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ ! UNITY ( !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,9 ! E>LY YE>S WE FOCUS$ ON TE*NICAL /UDIES 9 !N-PIONE]+ >EAS LIKE W9D P[]1 SOL> 5]GY1 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE1 & AQUACULTURE1 :I* WE UND]/OOD AS CRITICAL = ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( FOOD & 5]GY PRODUCTION4 ,SU* A SELF-RELIANT MAT]IAL BASE WAS SE5 AS A PRECONDITION = COMMUNITY CONTROL & DIRECT DEMOCRACY ALL[+ = ! CREATION ( A CONF$]ATION ( SELF-MANAG$ ECO-COMMUNITIES4 ,H[EV]1 WE UND]/OOD ?AT SU* TE*NIQUES & TE*NOLOGIES W]E NECESS>Y1 BUT 9 & ( !MSELVES NOT SUFFICI5T TO BR+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9TO BE+4 ,WE EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ TO DEVELOP A CONSCI\S1 E?ICAL APPROA* TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ 9 ! UND]/&+ ?AT ALL 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS >E REALLY SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 & ?AT \R ATTEMPTS TO DOM9ATE NATURE GR[ \T ( ! DOM9ATION ( HUMANS BY O!R HUMANS4 

,!SE CONC]NS L$ US TO (F] CLASSES 9 PHILOSOPHIES ( NATURE2 TO EXPLORE ! AN?ROPOLOGY ( CULTURES ?AT C\LD GIVE US 9SI<T 9TO QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ATTITUDES T[>D NATURE2 & TO /UDY A RANGE ( REVOLUTION>Y & UTOPIAN TRADITIONS4 ,\R CONC]N ) PRAXIS-- !ORY & PRACTICE CONT9UALLY 9=M+ EA* O!R & 9T]ACT+ 9 A DEVELOPM5TAL DYNAMIC--WAS C>RI$ 9TO ! REALM ( SOCIAL ACTION ?R\< 9VOLVEM5T 9 COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T EF=TS & ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,WE WORK$ ) IDEAS RELAT$ TO ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 TACTICS1 & LONG-RANGE /RATEGIES3 MANY ( !SE IDEAS HAVE S9CE BECOME COMMON PRACTICE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & 9 COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS4 

,I WAS PRIVILEG$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T & APPLICATION ( ?OSE IDEAS 9 MY ROLE AS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ( ! ,I,S,E1 :]E WE SAW \R MISSION1 9 P>T1 AS $UCAT+ $UCATORS & ORGANIZ]S2 HELP+ TO SPREAD ! IDEAS TO AN EV]-WID5+ GR\P ( PEOPLE4 ,WE DID ?AT ?R\< =MAL1 CR$IT-BE>+ & DEGREE-GRANT+ PROGRAMS1 & ?R\< V>I\S =MS ( POPUL> $UCATION3 CONF]5CES1 WORK%OPS1 LECTURES1 9T]N%IPS1 & H&S-ON EXP]I5CES 9 ORGANIC G>D5+1 R5EWABLE 5]GY1 & ECOLOGICAL DESIGN1 AS WELL AS 9 COMMUNITY ORGANIZ+ & POLITICAL ACTIVISM4 

,H]E 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,I,S,E HAS BE5 9VOLV$ 9 MANY ( ! RADICAL 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS ( ! LA/ #d YE>S1 RANG+ FROM ! MOVEM5T = ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY & POPUL> /RUGGLES >\ND BO? NUCLE> WEAPONS & NUCLE> P[]1 :]E WE WORK$ ) ! ,CLAM%ELL & ,%AD ,ALLIANCES1 TO ! EM]G5CE ( ! ECO-FEM9I/ MOVEM5T1 ! =MATION ( ! ,GRE5 MOVEM5T1 ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ ORGANISMS1 ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T1 ! CLIMATE JU/ICE MOVEM5T1 & MO/ REC5TLY1 ! OCCUPY MOVEM5T4 ,WE ALSO WORK$ ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS ) ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN COMMUNITY ON ,NEW ,YORK'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 ,RAMAPO ,M\NTA9 ,PEOPLE 9 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 RURAL ,V]MONT]S1 & ,TZOTSIL SPEAK+ ,MAYA PEOPLE 9 ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO4 ,WE ALSO PUBLI%$ J\RNALS1 NEWSLETT]S1 PAMPHLETS & BOOKS RELAT$ TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,!SE \TREA* EF=TS HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( AN 9=MAL 9T]NATIONAL NETWORK ( SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 ,EUROPE1 ,AU/RALIA1 ,ASIA1 & ,AFRICA4 ,9 ! ESSAYS ?AT FOLL[ ,I REFLECT ON SOME ( ?OSE EXP]I5CES4 

,?IS AN?OLOGY OP5S ) ! ESSAY 0,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNITY ,DEVELOPM5T10 :I* DISCUSSES ! WAYS 9 :I* ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS (T5 CONFLAT$ ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNITY4 ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T1 H[EV]1 IS A MU* MORE COMPLEX & NUANC$ PROCESS1 ONE :I* ULTIMATELY RE/S ON ! CREATION OR RECREATION ( AFFECTIVE TIES AMONG PEOPLE1 & !IR P>TICIPATION 9 G5]AT+ A COMMON VISION = ! FUTURE ( !IR COMMUNITY4 ,GRASSROOTS PLANN+1 POLITICAL ACTION1 >TS & CULTURE1 ALL PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 H[ WE CAN PHYSICALLY TRANS=M \R NEI<BORHOODS & BUILD COMMUNITY4 ,?IS PIECE IS 9 L>GE P>T 9SPIR$ BY MY TWELVE YE>S ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T EF=TS 9 ,LOISAIDA1 ! ,HISPANIC SECTION ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 

,DEVELOPM5T IS A !ME ?AT C>RIES OV] 9TO ! NEXT ESSAY1 0,R$EF9+ ,DEVELOPM5T10 :I* (F]S A CRITIQUE ( 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T EF=TS LIKE ?OSE PROMOT$ BY ! ,WORLD ,BANK & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND4 ,?IS ESSAY WAS WRITT5 AT A TIME :5 /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T PROGRAMS W]E IMPOS$ ON DEVELOP+ NATIONS BY 9T]NATIONAL FUND]S--) DEVA/AT+ EFFECTS4 ,OV] A #c-YE> P]IOD ( TRAVEL & /UDY 9 ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO1 ,I OBS]V$ FIR/ H& ! DE/RUCTIVE CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ( ! L>GE-SCALE 9T]NATIONALLY FUND$ DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS1 ) LITTLE OR NO B5EFIT ACCRU+ TO ! 9DIG5\S ,MAYAN PEOPLE ( ! REGION4 ,9 ! CURR5T ]A1 :ILE ! PLAY]S HAVE L>GELY %IFT$ FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL AG5CIES DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS ESSAY TO PRIVATE SECTOR 9VE/ORS1 ! DYNAMICS HAVE L>GELY REMA9$ ! SAME2 CALL+ = L[] TAXES1 PRIVATIZATION1 & D]EGULATION 9 ! NAME ( 0FREE TRADE40 ,FUR!R1 WE HAVE SE5 !SE SAME POLICIES PROMULGAT$ 9 ! DEVELOP$ WORLD UND] ! RUBRIC ( AU/]ITY4 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT !SE APPROA*ES >E ESS5TIALLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL & COLONIAL 9 NATURE4 

,ALL ( !SE ESSAYS >E WRITT5 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( AN?ROPOLOGY1 ! DISCIPL9E ,I *OSE TO /UDY & ! L5S ?R\< :I* ,I APPROA* SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,I WAS DRAWN TO AN?ROPOLOGY BECAUSE IT SEEM$ TO ME ONE ( ! FEW ACADEMIC DISCIPL9ES ?AT ALL[$ ONE TO EXPLORE ! BREAD? ( ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY IS ESS5TIALLY 9TEGRATIVE 9 ITS EF=TS TO UND]/& HUMAN DEVELOPM5T & ITS C5TRAL CONCEPT--CULTURE--IS AT ITS CORE HOLI/IC4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,I AM DEEPLY AMBIVAL5T T[>D MY *OS5 PR(ESSION3 ,I RECOGNIZE ITS TA9T$ ORIG9S 9 COLONIALISM AS WELL AS ITS ME?ODOLOGICAL & PRACTICAL LIMITATIONS4 ,9 0,T[>D A ,RECON/RUCTIVE ,AN?ROPOLOGY0 ,I (F] A CRITIQUE ( ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGY & SUGGE/ A RE=MULATION ( ! DISCIPL9E2 ,I BELIEVE ?IS MI<T HELP AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO OV]COME ?OSE LIMITATIONS & ACTIVELY 5GAGE ) ITS IMPORTANT 9SI<TS4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY HAS MU* TO (F] ! WORLD1 BUT IT MU/ MOVE \T ( ! CLASSROOMS & 9TO \R COMMUNITIES IF ITS FULL POT5TIAL IS TO BE REALIZ$4 

,I RETURN TO ! COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROCESS 9 ,LOISAIDA 9 0,ALT]NATIVE ,TE*NOLOGY & ,URBAN ,RECON/RUCTION10 :]E ,I EXAM9E ASPECTS ( ?AT WORK 9 GREAT] DEP?4 ,I FOCUS ON ! EXP]I5CE ( ,*,>,A,S1 A COMMUNITY GR\P ?AT 9TRODUC$ ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES & ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION TO !IR URBAN NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 DO+ SO !Y DEVELOP$ NEW =MS ( LEAD]%IP & A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC APPROA* TO COMMUNITY PLANN+ ?AT1 = A TIME1 SUCCESSFULLY CONTE/$ ! CITY'S PLANS = ! TRANS=MATION ( !IR NEI<BORHOOD4 

,TO CREATE A TRULY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ,I BELIEVE WE NE$ TO TRANSC5D ! GIV5 & IMAG9E SOME?+ ?AT1 :ILE ROOT$ 9 REAL1 EXI/+ POT5TIALITIES1 IS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM :AT EXI/S TODAY4 ,9 0,! ,UTOPIAN ,IMPULSE0 ,I SORT ?R\< A V>IETY ( ASPECTS ( UTOPIAN ?\<T & ACTION ?AT HAVE EM]G$ 9 HI/ORY1 & ,I PRES5T A TYPOLOGY ( UTOPIAS2 ,I ALSO EXPLICATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! UTOPIAN MODE ( ?\<T AS A =M ( SOCIAL ANALYSIS ?AT DIRECTS US T[>D ! FUTURE4 ,TODAY1 GIV5 ! DEP?S ( ! CRISES WE FACE1 UTOPIAN ?9K+ IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN EV]4 ,I DO NOT SUGGE/ ?AT UTOPIA %\LD BE 9T]PRET$ AS A 0BLUEPR9T0 = A NEW SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R AS A SET ( PR9CIPLES2 ) ! UND]/&+ ?AT ! DETAILS WILL HAVE TO BE WORK$ \T BY 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES4 

,!SE ESSAYS ALL REVOLVE >\ND ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :I* IS A COMPLEX1 9T]DISCIPL9>Y P]SPECTIVE ?AT DRAWS ON /UDIES 9 PHILOSOPHY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 BIOLOGY1 & ECOLOGY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY PRES5TS A FRAMEWORK = ANALYZ+ PEOPLE'S RELATION%IP TO NATURE1 & ADVOCATES A RECON/RUCTIVE P]SPECTIVE TO REH>MONIZE PEOPLE & ! RE/ ( NATURE4 ,IT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO A BUMP] /ICK] OR BE DEF9$ 9 #be WORDS OR LESS1 IT IS AN APPROA* ILL SUIT$ TO ! AGE ( ,TWITT]4 ,YET IT ALSO DES]VES AN EXPLICATION ?AT DOES NOT REQUIRE A ,PH,D 9 CRITICAL !ORY TO UND]/&4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I TRY TO PROVIDE 9 0,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,HUMANISM10 :I* GIVES A BRIEF \TL9E ( ! MA9 COMPON5TS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 5COMPASS+ ITS BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS1 ITS AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ITS 9T]DISCIPL9>Y *>ACT]1 & SOME ( ITS POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS4 

,$UCATION1 TOO1 IS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ANY GREAT SOCIAL *ANGE1 & ,I HAVE SP5T MO/ ( MY LIFE AS AN $UCATOR1 BUT NEV] 9 A TRADITIONAL SETT+4 ,!RE >E MANY DIFF]5T =MS ?AT $UCATION CAN TAKE1 ! CLASSROOM BE+ ONE IMPORTANT >5A1 BUT NOT ! EXCLUSIVE T]RA9 = MEAN+FUL LE>N+4 0,$UCATION = ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE0 (F]S A CRITIQUE ( TRADITIONAL $UCATION & ITS 0HIDD5 CURRICULUM10 & EXPLORES ! P$AGOGY ?AT HAS ANIMAT$ ! ,I,S,E4 ,I PR(\NDLY BELIEVE ?AT WE NE$ TO 0LE>N \R WAY0 \T ( \R CURR5T MORASS TOGE!R4 

,! F9AL ESSAY 9 ?IS COLLECTION1 0,OCCUPY ,Y\R ,NEI<BORHOOD10 IS ( MORE REC5T ORIG94 ,SOCIAL MOVEM5TS EBB & FL[ OV] ! C\RSE ( YE>S & ,I HAVE BE5 LUCKY 5\< TO BE !RE AT ! HI< EBB ( SEV]AL SIGNIFICANT MOVEM5TS4 ,I >RIV$ AT ,ZUCOTTI ,P>K ON ! SECOND DAY ( ! OCCUPATION & WAS A/\ND$ TO SEE ,WALL ,/REET AWA% 9 A 0FE/IVAL ( ! OPPRESS$40 ,LIKE MANY LONG 9 ! TOO? RADICALS ,I WAS 9SPIR$ BY BO? ! MESSAGE & ! ME?OD ( ! ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET MOVEM5T4 ,I,S,E ALUMNAE & FACULTY W]E AMONG ! 9ITIATORS1 & WE W]E PRIVILEG$ TO (F] SEV]AL WEEKLONG SEM9>S TO KEY ORGANIZ]S4 ,! METEORIC RISE & !N ! DECL9E ( ,OCCUPY 9 POPUL> CULTURE L$ ME TO REFLECT ON ITS /R5G?S & PROSPECTS AS WELL AS ITS WEAKNESSES & LIMITATIONS1 &1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ON ! POT5TIALITY ( NEW DEVELOPM5TS LIKE ,OCCUPY ,S&Y TO HELP US F9D A WAY \T ( ! CONUNDRUM ( PROTE/ POLITICS4 

,WE >E LIMIT$ 9 P>T BY \R IMAG9ATIONS4 ,! HEGEMONY ( ! DOM9ANT P>ADIGM HAS BL9D$ US & B\ND US TO A WORLD ( BUY+ & SELL+4 ,BUT HUMAN POT5TIALITY IS :AT GIVES ME HOPE3 \R V]Y ABILITY TO TRANSC5D ! GIV5 & TURN :AT IS 9TO :AT C\LD BE4 ,I HAVE BE5 *AS+ ?IS DREAM ( ANO!R WORLD = #e YE>S4 ,?IS MAY BE A FUTILE PURSUIT1 BUT OV] ?OSE YE>S ,I HAVE SE5 MANY ( ! IDEAS ?AT GREW \T ( !SE UTOPIAN EXP]IM5TS TAKE ROOT 9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION1 &1 9 ! WORDS ( ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 0,EV]Y?+ DEP5DS ON :AT PEOPLE >E CAPABLE ( WANT+40 

,I (F] !SE ESSAYS 9 A SPIRIT ( HUMILITY4 ,!Y >E NOT S*OL>LY ESSAYS1 BUT P]SONAL REFLECTIONS & ANALYZES4 ,AS A CULTURAL AN?ROPOLOGI/1 & 9 REC5T YE>S AS A NOVELI/1 ,I AM1 BY TRA9+ & 9CL9ATION1 A /ORYTELL]4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO MAKE ! IDEAS PRES5T$ H]E ACCESSIBLE1 & 9T]PRET$ MY EXP]I5CE 9 LI<T ( !SE IDEAS4 ,!SE ESSAYS CONTA9 NO ANSW]S3 ! SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS WE FACE MU/ >ISE FROM ! COMMUNITIES TO :I* ! READ] BELONGS4 ,BUT MY HOPE IS ?AT ?IS COLLECTION ( ESSAYS CONTA9S 9SI<TS ?AT RESONATE ) READ]S &1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 SUGGE/S TO !M WAYS 9 :I* !Y MI<T APPLY !SE IDEAS 9 !IR [N CONTEXT1 TO HELP BR+ AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9TO BE+4 

,S,O,C,I,A,L ,E,C,O,L,O,G,Y ,& ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,T,Y ,D,E,V,E,L,O,P,M,5,T 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AS DEVELOP$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 BRILLIANTLY PRES5TS A COMPREH5SIVE !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK = ANALYZ+ ! CRISES ( MOD]NITY4 ,IT IS P]HAPS ! FIR/ SU* COMPREH5SIVE APPROA* S9CE ,M>X1 & SUGGE/S A RECON/RUCTIVE PRACTICE :I* HOLDS PROMISE ( FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M+ PEOPLE'S RELATION TO NATURE & TO O!R PEOPLE4 ,! ULTIMATE PROMISE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ! REH>MONIZATION ( CULTURE & NATURE4 ,A VITAL ELEM5T 9 ?AT PR(\ND TRANS=MATION LIES 9 ! CONNECTION BETWE5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY & COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 

,COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T IS AN (T5-ABUS$ CONCEPT4 ,P]HAPS ! BE/ WAY TO BEG9 TO DEF9E IT IS TO /ATE :AT IT IS NOT4 ,AS ,I USE ! T]M1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T IS NOT ! DELIV]Y ( S]VICES TO A NE$Y POPULATION BY PR(ESSIONALS4 ,?IS IS ! TRADITIONAL MODEL PUT =W>D = DECADES BY PR(ESSIONAL DEVELOPM5T AG5CIES4 ,IT IS ! ,W> ON ,POV]TY MODEL ?AT VIEWS COMMUNITIES AS BATTLEFIELDS ON :I* 0/RATEGIC RES\RCES0 MU/ BE BR\<T TO BE>4 ,IT CALLS = BUREAUCRATIC 9T]V5TION ON A MASSIVE SCALE TO IMPROVE $UCATION1 HEAL? C>E1 H\S+1 NUTRITION1 ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY1 & O!R FACETS ( A COMMUNITY'S LIFE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 !SE GOALS MU/ BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ANY MEAN+FUL APPROA* TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PROBLEM LIES ) ! ME?ODOLOGY1 ! PROCESS :]EBY !SE NOBLE 5DS >E A*IEV$4 

,A ,HOLI/IC ,APPROA* TO ,COMMUNITY ,DEVELOPM5T 

,TRUE COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T CANNOT RE/ ON A F\NDATION ( \TSID]S DELIV]+ S]VICES4 ,SU* AN APPROA* 9EVITABLY FO/]S DEP5D5CE ON EXT]NAL 0EXP]TS0 & 0RES\RCES40 ,?IS DEP5D5CY H9D]S ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIG5\S LEAD]%IP1 BROAD P>TICIPATION & LOCAL SELF-RELIANCE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT (T5 DEG5]ATES 9TO A =M ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 /R5G!N+ SUBORD9ATION TO ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 FUR!R+ ! HOMOG5IZATION ( COMMUNITIES1 & RE9=C+ C5TRALIZATION ( P[] & POLICYMAK+ 9 ! H&S ( \TSID]S4 ,?IS APPROA* LEADS TO ! DISEMP[]M5T ( COMMUNITIES & CITIZ5S1 NOT !IR DEVELOPM5T4 

,NOR CAN WE UND]/& COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T 9 ! T]MS CONS]VATIVES HAVE PRES5T$ IT S9CE ! ,REAGAN ADM9I/RATION4 ,!IR POSITION IS REACTION>Y TO ! CORE1 & LACKS EV5 ! GOOD 9T5TIONS ( ! ,W> ON ,POV]TY APPROA*4 ,!Y SUGGE/ A POLICY ROOT$ 9 PRIVATE-SECTOR 9VE/M5T & A 0TRICKLE D[N0 EFFECT ?AT CAN LEAD ONLY TO EXPLOITATION1 DOM9ATION & COMMUNITY DIS9TEGRATION4 ,H]E TOO1 ! FOCUS IS ON ABSORB+ COMMUNITIES 9TO ! MA9/REAM ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 

,! L9*P9 ( ?IS /RATEGY IS TO (F] 9C5TIVES = PRIVATE 5T]PRISE TO 0DEVELOP0 A COMMUNITY1 ?US SUBSIDIZ+ ITS SUBJUGATION4 ,DOME/IC 05T]PRISE ZONES0 HAVE BE5 PROPOS$ :I* W\LD REPLICATE ! DOM9ATION ( ,?IRD ,WORLD NATIONS BY CORPORATE 9VE/M5TS4 ,! 9T5TION IS TO (F] A PACKAGE ( TAX DEF]M5TS1 RELAX$ HEAL? & SAFETY /&>DS1 & AN ELIM9ATION ( BO? ANTI-POLLUTION MEASURES & ! M9IMUM WAGE1 9 ORD] TO 5TICE PRIVATE 9DU/RY TO 9VE/ 9 ECONOMICALLY DEPRESS$ COMMUNITIES4 

,! DEF9ITION ( COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T H]E IS ECONOMIC4 ,! ASSUMPTION IS ?AT BUS9ESS WILL PROVIDE JOBS1 JOBS EQUAL 9COME1 & 9CREAS$ 9COME CON/ITUTES COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 ,YET1 ! REALITY IS ?AT AL?\< SU* AN APPROA* MAY POSSIBLY 9CREASE 9COME = 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITY MEMB]S1 IT IS DONE AT ! CO/ ( CULTURAL TRADITION1 COMMUNITY COHESION1 A HEAL?Y PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T1 & COMMUNITY CONTROL ( IMPORTANT RES\RCES4 

,A MORE B5IGN =M ( PRIVATE-SECTOR DEVELOPM5T WAS ATTEMPT$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0,BLACK ,CAPITALISM40 ,H]E ! EF=T T>GET$ 9DIVIDUAL 5TREPR5EURS )9 A COMMUNITY & AID$ !M 9 !IR EF=TS TO E/ABLI% SMALL BUS9ESSES4 ,A SIMIL> EXPECTATION ( PROSP]ITY 0TRICKL+ D[N0 UND]LAY ?IS APPROA*4 ,! REALITY ( ,BLACK ,CAPITALISM WAS ?AT ! MAJORITY ( !SE 5T]PRISES FAIL$1 UNABLE TO COMPETE ) !IR MORE HI<LY CAPITALIZ$1 BETT] ORGANIZ$ CORPORATE COMPETITION1 & ! FEW ?AT SUCCE$$ BR\<T PROSP]ITY ONLY TO !IR [N]S & TO A H&FUL ( EMPLOYES4 ,AS A RESULT1 !Y 9CREAS$ SOCIAL /RATIFICATION 9 ! COMMUNITIES !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO DEVELOP4 

,ANO!R TRADITIONAL APPROA* TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T1 0URBAN R5EWAL0 ?R\< CITY PLANN+1 HAS HAD AN EQUALLY DISMAL RECORD4 ,! FAILURE ( AMBITI\S PLANS = ! REHABILITATION ( MASSIVE >EAS HAS BE5 WELL DOCUM5T$4 ,YET1 PLANN]S P]SI/ 9 IMPOS+ NEW SPATIAL RELATIONS ON NEI<BORHOODS ) ! EXPECTATION ?AT !IR DESIGNS CAN CREATE COMMUNITY4 ,:ILE >*ITECTURE & PLANN+ CAN HELP TO RE9=CE P>TICUL> SOCIAL RELATIONS1 COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T IS NOT A 0DESIGN0 PROBLEM4 ,GR&IOSE PLANS = URBAN R5EWAL REFLECT A TE*NOCRATIC M5TALITY ?AT P]MEATES \R CIVILIZATION1 A BELIEF 9 ! QUICK FIX ( TE*NICS4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 PEOPLE HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT DESIGN REQUIRES 9TEGRATION 9TO ! SOCIAL LIFE ( A COMMUNITY IF IT IS TO 5HANCE ! QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,SURE 5\<1 !RE EXI/S A TRADITION ?AT RECOGNIZES ! HOLI/IC NATURE ( COMMUNITY DESIGN1 BUT ! TE*NOCRATS :O POPULATE PR(ESSIONAL PLANN+ L>GELY IGNORE IT4 

,! T5D5CY ( \R SOCIETY TO SEEK TE*NICAL FIXES1 TE*NOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO :AT >E ESS5TIALLY SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 IS A /RONG ONE1 & HAS BE5 C>RI$ OV] 9TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T EF=TS4 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( 0ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES0 9TO ! COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T S*EMES ( ! #a#i#gS CON/ITUTES A CASE 9 PO9T4 ,ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY WAS GIV5 A C5TRAL ROLE 9 A V>IETY ( PILOT PROJECTS = COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T DUR+ ! ,C>T] ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT ! MODEL ( 9TRODUCTION WAS1 9 TOO MANY CASES1 ONE ( EXP]TS SETT+ UP TE*NICAL SY/EMS )\T SIGNIFICANT COMMUNITY P>TICIPATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 C]TA9 <ETTO NEI<BORHOODS >E N[ LITT]$ ) RU/+ SOL> COLLECTORS1 NONFUNCTIONAL W9DMILLS1 & GRAFFITI-COV]$ GRE5H\SES4 ,! 0TE*NOLOGICAL SOLUTION0 TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T MEANS NO SOLUTION AT ALL4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ APPROA*ES ?AT HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES1 !RE HAVE ALSO BE5 A V>IETY ( EF=TS AT GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T1 SOME ( :I* HAVE MET ) MORE SUCCESS4 ,!SE EF=TS HAVE L>GELY FOCUS$ ON ! ISSUES ( COMMUNITY P>TICIPATION & CONTROL ( LOCAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE S*OOL BO>DS1 PLANN+ BO>DS1 & SPECIFIC PROGRAMS 9 H\S+ & JOB TRA9+4 ,MANY ( !IR CONC]NS & APPROA*ES TO *ANGE P>ALLEL ?OSE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,TRUE COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 MU/ BE A HOLI/IC PROCESS ?AT 9TEGRATES ALL FACETS ( A COMMUNITY'S LIFE4 ,SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 >TI/IC1 E?ICAL1 & SPIRITUAL DIM5SIONS MU/ ALL BE SE5 AS P>T ( A :OLE4 ,!Y MU/ BE MADE TO WORK TOGE!R & TO RE9=CE ONE ANO!R4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! DEVELOPM5T PROCESS MU/ PROCE$ FROM A SELF-CONSCI\S UND]/&+ ( !IR 9T]RELATION%IPS4 

,! DOM9ANT CULTURE HAS FRAGM5T$ & ISOLAT$ SOCIAL LIFE 9TO DI/9CT REALMS ( EXP]I5CE4 ,! R$ISCOV]Y ( ! ORGANIC TIES BETWE5 !SE REALMS IS ! />T+ PO9T = ! DEVELOPM5T PROCESS4 ,ONCE !Y >E RECOGNIZ$1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO CREATE HOLI/IC APPROA*ES TO DEVELOPM5T ?AT RE9TEGRATE ALL ! ELEM5TS ( A COMMUNITY 9TO A COHESIVE DYNAMIC ( CULTURAL *ANGE4 ,H]E1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY DRAWS AN IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE FROM BO? NATURE & 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETY3 ! 9TEGRATIVE *>ACT] ( LIFE 9 BO? NATURAL ECOSY/EMS & ORGANIC COMMUNITIES4 

,A ,CRITICAL ,ANALYSIS ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE 

,! EV]YDAY LIFE ( A COMMUNITY NE$S TO BE CRITICALLY ANALYZ$4 ,:I* RELATION%IPS WORK1 & :I* >E NONFUNCTIONAL8 ,>E !RE TRADITIONS ( MUTUALISM & COOP]ATION EXI/5T ?AT CAN HELP A COMMUNITY TO REALIZE ITS GOALS1 OR MU/ NEW =MS BE CREAT$8 ,H[ CAN ! FACE-TO-FACE PRIM>Y TIES ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ PRE-BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES BE RECREAT$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( CONTEMPOR>Y COMMUNITY8 

,IS !RE AN EXI/+ POLITICAL SPH]E ?AT CAN BE EXP&$ & TRANS=M$ TO EMP[] ! COMMUNITY8 ,T[N MEET+S1 BLOCK ASSOCIATIONS1 NEI<BORHOOD PLANN+ ASSEMBLIES1 & POPUL> REF]5DA >E ALL VEHICLES ?AT CAN BE REVITALIZ$ ?R\< ! PROCESS ( COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 ,H[ DO ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURES /& 9 RELATION TO ! COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROCESS8 ,! RECLAMATION ( POLITICS BY ! COMMUNITY & ! CREATION ( AN ACTIVE CITIZ5RY >E1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 CRITICAL ELEM5TS 9 COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 

,H[ CAN ! >TS AID 9 COMMUNITY8 ,POETRY1 MUSIC1 COMMUNITY MURALS1 RITUAL DRAMA1 & LIT]ATURE CAN ALL HELP TO FO/] A UNIQUE ID5TITY & TO RE9=CE A COMMUNITY'S S5SIBILITY1 IF FULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! PROCESS4 

,! SPIRITUAL ELEM5T ( A COMMUNITY IS IMPORTANT 9 ! DEVELOPM5TAL MATRIX AS WELL4 ,FROM :]E DOES A COMMUNITY D]IVE ITS VALUES1 ITS E?ICS1 & ! PR9CIPLES ?AT ORI5T ITS DEVELOPM5T8 ,:AT IS ITS COSMOLOGY8 ,H[ CAN IT GA9 ! 9SPIRATION NE$$ TO SU/A9 IT ?R\< ! LONG1 DIFFICULT PROCESS ( CULTURAL RECON/RUCTION8 

,! SOCIAL REALM1 9CLUD+ FAMILY /RUCTURE1 WOM5'S ROLES1 SOCIAL NETWORKS LIKE CLUBS1 GANGS1 & CLIQUES MU/ BE EXAM9$ AS WELL4 ,!SE RELATION%IPS UND]LIE MANY ( A COMMUNITY'S =MAL ELEM5TS1 & PROVIDE ! CLE>E/ CONNECTION TO ! PRIM>Y TIES ?AT NE$ TO BE RECREAT$4 

,! 9TEGRATION ( RELATIONAL TIES1 ! CULTURAL TRADITIONS1 MY?S1 FOLKLORE1 SPIRITUAL BELIEFS1 COSMOLOGY1 RITUAL =MS1 POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS1 TE*NICAL SKILLS1 & KN[L$GE ( A COMMUNITY IS CRUCIAL4 ,ALL ( !SE ELEM5TS MU/ BE BR\<T TOGE!R TO PROVIDE A BASE = DEVELOPM5T4 ,!SE EXTRA-ECONOMIC FACTORS >E ! CRITICAL COMPON5TS ALMO/ ALWAYS IGNOR$ BY ! TRADITIONAL DEVELOPM5T APPROA*ES4 ,BUT ! CONC]N ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNITY1 NOT M]E ECONOMICS4 ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T NOT ROOT$ 9 A COMPREH5SIVE UND]/&+ ( COMMUNITY MAY WELL HAVE A DIS9TEGRATIVE EFFECT4 

,H[EV]1 ! ECONOMICS ( A COMMUNITY1 & H]E ,I USE ! T]M 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE1 AS ITS PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS1 >E A VITALLY IMPORTANT ASPECT ( ! PROJECT4 ,:O [NS & CONTROLS ! PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES 9 A COMMUNITY8 ,:AT CAN IT DO TO DEVELOP ITS MAT]IAL BASE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CRUCIAL >EAS ( FOOD & 5]GY PRODUCTION8 ,H[ CAN TE*NOLOGY BE US$ 9 ! PROCESS8 ,>E !RE EXI/+ FUNCTIONAL OR VE/IGIAL COOP]ATIVE ECONOMIC =MS OR TRADITIONS ?AT CAN BE UTILIZ$8 ,FOOD CO-OPS1 PRODUC]S' CO-OPS1 L& TRU/S1 COMMON L&S1 & CR$IT UNIONS (F] POSSIBILITIES 9 ?IS >EA4 

,RECREAT+ ,COMMUNITIES 

,9 LOOK+ = MODELS ( ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY RECOGNIZES ?AT WE MU/ CONSCI\SLY LOOK TO HI/ORY TO UND]/& \R [N POT5TIAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT PROPOSES ?AT WE CAN SEP>ATE ! LIB]ATORY PR9CIPLES ( 0PRIMITIVE0 SOCIETIES FROM !IR SUP]/ITION1 X5OPHOBIA1 & IGNORANCE4 ,HUMAN DEVELOPM5T & CULTURAL EVOLUTION >E NOT L9E> PROCESSES4 ,WE /ILL C>RY ! POT5TIAL = COH]5T COMMUNITY )9 US4 ,IT IS NAIVE TO ASSUME ?AT ALL WAS GOOD 9 ! PRIMITIVE WORLD4 ,H[EV]1 PRIMITIVITY AS A COMP>ATIVE MODEL ALL[S US TO UND]/& ALL ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS LO/1 & ?AT \R COOP]ATIVE POT5TIAL AS A SPECIES IS MU* GREAT] ?AN CIVILIZATION W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 

,! =M & S5SIBILITY ( A COMMUNITY >E BO? %AP$ BY & HELP TO %APE ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS IS EQUALLY TRUE ( TRIBAL COMMUNITIES1 ! CITIES ( ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,MESOAM]ICA1 ! ,GREEK POLEIS1 ! CITIES ( ,R5AISSANCE ,EUROPE & MOD]N METROPOLISES4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! MOD]N METROPOLIS1 H[EV]1 ! TRUE SUB/ANCE ( ?IS RELATION%IP IS CL\D$ BY ! M$IAT+ EFFECTS ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY & ! /RIV+ = 0MA/]Y0 ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,A S5SE ( SCALE1 AN ORGANIC RELATION%IP TO A SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5T1 HAVE ALL BE5 C5TRAL TO ! AU!NTIC S5SIBILITY :I* HAS 9=M$ COMMUNITY LIFE = MILL5NIA1 A S5SIBILITY :I* HAS BEGUN TO BREAK D[N ONLY 9 ! V]Y REC5T PA/4 

,?IS IS NOT TO D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( IMP]IAL CULTURES 9 ! PA/1 BUT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE EXI/$ AS A MODE ( DOM9ATION1 AS AN OV]LAY ( OPPRESSION ?AT EXACT$ TRIBUTE FROM ! LOCAL COMMUNITY4 ,!SE LOCAL COMMUNITIES CONT9U$ TO PROVIDE A COH]5T FRAMEWORK = ! SOCIAL LIFE ( !IR RESID5TS1 A S5SE ( GR\ND+ & SUPPORT ?AT LAY HIDD5 B5EA? ! V5E] ( EMPIRE4 

,IT IS ! BREAKD[N ( LOCAL COMMUNITY & ITS TOTAL SUBJUGATION TO ! CULTURE ( DOM9ATION :I* IS UNIQUE TO \R [N TIME4 ,!RE=E1 A PRIM>Y TASK 9 ! PROCESS ( COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T IS ! RECREATION ( LOCAL COMMUNITY1 & A KEY COMPON5T 9 ?AT TASK IS ! ID5TIFICATION ( HUMANLY SCAL$ B\ND>IES & ! RECLAMATION ( A S5SE ( PLACE1 BE IT RURAL VILLAGE1 SMALL T[N1 OR URBAN NEI<BORHOOD4 

,! CREATION ( S5SIBILITY ( A COMMUNITY--! SELF-ID5TIFICATION ( PEOPLE ) PLACE1 A S5SE ( COMMONALITY1 COOP]ATION1 & A %>$ HI/ORY & DE/9Y--IS DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 A SOCIAL MILIEU :I* EMPHASIZES 9DIVIDUALISM1 COMPETITION1 MOBILITY1 & PLURALISM4 ,! GR[? ( VALUES LIKE 9DIVIDUALITY ROOT$ 9 COMMUNITY1 COOP]ATION1 ID5TIFICATION ) PLACE1 & CULTURAL ID5TITY >E ANTI!TICAL TO ! ?RU/ ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,BUT JU/ AS ! IMP]IAL CULTURES ( ! PA/ CON/ITUT$ A MODE ( DOM9ATION RA!R ?AN AN AU!NTIC =M ( CONSOCIATION1 ! DOM9ANT CULTURE ( \R [N TIME IS M]ELY A SY/EM ( CONTROL ?R\< EXPLOITATION & MANIPULATION4 ,! =MS ?AT EXPLOITATION & MANIPULATION TAKE HAVE BE5 EFFECTIVE 9 DE/ROY+ COMMUNITY1 BUT !Y HAVE NOT REPLAC$ IT4 ,!Y HAVE LEFT A VACUUM1 A HOLL[ PLACE 9 :I* RESONATES ! NEUROTIC 9DIVIDUALISM ( ,WE/]N SOCIETIES & ! COLLECTIVE HOPELESSNESS ( ! ,EA/4 ,IT IS ?AT VACUUM1 ) ! (T5 UNCONSCI\S YE>N+ = RECONNECTION IT PRODUCES1 ?AT ! COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROCESS MU/ FILL4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY DOES NOT PROPOSE AN AB/RACT IDEAL SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R AN EVOLV+ PROCESS ( *ANGE1 NEV] TO BE FULLY REALIZ$4 ,= AS SOON AS WE APPROA* ! IDEAL1 ! IDEAL *ANGES4 ,5GAG+ REALITY ) ! WILL TO TRANS=M IT OP5S UP A NEW REALM ( POSSIBILITIES4 ,?IS IS ! MO/ PR(\ND TRADITION ( UTOPIAN ?9K+1 A CONT9UATION ( ?AT ( N9ETE5? C5TURY UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S LIKE ,ROB]T ,[5 & ,*>LES ,F\RI]4 ,AL?\< !IR PLANS 9CORPORAT$ FANCIFUL ELEM5TS1 !IR CONC]N WAS ) A BUILT 5VIRONM5T ?AT RE9=CES COMMUNITY1 ) AN 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY1 SOCIAL DISC\RSE1 POETRY1 SPIRIT1 & EV51 9 ,F\RI]'S CASE1 EMOTIONAL DIV]SITY4 ,! TRADITION F9DS /ILL MORE EXPLICIT EXPRESSION 9 ! WORK ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,TO ?IS TRADITION1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY ADDS A CONSCI\SLY ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 

,! UTOPIAN ELEM5T 9 ! COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROCESS %\LD NOT BE MISCON/RU$4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY UND]/&S ! LIMITATIONS ( UTOPIA AS BLUEPR9T1 ! T5D5CY TO RETREAT FROM ! PROBLEMS ( REALITY 9TO ! CL\D CUCKOO L& ( AB/RACT DESIGN4 ,IT ALSO RECOGNIZES ! P[] ( UTOPIA AS 9SPIRATION & AS A PO9T ( ORI5TATION 9 ! DAY-TO-DAY1 9CREM5TAL PROCESS ( *ANG+ ! WORLD4 ,IT IS ! UTOPIAN PROCESS--HOLI/IC1 P>TICIPATORY & 9TEGRATIVE--?AT MU/ 9=M ! PRACTICE ( COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 

,T[>D ,DEC5TRALIZATION 

,?IS UTOPIAN VIEW RELIES ON COMMUNITY EMP[]M5T1 ! ABILITY ( A COMMUNITY TO CONSCI\SLY PLAN = ITS FUTURE & TO IMPLEM5T ?OSE PLANS4 ,EMP[]M5T CAN OCCUR ONLY ?R\< ! CREATION ( REAL =UMS = PLANN+ & POLICY-MAK+1 =UMS ?AT >E DEC5TRALIZ$1 P>TICIPATORY1 & DEMOCRATIC4 ,COMMUNITIES MU/ RECLAIM ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 :I* HAS BECOME BUREAUCRATIZ$ & PR(ESSIONALIZ$4 ,OLD =MS MAY BE UTILIZABLE OR NEW =MS MAY HAVE TO BE CREAT$1 BUT )\T ! 9ITIATIVE ( AN ACTIVE CITIZ5RY NO =UM CAN S]VE AS A VEHICLE = COMMUNITY EMP[]M5T4 ,EMP[]M5T MU/ BE ROOT$ 9 ! FULL P>TICIPATION ( ! CITIZ5RY 9 ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS1 ! RE9TEGRATION ( POLITICS 9TO EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ALSO PROCLAIMS ! IDEAL ( LOCAL SELF-RELIANCE1 & DEP5D5CE ON 9DIG5\S RES\RCES & TAL5TS TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE4 ,?IS DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 MEAN 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY10 A CONDITION 9 :I* NO COMMUNITY HAS EXI/$ S9CE ! ,NEOLI?IC4 ,SELF-RELIANCE RECOGNIZES & 5C\RAGES 9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG COMMUNITIES1 BUT EMPHASIZES AN ECOLOGICALLY SU/A9ABLE E?OS 9 ! REALMS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 DEC5TRALIZATION 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 & A HEAL?Y RESPECT = DIV]SITY4 

,CONF$]ATIONS MU/ BE CREAT$ TO HELP COORD9ATE COOP]ATIVE ACTIVITIES BETWE5 SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITIES1 TO ADM9I/] ?OSE 9T]DEP5D5T FUNCTIONS :I* >E RECOGNIZ$1 & TO WORK TO EQUALIZE RES\RCES BETWE5 COMMUNITIES4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY SUGGE/S ?AT SU* CONF$]ATIONS MI<T =M A 0COMMUNE ( COMMUNES10 A COMMONWEAL? :I* C\LD EXT5D FROM ! LOCAL TO ! REGIONAL TO ! CONT95TAL LEVEL & BEYOND1 TO RESULT 9 AN ULTIMATE UNITY ?R\< DIV]SITY4 ,9 ?IS GOAL1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY E*OES ! TELOS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ITSELF3 A MOVEM5T T[>DS EV]-GREAT] COMPLEXITY & DIV]SITY )9 9T]RELAT$ WEBS ( LIFE4 

,! TOOLS & TE*NIQUES NE$$ TO DEVELOP COMMUNITIES AS UNIQUE CULTURAL 5TITIES BAS$ 9 ! CONCEPTS ( ECOLOGICAL SU/A9ABILITY & LOCAL SELF-RELIANCE >E ALREADY AVAILABLE4 ,DEC5TRALIZ$1 COMMUNITY SCAL$ TE*NOLOGIES = 5]GY PRODUCTION CAN HELP TO SUPPORT ! K9D ( HOLI/IC COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T 5VISION$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,SOL> 5]GY1 W9D P[]1 & SMALL-SCALE HYDROELECTRIC ALL (F] ! POT5TIAL = R5EWABLE1 NONPOLLUT+ S\RCES ( 5]GY4 ,FOOD-PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES LIKE ,FR5* 9T5SIVE G>D5+1 HYDROPONICS1 BIO%ELT] TE*NOLOGY1 AQUACULTURE & P]MACULTURE CAN PROVIDE A GOOD P]C5TAGE ( A COMMUNITY'S FOOD NE$S ON A YE>-R\ND BASIS4 ,ALL ( !SE TE*NIQUES >E PROV51 & MANY >E COMM]CIALLY AVAILABLE4 ,GIV5 A HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITY1 ! 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY RELY+ ON ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES & ADVANC$1 ECOLOGICALLY S\ND FOOD-PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES C\LD PROVIDE A VIABLE MAT]IAL BASE = A SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITY4 

,ONE MEASURE ( A COMMUNITY'S SU/A9ABILITY & SELF-RELIANCE LIES 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY4 ,:]E ! CITY HAS BECOME TOTALLY ALI5AT$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE AS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN SOCIETY1 AN UNHEAL?Y RELATION%IP EXI/S4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! CITY DOM9ATES ! C\NTRYSIDE1 DRA9+ IT ( RES\RCES = ITS [N USE2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! CITY IS HEAVILY DEP5D5T ON ! C\NTRYSIDE1 P>ASITICALLY REQUIR+ 5]GY-SUBSIDIZ$ =MS ( AGRICULTURE & TRANSPORTATION = ITS EXI/5CE4 

,! E?OS ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE HAS FO/]$ A SPECIALIZATION ( FUNCTION1 :I* HAS EXCLUD$ FOOD PRODUCTION FROM MO/ COMMUNITIES4 ,! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE HAS CREAT$ A DANG]\S C5TRALIZ$ APPROA* TO FOOD PRODUCTION1 9 :I* POPULATION C5T]S >E DEP5D5T ON FOOD PRODUC]S ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY = !IR DAILY SU/5ANCE4 ,?IS IS A SITUATION HI<LY VULN]ABLE TO A V>IETY ( CRISES1 SU* AS CROP 9FE/ATION1 5]GY %ORTAGES1 & DISRUPTIONS 9 TRANSPORTATION4 ,IF ANY ( !SE DISRUPTIONS OCCURR$1 DISA/] W\LD 5SUE4 ,?IS =M ( FOOD PRODUCTION ALSO HAS DE/RUCTIVE ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS1 LIKE DE/RUCTION ( SOILS1 LOSS ( G5ETIC DIV]SITY1 & VULN]ABILITY TO 9FE/ATION BY FUNGI & 9SECTS4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 HEAL?Y COMMUNITIES HAVE A*IEV$ A BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY4 ,! ,GREEK POLIS ( ,A!NS1 = EXAMPLE1 CONSI/$ ( A C5TRAL CITY & AN \TLY+ AGRICULTURAL DI/RICT4 ,! M$IEVAL COMMUNE 9TEGRAT$ G>D5S )9 ITS WALLS4 ,EV5 9 \R [N ]A1 !RE HAS BE5 A MORE BALANC$ RELATION%IP4 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 UNTIL ! #a#i#eS1 GOT MU* ( ITS FOOD FROM ,LONG ,ISL& & ,NEW ,J]SEY4 ,!RE W]E DAIRY F>MS ON ,/AT5 ,ISL&1 & *ICK5 F>MS 9 ,BROOKLYN4 ,TODAY1 ! REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY HAS BROK5 D[N4 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY HAS O!R1 NONMAT]IAL ASPECTS AS WELL4 ,! PR$OM9ANTLY RURAL VALUES ( COH]5T COMMUNITIES HAVE GIV5 WAY1 = ! MO/ P>T1 TO ! ANOMIE & ALI5ATION *>ACT]I/IC ( ! CITY4 ,! BREAKD[N ( COMMUNITY GR[S \T ( ?IS BASIC %IFT 9 VALUES4 ,! ,FOLK-,URBAN ,CONT9UUM ( ,ROB]T ,R$FIELD1 ,F]D9& ,TONNIES'S CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,GEME9S*AFT & ,GESELLS*AFT1 & ! SPLIT NOT$ BY ,M>X BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY >E ALL P>ADIGMS :I* EXPRESS A SOCIAL DIVISION ?AT IS REFLECT$ 9 \R [N TIME BY ! ALMO/ TOTAL ALI5ATION ( COMMUNITY FROM ITS BASIS 9 NATURE4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( HEAL?Y COMMUNITIES REQUIRES A REBALANC+ ( T[N & C\NTRY1 A RE9TRODUCTION ( ! ORGANIC WORLD 9TO ! L>GELY SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T ( ! CITY4 ,SU* AN ACTION MAY 9ITIALLY BE ROOT$ 9 ! PURELY MAT]IAL REALM1 AS 9 ! 9TRODUCTION1 ?R\< COMMUNITY 9ITIATIVES1 ( GRE5 SPACES1 NEI<BORHOOD G>D5S1 FOOD P>KS1 P]MACULTURES1 & ! LIKE4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! SKILLS ( NURTURANCE & HUSB&RY NE$$ TO TRANS=M ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T WILL CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 :I* WILL REFLECT !SE SKILLS AS SOCIAL VALUES4 

,! ,HOLI/IC ,APPROA* 9 ,PRACTICE 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 A CONCRETE EXAMPLE ( COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T %\LD HELP TO ILLU/RATE ! PRAXIS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,LOISAIDA IS ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN SECTION ( ,NEW ,YORK'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE :]E RESID5TS ATTEMPT$ TO ACTUALIZE ELEM5TS ( ?IS APPROA* 9 ! MID #a#i#gS4 ,!RE IS MU* TO BE LE>N$ FROM ?IS EXP]I5CE4 ,LET ME DESCRIBE ! WAY ?AT ONE ( ! COMMUNITY'S PROBLEMS WAS TURN$ 9TO A COMMUNITY RES\RCE ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T PROCESS4 

,9 ,LOISAIDA1 !RE W]E OV] ONE HUNDR$ VACANT LOTS4 ,!Y W]E RUBBLE-/REWN DUMP HEAPS1 BRE$+ GR\NDS = RATS & COCKROA*ES1 AN EYESORE & HEAL? HAZ>D4 ,!SE LOTS (T5 S]V$ AS A DANG]\S 0PLAYGR\ND0 = NEI<BORHOOD *ILDR51 & CON/ITUT$ A BLI<T ON ! COMMUNITY4 ,VIEW$ FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 H[EV]1 !SE LOTS REPRES5T$ A PRECI\S COMMUNITY RES\RCE3 OP5 SPACE4 ,9 AN 5VIRONM5T ( CONCRETE & DECAY+ T5EM5TS1 !SE LOTS1 A SUB/ANTIAL P]C5TAGE ( ! L& ( ! NEI<BORHOOD1 (F]$ VALUABLE SITES = RECREATION1 $UCATION1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & COMMUNITY CULTURAL ACTIVITY4 

,LOCAL ACTIVI/S RECOGNIZ$ ?IS POT5TIAL & BEGAN ! DEVELOPM5T PROCESS AT ! GRASS ROOTS1 ORGANIZ+ RESID5TS TO CLEAN UP ! LOTS & PUT !M TO CON/RUCTIVE USE4 ,MO/ ( ! LOTS BELONG$ TO ! CITY ( ,NEW ,YORK1 :I* HAD DONE NO?+ TO IMPROVE !M4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,LOISAIDA COMB9$ A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( !IR PROBLEM ) DIRECT ACTION4 ,!Y PROTE/$ TO ! CITY1 & !Y CLEAN$ ! LOTS !MSELVES & BEGAN TO USE !M4 

,!Y CONV]T$ SOME TO 0VE/-POCKET P>KS10 A CONCEPT 9TRODUC$ BY ,ROB]T ,NI*OLS1 \TFITT+ !M ) B5*ES & PLANT+ GRE5 SPACES4 ,O!RS W]E TURN$ 9TO PLAYGR\NDS1 UTILIZ+ RECYCL$ MAT]IAL = EQUIPM5T4 ,SW+S W]E MADE FROM DISC>D$ LUMB] & OLD TIRES1 JUNGLE GYMS W]E BUILT FROM RECYCL$ BEAMS4 ,O!R LOTS W]E TURN$ 9TO COMMUNITY G>D5S1 :I* BECAME A FOCAL PO9T = 9T]G5]ATIONAL CONTACT4 ,ONE L>GE LOT WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN \TDOOR CULTURAL C5T]1 ,LA ,PLAZA ,CULTURAL1 :]E COMMUNITY POETS1 !AT] GR\PS1 & LOCAL MUSICIANS ALL P]=M$4 ,SEV]AL LOTS W]E ADOPT$ BY LOCAL S*OOLS = USE AS TEA*+ C5T]S :]E >EA Y\?S W]E 9TRODUC$ TO LESSONS 9 AGRICULTURE & ECOLOGY4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( ! LOTS HELP$ TO RE9TRODUCE ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO ?IS <ETTO COMMUNITY4 

,!SE W]E SIMPLE ACTIONS1 BUT !IR RESULTS W]E PR(\ND4 ,! LOTS W]E 9ITIALLY TRANS=M$ BY PEOPLE ACT+ ON !IR FELT NE$ TO RECON/RUCT !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,!Y ACT$ )\T ! (FICIAL SANCTION ( ! CITY2 9 FACT1 9 SOME CASES1 IT WAS 9 ! FACE ( OPPOSITION FROM ! CITY4 ,?IS DIRECT ACTION WAS A FIR/ /EP T[>DS COMMUNITY EMP[]M5T4 

,! 9ITIATIVE CAME FROM )9 ! COMMUNITY1 FROM AN 9DIG5\S LEAD]%IP ?AT ANALYZ$ ! PROBLEM & S\<T A UTOPIAN & RECON/RUCTIVE SOLUTION4 ,!Y DID NOT LOOK TO ! CITY = A SOLUTION2 !Y CREAT$ !IR [N4 ,!Y CONTE/$ ) ! CITY = ! MAT]IAL BASE ( !IR COMMUNITY1 ! L&2 &1 9 MO/ CASES1 !Y GA9$ EI!R LEGAL LEASES TO ! LOTS = TOK5 AM\NTS ( MONEY1 OR \TRI<T TITLE4 ,SEV]AL COMMUNITY L& TRU/S W]E CREAT$ TO REMOVE P>TICUL> LOTS FROM ! REAL E/ATE M>KET =EV]1 & TO GU>ANTEE !IR CONT9U$ USE AS A COMMUNITY RES\RCE4 ,A PHILOSOPHY ( 0DO+ MORE ) LESS10 ! MOTTO ( ,*,>,A,S1 ONE ( ! COMMUNITY GR\PS 9VOLV$1 S]V$ AS AN 9SPIRATION TO ! OP5-SPACE MOVEM5T 9 ,LOISAIDA4 

,[+ TO A HOLI/IC APPROA*1 A NUMB] ( O!R ELEM5TS 9 ! COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROCESS GREW \T ( !SE SIMPLE ACTIONS4 ,A PROBLEM TURN$ 9TO A RES\RCE1 & ! HEAL? ( ! COMMUNITY B5EFIT$ AS A RESULT4 ,! PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 9 ! WORK GA9$ A S5SE ( PRIDE & ACCOMPLI%M5T4 ,SEV]AL Y\? GANGS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVEM5T1 & !IR EXP]I5CE 9 CON/RUCTIVE SOCIAL ACTION HELP$ TO BR+ !M (F ! /REET4 ,A COOP]ATIVE WAS =M$ TO MANUFACTURE PLAYGR\ND EQUIPM5T FROM RECYCL$ ITEMS1 CREAT+ JOBS & 9COME = ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 

,! G>D5+ GR\PS DREW ON ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,JIB>O1 ! ,PU]TO ,RICAN PEASANTRY FROM :I* MANY ( ! ,LOISAIDA'S RESID5TS HAIL1 & ?US PROVIDE A CONNECTION TO A LIV+ CULTURAL TRADITION4 ,!Y W]E ABLE TO DRAW ON A CROSS-SECTION ( ! COMMUNITY1 Y\NG & OLD1 :I* (T5 REMA9S ALI5AT$ FROM ! DEVELOPM5T PROCESS4 ,! G>D5S GREW FRE%1 HEAL?Y1 ORGANIC PRODUCE1 IMPROV+ NUTRITION & L[]+ FOOD CO/S = COMMUNITY G>D5]S4 ,!Y 5HANC$ ! COMMUNITY'S SELF-RELIANCE 9 AN IMPORTANT SYMBOLIC WAY1 & ! TRA9+ 9 G>D5+ L$ TO PLANS = 9CREAS+ IT FUR!R1 ?R\< ! CON/RUCTION ( COMM]CIAL RO(TOP GRE5H\SES4 

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! CULTURAL PLAZA CREAT$ AN \TDOOR SPACE = ! CELEBRATION ( ,LOISAIDA'S ,NEW ,YORK ,PU]TO ,RICAN CULTURE4 ,?IS HELP$ TO /R5G!N ! ID5TITY ( PEOPLE (T5 TRAUMATIZ$ BY !IR MOVE TO ! MEAN /REETS ( ,NEW ,YORK4 ,?IS ID5TITY WAS C5TRAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN EFFECTIVE MOVEM5T = *ANGE 9 ,LOISAIDA4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ASPECT ( ! OP5-SPACE MOVEM5T WAS ! EMP[]M5T ( ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( !IR VACANT LOTS DREW !M 9TO A L>G] VISION ( :AT !IR COMMUNITY MI<T BE4 ,! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! OP5-SPACE JO9$ TOGE!R ) O!R COMMUNITY ACTIVI/S WORK+ ON ISSUES LIKE HEAL? C>E1 $UCATION1 H\S+1 & JOB DEVELOPM5T4 ,QU>T]LY T[N MEET+S W]E HELD TO *>T ! PROGRESS ( ! MOVEM5T1 TO COORD9ATE & 9TEGRATE !IR ACTIONS1 & TO DEVELOP A COMPREH5SIVE PLAN = ! FUTURE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,AN ALT]NATIVE GRASSROOTS PLANN+ GR\P1 ! ,JO9T ,PLANN+ ,C\NCIL1 EM]G$ TO *ALL5GE ! (FICIAL CITY PLAN = ! ,LOISAIDA COMMUNITY1 PREVI\SLY A DIS5FRAN*IZ$1 DEMORALIZ$ <ETTO1 BECAME A =CE TO BE RECKON$ ) 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & EM]G$ AS A MODEL = GRASSROOTS1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ APPROA*ES TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 

,! 9CORPORATION ( ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9TO ! PROCESS ( COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T PROVID$ A CLE> DEMON/RATION ( ! P[] ( ,BOOK*9'S !ORIES TO FUR!R MOVEM5TS = CULTURAL *ANGE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY REPRES5TS A VITAL S\RCE ( IDEAS ?AT WILL 9CREAS+LY F9D EXPRESSION 9 AN EFFECTIVE PRAXIS4 ,WE MU/ CONT9UE TO DEVELOP & >TICULATE ITS !ORIES 9 A HOLI/IC FRAMEWORK1 BECAUSE SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS COMPREH5SIVE VISION & ITS TRULY RADICAL NATURE1 REPRES5TS A *ALL5GE TO ! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ( \R CIVILIZATION4 ,IT IS ONLY BY DEVELOP+ SU* A *ALL5GE ?AT WE CAN HOPE TO MOVE ?R\< \R CURR5T CRISES T[>D AN ECOLOGICAL1 H>MONI\S1 & PEACEFUL WORLD4 

,R,$,E,F,9,+ ,D,E,V,E,L,O,P,M,5,T 

,AS ! GLOBAL EXPANSION ( 0FREE TRADE0 PROCE$S AT AN EXPON5TIAL RATE & ! IDEOLOGICAL HEGEMONY ( CAPITAL SEEMS ASSUR$1 IT W\LD APPE> TO BE A FUTILE EX]CISE TO UND]TAKE A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ( 0DEVELOPM5T40 ,YET )\T SU* A FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE1 !RE IS NO WAY TO MAKE S5SE \T ( ! P>ADOX PRES5T$ BY A GR[-OR-DIE ECONOMIC MODEL 9 AN AGE ( DIM9I%+ RES\RCES & OM9\SLY DECL9+ 5VIRONM5TAL QUALITY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ECOLOGICAL CRISES1 :I* WE FACE BO? 9 \R LOCAL COMMUNITIES & ON A GLOBAL SCALE1 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS AN \TGR[? ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM & TRADITIONAL MODELS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,& FUR!R1 ?OSE CRISES MU/ BE SE5 AS SOCIAL CRISES1 >IS+ FROM SOCIETY & \R ATTITUDES T[>D & RELATION%IPS ) EA* O!R1 NOT FROM NONHUMAN NATURE4 ,?US ANY AU!NTIC SOLUTION TO ! 0DEVELOPM5T PUZZLE0 MU/ ADDRESS BO? ! PROBLEMATIC ( ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ MODEL & ! SOCIETY ( :I* IT IS AN \TGR[?4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y MODELS ( DEVELOPM5T ASSUME AN 9TEGRATION ( 0UNDEVELOP$0 NATIONS & COMMUNITIES 9TO ! GLOBAL M>KET1 & ?R\< ?AT PROCESS A RISE 9 ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY & A GRADUAL DIM9UTION ( ! DIFF]5CES 9 LIV+ /&>DS BETWE5 ,NOR? & ,S\?4 ,SU* A TRANS=MATION REQUIRES A MASSIVE 9FUSION ( CAPITAL = 9FRA/RUCTURAL IMPROVEM5TS1 USUALLY 9 ! =M ( 9T]NATIONAL LOANS1 & L>GE-SCALE 9VE/M5TS BY MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS TO EXTRACT RES\RCES & CREATE 9DU/RY & JOBS4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS APPROA* TO DEVELOPM5T HAVE (T5 BE5 CATA/ROPHIC1 LEAV+ DEVELOP+ >EAS WALL[+ 9 DEBT1 POV]TY1 CULTURAL DIS9TEGRATION--CAUS$ BY ! DISPLACEM5T ( LOCAL CULTURES & ECONOMIC SY/EMS--&1 F9ALLY1 ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION4 

,RA!R ?AN CREAT+ A /ABLE MIDDLE CLASS :I* CAN JO9 ! RANKS ( B5UMB$ CONSUM]S FL\RI%+ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD1 ?IS APPROA* TO DEVELOPM5T COMMONLY LEADS TO A DUAL ECONOMY CONSI/+ ( A T9Y GR\P ( ! V]Y RI* & A GREAT MASS ( ! V]Y POOR4 ,?IS TR5D HAS BE5 WELL DOCUM5T$ 9 RELATION TO ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA BY AU?ORS AS DIV]SE AS ,T$ ,TRA9]1 ,LLOYD ,TIMB]LAKE1 ,V&ANA ,%IVA1 & ,RIGOB]TA ,M5*U4 ,:ILE !RE HAS BE5 A DRAMATIC 9CREASE 9 ! OV]ALL 0WEAL?0 ( ! PLANET1 AN EV] GREAT] CONC5TRATION ( ?AT WEAL? IS 9 ! H&S ( FEW] & FEW] PEOPLE4 

,AN ANALYSIS FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY SUGGE/S ?AT CURR5T DEVELOPM5T MODELS MU/ BE FIRMLY REJECT$ IF WE >E EV] TO A*IEVE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT1 A BASIC R$EF9ITION ( 0DEVELOPM5T0 IS A PRECONDITION = ! SURVIVAL ( ! PLANET4 ,H[ !N DOES SOCIAL ECOLOGY DEF9E DEVELOPM5T8 ,H[ DOES ?AT DEF9ITION DIFF] 9 BASIC WAYS FROM ! TRADITIONAL APPROA*8 ,& :AT >E ! MEANS ?AT CAN BR+ A NEW DEF9ITION TO BE> 9 ! WORLD8 ,9 ANSW]+ !SE QUE/IONS1 WE MU/ ADDRESS C]TA9 ISSUES 9 ORD] TO R$EF9E DEVELOPM5T4 ,MY TREATM5T ( !SE ISSUES H]E >E 9T5D$ TO BE SUGGE/IVE RA!R ?AN S*EMATIC1 & !Y WILL NE$ TO BE APPLI$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT !Y MU/ BE1 ACCORD+ TO ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ! SEM9AL ?9K] 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 UNABA%$LY UTOPIAN 9 ! MO/ PR(\ND S5SE4 ,UTOPIAN ?9K+ TODAY REQUIRES NO APOLOGY4 ,R>ELY 9 HI/ORY HAS IT BE5 SO CRUCIAL TO DRAW ON ! IMAG9ATION 9 ORD] TO CREATE RADICAL NEW ALT]NATIVES TO VIRTUALLY EV]Y ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE4 

,QUALITY ,V]SUS ,QUANTITY 

,A BASIC ASSUMPTION ( TRADITIONAL DEVELOPM5T MODELS IS ?AT BIGG] IS BETT]4 ,L>GE-SCALE1 C5TRALIZ$ PROJECTS ?AT REQUIRE MASSIVE 9FUSIONS ( CAPITAL CONSUME ! VA/ MAJORITY ( MONEY SP5T1 & SUCCESS IS USUALLY MEASUR$ BY QUANTITATIVE MEANS 79CREASES 9 ! ,GROSS ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCT1 \TPUT P] WORK]1 P] CAPITA 9COME1 & SO ON74 ,QUANTITATIVE CRIT]IA CAN REVEAL TR5DS ON A NATIONAL LEVEL1 BUT !Y DO NOT NECESS>ILY TELL US ANY?+ AB\T ! IMPACT ( !SE =MS ( DEVELOPM5T ON ! LIVES ( PEOPLE4 ,)\T A ?OR\< UND]/&+ ( ! SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 :I* SU* /ATI/ICS >E BE+ G5]AT$1 IT IS ACTUALLY POSSIBLE TO MIS9T]PRET :AT DEVELOPM5T MEANS TO PEOPLE'S LIVES4 ,DESPITE IMPRESSIVE P]C5TAGE 9CREASES 9 ! ,GROSS ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCT ?R\<\T ! DEVELOP+ WORLD1 9 HIS #aihi BOOK1 ,DEVELOP$ TO ,DEA?1 ,T$ ,TRA9] REM>KS ?AT 0! POORE/ #eb MILLION 9 !SE C\NTRIES >E PROBABLY SEE+ !IR 9COME RISE ON AV]AGE AB\T #gc C5TS P] ANNUM40 

,EV5 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ ,NOR? SU* FIGURES CAN BE MISLEAD+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 S9CE ! LATE #a#i#gS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS SE5 A /EADY 9CREASE 9 ! ,GROSS ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCT1 DRAMATIC GA9S 9 WORK] PRODUCTIVITY1 & A SMALL 9CREASE 9 P] CAPITA 9COME1 BUT ! REAL WAGES PAID TO WORK]S HAVE DECL9$1 & ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE LIV+ 9 POV]TY HAS 9CREAS$4 ,H[EV]1 9 A SY/EM 9CREAS+LY DOM9AT$ BY A BOTTOM-L9E M5TALITY :I* DELEGITIMIZES & DEGRADES ANY?+ ?AT /&S 9 ! WAY ( PR(IT1 SU* >E ! CO/S ( PROGRESS4 

,A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE ON DEVELOPM5T VIEWS ! PROCESS 9 T]MS ( QUALITY1 NOT QUANTITY4 ,IT REQUIRES ?AT WE ASK AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SET ( QUE/IONS4 ,TRADITIONAL 9DICES DO NOT PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK ADEQUATE = ! ANALYSIS ( QUALITATIVE IMPACTS4 ,H]E ,I AM REF]R+ NOT ONLY TO ! IMPACT ( DEVELOPM5T ON ! 5VIRONM5T1 :I* SOME 0SU/A9ABLE0 DEVELOPM5T MODELS DO QUANTIFY1 BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY ! IMPACT ON ! QUALITY ( LIFE--SU* AS CONNECTIONS & RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 FAMILY & K9%IP BONDS1 S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 MA9T5ANCE ( CULTURAL COHESION1 & O!R CRIT]IA ?AT >E DIFFICULT TO MEASURE4 ,!SE >E CRITICAL >EAS ?AT NE$ TO BE ASSESS$4 ,IT IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( A HI<] QUALITY ( LIFE--) ! ECONOMIC COMPON5T AS M]ELY ONE ASPECT--?AT MU/ BE ! OV]ALL MEASURE ( SUCCESS4 

,QUALITY ( LIFE IS DIFFICULT TO QUANTIFY4 ,BUT ! GOAL ( DEVELOPM5T MU/ BE FOCUS$ ON PROVID+ PEOPLE ) ! SECURITY ?AT !IR BASIC NE$S1 LIKE ADEQUATE FOOD & %ELT]1 WILL BE MET1 AS WELL AS :AT >E (T5 9TANGIBLE >EAS ?AT >E REFLECT$ 9 A S5SIBILITY4 ,WELL-BE+ UND\BT$LY REQUIRES A DEGREE ( ECONOMIC SECURITY1 BUT IT RE/S MORE ON A S5SE ( SOCIO-CULTURAL SECURITY4 ,A COH]5T COMMUNITY & AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( EV5 MEAG] RES\RCES CAN (T5 PROVIDE MORE = AN 9DIVIDUAL'S ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & SPIRITUAL NE$S ?AN AN 9CREAS$ 9COME4 ,?IS PO9T IS WELL ILLU/RAT$ BY ! SUCCESS ( ,K]ALA1 ! POORE/ /ATE 9 ,9DIA1 :I* HAS1 ?R\< A PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T :I* RE/S ON R$I/RIBUTION ( 9T]NAL RES\RCES DUR+ ! #a#i#iS1 MANAG$ TO ATTA9 ,9DIA'S HI<E/ RATES ( LIT]ACY 7#g P]C5T V]SUS #cf P]C5T = ALL ( ,9DIA71 & TO GU>ANTEE ACCESS TO BASIC NUTRITION1 HEAL? C>E & $UCATION = ALL ( ITS CITIZ5S4 ,! CULTURE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 :ILE IT PAYS LIP S]VICE TO !SE VALUES1 9 FACT IS ! MAJOR =CE UND]M9+ !M >\ND ! GLOBE4 

,! MOD]N CONCEPT ( DEVELOPM5T WAS BORN AT ! ,BRETTON ,WOODS ,ECONOMIC ,SUMMIT FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & L$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND 7,I,M,F7 & ! ,WORLD ,BANK4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E DESIGN$ TO F9ANCE ! REBUILD+ ( ,EUROPE AFT] ! W>4 ,!Y W]E OP]AT+ 9 A MILIEU 9 :I* ! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ( CAPITALISM W]E A GIV54 ,?AT ?IS MODEL HAS S9CE BE5 PROMULGAT$ AS A UNIV]SAL PA? = DEVELOPM5T SPEAKS TO BO? A BASIC MISUND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ,?IRD & ,F\R? ,WORLD CULTURES1 & ! >ROGANCE ( ! ,WE/4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT1 DESPITE MORE ?AN #e YE>S ( ?IS TYPE ( DEVELOPM5T1 POV]TY1 FAM9E1 5VIRONM5TAL DISA/] & ! GULF BETWE5 ! RI* & POOR HAVE BE5 9CREAS+ AT AN ALMO/ EXPON5TIAL RATE4 ,!SE FACTS SUGGE/ ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ BASICALLY WRONG ) ! CONCEPTS ?AT UND]LIE ?IS MODEL4 

,?OSE QUALITATIVE ASPECTS ( LIFE1 UPON :I* ANY VIABLE =M ( DEVELOPM5T MU/ BE BAS$1 %\LD CONTA9 )9 !M AN IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ASPECT2 H[EV]1 ! QUALITATIVE MU/ NOT BE SUBSUM$ BY ! ECONOMIC4 ,9 FACT1 JU/ ! OPPOSITE IS TRUE4 ,IF AU!NTIC DEVELOPM5T IS TO OCCUR1 ECONOMICS MU/ BE BR\<T BACK UND] ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY1 AS IT HAS BE5 = MO/ ( HUMANITY'S T5URE ON ! PLANET4 ,! P]SPECTIVE ( ECONOMIC AN?ROPOLOGY1 MO/ NOTABLY ! WORK ( ,K>L ,POLANYI1 SUPPORTS ?IS VIEW4 ,! SOCIAL ECOLOGY ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 POSITS ?IS PROCESS AS ! CREATION ( A MORAL ECONOMY4 ,MORAL ECONOMY SEES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY NOT ONLY AS A WAY TO PROVIDE PEOPLE ) ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE1 BUT ALSO AS A WAY ( CREAT+ AFFECTIVE TIES BETWE5 PEOPLE & !IR COMMUNITY4 

,MU* ( :AT PASSES = DEVELOPM5T TODAY HAS ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,MOD]NIZATION UND]M9ES COMMUNITY & =CES PEOPLE 9TO ! M>KET1 :]E !Y LOSE !IR ID5TITY AS UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALS & >E R$UC$ TO A FACELESS PROLET>IAT4 ,! WELL-DOCUM5T$ RESULTS ( ! 0,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION0 9 AGRICULTURE PRES5T A /UNN+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS HI<LY PROBLEMATIC PROCESS4 ,A MORAL ECONOMY IS P]HAPS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ?IS DE/RUCTIVE DYNAMIC4 ,IT IS ! PRES]VATION1 CREATION OR RE9=CEM5T ( COMMUNITY & AN ACTIVE CITIZ5RY UPON :I* DEVELOPM5T MU/ FOCUS4 ,!SE 9 TURN >E ! PRECONDITIONS = RESOLV+ \R ECOLOGICAL CRISES4 ,EMP[]M5T ( PEOPLE IS ! REAL GOAL ( ANY AU!NTIC PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY CALLS = ! PRIMACY ( !SE SOCIO-CULTURAL CRIT]IA OV] ! ECONOMIC4 ,9DE$1 IT IS A REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK3 IT UND]/&S ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! DEVELOPM5T PROCESS1 & AS ! />T+ PO9T = A REH>MONIZATION ( PEOPLE'S RELATION%IP ) ! RE/ ( NATURE4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE *ALL5GES 9 BASIC WAYS ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,/ATE & TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS ?AT >E ! PRIM>Y VEHICLES = DEVELOPM5T UND] ! CURR5T MODEL4 

,ANY APPROA* :I* FAILS TO (F] ?IS BASIC CRITIQUE1 EV5 0ALT]NATIVE0 MODELS LIKE 0SU/A9ABLE0 DEVELOPM5T1 0TRADE NOT AID10 OR 0GRE50 & 0C>+0 CAPITALISM1 CAN ONLY LEAD TO FUR!R IMMIS]ATION1 POV]TY1 EXPLOITATION1 CULTURAL DEVA/ATION1 & ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION4 ,!RE IS A GR[+ LIT]ATURE T\T+ SU* APPROA*ES & A SUB/ANTIAL CRITIQUE DEVELOP+ AS WELL4 ,! CRITICISM ( !SE APPROA*ES (F]$ BY ,SURVIVAL ,9T]NATIONAL REVEALS !IR SELF-S]V+ NATURE1 AS WELL AS !IR UND]LY+ LOGIC1 :I* NEV] QUE/IONS ! PRIMACY ( ! M>KET4 ,! FACT IS ?AT TRADITIONAL MODELS ( DEVELOPM5T1 F> FROM BE+ ! SOLUTION TO !SE ILLS1 >E 9 L>GE P>T ! PROBLEM4 ,UNLESS ! A PRIORI ASSUMPTIONS ( /ATI/IC & CORPORATE FRAMEWORKS >E REJECT$1 CAPITALISM WILL CONT9UE TO COLONIZE & SUBV]T ! CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL DIV]SITY NECESS>Y = A HEAL?Y PLANET4 

,9 ,/AY+ ,ALIVE1 ,V&ANA ,%IVA NOTES ?AT 0DEVELOPM5T AS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & ! COMM]CIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY = ! G5]ATION ( SURPLUS & PR(ITS ?US 9VOLV$ ! REPRODUCTION NOT M]ELY ( ! P>TICUL> =M ( ! CREATION ( WEAL?1 BUT ALSO ! ASSOCIAT$ CREATION ( POV]TY & DISPOSSESSION40 ,WE NE$ TO REORI5T \R ?9K+ AB\T DEVELOPM5T & F9D REAL ALT]NATIVES4 ,ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A 0C>+ CAPITALISM0 >E OXYMORONIC4 ,! V]Y NATURE ( ! GLOBAL M>KET UND]M9ES :AT %\LD BE ! GOALS ( DEVELOPM5T3 ! PROMOTION ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY ?R\< PROCESSES ?AT 5SURE LOCAL COMMUNITIES' ECONOMIC SECURITY1 CULTURAL SURVIVAL & ECOLOGICAL HEAL?4 ,ATTEMPTS TO POSIT CAPITALISM & ! M>KET AS APPROPRIATE VEHICLES TO BR+ AB\T !SE CONDITIONS RANGE FROM ! EXTREMELY NAIVE TO ! EXTRAORD9>ILY CYNICAL2 = EXAMPLE1 ! FOCUS ( 0SU/A9ABLE0 DEVELOPM5T1 AS IT EM]GES ON ! WORLD /AGE1 IS F9D+ A MEANS TO SU/A9 ! EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM4 

,:5 ! ,BRUNDTL& ,COMMISSION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 9 ITS REPORT ,\R ,COMMON ,FUTURE DISCUSSES 0SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T10 IT IS EXACTLY ?IS PROCESS TO :I* IT REF]S4 ,IT IS ! ECONOMIC REALM ?AT CURR5TLY DET]M9ES ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* DEVELOPM5T OCCURS4 ,LOCAL & P>TICUL> NE$S >E SUBSUM$ UND] A 0GLOBAL0 P]SPECTIVE :I* VIEWS ! WORLD AS A S]IES ( 9T]*ANGEABLE P>TS CATEGORIZ$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( RAW MAT]IALS1 POOLS ( LABOR1 & POT5TIAL M>KETS4 ,! HOMOG5IZATION ( DIFF]5CE IS POSIT$ AS A PROGRESSIVE PROCESS4 ,! UNIV]SALIZATION ( ! CULTURE ( CAPITALISM 7SU* AS IT IS7 IS VIEW$ AS AN 9EVITABLE & HI<LY DESIRABLE \TCOME4 ,COCA-,COLA ,R$UX6 

,MOD]NIZATION & ,DIV]SITY 

,! PROBLEM ( MOD]NIZATION IS SUBSUM$ UND] A WE/]N1 L9E> NOTION ( PROGRESS :I* IS ROOT$ 9 A CRUDE1 ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/ VIEW ( HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT FIR/ SURFAC$ 9 ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY CANON ( CULTURAL EVOLUTION4 ,!SE IDEAS W]E FIR/ PRES5T$ BY ,H]B]T ,SP5C] & FUR!R ELABORAT$ BY ,FR$]IC ,WILLIAM ,MAITL& & ,H5RY ,MA9E &1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BY ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN4 ,!SE S*EMATIC VIEWS PROPOS$ TO RANK ALL HUMAN CULTURES 9 A HI]>*Y1 ) ,CIVILIZATION 7,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN7 AT ! TOP & ALL O!R =MS BEL[4 ,TYPICALLY1 ! HI]>*Y PROCE$S FROM ,SAVAG]Y TO ,B>B>ISM TO ,CIVILIZATION1 TO USE ,MORGAN'S NOM5CLATURE4 ,H]E IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,MORGAN'S S*EME1 AS DEVELOP$ 9 ,ANCI5T ,SOCIETY1 WAS ! BASIS = ,M>X & ,5GELS' ?9K+ ON ?IS ISSUE1 :I* IS ONE REASON ?AT 0,M>XI/0 APPROA*ES TO DEVELOPM5T HAVE BE5 AS DE/RUCTIVE AS ?OSE ( CAPITALISM4 

,! ASSUMPTION UND]LY+ ?IS ?9K+ IS ?AT ! RE/ ( ! WORLD HAS FAIL$ TO REA* ! SAME LEVEL ( PROSP]ITY AS ! ,NOR? BECAUSE ( 9H]5T CULTURAL FLAWS4 ,!Y >E B5EA? US BECAUSE !IR CULTURES >E 9F]IOR TO \R [N4 ,?US IT BECOMES 0! :ITE MAN'S BURD50 TO BR+ ! POOR SAVAGES & B>B>IANS ! B5EFITS ( CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?IS L9E ( ?9K+ PROVID$ A MORALI/IC RATIONALE = ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( COLONIALISM & IMP]IALISM1 & IT REMA9S AN A PRIORI ( TRADITIONAL APPROA*ES TO DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,?IRD & ,F\R? ,WORLD PEOPLE DO NOT WANT ACCESS TO ASPECTS ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY & KN[L$GE1 RA!R ?AT !Y >E (F]$ NO *OICE 9 ! MATT]4 ,& FUR!R1 ?AT ?OSE ELEM5TS ( MOD]NITY ?AT C\LD HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON !IR QUALITY ( LIFE >E (T5 PRES5T$ ONLY AS P>T & P>CEL ( A ?OR\<GO+ 0MOD]NIZATION0 :I* UND]M9ES !IR TRADITIONAL CULTURE & TRANS=MS PEOPLE 9TO MONADIC PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S OP]AT+ AS P>T ( ! GLOBAL M>KET4 ,JU/ AS SURELY AS ! POLITICAL DOM9ATION ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY L$ TO OPPRESSION1 DEA? & DE/RUCTION1 SO TOO DOES ! NEW COLONIALISM ( ! ,I,M,F1 ! ,WORLD ,BANK & ! MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS4 

,IF ANY?+1 ! NEOCOLONIALISM ( ! GLOBAL M>KETE]S IS MORE P]NICI\S4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 EMPIRE WAS A MODE ( OPPRESSION :I* CON/ITUT$ A ?9 OV]LAY ( EXPLOITATIVE RELATION%IPS 9T5D$ TO EXTRACT RAW MAT]IALS & LABOR FROM PEOPLES :O W]E /ILL EMB$D$ 9 !IR UNIQUE CULTURES4 ,9 ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY WE SAW ! LEVEL ( EXPLOITATION P5ETRATE NOT ONLY PEOPLES' SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RELATIONS BUT !IR V]Y CONSCI\SNESS AS WELL4 ,TODAY A DIV]SE WORLD ( UNIQUE CULTURES IS BE+ D5ATUR$ & R$UC$ TO A COLLECTION ( 9T]*ANGEABLE 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S & CONSUM]S-ISOLAT$1 EXPLOIT$ & MANIPULAT$4 ,MOD]NIZATION IS EQUAT$ ) HOMOG5IZATION--NO SURPRISES--9 A /&>DIZ$ WORLD PRODUC+ /&>DIZ$ PRODUCTS = 9CREAS+LY /&>DIZ$ CONSUM]S :O CONFUSE FRE$OM ) ! *OICE BETWE5 :ITE & P9K TOILET PAP]4 

,AU!NTIC APPROA*ES TO DEVELOPM5T MU/1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 EMPHASIZE A UNIQUE DEVELOPM5TAL PA? ?AT CRITICALLY EXPLORES ! POT5TIALITIES ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CULTURE AS A DI/9CT 5TITY4 ,?IS IS NOT A CALL = AN EXTREME RELATIVISM ?AT UNCRITICALLY TAKES EV]Y CULTURE ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,RA!R IT IS A RECOGNITION ( ! COMPLEXITY & DIV]SITY 9H]5T 9 SOCIAL SY/EMS & AN EXAM9ATION ( EA* 9 RELATION TO A SET ( CRIT]IA :I* >E EXTRACT$ FROM \R 9T]PRETATION ( C]TA9 T5D5CIES )9 NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AT 5HANCE EV] GREAT] COMPLEXITY & DIV]SITY4 

,!SE T5D5CIES 9CLUDE UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 NON-HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 MUTUALISM1 SPONTANEITY & CO-EVOLUTION4 ,!SE >E KEY PR9CIPLES = US TO CONSID] AS 9TEGRAL TO A PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT CAN HELP TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,EV]Y COMMUNITY MU/ HAVE A PRIM>Y VOICE 9 ITS [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,DECISIONS REG>D+ ! ADAPTATION ( ELEM5TS ( MOD]NITY MU/ GR[ \T ( AN EXTREMELY SELF-CONSCI\S PROCESS1 ONE :I* WEI<S NOT ONLY IMM$IATE B5EFITS & RISKS1 BUT ALSO ! LONG-T]M CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS ( EV]Y DECISION4 ,! ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES M5TION$ ABOVE HELP TO CREATE AN E?ICAL FRAMEWORK1 & MU/ BE A NECESS>Y COMPON5T ( ANY AU!NTIC APPROA* TO DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS ! REALM ( E?ICS ?AT WILL ALL[ = A TRANSC5D5CE ( ! CO/ ACC\NT+ ME?ODS PREVAL5T AMONG MO/ 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T AG5CIES4 ,AS ,T$ ,TRA9] PUTS IT 9 ,DEVELOP$ TO ,DEA?1 IT CALLS = A 0MORAL PA? TO DEVELOPM5T40 

,! HEGEMONIC POSITION ( ! CULTURE ( CAPITALISM UND]M9ES MO/ EF=TS AT MA9TA9+ A SELF-CONSCI\S & SELECTIVE /ANCE VIS-A-VIS MOD]NIZATION4 ,IT IS PRES5T$ AS A 0TAKE IT OR LEAVE IT0 PROPOSITION4 ,IF A NATION QUE/IONS ! PRESCRIPTION ( AN ,I,M,F-/YLE RE/RUCTUR+ ( ECONOMIC & DEVELOPM5T POLICY1 S\RCES ( CR$IT & CAPITAL WILL BE CUT (F4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( ,COMMUNISM & AN 5D TO ! C\NT] =CE ONCE REPRES5T$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 EV5 ! LIMIT$ OPTIONS ONCE AVAILABLE TO UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS HAVE BE5 CON/RICT$4 ,! LEV]AGE :I* GR[+ 9T]NATIONAL DEBT HAS GIV5 TO ! ,WORLD ,BANK & ! ,I,M,F HAS EFFECTIVELY %UT D[N ! POSSIBILITY = ANY CREATIVE APPROA*ES TO DEVELOPM5T4 ,:ILE 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES MAY *OOSE TO PURSUE ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5T MODELS1 ! NATION-/ATES ( ! DEVELOP+ WORLD MU/ PAY HOMAGE TO ! MA/]Y ( ! M>KET & DANCE TO ! TUNE ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 

,H[EV]1 IT IS ! 9H]5T T5SION BETWE5 ! M>KET =CES ?AT P[] MOD]NIZATION & ! ECOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVE TO PRES]VE ! BIOLOGICAL 9TEGRITY ( ! PLANET ?AT HOLDS ! POT5TIAL = A CREATIVE RESOLUTION4 ,9 PLACES :]E CAPITALISM'S ASSAULT ON ! 5VIRONM5T IS /ILL 9 ITS E>LY /AGES1 PEOPLE HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO CRITICALLY ANALYZE ! EXP]I5CE ( ! DEVELOP$ WORLD1 TO LE>N FROM \R LEGACY ( ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION & TO *OOSE CONSCI\SLY NOT TO REPLICATE \R MI/AKES4 ,! CRUCIAL DYNAMIC H]E IS ONE 9 :I* PEOPLE >E ABLE TO DEVELOP ! SELF-AW>5ESS NECESS>Y = SU* AN APPROA* TO SUCCE$4 ,9CREAS+LY1 ! PRESSURE TO OP5 UP M>KETS & BR+ !M 9TO ! GLOBAL ECONOMY HAS TAK5 ON AN ALMO/ RELIGI\S F]VOR4 ,! GLOBAL M>KET HAS BECOME ! HOLY GRAIL ( \R TIME1 & TO RESI/ ! CRUSADE ON ITS BEHALF IS TO RISK ! FATE ( ALL UNBELIEV]S3 DISMEMB]M5T OR DEA?4 ,YET TO NOT RESI/ 9EVITABLY LEADS TO ! SAME 5D4 

,PROCESS ,V]SUS ,PRODUCT 

,TRADITIONAL DEVELOPM5T MODELS >E GE>$ T[>D 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION1 GREATLY 5HANC+ ! WEAL? ( ?OSE :O >E 9 *>GE ( PRODUCTION1 & !ORETICALLY ALL[+ ! CRUMBS TO 0TRICKLE D[N0 TO ! L[] LEVEL4 ,IF1 = PRODUCTION TO BE 9CREAS$1 PEOPLE HAVE TO SACRIFICE !IR FRE$OM1 !IR HEAL? OR ! 5VIRONM5T1 SU* SACRIFICE IS JU/IFI$ IF IT RESULTS 9 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION & A RIS+ ,GROSS ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCT4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY VIEWS DEVELOPM5T AS PROCESS ORI5T$ RA!R ?AN PRODUCT OBSESS$1 FOCUS$ NOT ON PRODUCTION1 BUT ON REPRODUCTION1 ON ! BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ?AT R5EW ! E>?4 ,! PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T MU/ BE TRANS=M$ SO ?AT IT LEADS TO GR[+ EMP[]M5T ( DISEMP[]$ SECTORS ( ! SOCIETY1 & AN 9CREAS$ LEVEL ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS REG>D+ !IR ABILITY TO REORI5T ! DIRECTION ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,DEVELOPM5T ITSELF MU/ BE R$EF9$ AS ! EMP[]M5T ( COMMUNITIES TO DET]M9E !IR [N FUTURE 9 AN OP5 WAY1 FREE ( ! CO]CION ( ! ,I,M,F1 ! ,WORLD ,BANK & O!R 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T AG5CIES4 

,AS ,&RE ,GUND] ,FRANK PO9T$ \T 9 ! SIXTIES1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T FO/]S DEP5D5CY ON ! DOM9ANT CULTURE ( ! RI* NATIONS4 ,AS LONG AS !Y DEF9E ! T]MS UND] :I* DEVELOPM5T OCCURS 7OR DOES NOT OCCUR71 ! *ANCES = A PROCESS-ORI5T$ =M ( DEVELOPM5T1 :I* C\LD ALL[ ,?IRD ,WORLD NATIONS TO BREAK \T ( DEP5D5CY1 >E SLIM 9DE$4 

,CURR5T DEVELOPM5T PRACTICE FOCUSES PRIM>ILY ON RES\RCE EXTRACTION1 ON CREAT+ & EXPLOIT+ L[-CO/ POOLS ( NON-UNIONIZ$ LABOR1 & ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ( CROPS TO BE EXPORT$ TO ! MORE AFFLU5T NATIONS4 ,9 O!R WORDS ! PRODUCT-ORI5T$ APPROA* TO DEVELOPM5T IS GE>$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY T[>D PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION BY ! WEAL?Y NATIONS & ! T9Y RUL+ ELITES ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,IRONICALLY1 NATIONS LIKE ,MEXICO & ,GUATEMALA1 :I* >E BO? L>GE EXPORT]S ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 /ILL HAVE SUB/ANTIAL POPULATIONS SUFF]+ FROM MALNUTRITION & HUNG]4 ,A GR[+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS FACT HAS RESULT$ 9 POPUL> 9SURG5CIES 9 BO? C\NTRIES4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A REBELLION 9 ,MEXICO FOCUS$ ON ! DE/RUCTIVE EFFECTS ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,FREE ,TRADE ,AGREEM5T 7,N,A,F,T,A7 AS A MAJOR ISSUE4 

,! 9CREAS$ GLOBALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! FREE M>KET IDEOLOGY ( ,N,A,F,T,A & ! ,G5]AL ,AGREEM5T ON ,T>IFFS & ,TRADE 7,G,A,T,T7 CAN ONLY FUR!R ! IMMIS]ATION ( ! POOR4 

,GRASS ROOTS LOCALIZ$ APPROA*ES TO DEVELOPM5T1 LIKE ?OSE PROPOS$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 W\LD FOCUS FIR/ ON FOOD SECURITY = ! PEOPLE LIV+ )9 ! DEVELOP+ NATION4 ,DEVELOPM5T MU/ BE A PROCESS ( $UCATION AS MU* AS 9FRA/RUCTURE BUILD+4 ,IT /IMULATES AN UNFOLD+ ( ! PRODUCTIVE POSSIBILITIES 9 EV]Y LOCALITY 9 ACCORD ) ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 9 ?AT P>TICUL> PLACE2 IT IS AN ORGANIC PROCESS 9 :I* PEOPLE DEF9E !IR [N FUTURE1 RA!R ?AN ALL[+ ! M>KET TO DEF9E IT = !M4 

,IT IS AN 9T]NAL PROCESS ?AT FL[S \T ( COMMUNITIES RA!R ?AN A PROCESS :I* IS EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ ON !M4 ,MU* CURR5T DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,S\? IS DEBT DRIV54 ,9T]NATIONAL AG5CIES USE ! LEV]AGE ?AT GR[S \T ( MASSIVE =EIGN DEBT TO RE/RUCTURE ! SOCIAL POLICIES & POLITICAL PRIORITIES ( DEBTOR NATIONS TO REFLECT ! NE$S ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM4 ,! 0,%OCK ,!RAPY0 ( ,I,M,F ,/RUCTURAL ,ADJU/M5T ,PROGRAMS HAS DEVA/AT$ NATION AFT] NATION 9 ! ,S\?4 ,(T5 ASSOCIAT$ ) RI<T-W+ REGIMES1 !SE PROGRAMS HAVE BE5 EFFECTIVE 9 =C+ EV5 0PROGRESSIVE0 ADM9I/RATIONS TO R$EF9E !IR PRIORITIES4 

,A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL APPROA* TO DEVELOPM5T BEG9S ! PROCESS AT ! GRASS ROOTS1 WORK+ ) COMMUNITIES AT ! LOCAL LEVEL ON PROJECTS :I* !Y HAVE DET]M9$ WILL IMPROVE !IR QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,REGIONAL & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T PRIORITIES !N GR[ \T ( ! LOCAL ORI5TATION4 ,?IS DYNAMIC IS FACILITAT$ BY A PROCESS ( CONF$]ATION 9 :I* EA* LOCALITY HAS ITS CONC]NS REPRES5T$ REGIONALLY & NATIONALLY TO ALL[ = ! CREATION ( A COORD9AT$ /RATEGY = DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS BUILT FROM ! BOTTOM UP & REFLECTS ! DESIRES ( ! MASS ( ! POPULATION RA!R ?AN ?OSE ( ! ELITE4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ RADICAL DEP>TURE ( A SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL APPROA* TO DEVELOPM5T IS ITS REJECTION ( ! M>KET AS A VIABLE ME*ANISM = /IMULAT+ OR FACILITAT+ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 FACT1 ! M>KET /&S 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! GOALS ( TRUE DEVELOPM5T4 ,! M>KET DEM&S ADH]5CE TO A MODEL ) BUILT-9 W9N]S & LOS]S2 IT CREATES DEP5D5CE ON EXT]NAL S\RCES ( F9ANC+1 TE*NOLOGY & EXP]TIZE2 IT DISEMP[]S ! LOCAL 9 FAVOR ( ! IMP]SONAL ECONOMIC =CES2 IT VIEWS NATURE AS A 0RES\RCE0 RIPE = EXPLOITATION2 IT PRESUPPOSES A UNIV]SAL /&>D ( AFFLU5CE MODEL$ ON ! ,NOR? :I*1 IF EV] A*IEV$--& 9DE$ IT SEEMS TO BE AN IMPOSSIBILITY FROM AN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE--W\LD RESULT 9 A HOMOG5IZATION ( ! WORLD'S CULTURES & ECOSY/EMS4 ,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT DRAMATIC *ANGES 9 PATT]NS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 ! ,NOR? >E A PRECONDITION = TRUE DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,S\?4 

,! ASSIMILATION ( ! DIV]SE CULTURES ( ! PLANET IS ! HUMAN P>ALLEL TO ! LOSS ( BIODIV]SITY ?AT \R CURR5T DEVELOPM5T PRACTICE =E%AD[S4 ,IT IS ONLY ?R\< ACTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! DOM9ANT MODEL & ! CREATION ( REAL ALT]NATIVES :I* EXI/ \TSIDE ( ! FRAMEWORK ( ! GLOBAL M>KET ?AT !RE IS HOPE = ! AU!NTIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! PEOPLES ( ! PLANET1 AN UNFOLD+ ( POT5TIALITIES ?AT C\LD ALL[ US TO A*IEVE ! MORE PR(\ND GR\ND ( A HUMANITY :I* IS BO? ROOT$ 9 ! V>I$ LIVES ( ! WORLD'S DIV]SE PEOPLES & CULTURES & TRULY UNIV]SAL 9 ITS E?ICAL /ANCE & PRACTICE4 

,T,[,>,D ,A ,R,E,C,O,N,/,R,U,C,T,I,V,E ,A,N,?,R,O,P,O,L,O,G,Y 

,ONE ( MY E>LIE/ MEMORIES IS ( A TOTEM POLE4 ,LIV+ JU/ >\ND ! CORN] FROM ! ,MUSEUM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN--!N LOCAT$ ON ! ,UPP] ,WE/ ,SIDE ( ,MANHATTAN--! MASSIVE TOTEM POLE ?AT SAT 9 ! MUSEUM'S C\RTY>D CA/ A %AD[ OV] MY E>LY *ILDHOOD4 ,! MUSEUM WAS AN 5*ANT$ PLACE1 ) ITS COLORFUL >TIFACTS1 & ITS C>EFULLY CON/RUCT$ DIORAMAS ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN LIFE4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT MY FASC9ATION ) AN?ROPOLOGY WAS BORN4 

,9 MY E>LY TE5S ,I DECID$ ,I WANT$ TO BE AN E?NO-MUSICOLOGI/1 9 ORD] TO PURSUE MY 9T]E/ 9 FOLK MUSIC4 ,BUT AS ,I BECAME MORE 9VOLV$ 9 ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T & RADICAL POLITICS 9 MY LAT] TE5 YE>S1 ,I DISMISS$ AN?ROPOLOGY AS AN 9DULG5CE1 & FOCUS$ 9/EAD ON POLITICAL SCI5CE & HI/ORY1 BELIEV+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION REQUIR$ MORE PRACTICAL KN[L$GE ?AN C\LD BE GLEAN$ FROM ! /UDY ( SU* EXOTIC & FRIVOL\S SUBJECT MATT] AS ?AT APPROA*$ BY AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,:5 ,I WAS 9 MY E>LY TW5TIES1 AS ,I PURSU$ MY 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM & SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ,I WAS CONFRONT$1 AS ,I HAVE BE5 AT MANY PO9TS 9 MY LIFE1 BY MY [N IGNORANCE4 ,MY UND]/&+ WAS LIMIT$ BY MY BACKGR\ND1 :I* WAS ?AT ( A REC5T COLLEGE GRADUATE :O HAD L$ A L>GELY MIDDLE CLASS EXI/5CE4 ,AS A *ILD ( ! '#fS1 ,I HAD BE5 CAU<T UP 9 ! EXCITEM5T ( ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T & ! C\NT]CULTURE1 BUT MY EXP]I5CE DUR+ ?OSE HEADY TIMES HAD BE5 PRIM>ILY VISC]AL1 NOT 9=M$ BY 9T5SIVE /UDY OR RESE>*4 ,?\< MORE MOTIVAT$ BY ! DESIRE TO SOLIDIFY A !ORETICAL BASIS = EFFECTIVE ACTION ?AN BY A LOVE ( S*OL>%IP = ! SAKE ( S*OL>%IP1 ,I FELT ! NE$ TO DEEP5 MY UND]/&+ ( ! DYNAMICS ( CULTURAL *ANGE1 & ! HUMAN PROSPECT4 ,SO ,I RETURN$ TO AN?ROPOLOGY3 IT WAS ! ONLY ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E ,I WAS AW>E ( ?AT ALL[$ ITS PRACTITION]S TO CONSID] ! :OLE RANGE ( ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( HUMAN HI/ORY & PRE-HI/ORY4 ,IT WAS BO? PAN-HUMAN1 & TRAN%I/ORICAL 9 ITS \TLOOK2 IT WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! /UDY ( ! H]E & N[1 &1 :ILE /ILL A DISCIPL9E BORN ( ! ,WE/]N EXP]I5CE1 !ORETICALLY1 AT LEA/1 IT DREW ON ALL ( ! WORLD'S CULTURES TO PROVIDE 9SI<T 9TO !IR COMMONALITIES AS WELL AS !IR DIFF]5CES4 

,AS SU*1 AN?ROPOLOGY CAN (F] A VITAL P]SPECTIVE 9TO H[ O!R CULTURES HAVE ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES )\T ! M>KET OR ! /ATE1 IT CALLS 9TO QUE/ION ! 9EVITABILITY ( CAPITALISM1 & IT HELPS TO ILLUM9ATE HUMAN POT5TIAL4 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL UND]/&+ C]TA9LY HELPS US TO REMOVE ! BL9D]S ( ! WE/]N CANNON3 ,I BELIEVE IT CAN HELP TO COMBAT RACISM1 GIVE 9SI<T 9TO ! PROCESS ( CULTURAL *ANGE1 & S]VE AS AN 9VALUABLE KN[L$GE BASE = A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 

,! ,CRISIS 9 ,AN?ROPOLOGY 

,H[EV]1 :5 ,I BEGAN MY /UDIES 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 ,I QUICKLY DISCOV]$ ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY WAS 9 CRISIS4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S W]E 5GAG$ 9 A S]I\S CRITIQUE ( !IR DISCIPL9E3 ! PO/-COLONIAL ]A WAS RAIS+ QUE/IONS REG>D+ AN?ROPOLOGY'S ORIG9S & PURPOSE1 & ! !ORETICAL FIRMAM5T PROVID$ BY ,FRANZ ,BOAS & ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS WAS BE+ %AK5 BY *ALL5GES FROM NEW !ORIES1 LIKE CULTURAL MAT]IALISM & ! EM]G+ IDEAS ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 ,BY ! #a#i#gS1 :5 ,I WAS WRIT+ MY DISS]TATION1 ! UPHEAVALS ?AT %OOK ! DISCIPL9E 9 ! '#fS HAD REC$$1 BUT ! QUE/IONS REMA9$ P]T95T1 AS !Y /ILL REMA9 TODAY4 ,:AT RELEVANCE DOES AN?ROPOLOGY HAVE 9 ! 9CREAS+LY SPECIALIZ$ WORLD ( 0SOCIAL SCI5CE08 ,:]E DOES A DISCIPL9E BORN FROM ! /UDY ( 0PRIMITIVE0 CULTURES TURN :5 ?OSE CULTURES DISAPPE>8 ,H[ CAN AN?ROPOLOGY RESI/ ITS USE AS AN 9/RUM5T ( DOM9ATION & BECOME1 9/EAD1 A =CE = LIB]ATION & RECON/RUCTION8 ,AS A NEWLY M9T$ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,I WAS DEEPLY TR\BL$ BY !SE QUE/IONS1 & ,I HAVE CONT9U$ TO /RUGGLE ) !M = ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,EV5 ?\< ,I HAVE E>N$ MY LIV+ AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,I HAVE ALWAYS MA9TA9$ AN AMBIVAL5T & M>G9AL RELATION%IP TO PR(ESSIONAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 :I* L$ ME TO TRY TO =MULATE SOME IDEAS ?AT MI<T HELP ME TO ADDRESS !SE QUE/IONS4 ,!SE IDEAS1 ,I HOPE1 WILL PROVIDE FOOD = ?\<T & /IMULATE FUR!R DEVELOPM5T--!Y >E MEANT TO BE MORE SUGGE/IVE ?AN PRESCRIPTIVE--9 ORD] TO C\NT] ! CRISIS 9 AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,! CRISIS 9 AN?ROPOLOGY UNFOLD$ ON ?REE DI/9CT BUT RELAT$ LEVELS--PR(ESSIONAL1 !ORETICAL1 & E?ICAL4 ,PR(ESSIONALLY1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S F\ND ?AT !IR TRADITIONAL OBJECTS ( /UDY W]E NO LONG] READILY AVAILABLE TO !M3 ,! SO-CALL$ 0PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES10 0TRIBAL SOCIETY10 0K9-BAS$ SOCIETY10 0PRE-LIT]ATE SOCIETY10 OR 0TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES10 AS ,I PREF]1 BY :I* ,I MEAN SOCIETIES1 GR\PS1 & CULTURES ?AT EXI/ \TSIDE ( ! REA* (1 OR AT ! M>G9S (1 ! RAPIDLY EXP&+ REALM ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 & RETA9 MU* ( !IR HI/ORIC TRADITION & COSMOLOGY4 ,! DECIMATION ( !SE TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES HAS BE5 PROCE$+ AT AN EXPON5TIAL RATE1 & AS ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS ?AT PROVIDE ! MAT]IAL BASE = ?OSE SOCIETIES--SU* AS ! RA9 =E/S1 ! >CTIC REGIONS1 & VA/ TRACTS ( UNDEVELOP$ L& NE$$ TO SUPPORT HUNT+ & GA!R+ & TRADITIONAL NOMADIC PA/ORALISM-->E 9CREAS+LY BE+ DE/ROY$ & ]OD$1 SO >E TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES !MSELVES4 ,WE CAN ONLY EXPECT AN ACCEL]ATION ( !SE TR5DS4 

,JU/ AS SCI5TI/S RECOGNIZE ! ?REATS TO SURVIVAL REPRES5T$ BY ! DE/RUCTION ( NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS & ! EXT9CTION ( SPECIES1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE W>N$ ( ! DANG]S POS$ BY ! DE/RUCTION ( CULTURES & !IR KN[L$GE4 ,! FRI<T5+ LOSS ( BIODIV]SITY ?AT WE >E FAC+ IS P>ALLEL$ BY AN EQUALLY FRI<T5+ DE/RUCTION ( CULTURAL DIV]SITY1 AS ! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM ACCEL]ATE ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,FUR!RMORE1 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE GA9$ !IR LIB]ATION FROM COLONIAL RELATION%IPS HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY SUSPICI\S (1 & 9 SOME CASES HO/ILE TO1 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL 5T]PRISE4 ,!Y (T5 ASSOCIATE AN?ROPOLOGY ) COLONIALISM & PAT]NALISM4 ,JU/IFI$ AS ?IS ATTITUDE IS1 GIV5 ! HI/ORICAL RECORD1 AN?ROPOLOGY IS NO?+ IF NOT ADAPTABLE3 ITS T]RA9 IS ! /UDY ( PEOPLE & !IR CULTURES 9 ALL ( !IR BROAD DIM5SIONS ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( HI/ORY4 

,RECOGNIZ+ ! PRACTICAL & POLITICAL PROBLEMS FAC+ CONV5TIONAL TYPES ( /UDY1 MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 MYSELF AMONG !M1 %IFT$ !IR FOCUS TO ! AN?ROPOLOGY ( 0MOD]N0 SOCIETIES4 ,WE 5GAG$ 9 URBAN /UDIES1 MIGRATION /UDIES1 FAMILY /UDIES1 COMMUNITY /UDIES1 & 9 APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,BUT H]E TOO1 WE >E FAC$ ) A CRISIS 9 TRADITIONAL E?NOGRAPHIC ME?ODS ?AT HAVE L>GELY PROV$ 9ADEQUATE = ! TASK ( ANALYZ+ GR\PS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! L>G] CULTURE ( CAPITALISM 9 :I* !Y MU/ BE PLAC$4 ,9 !SE FIELDS1 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS (T5 LO/ ITS UNIQUE1 HOLI/IC APPROA* TO BECOME 9/EAD A R$UCTIVE1 9/RUM5TAL FIELD1 REALLY JU/ A QUALITATIVE ADJUNCT TO SOCIOLOGY1 N>R[ 9 SCOPE1 SPECIALIZ$ TO ! PO9T ( A FOCUS ON SOCIAL M9UTIAE & DIVORC$ FROM ! CULTURE CONCEPT ITSELF4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 H[EV]1 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS ALWAYS CONC]N$ ITSELF ) QUE/IONS ?AT >E ( GREAT IMPORT TO UND]/&+ \R HUMAN PA/1 ! DYNAMICS ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 & HUMAN PROSPECTS & POSSIBILITIES = ! FUTURE4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY HAS ADDRESS$ BIG QUE/IONS LIKE1 :AT IS CULTURE8 ,H[ DOES CULTURAL *ANGE OCCUR8 ,:AT CON/ITUTES HUMAN 0NATURE08 ,9 AN ]A ( 9CREAS+ ACADEMIC SPECIALIZATION1 !SE L>G] CONC]NS SEEM TO HAVE FALL5 BY ! WAYSIDE4 

,9 SOME CASES1 RESE>* 9 PR(ESSIONAL AN?ROPOLOGY IS BE+ CON/RICT$ & CONTORT$ BY MORE G5]AL TR5DS 9 ! ACADEMY ?AT LIMIT FUND+ TO RESE>* PROJECTS ?AT MEET ! NE$S ( AN 9CREAS+LY REACTION>Y /ATUS QUO4 ,MANY AN?ROPOLOGY DEP>TM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE DISAPPE>$ ALTOGE!R OR BE5 COLLAPS$ 9TO DEP>TM5TS ( SOCIOLOGY4 ,ADD TO ?IS ! FACT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( AN?ROPOLOGY ,PH,DS WILL NEV] WORK 9 ! ACADEMY & FACE HI<LY LIMIT$ JOB POSSIBILITIES 9 NONACADEMIC FIELDS RELAT+ TO AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,REC5TLY ,! ,*RONICLE ( ,HI<] ,$UCATION SURVEY$ ! JOB M>KET 9 AN?ROPOLOGY & DET]M9$ ?AT #e.0 ( ! ALMO/ #e ,PH,DS GRADUAT$ 9 ! ,U,S EA* YE>--?AT 9CLUDES AN?ROPOLOGI/S WORK+ 9 ALL F\R FIELDS ( AN?ROPOLOGY3 BIOLOGICAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 AN?ROPOLOGICAL L+UI/ICS1 >*AEOLOGY1 & E?NOGRAPHY--WILL 5D UP EMPLOY$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T OR PRIVATE SECTOR1 WORK+ 9 CONSULT+1 PUBLIC RELATIONS1 OP9ION POL+1 BANK+ & F9ANCE1 OR F$]AL & /ATE LAW 5=CEM5T4 ,ONLY A FEW ( ?OSE :O DO WORK 9 ! ACADEMY WILL 5D UP ) T5URE-TRACK POSITIONS1 & ! RE/ WILL BE CONSIGN$ TO ! GR[+ POOL ( VISIT+ PR(ESSORS1 LECTUR]S1 & ADJUNCTS :O CON/ITUTE ! NEW1 FLEXIBLE LABOR =CE REQUIR$ BY ! $UCATION BUS9ESS4 ,! SITUATION = E?NOGRAPH]S 9 P>TICUL> IS EV5 WORSE ?AN !SE /ATI/ICS SUGGE/4 ,:5 !SE FACTS >E ADD$ TOGE!R1 ONE HAS ! PR(ILE ( A PR(ESSION 9 DEEP TR\BLE4 

,ON A !ORETICAL LEVEL ! CRISIS IS MORE SUBTLE1 BUT NO LESS PR(\ND4 ,! BASIC !ORETICAL DIVIDE 9 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS ALWAYS BE5 BETWE5 ?OSE :O APPROA* IT AS A SCI5CE & ?OSE :O VIEW IT AS A BRAN* ( ! HUMANITIES4 ,?IS DISPUTE HAS NEV] BE5 RESOLV$4 ,DESPITE A MULTITUDE ( COMPET+ !ORETICAL FRAMEWORKS1 V]Y LITTLE COH]5CE HAS EM]G$ BEYOND !ORIES PROP\ND$ OV] SPECIFIC PROBLEMS4 ,9DE$1 ! !ORETICAL DEBATE )9 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS BE5 /IFL$ BY ! ASC5DANCY ( SEV]AL MAJOR POSITIONS1 :I* >E SEEM+LY IRRECONCILABLE4 ,EA* HAS DEVELOP$ A CADRE ( PROPON5TS :O EX]CISE A /RANGLEHOLD ON P>TICUL> FIELDS ( AN?ROPOLOGY & :O SEEM DET]M9$ TO P]PETUATE !IR [N \TLOOK4 ,A !ORETICAL BASE1 BROAD 5\< TO EXPLA9 CULTURAL *ANGE1 TRADITIONAL E?NOGRAPHIC DATA1 & CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 IS NOT LIKELY TO A*IEVE CONS5SUS 9 ! CURR5T CLIMATE ( IDEOLOGICALLY LOAD$ DISC\RSE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S OP]ATE )\T AN EXPLICIT !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK1 & ?IS T5D5CY HAS BE5 /R5G!N$ ALONGSIDE AN 9CREAS$ FOCUS ON SOCIAL M9UTIAE RA!R ?AN MORE COMPREH5SIVE CULTURAL ANALYSIS44 ,!SE AN?ROPOLOGI/S MAY >GUE = 0SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY10 OR1 9 ! CASE ( PO/MOD]NI/S & PO/-/RUCTURALI/S1 ATTEMPT TO OP]ATE FROM A COMPLETELY RELATIVI/IC M9DSET4 ,BUT1 BY REFUS+ TO DEF9E A !ORETICAL POSITION1 !Y >E 9 FACT ACCEPT+ ! UND]LY+ PREMISES ( ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY3 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ESCAPE 5TIRELY ONE'S BACKGR\ND & CULTURAL CONDITION+4 

,DOM9ANT ,TR5DS 9 ,ACADEMIC ,AN?ROPOLOGY 

,BE=E WE TURN TO ! E?ICAL CRISIS 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 LET US BRIEFLY REVIEW SOME ( ! DOM9ANT !ORIES 9 ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGY !N & N[1 & QUICKLY SUMM>IZE ! SALI5T CRITIQUES ?AT HAVE BE5 (F]$ ( !M4 

,AT ! TURN ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ,FRANZ ,BOAS DEVELOP$ HIS HI/ORICAL P>TICUL>ISM--ALSO KN[N AS ,BOASIAN RELATIVISM--:I* BECAME AN IMPORTANT !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 ) ITS RECOGNITION ( ! 9TR9SIC 9TEGRITY ( EV]Y CULTURE & ITS SELF-CONSCI\S /ANCE 9 COMBAT+ RACISM4 ,H[EV]1 9 ITS REACTION TO N9ETE5?-C5TURY EVOLUTION>Y MODELS1 ,BOASIAN RELATIVISM PRES5T$ A /ATIC VIEW ( CULTURE & LACK$ AN EXPLICIT P]SPECTIVE = EXPLA9+ CULTURAL *ANGE4 ,MU* ( ! FOCUS ( ,BOAS & HIS /UD5TS1 :OSE 9FLU5CE ON MOD]N ,AM]ICAN AN?ROPOLOGY IS /ILL FELT TODAY1 WAS ! UND]TAK+ ( 0SALVAGE E?NOGRAPHY10 AN ATTEMPT TO OBS]VE & DESCRIBE ?REAT5$ TRADITIONAL CULTURES1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN PEOPLES1 BE=E !Y VANI%$ ALTOGE!R4 

,!N1 9 ! #a#i#eS1 ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS E/ABLI%$ /RUCTURALISM1 :I* EM]G$ AS AN 9FLU5TIAL P]SPECTIVE 9 AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO DISCOV] UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( ! HUMAN M9D ?AT UND]LAY CULTURAL TRAITS1 CU/OMS1 & MY?S4 ,! !ORY DREW ON CONCEPTS DEVELOP$ 9 L+UI/ICS1 & IT LIK5$ ! /RUCTURES ( CULTURES TO ! /RUCTURES ( LANGUAGE4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS'S !ORY WAS 9FLU5TIAL1 & USEFUL 9 HELP+ TO ID5TIFY ! UND]LY+ UNITY ( ALL CULTURES1 BUT IT WAS UTT]LY UNABLE TO EXPLA9 CULTURES AS DI/9CT & P>TICUL> 5TITIES ) HI<LY DIV]SE CONT5T & UNIQUE DIFF]5CES4 ,/RUCTURALI/S CLAIM A PAN-HUMAN APPLICATION = !IR !ORY1 BUT :AT IS ULTIMATELY REVEAL$ IS /RUCTURE )\T CONT5T--IT IS A L[E/-COMMON-D5OM9ATOR APPROA* TO CULTURAL ANALYSIS :I* CONCEALS MORE ?AN IT EXPLICATES4 ,! /RUCTURALI/S1 IT SEEMS1 SIMPLY IGNORE SOCIETY TO FOCUS ON ITS 0/RUCTURES40 ,SPECIFIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( A CULTURE >E SE5 AS LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! BROAD CATEGORIES ?AT ALL CULTURES %>E4 ,/RUCTURALISM1 9 TURN1 LAY ! GR\NDWORK = O!R !ORETICAL S*OOLS1 SU* AS SYMBOLIC AN?ROPOLOGY1 COGNITIVE AN?ROPOLOGY1 &1 IMPORTANTLY1 PO/MOD]NISM4 

,9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 ,M>XISM HAD A TREM5D\S 9FLU5CE 9 AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,BUT1 UN=TUNATELY1 IT WAS (T5 9TRODUC$ AS A RIGID FRAMEWORK = ANALYSIS ?AT CONTORT$ ON-!-GR\ND EXP]I5CE TO FIT 9TO PR$ET]M9$ CATEGORIES ( LITTLE RELEVANCE TO ! REALITY ( TRADITIONAL PEOPLE4 ,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES DREW HEAVILY ON ! WORK ( E>LY AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN TO DEVELOP !IR UND]/&+ ( CULTURAL EVOLUTION4 ,MORGAN'S S*EMA WAS DEEPLY FLAW$ 9 ITS EMPHASIS ON CULTURAL EVOLUTION AS SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 BUT ,M>XISM ITSELF IS1 9 FACT1 AN EXTREMELY DET]M9I/IC IDEOLOGY ?AT PLACES AN 9ORD9ATE--& HI/ORICALLY UNJU/IFIABLE--FAI? 9 9EXORABLE HI/ORICAL PROCESSES & 0PROGRESS40 

,CULTURAL ECOLOGY WAS ! PHRASE US$ BY ,JULIAN ,/EW>D TO DESCRIBE HIS !ORY ( CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 A MU* MORE NUANC$ APPROA* ?AN ! CRUDE !ORIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY EVOLUTIONI/S & ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/S4 ,/EW>D US$ :AT WAS ESS5TIALLY A ,M>XI/ FRAMEWORK1 BUT HE EMPHASIZ$ 5VIRONM5TAL CAUSALITY AS ! UND]LY+ FACTOR CREAT+ CULTURAL ADAPTATION & *ANGE1 RA!R ?AN ECONOMIC FACTORS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 CULTURAL MAT]IALISM1 AS PRACTIC$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,M>V9 ,H>RIS1 CON/ITUT$ A R$UCTION & FUR!R VULG>IZATION ( ! ,M>XI/ VIEW4 ,:ILE IT WAS SUGGE/IVE & SOMETIMES PRODUCTIVE = ANALYZ+ CULTURAL *ANGE1 ?IS SCI5TI/IC P]SPECTIVE FAILS TO 9CORPORATE SYMBOLIC1 COSMOLOGICAL1 OR PSY*OLOGICAL CAUSALITY 9TO !SE S*EMATA4 ,RA!R1 IT R$UCES ALL CULTURAL PH5OM5A TO AN 9T]ACTION BETWE5 L&1 LABOR1 & CAPITAL2 SPECIFIC CULTURAL TRAITS >E SE5 AS AN OBFUSCATION ( ! UND]LY+ REASONS = *ANGE1 :I* >E PRES5T$ AS M]E RESPONSES TO 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS4 

,FROM ! #a#i#hS ON1 TWO MAJOR !ORETICAL S*OOLS EM]G$1 :I* HI<LI<T ! LONG-/&+ DIVIDE BETWE5 AN?ROPOLOGY AS A SCI5CE1 & AN?ROPOLOGY AS A BRAN* ( ! HUMANITIES4 

,ONE ! ONE H&1 WE SAW H[ ! T5D5CY T[>D AN?ROPOLOGICAL SCI5TISM F\ND NEW PROPON5TS ) ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIOBIOLOGICAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 A !ORETICAL APPROA* :I* ATTEMPTS TO EXPLA9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR FROM A BIOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ) A MAJOR EMPHASIS ON ! ROLE ( G5ES 9 CREAT+ UNIV]SAL =MS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,SOCIOBIOLOGICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S FOCUS ON ?REE MA9 CATEGORIES ( /UDY3 EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGY1 HUMAN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY1 & ! /UDY ( HUMAN UNIV]SALS4 ,= SOCIOBIOLOGICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 HUMAN BEHAVIOR & CULTURE >E ESS5TIALLY G5ETIC FUNCTIONS ?AT1 9 A ,D>W9IAN S5SE1 EI!R AID OR H9D] REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS4 ,?IS EXTREMELY R$UCTIVE VIEW FAILS TO CONSID] ! CRUCIAL ROLE ( CULTURE1 & (T5 DRAWS ON RESE>* ) NON-HUMAN POPULATIONS1 LIKE 9SECTS1 & PROJECTS !SE RESULTS ONTO HUMAN POPULATIONS4 ,BY BIOLOGIZ+ EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 ?IS APPROA* D5IES ANY ROLE = E?ICS1 $UCATION1 & A MYRIAD ( O!R CULTURAL PH5OM5A ?AT 9FLU5CE ! DIRECTION 9 :I* COMMUNITIES EVOLVE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WE SAW H[ ! PO/MOD]N1 PO/-/RUCTURALI/ TURN 9 AN?ROPOLOGY CALL$ SCI5CE 9TO QUE/ION ALTOGE!R1 MA9TA9+1 AT ITS MO/ EXTREME1 ?AT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A SCI5TIFIC FACT OR EV5 OBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,IT PROPOSES1 RA!R1 ?AT FACTS >E CULTURAL CON/RUCTS1 & ?AT REALITY IS A RELATIVE CONCEPT4 ,PO/MOD]NISM PRES5TS A USEFUL P]SPECTIVE = AN E?NOGRAPH]1 DEM&+ ?AT1 TO ! EXT5T POSSIBLE1 ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ APPROA* A CULTURE ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,IT ALSO PRES5TS P[]FUL 9SI<TS 9 DECON/RUCT+ P[] RELATION%IPS1 NOT+ H[ A POSITION ( CULTURAL HEGEMONY ALL[S ONE GR\P TO DICTATE REALITY = O!RS4 

,H[EV]1 PO/MOD]NISM ALSO REPRES5TS A REAL DANG]3 ! ASSUMPTION ( SU* AN EXTREME RELATIVISM MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE E?ICAL JUDGM5TS1 & IT EASILY LEADS TO QUIETISM 9 ! FACE ( OPPRESSION & DOM9ATION4 

,!SE !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES >E SEEM+LY IRRECONCILABLE4 ,:]E1 !N1 CAN AN?ROPOLOGY TURN = A !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK ?AT 9TEGRATES PROCESSUAL UND]/&+ & /RUCTURAL COMMONALITIES1 & YET /ILL RECOGNIZES ! UNIQUE1 P>TICUL>I/IC ASPECTS ( SPECIFIC CULTURES8 ,IS !RE A !ORY ?AT ALL[S US TO UND]/& ! PROCESS ( CULTURAL *ANGE )\T HI]>*ICAL S*EMA = VALU+ DIFF]5T CULTURES8 ,IS !RE A WAY TO DRAW ON SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ )\T BE+ R$UCTIVE8 ,9 ORD] TO FULLY ADDRESS & HOPEFULLY RESOLVE ! CURR5T CRISIS 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 WE MU/ FIR/ \TL9E ! E?ICAL DIM5SION ( ?IS CRISIS4 

,AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E AN?ROPOLOGY POSITIONS ITSELF AS A 0VALUE-FREE0 APPROA* TO ! /UDY ( CULTURE4 ,?IS WAS TRUE ( ,BOASIAN HI/ORICAL P>TICUL>ISM1 & IT IS EV5 MORE TRUE 9 ! ]A ( PO/-/RUCTURALISM4 ,IMPORTANT AS ?IS WAS 9 RESPONSE TO N9ETE5? C5TURY EVOLUTIONISM & ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 ,I W\LD NONE!LESS >GUE ?AT A 0VALUE-FREE0 APPROA* TO ! /UDY ( CULTURE & SOCIETY IS SIMPLY NOT POSSIBLE4 ,:AT !N >E ! VALUES ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY REFLECTS8 ,UN=TUNATELY--& 9EVITABLY1 ,I W\LD ADD1 GIV5 ! LACK ( A CLE> !ORETICAL ORI5TATION--= ! MO/ P>T !Y HAVE BE5 ! VALUES ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 \R [N4 

,BO? CONSCI\SLY & UNCONSCI\SLY AN?ROPOLOGY HAS S]V$ AS A H&MAID5 ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE PROVID$ /RATEGIC 9=MATION = ?OSE :O HAVE EXPLOIT$ & COLONIZ$ ! PEOPLE :OM AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE /UDI$4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 ! E>LIE/ E?NOGRAPH]S W]E NOT ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 BUT RA!R CONQUI/ADORES1 COLONIAL ADM9I/RATORS & ! CL]GY :O ACCOMPANI$ !M4 ,! 9=MATION ?AT !Y PROVID$ WAS US$ TO EXP& & MA9TA9 CONTROL OV] SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLE4 ,9 ! ,U,S,A1 !RE IS ALSO A LONG HI/ORY ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S COLLABORAT+ ) ! MILIT>Y & ! ,C,I,A1 FROM ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ) ! CREATION ( DEP>TM5TS ( >EA /UDIES TO AID ! W> EF=T1 ?R\< ,VIETNAM1 & 9TO \R [N TIME4 ,TO BE SURE1 PR(ESSIONAL AN?ROPOLOGY HAS A CODE ( E?ICS /AT+ ?AT 0PRIOR TO MAK+ ANY PR(ESSIONAL COMMITM5TS1 !Y MU/ REVIEW ! PURPOSES ( EMPLOY]S1 TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! EMPLOY]S PA/ ACTIVITIES & FUTURE GOALS4 ,9 WORK+ = GOV]NM5T AG5CIES OR PRIVATE BUS9ESS !Y %\LD BE ESPECIALLY C>EFUL NOT TO PROMISE OR IMPLY CONDITIONS CONTR>Y TO PR(ESSIONAL E?ICS OR COMPET+ COMMITM5TS40 ,FUR!R1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S 0MU/ CONSID] C>EFULLY ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( 9=MATION !Y DISSEM9ATE40 & !Y 0MU/ BE AL]T TO POSSIBLE H>M !IR 9=MATION MAY CAUSE PEOPLE ) :OM !Y WORK OR !IR COLLEAGUES40 ,?IS E?ICAL CODE WAS T\<5$ 9 #bi 9 REACTION TO ! NEWS ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAD BE5 WORK+ ) ! ,U,S MILIT>Y 9 ,IRAQ & ,AF<ANI/AN1 ?\< IT /ILL DOES NOT EXPLICITLY =BID SECRET RESE>* = ! MILIT>Y OR ! MORE WIDESPREAD--& GR[+--PRACTICE ( UND]TAK+ PROPRIET>Y RESE>* = CORPORATIONS4 ,DESPITE A GR[+ AW>5ESS ( ?IS DIM5SION ( AN?ROPOLOGY1 !SE RELATION%IPS /ILL P]SI/4 ,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ?IS IS CLE>LY ONE ( ! SYMPTOMS ( ! PR(ESSIONAL CRISIS FAC+ AN?ROPOLOGY AS A DISCIPL9E4 

,ASIDE FROM ?OSE :O KN[+LY COLLABORATE1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( ALL TYPES--TRADITIONAL E?NOGRAPH]S1 ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 URBAN /UDIES1 & P>TICUL>LY APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGI/S--F9D !MSELVES S]V+1 WILL+LY OR UNWILL+LY1 AS 0FACT F9D]S0 = ?OSE :O W\LD HOMOG5IZE ! WORLD'S CULTURES1 PROVID+ 9SI<T 9TO BELIEF SY/EMS & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT CAN BE1 & >E1 EASILY US$ BY /ATES & CORPORATE ACTORS TO DEVELOP /RATEGIES = CONTROLL+ & DOM9AT+ ! PEOPLE BE+ /UDI$4 ,ONCE !IR RESE>* IS MADE PUBLIC1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE NO CONTROL OV] H[ IT IS US$4 ,?IS E?ICAL DILEMMA IS UNAVOIDABLE 9 CURR5T AN?ROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE UNLESS ONE CONSCI\SLY DEF9ES ONESELF 9 OPPOSITION TO ! CULTURE ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4 

,GIV5 ! P]VASIVE NATURE ( !SE 9T]RELAT$ CRISES :AT IS ! WAY \T8 ,IS !RE A P]SPECTIVE ?AT CAN HELP AN?ROPOLOGY RE%APE ITSELF AS A COH]5T1 E?ICAL DISCIPL9E ?AT HAS RELEVANCE TO ! CRITICAL PROBLEMS FAC$ BY \R CIVILIZATION & \R PLANET8 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ANSW] IS AN UNEQUIVOCAL YES2 FUR!R1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! ELEM5TS NE$$ = SU* A RE%AP+ >E L>GELY PRES5T 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL TRADITION ITSELF4 ,WE NE$ TO DEVELOP AN AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT IS SELF-CONSCI\S AB\T ITS ROLE 9 BO? OBS]V+ & %AP+ CULTURE1 AN AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT IS BO? CRITICAL & UTOPIAN--9 %ORT1 A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,:]E 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL CORPUS DO WE F9D ! ELEM5TS WE NE$ TO DRAW TOGE!R T[>D ?IS 5D8 ,:AT >E ! PRECONDITIONS = A SYN!SIS8 ,I WI% TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! ELEM5TS WE NE$ CAN BE DRAWN SELECTIVELY FROM ?REE DI/9CT APPROA*ES TO AN?ROPOLOGY3 CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 & P>TICIPATORY ACTION RESE>*4 ,BUT BE=E WE TURN TO A MORE DETAIL$ EXAM9ATION ( H[ WE MI<T CON/ITUTE A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY1 WE MU/ EXPLORE ITS PRECONDITIONS4 

,! ,CRITICAL ,DIM5SION 

,REG>D+ PHILOSOPHY1 ,HEGEL DECL>$ ?AT 0,! [L ( ,M9]VA ALWAYS FLIES AT DUSK40 ,WE MI<T SAY AS MU* ( AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,:Y DO \R 9SI<TS 9TO CULTURES1 !IR VALUES1 !IR ORGANIZATIONAL =MS &1 P>TICUL>LY1 !IR PROCESS ( *ANGE USUALLY COME ONLY AFT] DE/RUCTIVE *ANGE HAS ALREADY OCCURR$8 ,>E WE 9CAPABLE ( PR$ICT+ *ANGES8 ,DO WE FAVOR !M8 ,OR IS IT ?AT WE DO NOT C>E8 ,I W\LD ANSW] NO TO ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS3 ,! [L ( ,M9]VA FLIES AT DUSK BECAUSE ( \R CONCEPTUALIZATION ( AN?ROPOLOGY AS A DESCRIPTIVE1 ANALYTICAL1 & REFLECTIVE DISCIPL9E4 

,?IS IS ( C\RSE NOT MEANT TO SUGGE/ ?AT DESCRIPTION1 ANALYSIS & REFLECTION >E BAD4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y REMA9 NECESS>Y ASPECTS ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL 5T]PRISE1 BUT1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY1 !Y >E NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,9 ORD] TO ADDRESS ! E?ICAL DILEMMA ( AN?ROPOLOGY1 AS 9DICAT$ E>LI]1 WE MU/ />T BY CONSCI\SLY ID5TIFY+ \RSELVES ) ! OBJECTS ( \R /UDY4 ,9 SO DO+ WE TRANSC5D ! DI*OTOMY BETWE5 SUBJECT & OBJECT TO E/ABLI% A RELATION%IP ( 9T]SUBJECTIVITY1 & AN?ROPOLOGY BECOMES NOT ONLY A REFLECTIVE DISCIPL9E BUT ALSO AN 9T]ACTIVE ONE4 ,! CRUCIAL ID5TIFICATION ) ! 0OBJECTS0 ( /UDY & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( TRULY 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATION%IPS >E NECESS>Y COMPON5TS TO 9SURE ?AT ! AN?ROPOLOGY WE PRACTICE IS RECON/RUCTIVE 9 NATURE & NOT SIMPLY AN 9/RUM5TAL APPLICATION ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVES4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE H]E ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY HAS ALWAYS CONC]N$ ITSELF ) HUMANELY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES ?AT FUNCTION 9 A RELATIVELY UNM$IAT$ FA%ION3 ,TYPICAL EXAMPLES >E ! HUNT+ & GA!R+ B&2 PA/ORAL PEOPLES1 BO? NOMADIC & S$5T>Y2 PEASANT F>M+ COMMUNITIES2 &1 MORE REC5TLY1 E?NIC NEI<BORHOODS & SUB-CULTURAL 5CLAVES4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE FOCUS$ ON SOCIETIES & CULTURES :]E FACE-TO-FACE 9T]ACTIONS >E ! DOM9ANT MODE ( RELATION%IP4 ,! V]Y 9TIMACY ( !SE GR\PS MAKES !M MORE APPROA*ABLE1 & MORE CONDUCIVE TO ! PRIM>Y MODE ( RESE>* UTILIZ$ BY CULTURAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ?AT ( P>TICIPATION & OBS]VATION4 ,AS SU*1 !Y ALSO PRES5T SITUATIONS 9 :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO CREATE TRULY 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATION%IPS4 

,!RE EXI/S )9 AN?ROPOLOGY A TRADITION ?AT HAD ALWAYS BE5 BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9T]SUBJECTIVITY4 ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND ID5TIFIES ?IS TRADITION AS 0CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY0 & C\NT]POSES ?IS \TLOOK TO ! 9CREAS+ SCI5TISM ( ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,= ,DIAMOND1 CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY IS CONC]N$ ) ! /UDY ( ! 0PRIMITIVE10 9 ORD] TO ILLUM9ATE \R UND]/&+ ( \RSELVES1 & TO EXP& \R UND]/&+ ( :AT CON/ITUTES ! HUMAN POT5TIAL4 

,! MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGICAL PROJECT1 ,DIAMOND >GUES1 SAW AN E>LY MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS TRADITION 9 ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU'S CONC]N ) 0PRIMITIVE SOCIETY0 & 0MAN 9 NATURE10 & 9 HIS USE ( ! COMP>ATIVE MODEL1 NOTABLY1 ( ! /ATE V]SUS CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,= ,DIAMOND1 ?IS COMP>ATIVE P]SPECTIVE IS ! ESS5CE ( CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,:AT CAN TRADITIONAL CULTURES TELL US AB\T \R [N SOCIETY--ITS ORIG9S & ITS PROSPECTS8 ,DIAMOND CREATES A P>ADIGM HE CALL$ 0! PRIMITIVE_/CIVILIZ$ DI*OTOMY10 ?AT BR+S 9TO BOLD RELIEF ! QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CULTURES ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! PR9CIPLES ( RECIPROCITY1 MUTUALISM & P>TICIPATION1 & ?OSE ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! M>KET1 ! /ATE1 & ! COMP>TM5TALIZATION ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,DIAMOND'S DI*OTOMY--:I* ,I SUGGE/ IS BE/ UND]/OOD AS A CONT9UUM--HELPS US TO BROAD5 \R UND]/&+ ( 0HUMAN NATURE10 OR1 MORE PROP]LY1 HUMAN POT5TIAL1 BY CONTRA/+ ! =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 RANG+ FROM EGALIT>IAN TO AU?ORIT>IAN1 UTILIZ$ BY DIFF]5T CULTURES4 ,DIAMOND %[S H[ V>I\S SOCIAL =MATIONS RE9=CE & REW>D P>TICUL> ASPECTS ( 0HUMAN NATURE0 & DE-VALUE O!RS4 

,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGY !SE CRUCIAL ISSUES W]E FREQU5TLY SUBSUM$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( CULTURAL RELATIVISM4 ,?IS T5D5CY ES*EWS COMP>ISON = A CULTURAL LEVEL+ :I*1 :ILE IT COMBATS RACISM & HELP US TO VALUE ALL CULTURES1 S]VES AT ! SAME TIME TO BL9D US TO ! QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CES ?AT DO EXI/ BETWE5 CULTURES--,I DO NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ A QUALITATIVE RANK+ ( CULTURES H]E1 BUT A RECOGNITION ( !IR QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T EXI/5TIAL EXP]I5CES4 ,DIAMOND1 H[EV]1 9SI/S ?AT A CRITICAL TRADITION 9 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T )9 ! DISCIPL9E4 ,HE ID5TIFIES ?IS TRADITION ) ! WORK ( PEOPLE LIKE ,PAUL ,RAD91 ,M>%AL ,SAHL9S1 ,]IC ,WOLFE1 ,DELL ,HYMES1 ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES1 & O!RS4 ,BY EXT5SION ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( FEM9I/ AN?ROPOLOGY IS P>T ( ?IS TRADITION4 

,CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY CALLS = ! SELF-EXAM9ATION ( ! FIELDWORK] AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL PROJECT4 ,DIAMOND ALSO CALLS = ! CONSCI\S ID5TIFICATION ( ! FIELDWORK] ) HIS OR H] OBJECT ( /UDY--A RADICAL POSITION 9DE$4 ,/ILL1 EV5 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON ?IS ID5TIFICATION1 ! PRAXIS ( CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY REMA9$ PRIM>ILY AN 9TELLECTUAL 5T]PRISE3 IT WAS S*OL>%IP ORI5T$ T[>D AN IMPORTANT 5D--SELF-UND]/&+--BUT /ILL M]ELY S*OL>%IP & AB/RACTLY CONCEPTUAL4 

,DIAMOND'S GOALS W]E EXPLICIT2 HE SAW ! NE$ = 0A CULTURAL TRANS=MATION AS PR(\ND AS ! %IFT FROM ! ,NEOLI?IC TO CIVILIZATION0 & SUGGE/$ ?AT CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S MU/ BECOME P>TISANS 9 /RUGGLES = LIB]ATION & = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,:AT =MS CAN ?IS P>TN]%IP TAKE8 ,:AT1 BEYOND S*OL>%IP1 IS ! PRACTICE ( CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY8 ,H[ DOES CRITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY BECOME 9T]ACTIVE BEYOND ! LEVEL ( !ORY8 

,SURELY1 AN?ROPOLOGY HAS ALWAYS HAD AN 9T]ACTIVE DIM5SION1 AL?\< IT HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 CONSCI\S1 & ONLY 9 R>E CASES HAS IT BE5 CRITICAL4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ?IS 9T]ACTION HAS (F]$ ! USE ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDIES & DATA 9 ! PROCESS ( SUBJUGAT+ & ASSIMILAT+ CULTURES & COMMUNITIES BY ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,(T51 AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E UNCONSCI\S ( ! USES TO :I* !IR RESE>* IS APPLI$1 BUT 9 SOME CASES !RE HAS BE5 CONSCI\S COLLABORATION4 

,MO/ WORK DONE UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY0 PROVIDES NEGATIVE EXAMPLES ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL 9T]ACTION4 ,MO/ APPLI$ WORK OCCURS 9 CONC]T ) ! =CES ( DOM9ATION1 BE !Y CAPITALI/ OR 0SOCIALI/40 ,APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY HAS MITIGAT$ SOME ( ! OV]T BRUTALITY ( ?IS CULTURAL IMP]IALISM BUT IT HAS NONE!LESS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ASSIMILAT+ UNIQUE COMMUNITIES 9TO ! L>G] POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 

,AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT 9T]ACTS ON ! LEVEL ( POLICY DESIGN :I* IS 9T5D$ TO ASSIMILATE TRADITIONAL PEOPLE 9TO MOD]N NATION-/ATES--OR PLANS ! PACIFICATION ( DISSID5T COMMUNITIES--CROSSES ! L9E FROM ! UNCONSCI\SLY TO ! CONSCI\SLY EVIL4 ,AT ?IS LEVEL AN?ROPOLOGY LOSES ITS HUMANI/IC CONT5T1 AS WELL AS ANY PRET5SE ( 0SCI5TIFIC OBJECTIVITY40 ,9 !SE CASES AN?ROPOLOGY HAS BECOME AN 9/RUM5T = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! V]Y ?+ ?AT HAD SU/A9$ IT1 ! ULTIMATE P>ASITE4 

,AS CURR5TLY CON/ITUT$1 MU* ( APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY FALLS 9TO ?IS CATEGORY4 ,IT HAS LACK$ BO? CRITICAL CONT5T & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! WORK ( APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY HAS TO BE REORI5T$ T[>D ! SUPPORT ( TRADITIONAL1 ALT]NATIVE1 & OPPOSITIONAL CULTURAL MOVEM5TS--ALL ( :I* >E UND] ASSAULT BY ! =CES ( DOM9ATION & HOMOG5EITY4 ,IF APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY IS TO PROVIDE ELEM5TS = A RECON/RUCTIVE SYN!SIS ITS 9T5TIONALITY MU/ BE 9V]T$4 ,WE MU/ CREATE A CRITICAL APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT ID5TIFIES ) ! CULTURE UND] ASSAULT1 HELPS TO DEVELOP /RATEGIES = CULTURAL SURVIVAL1 & EXP&S RESI/ANCE RA!R ?AN ADAPTATION & ASSIMILATION4 

,P>TICIPATORY ,ACTION & ,COMMUNITY 

,!RE IS A ME?ODOLOGY ?AT EXPLICITLY REQUIRES SU* A LEVEL ( 5GAGEM5T3 P>TICIPATORY ACTION RESE>*4 ,?IS IS A COLLABORATIVE PROCESS 9 :I* ! RESE>*] WORKS ACTIVELY ) COMMUNITY MEMB]S TO EXAM9E PROBLEMS 9 !IR COMMUNITY ?AT !Y WI% TO ADDRESS1 & DEVELOP ACTION 9 ORD] TO *ANGE OR IMPROVE !M4 ,IT REQUIRES CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ALL RELEVANT POLITICAL1 CULTURAL1 HI/ORICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO CREAT+ ! PROBLEM4 ,AS ! NAME 9DICATES1 P>TICIPATORY ACTION RESE>* IS A PROCESS ( ACTION AS MU* AS IT IS A PROCESS ( DESCRIPTION1 ANALYSIS1 & REFLECTION3 IT CON/ITUTES AN ONGO+ PRAXIS1 AN ACTION ?AT IS ANALYZ$1 MODIFI$1 & !N R$EPLOY$4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S %\LD ALLY !MSELVES ) A P>TICUL> COMMUNITY AS A RES\RCE = ?AT COMMUNITY4 ,!Y MU/ %>E !IR 9SI<T ) ! COMMUNITY1 HELP+ PEOPLE TO ANALYZE & 9T]PRET !IR [N SITUATION ) ! EXPLICIT GOAL ( MA9TA9+ OR P]HAPS RECON/RUCT+ CULTURAL TRADITIONS ?AT SUPPORT ! CULTURAL 9TEGRITY ( ?AT COMMUNITY4 ,AS ,I SEE IT1 RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY MU/ 5GAGE 9 ! PLANN+ PROCESS AS WELL3 NOT BY IMPLEM5T+ ! TOP-D[N PLANN+ ME*ANISMS ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 BUT RA!R BY 5C\RAG+ & TAK+ P>T 9 A P>TICIPATORY PLANN+ PROCESS 9 :I* ! COMMUNITY ITSELF DET]M9ES ITS FUTURE DIRECTION4 ,?IS PROCESS MU/ !RE=E1 9 P>T1 BE AN $UCATIONAL 5DEAVOR ?AT HELPS TO 5SURE ?AT A COMMUNITY TAKES CONSCI\S1 CRITICAL *OICES AB\T ITS FUTURE4 ,PAOLO ,FREIRE1 :O HAS DONE MU* TO 9SPIRE ?IS P>TICIPATORY APPROA*1 DESCRIBES 9 HIS ,P$AGOGY ( ! ,OPPRESS$ H[ A COMMUNITY CAN LE>N ITS WAY TOGE!R TO DEAL ) PROBLEMS4 ,SU* A PROCESS 9V]TS ! USUAL PLANN+ ME*ANISMS 9 :I* APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY PLAYS A ROLE4 

,9 LI<T ( ?IS1 ! 9VOLVEM5T ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9 !SE COMMUNITIES & !IR /RUGGLES HAS ANO!R IMPORTANT DIM5SION AS WELL3 TO FULLY ECLIPSE ! SUBJECT_/OBJECT DI*OTOMY IT IS NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% ACTIVE SOLID>ITY4 ,RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY MU/ BE ROOT$ 9 5GAGEM5T &--IF 9T]SUBJECTIVITY IS TO BE CREAT$--RECIPROCITY4 ,H]E ,I DO NOT MEAN ! PAYM5T ( 09=MANTS0 = !IR TIME & 9=MATION1 NOR A R$UCTIVE QUID PRO QUO1 BUT RA!R ! DEEP] S5SE ( RECIPROCITY1 AS EXPRESS$ BY TRADITIONAL PEOPLE3 ACTIVE 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! LIVES & /RUGGLES ( ?OSE ) :OM WE WORK4 ,9DE$1 RECIPROCITY 9 ! DEEPE/ S5SE IS NOT AN ECONOMIC =M3 IT IS NOT A RELATION%IP ( EX*ANGE1 BAS$ ON ! CALCULATION ( RETURN-9-K9D4 ,IT IS MUTUALI/IC1 GR[+ \T ( A S5SIBILITY ( SOLID>ITY--AN ORGANIC 9T]RELATION%IP 9 :I* ! ACTION ( EA* SUPPORTS ! O!R--& A RECOGNITION ?AT ! :OLE IS GREAT] ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 ,SU* MUTUALISM1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 IS A VITAL PR9CIPLE3 ANY?+ LESS IS P>ASITIC & PAT]NALI/IC1 AS ! TRAJECTORY ( AN?ROPOLOGY HAS %[N4 ,ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE TRADITIONALLY BUILT !IR C>E]S FROM WORK ) 0!IR PEOPLE0 & RETURN$ LITTLE OR NO?+4,! 9T]ACTION ( AN?ROPOLOGY & ! PROCESS ( CULTURAL & COMMUNITY RECON/RUCTION ALSO HAS IMPLICATIONS = ! PR(ESSIONAL CRISIS 9 AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL TRA9+ %\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ TO USE 9 ! CLASSROOM OR PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( /ATE & CORPORATE 5TITIES4 ,! WORK ( ! RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGI/ LIES 9 ! WORLD--9 COMMUNITIES & NEI<BORHOODS :]E PEOPLE >E /RUGGL+ TO CONTROL !IR LIVES4 ,! RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGI/ MAY HAVE TO LOOK BEYOND ! TRADITIONAL AV5UES ( EMPLOYM5T1 BUT ! OPPORTUNITIES TO ACTIVELY PRACTICE RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY >E NUM]\S4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS A CALL+1 NOT A N>R[ VOCATION4 ,! S5SIBILITY ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY DEM&S PRAXIS4 

,PRAXIS1 TO BE COMPLETE1 IS NOT CONF9$ TO ACTION1 H[EV]1 OR EV5 ACTION 9=M$ BY AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT REQUIRES ACTION 9 A DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP ) A !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVE3 A FLUID C\PL+ 9 :I* EA* COMPON5T CONSI/5TLY 9T]ACTS ) & RE%APES ! O!R4 ,= ! RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA* TO BECOME A POT5T =CE 9 ! WORLD WE NE$ TO OV]COME NOT ONLY ! E?ICAL & PR(ESSIONAL CRISIS 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 BUT ! !ORETICAL CRISIS AS WELL4 ,IF WE BELIEVE ?AT A CRITICAL APPROA* IS NE$$ TO ADDRESS ! BASIC ORI5TATION ( AN?ROPOLOGY & ?AT A CRITICAL APPLI$ AN?ROPOLOGY CAN OP5 CREATIVE PA?S = DEAL+ ) PR(ESSIONAL LIMITATIONS1 :]E CAN WE TURN = AN ADEQUATE GR\ND+ 9 !ORY8 

,! ,PROMISE ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

,:ILE !RE >E A MYRIAD ( !ORIES ?AT HAVE UTILITY = SPECIFIC QUE/IONS RAIS$ 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 ONE \TLOOK PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK ?AT ADDRESSES ! MAJOR ISSUES ) REAL COH]5CE & CONSI/5CY3 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! !ORETICAL 9SI<TS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY >E UNIQUELY SUIT$ TO ! NEW SYN!SIS REQUIR$ IF A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY IS TO EM]GE4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY MU/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! R$UCTIVE CULTURAL MAT]IALISM1 CULTURAL ECOLOGY & O!R SU* =MS ( 0ECOLOGICAL0 !ORY CURR5TLY 9 VOGUE 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY FOCUSES ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE2 9DE$ IT POSITS ?IS RELATION%IP AS C5TRAL = CULTURAL *ANGE1 BUT 9 A MULTIL9EAL FA%ION ?AT 9TEGRATES NONMAT]IAL ELEM5TS 9TO ! CAUSAL MIX4 ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS TORM5T$ BY ITS CONFLICTS BETWE5 SCI5CE & ! HUMANITIES4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9 ITS NUANC$ CONCEPTS ( 0FIR/0 & 0SECOND0 NATURE1 /RIKES A BALANCE BETWE5 ! TWO DOMA9S1 BY EMPHASIZ+ ! ROLE ( NATURAL EVOLUTION--:AT IT CALLS 0FIR/ NATURE0--9 CREAT+ ! BIOLOGICAL BASIS = HUMAN LIFE & COMMUNITY1 & ! GRADUAL EM]G5CE \T ( FIR/ NATURE ( A RANGE ( CULTURAL FACTORS ?AT1 :ILE /ILL A PRODUCT ( FIR/ NATURE1 REPRES5T A QUALITATIVE *ANGE--A 0SECOND NATURE0--?AT ALL[S A CULTURE TO ALT] DIRECTION DRAMATICALLY 9 LESS ?AN A G5]ATION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AT ITS MO/ PR(\ND LEVEL1 (F]S !SE 9SI<TS NOT AS A RIGID IDEOLOGY OR DOGMA1 BUT RA!R AS A FRAMEWORK = 9QUIRY ?AT IS EXPLICITLY ORI5T$ T[>D REH>MONIZ+ PEOPLE'S RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,FUR!R1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY SUGGE/S AN E?ICS ?AT CAN 9=M DECISIONS AB\T ! K9D ( COMMITM5TS ?AT RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGI/S MAKE4 

,A RECURR+ !ME 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE & ! DOM9ATION ( PEOPLE4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ! =EMO/ !ORI/ ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 SEES ! ELIM9ATION ( ! DOM9ATION ( PEOPLE BY O!R PEOPLE AS A PRECONDITION = ! REH>MONIZATION ( PEOPLE & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,! !ORY EXAM9ES & EVALUATES COSMOLOGY1 TE*NICS1 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS1 & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AS CAUSAL FACTORS 9 ! DIALECTICS ( CULTURE & NATURE4 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY IS CONC]N$ ) ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT EXPLICATES \R CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION'S DE/RUCTIVE RELATION%IPS TO BO? ! NATURAL WORLD & ! SOCIAL WORLD 9 ORD] TO SUGGE/ RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA*ES4 ,?IS !ORY ATTEMPTS TO PRES5T A CRITICAL & UTOPIAN VIEW ?AT CAN HELP US MAKE S5SE ( ! WORLD1 & SUGGE/S ! TRANSC5D5TAL DIM5SION 9H]5T 9 A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,UNLIKE VULG> V>IANTS ( ECOLOGICAL !ORY1 SU* AS CULTURAL MAT]IALISM1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS COH]5T )\T BE+ S*EMATIC OR DOGMATIC4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT EMPHASIZES ! UNIQU5ESS ( EA* CULTURE IT EXAM9ES & HAS AN EXPLICITLY LIBRATORY 9T5T4 ,UND]/OOD AS AN OP5 SY/EM ( 9QUIRY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S FRAMEWORK HAS PROV5 9VALUABLE = ME1 & MANY O!RS4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS ALSO AN EVOLV+ !ORY & HAS MANY GAPS :I* AN?ROPOLOGY CAN HELP TO ADDRESS4 

,BY FOCUS+ ON ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS 9 BO? ! REALM ( NATURE & CULTURE1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY PRES5TS A P>ADIGM ?AT ILLUM9ATES PREHI/ORY & CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,IT DEMON/RATES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LATT] \T ( ! =M]1 BUT IT DOES SO 9 A CRITICAL MANN] ?AT CALLS 9TO QUE/ION ! PRESUPPOSITIONS ( PROGRESS & L9E>ITY ?AT UND]LIE CIVILIZATION'S S5SE ( ITS [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY CONSCI\SLY ADDRESSES ! MO/ PRESS+ PROBLEMS FAC+ ! PLANET--! DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION ( PEOPLE & CULTURES1 POLLUTION1 RES\RCE DEPLETION1 AGRICULTURAL COLLAPSE1 DE/RUCTIVE PATT]NS ( DEVELOPM5T1 TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM1 CLIMATE *ANGE1 & ! ?REAT ( NUCLE> W>--ALL FROM AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,9DE$1 AS ,I SEE IT1 IT CON/ITUTES ! !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVE NE$$ TO =MALIZE A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY SUGGE/S ?AT ! CREATIVE HUMAN 5T]PRISE1 :5 9=M$ BY A CONSCI\S UND]/&+ ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 CULTURE & NATURE1 CAN CREATE A NEW LEVEL ( CULTURE1 PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM \R CURR5T CIVILIZATION1 FREE FROM HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 & 9 H>MONY ) ! O!R SPECIES ON ?IS PLANET4 

,! E?ICS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY >E D]IV$ FROM AN 9T]PRETATION ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AT EMPHASIZES ! ROLE ( NON-HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 MUTUALISM1 UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 HOMEO/ASIS1 SPONTANEITY1 & EV] GREAT] DEGREES ( CONSCI\SNESS & FRE$OM 9 ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS3 IT SUGGE/S ?AT !SE SAME PR9CIPLES MU/ BE DEVELOP$ AS AN E?ICAL BASIS = ACTION 9 ! SOCIAL REALM IF WE >E TO EV] A*IEVE A HEAL?Y1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,! E?ICS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?US PROVIDE A P[]FUL SET ( E?ICAL GUIDEL9ES = ! WORK ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,T[>D A ,RECON/RUCTIVE ,AN?ROPOLOGY 

,:AT1 !N1 >E ! IMPLICATIONS ( A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY8 ,:AT >E ! CONCRETE TASKS ?AT PRACTITION]S ( SU* AN APPROA* MI<T UND]TAKE8 ,NOT UNLIKE ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGY1 A PRIM>Y TASK ( ! RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA* IS ! DEL9EATION ( ! PROCESS ( CULTURAL EVOLUTION ) P>TICUL> EMPHASIS ON ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION & ! /ATE4 ,RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY MU/ EXAM9E ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 RELATION TO P>TICUL> CULTURES &1 DEP>T+ SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGY1 MU/ DO SO ) ! EXPLICIT GOAL NOT ONLY ( EXPLICATION BUT ALSO ( TRANS=MATION4 ,BEYOND (F]+ 9SI<T 9TO ! ROOTS ( CLASS /RATIFICATION & /ATE =MATION1 IT MU/ CONSCI\SLY L9K ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ ) ! PROJECT ( HUMAN LIB]ATION & ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION BY SUGGE/+ CONCRETE ALT]NATIVES TO CONTEMPOR>Y HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS & ECOLOGICALLY DE/RUCTIVE SOCIAL PRACTICES4 ,AS SU*1 RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS A P]SPECTIVE & A PROJECT ?AT TRANSC5DS ! GIV5 ( A N>R[LY DEF9$ HUMAN NATURE 9 ORD] TO1 9 ! WORDS ( AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,DAVID ,GRAEB]1 0UND]/& ! HUMAN CONDITION & MOVE IT 9 ! DIRECTION ( GREAT] FRE$OM40 

,?IS CONC]N MU/ BE FULLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! =MS ?AT ! PRACTICE ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY TAKES3 ,FIR/ ( ALL 9 ! CONT5T ( \R /UDIES1 :I* FOCUS ON QUE/IONS ( SIGNIFICANCE TO A ECOLOGICAL & EMANCIPATORY P]SPECTIVE1 AS WELL AS 9 ! 9T5TIONALITY ( \R WORK1 :I* IMPLIES ACTIVE COLLABORATION ) COMMUNITIES & MOVEM5TS WORK+ = ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ HUMAN LIB]ATION4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE MANIFE/ 9 \R FOCUS ON 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATION%IPS RA!R ?AN ! CLASSICAL DI*OTOMY BETWE5 SUBJECT & OBJECT4 ,AS ,I SEE IT1 A CONC]N ) HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION IS BY NO MEANS ! ONLY APPROPRIATE TOPIC = 9VE/IGATION1 BUT IT MU/ BE 9TEGRAT$ FULLY 9TO A P]SPECTIVE ?AT 9=MS \R WORK AS A :OLE4 

,9 A WORLD ( 9CREAS+LY FRAGM5T$ BITS ( KN[L$GE1 RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY (F]S A HOLI/IC FRAMEWORK = ANALYSIS1 CRITIQUE & PRAXIS4 ,?AT FRAMEWORK CAN BE US$ TO EXPLORE P>TICUL> PROBLEMS ( CONC]N TO A GIV5 COMMUNITY3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION1 L& RE=M1 FAMILY RELATIONS1 HEAL? C>E1 TE*NOLOGY DIFFUSION1 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM5T2 9DE$1 ! LI/ CAN 5COMPASS EV]Y ASPECT ( A CULTURE4 ,BUT ! ME?OD ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY REQUIRES AN 9TEGRATIVE APPROA* ?AT PLACES ! P>TICUL> PROBLEM EXAM9$ )9 A MULTI-CAUSAL MATRIX 9 DIALECTICAL T5SION ) ! :OLE ( ! CULTURE4 

,! ME?OD PROCE$S ?R\< DI/9CT /AGES ( ANALYSIS & ACTION3 !RE >E CULTURAL & HI/ORICAL RESE>* & REFLECTION1 ANALYSIS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y SITUATION1 CRITIQUE1 PLANN+ & DEVELOPM5T ( ALT]NATIVE MODELS1 ACTION & IMPLEM5TATION1 EVOLUTION1 9CORPORATION ( EXP]I5CE 9TO NEW !ORETICAL MODELS1 & FUR!R ACTION--ALL PROMPT$ BY P>TICIPATION AS WELL AS OBS]VATION4 ,! ME?OD MU/ BE P>TICIPATORY & 9CLUSIVE1 :]E ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ S]VES AS A RES\RCE &1 TO ! EXT5T POSSIBLE1 AS A CATALY/ ?R\<\T ! PROCESS4 ,?IS 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATION%IP PROVIDES A BASIS ( LOVE1 TRU/1 & MUTUAL RESPECT NECESS>Y = AN EFFECTIVE RECON/RUCTIVE PRAXIS4 

,IT IS SURELY A DEP>TURE FROM 0OBJECTIVE0 SCI5TIFIC APPROA*ES ( AN?ROPOLOGY TO ASK = LOVE1 TRU/ & MUTUAL RESPECT AS 9H]5T ME?ODOLOGICAL COMPON5TS = PRAXIS4 ,H[EV]1 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT !SE QUALITIES >E NECESS>Y P>TS ( ANY PROCESS ?AT HOPES TO *ANGE ! BASIC NATURE ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,)\T !SE UND]LY+ E?ICAL RELATION%IPS1 NO AU!NTIC CULTURAL RECON/RUCTION CAN OCCUR4 ,I CALL = !IR DEVELOPM5T & IMPLEM5TATION NOT AS AB/RACT CONCEPTS BUT AS CRUCIAL EXI/5TIAL REALITY1 AS AN E?ICAL S5SIBILITY ?AT CAN PROVIDE GR\ND+ = ! WORK ( RECON/RUCTION4 

,! ME?ODOLOGY ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY SUGGE/S ?AT ! MO/ APPROPRIATE PLACE = ! RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGI/ TO WORK IS 9 HIS OR H] [N CULTURE--P]HAPS EV5 HIS OR H] [N COMMUNITY4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 ! !ORY ( ! 0M>G9AL MAN0 AS AG5T ( CULTURAL *ANGE1 PROPOS$ BY ,L\IS ,WIR? ( ! ,*ICAGO ,S*OOL1 BE>S EXAM9ATION4 

,WIR? SUGGE/$ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL ) A FOOT 9 TWO CULTURES1 ! P]SON :O IS AT ! M>G9S ( HIS OR H] [N SOCIETY & HAS EXP]I5C$ A CULTURE =EIGN TO HIM OR H]1 IS ! ONE :O IS MO/ EFFECTIVE AT 9TRODUC+ NEW CONCEPTS & CULTURAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,GR[+ \T ( CULTURAL CROSS-F]TILIZATION1 SU* M>G9AL 9DIVIDUALS EXHIBIT A G5IUS = CULTURAL EXP]IM5TATION1 & YET !Y >E FAMILI> 5\< ) ! EXI/5T CONDITIONS TO BE SOCIALLY CREATIVE4 

,ULTIMATELY1 :O IS MORE M>G9AL ?AN ! AN?ROPOLOGI/8 ,AN?ROPOLOGY IS ITSELF A M>G9AL DISCIPL9E )9 ! ACADEMY4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O *OOSE TO /UDY AN?ROPOLOGY >E NOTORI\S = !IR IDIOSYNCRATIC BEHAVIOR & !IR SOCIAL M>G9ALITY1 & !Y (T5 COME FROM MULTICULTURAL BACKGR\NDS OR HAVE HAD MULTICULTURAL EXP]I5CES4 ,& ?IS P]SONAL M>G9ALITY IS RE9=C$ FUR!R BY ! /UDY ( AN?ROPOLOGY3 9DE$ SOLIDIFI$ BY ! FIELD EXP]I5CE--UNIQUE TO AN?ROPOLOGY--( BE+ A P>TICIPANT_/OBS]V]4 ,?OSE DRAWN TO RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY FUR!R CONFIRM !IR M>G9AL /ATUS BY *OOS+ A M>G9AL--PRACTICALLY NON-EXI/5T--TRAJECTORY )9 A M>G9AL DISCIPL9E4 ,! RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGI/ SEEMS TO BE ! M>G9AL P]SON P> EXCELL5CE &1 IF ,WIR? IS CORRECT1 POT5TIALLY AN EFFECTIVE AG5T = CULTURAL *ANGE4 

,!RE >E AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( PEOPLE /UDY+ AN?ROPOLOGY :O COME FROM COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE TRADITIONALLY BE5 ! SUBJECTS ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL RESE>*4 ,SOME1 LIKE MY LATE FRI5D ,JOHN ,MOHAWK 9 ! ,AKWASAS5EE ,MOHAWK COMMUNITY1 OR ,GU/AVO ,E/EVE WORK+ 9 ,OAXACA1 HAVE BE5 ABLE TO APPLY !IR AN?ROPOLOGICAL UND]/&+ 9 RECON/RUCTIVE PROJECTS 9 !IR [N COMMUNITIES4 ,?IS 5C\RAG+ DEVELOPM5T SUGGE/S TO ME ?AT ONE GOAL ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY %\LD BE $UCAT+ MORE PEOPLE FROM DIV]SE BACKGR\NDS 9 ! !ORIES & TE*NIQUES ( ! RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA*4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE PRACTITION]S WILL BE ?OSE :O WORK 9 !IR [N COMMUNITIES4 

,! M>G9AL /ANCE ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY IS FUR!R 5HANC$ BY ! NE$ = ITS PRACTITION]S TO DEVELOP A PROP5SITY = :AT ,PAUL ,GOODMAN CALL$ 0UTOPIAN ?9K+0--! ABILITY TO PROJECT BEYOND ! GIV5 TO :AT C\LD BE4 ,?IS CONCEPTUALIZATION ( :AT C\LD BE CANNOT REMA9 AN 9DIVIDUAL VISION4 ,IT NE$S TO BE TEAS$ \T BY MEANS ( A P>TICIPATORY COMMUNAL PROCESS ?AT EVOKES ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! COMMUNITIES WE WORK )4 ,IT CANNOT BE A 0BLUEPR9T0--IT MU/ GR[ \T ( A UTOPIAN PROCESS1 9DE$ \T ( ! PRAXIS ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY AS SU*1 9 ALL ( ITS EXI/5TIAL & E?ICAL WEAL? ( EXP]I5CE4 

,9 SOME CASES AN?ROPOLOGI/S MAY PLAY A !RAPEUTIC SOCIAL ROLE1 AID+ A GIV5 COMMUNITY OR CULTURE TO TRANSC5D ! =CES ( FRAGM5TATION ?AT CONTRIBUTE TO CULTURAL NEUROSIS & PSY*OSIS4 ,?IS IS ALMO/ ANALOG\S TO ! ROLE ?AT ! PSY*O!RAPI/ PLAYS 9 RELATION TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY MU/ BE 9=M$ BY A RADICAL E?ICAL 9T5TIONALITY--NOT AN ADAPTIVE ONE--9 ORD] TO CREATE :OL5ESS & 9TEGRITY3 ! V]Y 9TEGRATION ?AT IS ! HALLM>K ( TRADITIONAL CULTURES4 

,9 ?IS WAY AN?ROPOLOGI/S DRAWS ON CROSS-CULTURAL1 TRAN%I/ORICAL 9SI<TS TO EXTRACT PR9CIPLES NECESS>Y = ! CREATION ( HEAL?Y COMMUNITIES & F9ALLY1 ?R\< A PROCESS ( DIALECTICAL TRANS=MATION1 RE9TEGRATES ?OSE PR9CIPLES 9TO ! 9/ITUTIONS & RELATION%IPS ( HIS OR H] [N COMMUNITY4 ,?IS PROCESS CAN OCCUR ?R\< ! RE9=CEM5T ( /ILL-EXI/+ TRADITIONS1 ?R\< ! REVITALIZATION ( VE/IGIAL =MS1 OR EV5 ?R\< ! CREATION ( NEW 9/ITUTIONAL1 ORGANIZATIONAL1 & RELATIONAL =MS4 

,DEC5TRALIZATION & ,HUMAN ,SCALE 

,RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY IS BY NECESSITY ROOT$ 9 DEC5TRALIZATION & AN APPRECIATION ( HUMAN SCALE4 ,A GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE MU/ 9=M ! CONC]NS ( RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY1 BUT ITS PRACTICAL APPROA* MU/ PROCE$ LOCALLY--AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL--IF ! TRANS=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T IS TO BE AU!NTIC4 ,COMMUNITY CAN ONLY BE BUILT & SU/A9$ ?R\< P>TICIPATION2 IT RE/S ON PRIM>Y RELATION%IPS1 & ON FACE TO FACE TIES1 :I* REQUIRE A HUMAN SCALE4 ,TO BE SURE1 HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! SUBJECT ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL REFLECTION3 ,AN?ROPOLOGY--EV5 ACADEMIC AN?ROPOLOGY--HAS ALWAYS CLAIM$ ?IS T]RA9 AS ITS [N1 & IT REPRES5TS A VITAL P>T ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL TRADITION :I* MU/ BE RETA9$ BY ! RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA*4 ,! 0LITTLE COMMUNITY10 ! VILLAGE1 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & ! 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITY3 !SE >E ! REALMS ( ACTION = RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,COMMUNITY PROVIDES ! BASIS = CULTURAL & ECOLOGICAL REVITALIZATION & *ANGE4 

,!SE >E AT LEA/ ?REE BROAD >EAS 9 :I* RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY MU/ BE PRACTIC$4 ,FIR/1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 WE MU/ WORK ) TRIBAL & TRADITIONAL CULTURES CONFRONT$ BY ! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( MOD]NITY4 ,SECOND1 WE MU/ VITALIZE COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T EF=TS 9 EXI/+ COMMUNITIES4 ,F9ALLY1 WE MU/ /IMULATE ! CREATION ( NEW 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES & ALT]NATIVE WAYS ( LIV+4 ,:ILE ! EXAMPLES >E FEW & F> BETWE51 EXCIT+ WORK IS CURR5TLY DONE 9 ALL ( !SE >EAS ?AT RELATES TO ! E?ICAL FRAMEWORK SUGGE/$ = A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY4 

,RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY HOLDS GREAT PROMISE4 ,:ILE AN?ROPOLOGY AS A DISCIPL9E ATTEMPTS TO TAKE A 0VALUE-FREE0 APPROA*1 ! GOAL ( A RECON/RUCTIVE AN?ROPOLOGY IS TO 5GAGE ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 TO /IMULATE ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION 9 ORD] TO HELP 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( ! HUMAN POT5TIAL1 & TO PROVIDE A RECON/RUCTIVE1 E?ICAL BASIS = HUMAN COMMUNITY4 

,A,L,T,],N,A,T,I,V,E ,T,E,*,N,O,L,O,G,Y ,& ,U,R,B,A,N ,R,E,C,O,N,/,R,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,WE >E LIV+ 9 ! NEW ]A ( 0GRE540 ,GRE5 TE*NOLOGIES LIKE SOL>1 W9D1 BIOMASS1 & CO-G5]ATION >E BE+ PRES5T$ AS ! SOLUTION TO CLIMATE *ANGE1 \R DEP5D5CE ON =EIGN OIL1 & ! ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT GRE5 JOBS >E ! JOBS ( ! FUTURE4 ,IDEAS & TE*NOLOGIES ?AT W]E ONCE ! PROV9CE ( RADICAL ECOLOGI/S & ! C\NT]CULTURE HAVE 5T]$ ! MA9/REAM1 & L>GE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS >E SCRAMBL+ TO JUMP ABO>D ! B&WAGON4 ,B,P1 =M]LY ,BRITI% ,PETROLEUM1 REC5TLY M>KET$ ITSELF AS 0,BEYOND ,PETROLEUM40 ,GRE5WA%+ IS ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 

0,GRE5 ,CITIES0 >E ALL ! RAGE4 ,! NEW 9T]E/ 91 & POLICY %IFT T[>D 5C\RAG+ ! USE ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES1 LIKE SOL> 5]GY & W9D P[]1 9 URBAN 5VIRONM5TS--ALONG ) A GR[+ EMPHASIS ON URBAN F>M+1 5]GY EFFICI5CY1 GRE5 >*ITECTURE1 GRE5 PLANN+1 & ALL ?+S LOCAL--IS UNPREC$5T$4 ,OR IS IT8 

,9 ! LATE #a#i#gS ! ,HISPANIC SECTION ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 KN[N TO ITS ,PU]TO ,RICAN ,RESID5TS AS ,LOISAIDA1 GRASSROOTS EF=TS AT COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T UTILIZ$ ALL ( !SE APPROA*ES & MORE4 ,9 LI<T ( ! NEWF\ND EMPHASIS ON GRE5 TE*NOLOGY AS ! =CE ?AT WILL MOVE US 9TO ! FUTURE1 !SE REM>KABLE EF=TS SEEM PRESCI5T1 & FUR!R EXAM9ATION MI<T PROVE 9/RUCTIVE4 

,I WAS PRIVILEG$ TO BE A P>T ( !SE EXP]IM5TS1 ?R\< MY WORK ) ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 7,I,S,E71 & MY 9VOLVEM5T ) ,*,>,A,S1 A GR\P ( Y\NG ACTIVI/S & COMMUNITY ORGANIZ]S :O PLAY$ A CRITICAL ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,LOISAIDA4 ,I FIR/ BECAME AW>E ( ?IS WORK 9 #aigd :5 ,I ORGANIZ$ A CONF]5CE ON URBAN ALT]NATIVES 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,WE BR\<T TOGE!R URBAN ACTIVI/S & GRE5 TE*NOLOGY 9NOVATORS LIKE ,JOHN ,TODD ( ! ,NEW ,AL*EMY ,9/ITUTE1 ,K>L ,HESS FROM ! ,ADAMS-,MORGAN NEI<BORHOOD 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,MILTON ,KOTL]1 AU?OR ( ,NEI<BORHOOD ,GOV]NM5T1 W9D 5]GY DEVELOP] ,T$ ,F9*1 & URBAN G>D5] ,TESSA ,HUXLEY4 ,FOLL[+ ! CONF]5CE ,I WAS APPROA*$ BY GRASSROOTS ACTIVI/S FROM ,LOISAIDA & ASK$ IF ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY C\LD PROVIDE TE*NICAL & PROGRAM PLANN+ ASSI/ANCE4 

,! ,I,S,E WORK$ ON A V>IETY ( PROJECTS ) ! #a#a? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T1 ! ,CULTURAL ,UND]/&+ & ,NEI<BORHOOD ,DEVELOPM5T ,ORGANIZATION 7,C,U,&,O71 & ,*,>,A,S1 HELP+ 9 PLANN+ ( PROGRAMS & ! DESIGN ( SPECIFIC PROJECTS RELAT$ TO SOL> 5]GY1 W9D P[]1 AQUACULTURE1 & URBAN G>D5+4 ,I WAS LIV+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK AT ! TIME1 & BEGAN TO WORK 9T5SELY ) ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE GR\PS AS A VOLUNTE] CONSULTANT4 ,WE DEVELOP$ A RELATION%IP ( RECIPROCITY1 :]E GR\PS ( ,I,S,E /UD5TS CAME TO ,NEW ,YORK TO HELP ) PROJECTS 9 ,LOISAIDA1 & MEMB]S ( ! ,LOISAIDA GR\PS CAME TO ,V]MONT TO HELP US ) \R PROJECTS4 ,AN 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATION%IP BAS$ 9 SOLID>ITY1 MUTUAL RESPECT1 & AFFECTION DEVELOP$ :I* =G$ /RONG RELATION%IPS ?AT P]SI/ TO ?IS DAY4 

,AS MY 9VOLVEM5T DEEP5$ ,I BECAME FASC9AT$ ) ! PROJECTS & CONV9C$ ( !IR IMPORTANCE AS AN APPLICATION ( MANY ( ! IDEAS & TE*NOLOGIES ?AT WE WORK$ ) AT ! ,I,S,E4 ,I WAS /UDY+ ,CULTURAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY AT ! ,NEW ,S*OOL = ,SOCIAL ,RESE>* & ,I DECID$ TO WRITE MY DOCTORAL DISS]TATION AB\T ,LOISAIDA4 ,MY !SIS FOCUS$ ON ! ROLE ( ALT]NATIVE OR GRE5 TE*NOLOGY 9 GRASSROOTS EF=TS AT ,LOISAIDA'S NEI<BORHOOD RECON/RUCTION4 ,! RECON/RUCTION UND]TAK5 WAS BO? CULTURAL & PHYSICAL4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,LOISAIDA W]E PEOPLE 9 TRANSITION1 SEEK+ A NEW1 ECOLOGICAL LIFE/YLE4 ,IT WAS A CULTURAL EXPRESSION ) MANY S\RCES3 ROOT$ 9 A /RONG TRADITIONAL ,PU]TO ,RICAN CULTURE1 IT WAS AN ADAPTATION TO ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 ! <ETTO1 & ALSO A RESPONSE TO ! MASS CULTURE ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT WAS AN EXP]IM5T 9 URBAN SURVIVAL4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ,LOISAIDA HAS MU* TO TEA* US ALL4 ,:ILE ,I WAS ABLE TO (F] 9SI<TS & BR+ SKILLS TO ! PROCESS1 ,I READILY ADMIT ?AT ,I LE>N$ MU* MORE ?AN ,I TAU<T4 

,ALT]NATIVE ,TE*NOLOGY 

,A GR\P ( ,LOISAIDA RESID5TS WAS ! FIR/ L[-9COME GR\P ( URBAN DWELL]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO ATTEMPT UTILIZ+ ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( !IR COMMUNITY4 ,!Y US$ ECOLOGICALLY S\ND ORGANIC G>D5+ & AQUACULTURE TE*NIQUES TO RE9TRODUCE FOOD PRODUCTION TO ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,!Y DEVELOP$ L[-CO/ WAYS TO USE SOL> 5]GY TO MEET !IR 5]GY NE$S1 & !Y BEGAN TO RECYCLE ! WA/ES ?AT LITT]$ !IR NEI<BORHOOD 9TO RES\RCES = DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y PIONE]$ ! TRANS=MATION ( AB&ON$ BUILD+S 9TO AF=DABLE T5ANT-[N$ COOP]ATIVE H\S+ ?R\< ! PROCESS ( URBAN HOME/EAD+4 ,ULTIMATELY1 !Y BEGAN TO CREATE =MS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?R\< :I* !Y TRI$ TO REGA9 CONTROL ( !IR LIVES & NEI<BORHOOD4 

,! ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#gS & '#hS WAS L>GELY ! PROV9CE ( MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE ( A C\NT]-CULTURAL P]SUASION4 ,! 9VOLVEM5T ( ?IS L[-9COME1 MO/LY ,PU]TO ,RICAN COMMUNITY WAS 9DE$ A SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5T4 

,DUR+ ?AT P]IOD TE*NOLOGIES BAS$ ON UTILIZ+ R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES W]E KN[N BY A V>IETY ( NAMES3 RADICAL1 S(T1 ALT]NATIVE1 OR APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 G5]AL1 !Y W]E UND]/OOD AS ?OSE TE*NOLOGIES :I* >E SMALL SCALE & RELATIVELY SIMPLE1 & !RE=E USEFUL = DEC5TRALIZ$ APPLICATION1 BAS$ ON ! USE ( NONPOLLUT+1 R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES2 !Y W]E TAILOR$ TO UTILIZE LOCALLY AVAILABLE RES\RCES1 BO? = CON/RUCTION MAT]IALS & LABOR 9 A MANN] :I* SUPPORTS1 OR AT LEA/ DOES NOT DISRUPT1 LOCAL CULTURAL PATT]NS & 5HANCES LOCAL SELF-RELIANCE4 

,ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY WAS FIR/ APPLI$ 9 RELATION TO DEVELOP+ NATIONS AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITAL-9T5SIVE MODELS ( ,WE/]N DEVELOPM5T4 ,BY ! MID #a#i#gS1 !RE WAS A GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 ! APPLICATION ( !SE TE*NOLOGIES TO ! DEVELOP$ WORLD1 AS A MEANS ( ALLEVIAT+ \R DEP5D5CE ON FOSSIL FUELS & ! CONCURR5T ECOLOGICAL CO/S ( ?AT DEP5D5CE4 

,! ADVOCATES ( ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL APPROA* W]E >RAY$ ON A CONT9UUM RANG+ FROM ?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ ! 9CORPORATION ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY 9TO EXI/+ CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION1 SU* AS ,E4,F4 ,S*UMA*]1 TO ?OSE :O SAW !SE TE*NOLOGIES AS P>T ( A MORE FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( \R SOCIETY 9TO A DEC5TRALIZ$1 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 & COMMUNALI/IC ONE1 SU* AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S POSITIONS ON ?IS CONT9UUM >E CRUCIAL4 ,IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! M]E USE ( A NONPOLLUT+1 R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCE DOES NOT MAKE A GIV5 TE*NOLOGY AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,! V]Y DEF9ITION ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY EXCLUDES ?OSE TE*NOLOGY APPLICATIONS ?AT REFLECT ! HI<LY C5TRALIZ$--0! BIGG] ! BETT]0--GR[-OR-DIE IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM4 

,ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS A SOCIAL CONCEPT RA!R ?AN AN 9/RUM5TAL TE*NOLOGICAL APPLICATION ( GADGETRY TO A GIV5 PROBLEM4 ,ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY REFLECTS A SELF-CONSCI\S NOTION ( ! CRUCIAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 TE*NICS & BO? ! NATURAL & SOCIAL WORLDS4 ,AT ! ,I,S,E1 :ILE WE DID DEVELOP & DEMON/RATE TE*NOLOGIES1 \R PRIM>Y CONC]N WAS ALWAYS ) ! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL MATRIX 9 :I* ANY TE*NOLOGY IS EMB$D$4 ,:O [NS IT & :O B5EFITS FROM IT8 ,H[ >E DECISIONS MADE AB\T :AT TE*NOLOGY TO DEVELOP & DEPLOY1 & :O CONTROLS IT8 ,IS IT HUMANLY SCAL$ & DEC5TRALIZ$8 ,:AT IS ! ECOLOGICAL IMPACT8 

,WE SAW ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY AS HAV+ GREAT POT5TIAL = DEC5TRALIZ$1 HUMANLY SCAL$ APPLICATIONS 9 ! URBAN SETT+1 & AS L5D+ ITSELF TO COMMUNITY CONTROL & DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC =MS ( DECISION MAK+1 ?US PROVID+ A MAT]IAL BASE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,WE ALSO UND]/OOD ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY AS A WAY TO ADDRESS GR[+ CONC]NS AB\T POLLUTION1 P>TICUL>LY AIR QUALITY1 9 ! URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,AL?\< ,BOOK*9 HAD PO9T$ \T ! ?REAT ( GRE5H\SE GASES AS E>LY AS #a#i#f#d1 WE DID NOT HAVE A S5SE ( URG5CY CONC]N+ CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,AT ?AT TIME HE SUGGE/$ IT MI<T POSE A DANG] 9 #b YE>S1 BUT HIS W>N+S W]E IGNOR$1 & EV51 9 SOME CASES1 RIDICUL$4 ,9 LI<T ( TODAY'S ASSESSM5TS1 WE W]E FOOLI% NOT TO TAKE ?OSE CONC]NS MORE S]I\SLY4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXP]I5CE 9 ,LOISAIDA /ILL HAS RELEVANCE TO ! ISSUE ( GLOBAL W>M+3 ,ITS CALL = DEC5TRALIZ$1 DEMOCRATICALLY CONTROLL$1 & HUMANLY SCAL$ TE*NOLOGY >E E*O$ TODAY 9 ! CLIMATE JU/ICE MOVEM5T1 :I* RECOGNIZES ?AT 9DU/RIAL SCAL$ & CORPORATE CONTROLL$ 5]GY PRODUCTION1 EV5 IF IT IS BAS$ ON R5EWABLE RES\RCES1 IS /ILL P>T & P>CEL ( A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY RUN AMOK1 &1 AS SU*1 FAILS TO ADDRESS NOT ONLY ! ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS1 BUT ALSO ! QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 DEMOCRACY1 & EQUITY ?AT W]E C5TRAL TO ! ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY MOVEM5T4 

,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE ,HI/ORY 

,NEW ,YORK'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE IS ,AM]ICA'S PORTAL ( IMMIGRATION & ALSO ITS >*ETYPAL IMMIGRANT <ETTO4 ,VIRTUALLY EV]Y MAJOR IMMIGRANT GR\P ?AT E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CAME ?R\< ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 ,! ,DUT*1 :O FIR/ COLONIZ$ ,MANHATTAN1 BUILT !IR CITY1 ,NEW ,AM/]DAM1 9 ! #a#f#bS ON ! FECUND HUNT+ & FI%+ GR\NDS ( ! ,L5APE ,9DIANS & EXT5D$ !IR ,B\RIES1 OR F>MS1 9TO MU* ( ! >EA N[ KN[N AS ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 ,?IS WAS NOT A PEACEFUL PROCESS3 ,9 #afdc A COMPANY ( ,DUT* ,MILITIA UND] ! COMM& ( ,GOV]NOR ,WILHELM ,KIEFT SLAU<T]$ A GR\P ( =TY ,9DIANS1 MO/LY WOM5 & *ILDR51 5CAMP$ ON ,CORLE>'S ,HOOK4 ,! ,DUT* W]E FOLL[$ BY ! ,BRITI%1 :OSE COLONIAL PROJECT1 RE/+ HEAVILY ON ! ,AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE1 F9ALLY COLLAPS$ AFT] !IR DEFEAT 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,IRI%1 FLEE+ ! POTATO FAM9E1 W]E ! NEXT GR\P ( IMMIGRANTS TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 MO/LY 9 :AT WAS KN[N AS ! ,FIVE ,PO9TS ,DI/RICT & >\ND ,*A?AM ,SQU>E1 BEG9N+ 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY4 ,! ,IRI% HABITATION SET ! /AGE = :AT WAS TO BE AN ON-GO+ WAY ( LIFE ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 ! <ETTOIZATION ( IMMIGRANT GR\PS 9 ! PHYSICALLY ISOLAT$ CONF9ES ( ,CORLE>'S ,HOOK1 :I* JUTT$ \T 9TO ! ,EA/ ,RIV]1 CUT (F FROM ! RE/ ( ,MANHATTAN4 ,! ISOLATION1 DISCRIM9ATION1 POV]TY1 CRIME1 EXPLOITATION1 & NEGLECT FAC$ BY ! ,IRI% BECAME A PATT]N IMPOS$ ON ! MANY O!R E?NICITIES ?AT FOLL[$4 

,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS1 FROM ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 E/ABLI%$ A /RONG PRES5CE 9 ! #a#h#cS1 & O!R ,NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS FLOOD$ ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE AFT] ! FAIL$ REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h4 ,BY ! #a#h#fS1 OV] #a1 RESID5TS ( ,G]MAN EXTRACTION LIV$ >\ND ,TOMK9S ,SQU>E ,P>K 9 A NEI<BORHOOD KN[N AS 0,KLE9DEUTS*L&40 ,*9AT[N WAS E/ABLI%$ ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#h#eS1 FOLL[+ ! DEPLETION ( ! ,CALI=NIA GOLD M9ES4 ,! #a#h#gS & '#hS SAW L>GE NUMB]S ( ,ITALIANS1 MO/LY FROM ! ,S\? & ,SICILY1 & ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS1 ESCAP+ ! POGROMS & =C$ CONSCRIPTION ?AT W]E !IR FATE 9 ,RUSSIA1 IMMIGRATE TO ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE HAD A POPULATION D5SITY ( ALMO/ #b#d1 PEOPLE P] SQU>E MILE1 GREAT] ?AN ! 0,BLACK ,HOLE0 ( ,CALCUTTA4 ,!SE W]E ! PEOPLE :OSE PLI<T WAS DOCUM5T$ BY ! PHOTOGRAPH] ,JACOB ,RIIS 9 HIS %OCK+ WORK1 ,H[ ! ,O!R ,HALF ,LIVES4 ,! TIDE ( IMMIGRATION CONT9U$ UNTIL ! /RICT IMPOSITION ( IMMIGRATION QUOTAS 9 #a#i#b#a4 

,PU]TO ,RICANS1 DUE TO ! COLONIAL /ATUS ( !IR ,ISL&1 W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! QUOTAS & E/ABLI%$ A PRES5CE ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#i#eS4 ,LOISAIDA IS ! NAME !Y GAVE TO !IR NEI<BORHOOD1 APPROXIMATELY #c SQU>E BLOCKS1 B\ND$ BY ! ,EA/ ,RIV] ON ! ,EA/1 ,AV5UE ,A ON ! ,WE/1 #a#d? ,/REET ON ! ,NOR? & ,H\/ON ,/REET ON ! ,S\?4 ,BY ! #b#a/ C5TURY1 T5S ( MILLIONS ( IMMIGRANTS ( V>I\S E?NICITIES HAD COME ?R\< ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 

,! ,CRISES ( ! #a#i#gS 

,! #a#i#gS WAS A P]IOD ) A GR[+ AW>5ESS & CONC]N AB\T 5]GY SUPPLIES & 5]GY CO/S4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' DEP5D5CE ON ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N OIL WAS HI<LI<T$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( ,O,P,E,C & ! ,>AB OIL EMB>GOS ( #aigc & #a#i#g#i4 ,GASOL9E %ORTAGES1 RIS+ PRICES1 & LONG L9ES AT GAS /ATIONS ALL CONTRIBUT$ TO A GR[+ S5SE ( CRISIS ?AT ,PRESID5T ,JIMMY ,C>T] CALL$ 0! MORAL EQUIVAL5T ( W>40 ,NOR WAS ! 05]GY CRISIS0 ! ONLY CRISIS WE W]E FAC+4 

,WE W]E ALSO 9 ! MID/ ( AN 0URBAN CRISIS40 ,! CRISIS ( ! CITIES CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION ! V]Y VIABILITY ( \R URBAN C5T]S4 ,IT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A G5]AL TR5D T[>D URBAN DECAY1 F9D+ SPECIFIC MANIFE/ATION 9 FISCAL CRISES1 LIKE ! ONE ?AT NE>LY BANKRUPT$ ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY2 ! BREAKD[N ( ONCE ID5TIFIABLE & COH]5T NEI<BORHOODS2 ! AB&ONM5T ( :OLE >EAS ( ! ,CITY1 EPITOMIZ$ BY ! ,S\? ,BRONX1 BUT ALSO AFFECT+ ,MANHATTAN NEI<BORHOODS LIKE ,LOISAIDA2 & A WIDESPREAD ]OSION ( S]VICES4 ,ALL ( !SE TR5DS W]E SYMPTOMATIC ( A DEEPLY ROOT$ MALAISE4 

,! FLI<T ( CAPITAL FROM \R C5TRAL CITIES1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY !IR RAPIDLY ]OD+ TAX BASES & ! %IFT ( CORPORATE OP]ATIONS TO ! H9T]L&S & SUBURBS1 9DICAT$ A GR[+ WILL+NESS TO 0WRITE (F0 \R OLD] URBAN C5T]S4 ,:ILE URBAN VALUES & URBAN CULTURE >E ! PR$OM9ANT =CES ?AT HAVE %AP$ MOD]N ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 ! CITIES !MSELVES W]E NO LONG] CONSID]$ ESS5TIAL TO \R NATIONAL WELLBE+4 ,CITY AFT] CITY WAS BE+ DES]T$ BY ! MIDDLE-CLASS & ! CULTURAL ELITE1 & ?IS TR5D CONT9UES TODAY 9 CITIES LIKE ,DETROIT & O!R DECAY+ 0RU/ BELT0 CITIES4 ,! FE/]+ CLASS & RACIAL T5SIONS ?AT ONCE AGA9 FL>$ UP 9 \R CITIES %[$ ?AT ! P]IOD ( OPTIMISM1 BORN ( ! MASSIVE SOCIAL PROGRAMS ( ! #a#i#fS1 WAS OV]4 

,LOISAIDA WAS ! POORE/ NEI<BORHOOD 9 ,MANHATTAN4 ,P] ,CAPITA 9COME AV]AG$ @s#a1#h#e#b P] YE>4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T WAS E/IMAT$ AT #b.01 ) A HI< P]C5TAGE ( ! REMA9+ POPULATION UND]EMPLOY$ 7WORK+ P>T TIME OR SPORADICALLY74 ,Y\? UNEMPLOYM5T WAS CLOSE TO #d.0 & ONE ?IRD ( ! H\S+ /OCK CONSI/$ ( AB&ON$ BUILD+S & RUBBLE-/REWN LOTS [N$ BY ! ,CITY4 ,! RE/ ( ! BUILD+S W]E RAPIDLY DET]IORAT+3 ON SOME BLOCKS ! NUMB] ( AB&ON$ PROP]TIES WAS AS HI< AS #f.04 

,! PATT]N ( AB&ONM5T BEGAN ) L&LORDS MILK+ HI< R5TS FROM T5ANTS & REFUS+ TO MAKE REPAIRS OR DELIV] S]VICES4 ,!Y ALSO /OPP$ PAY+ TAXES TO ! ,CITY4 ,AFT] ?REE YE>S ( NONPAYM5T ! ,CITY W\LD MOVE TO SEIZE ! BUILD+1 AT :I* PO9T ! L&LORDS W\LD BR+ 9 >SONI/S TO DISPLACE ! T5ANTS & BURN D[N ! BUILD+ 9 ORD] TO COLLECT FIRE 9SURANCE4 ,AT #eai ,EA/ #a#a? ,/REET #ad MY/]I\S FIRES BROKE \T 9 A ?REE-MON? P]IOD4 ,BY ! TIME ! [N]%IP REV]T$ TO ! ,CITY ALL ?AT W]E LEFT W]E BURN$ \T BRICK %ELLS1 :I* (T5 COLLAPS$ 9TO A M\ND ( RUBBLE4 ,!SE D]ELICT FIVE & SIX /ORY T5EM5T H\SES & ! VACANT LOTS /REWN ) !IR RUBBLE W]E ! CITYSCAPE ( ,LOISAIDA4 

,9 AN E]IE P>ALLEL TO TODAY1 IT WAS IRONIC ?AT ! V]Y =CES ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! D[NFALL ( \R URBAN C5T]S W]E PROPOS+ ! (FICIAL SOLUTIONS4 ,:5 ! GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACIES1 ! BANKS & ! L>GE CORPORATIONS CONDEMN$ FISCAL IRRESPONSIBILITY & 9=M$ US ?AT WE HAD TO PAY ! PRICE = \R FREE SP5D+ PA/1 FAIL+ TO M5TION ?AT ! PRICE 9CLUD$ EXORBITANT 9T]E/ RATES & MASSIVE PUBLIC BAIL\TS FROM :I* !Y B5EFIT$4 ,WE W]E TOLD ?AT ! PUBLIC MU/ PAY ! CO/S & HAVE CONFID5CE 9 ITS ELECT$ LEAD]S TO DEAL ) ! CRISIS4 ,! ONUS = ! 0URBAN CRISIS0 HAD BE5 %IFT$ TO ?OSE :O W]E ITS VICTIMS1 ! 9N] CITY POOR & WORK+ PEOPLE4 

,! =CES ?AT CREAT$ ! CRISIS /OOD READY TO PICK ! BONES ( ! <ETTO = !IR [N 5RI*M5T4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS :O AB&ON$ ! CITY WAS READY TO RETURN1 IF ! POOR C\LD BE ELIM9AT$4 ,CITY PLANN]S TALK$ AB\T 0PLANN$ %R9KAGE0 9 POPULATION ?AT W\LD ELIM9ATE ! POOR BY DISPLAC+ !M4 ,! BANKS1 :I* CONSI/5TLY R$-L9$ >EAS LIKE ,LOISAIDA1 REFUS+ TO EXT5D CR$IT = L[-9COME H\S+1 /OOD READY TO F9ANCE SPECULATORS & DEVELOP]S :O W\LD REVITALIZE ! >EA TO MAKE IT ATTRACTIVE TO ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,G5TRIFICATION HAD ALREADY TRANS=M$ NEI<BORHOOD AFT] NEI<BORHOOD 9 ,MANHATTAN1 & ,LOISAIDA WAS PRIME TURF = ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ?OSE SOLUTIONS4 

,! ,DEC5TRALI/ ,RESPONSE 

,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 ANO!R RESPONSE TO ! CRISIS ( ! CITIES4 ,IT WAS ROOT$ 9 ! DEC5TRALI/ APPROA* TO T[N PLANN+ DEVELOP$ BY PEOPLE LIKE ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 9 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES1 & ,WORK%OPS1 ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D 9 ,G>D5 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[1 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D 9 ,! ,CULTURE ( ,CITIES1 ,PAUL & ,P]CIVAL ,GOODMAN 9 ,COMMUNITAS1 & ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 WORKS LIKE ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY & ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES4 ,IT WAS A RESPONSE ?AT CALL$ = A RADICAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( CITIES & A BASIC R$EF9ITION ( URBAN LIFE4 ,IT WAS NOT A UNIFI$ MOVEM5T ) A NATIONAL PROGRAM OR LEAD]%IP1 NOR EV5 A /RICTLY POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS1 RA!R1 A BROAD SOCIAL MOVEM5T BAS$ 9 NEI<BORHOODS & COMMUNITIES 9VOLV$ 9 TRANS=M+ ! CITIES AT A GRASSROOTS LEVEL4 ,IT WAS GUID$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( LOCAL SELF-RELIANCE & CONC]N$ ) A WIDE V>IETY ( ISSUES RELAT$ TO ?AT PR9CIPLE4 ,! >EAS ?AT EM]G$ AS PRIORITIES 9CLUD$ COMMUNITY CONTROL ( S*OOLS1 HEAL? C>E1 LAW 5=CEM5T & GOV]NANCE2 URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION1 H\S+1 PLANN+ & L& USE2 5]GY PRODUCTION & CONS]VATION1 WA/E TREATM5T1 & NEI<BORHOOD ECONOMICS4 

,IT WAS A MOVEM5T ?AT WAS 9FLU5C$ BY AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 NOT SIMPLY 9 T]MS ( S5SITIVITY TO ISSUES ( 5VIRONM5TAL QUALITY1 BUT 9 A MORE PR(\ND S5SE AS WELL4 ,! MOVEM5T VIEW$ ! NEI<BORHOOD OR COMMUNITY AS AN ECOSY/EM1 NOT M]ELY AS A SPATIAL 5TITY4 ,?IS PROVID$ A P]SPECTIVE ?AT EMPHASIZ$ ! 9T]RELATION%IP ( ! V>I\S ISSUES \TL9$ ABOVE4 ,IT URG$ PEOPLE TO UND]/& ! CRISES ?AT !Y FAC$ AS SYMPTOMATIC ( A DEEP] SOCIAL & CULTURAL MALAISE4 ,IT ALL[$ PEOPLE TO DEVELOP A HOLI/IC VISION = ! FUTURE ( !IR COMMUNITY4 

,?IS APPROA* DREW ON ! LESSONS ( NATURAL ECOLOGY & WORK$ ) ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES 9 DEVELOP+ BO? ITS CRITIQUE ( EXI/+ =MS ( URBAN ORGANIZATION & 9 ! ALT]NATIVES IT PUT =W>D4 ,! ECOSY/EM APPROA* /RESS$ ! DANG] 9H]5T 9 ! SIMPLIFICATION ( AN ECOSY/EM1 & PO9T$ \T ?AT NATURAL SY/EMS F9D UNITY 9 DIV]SITY3 ! GREAT] ! NUMB] ( SPECIES 9T]ACT+ 9 AN ECOSY/EM ! MORE /ABLE IT IS4 ,SIMPLIFICATION VIA ! C5TRALIZATION ( FUNCTIONS LIKE FOOD & 5]GY PRODUCTION1 F> REMOV$ FROM ! PEOPLE :O RELY ON !M1 CREATES A SITUATION ?AT IS NOT ONLY ALI5AT+1 BUT 9H]5TLY UN/ABLE AS WELL4 ,!Y ALSO UND]/OOD ECOSY/EMS AS NON-HI]>*ICAL3 A WEB ( 9T]DEP5D5CY1 NOT SY/EMS BAS$ ON COMM& & CONTROL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y W]E 9=M$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC 9SI<TS 9TO ! MUTUALI/IC NATURE ( NATURAL SY/EMS4 

,! ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE ALSO 9=M$ ! CONC]N AB\T ! 5VIRONM5T ( ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,! URBAN 5VIRONM5T ( ,LOISAIDA CONSI/$ ( AB&ON$ BUILD+S1 G>BAGE FILL$ VACANT LOTS1 DECAY+ T5EM5TS1 DET]IORAT+ PUBLIC P>KS1 /REETS L9$ ) /RIPP$ C>S1 & SOIL CONTAM9AT$ ) HEAVY METALS & LEAD PA9T *IPS1 POLLUT$ AIR & CONGE/$ /REETS4 ,?OSE W]E ! 5VIRONM5TAL CONC]NS ?AT ! MOVEM5T FOCUS$ ON4 

,ON ANO!R LEVEL ! MOVEM5T WAS ECOLOGICAL 9 ?AT IT LOOK$ T[>D NEWLY EM]G+ ECOLOGICALLY S\ND TE*NOLOGIES 9 >EAS LIKE 5]GY EFFICI5CY1 SOL> 5]GY1 W9D P[]1 & ORGANIC =MS ( FOOD PRODUCTION TO ALLEVIATE !IR 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 

,! RE9TEGRATION ( FUNCTIONS LIKE FOOD & 5]GY PRODUCTION 9TO A NEI<BORHOOD OR COMMUNITY WAS SE5 AS A MEANS ( REVITALIZ+ ! URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,! MOVEM5T = URBAN ALT]NATIVES LOOK$ T[>D ! 9TRODUCTION ( NONPOLLUT+1 R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY AS A FACET ( ! RECON/ITUTION ( ! CITIES4 ,SOL>1 W9D & O!R ALT]NATIVES PRES5T ! POSSIBILITY ( DEC5TRALIZ$ CONTROL & SMALL-SCALE APPLICATION4 ,9T5SIVE ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES W]E BE+ US$ 9 VACANT LOTS & ON RO(TOPS TO RE9TRODUCE ! GR[+ ( FOOD 9TO ! URBAN ECONOMY4 ,ALL ( !SE TE*NIQUES W]E BE+ 9TEGRAT$ 9TO PLANS = NEI<BORHOOD DEVELOPM5T ?AT EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS1 RA!R ?AN FROM C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIZ$ ,CITY OR ,F$]AL AG5CIES4 

,:ILE ! EMPHASIS WAS ON LOCAL CONTROL & DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! MOVEM5T WAS NOT ISOLATIONI/ BUT RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = COOP]ATION & COORD9ATION ( C]TA9 ACTIVITIES1 ) ! 9SI/5CE ?AT ?IS COORD9ATION %\LD BE FACILITAT$ ?R\< ! PR9CIPLE ( CONF$]ATION4 ,RA!R ?AN BEG9N+ ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT C5TRALIZATION WAS EFFICI5T1 ! MOVEM5T BEGAN ) ! PR9CIPLE ( DEC5TRALIZ+ :ATEV] FUNCTIONS C\LD BE DEALT ) 9 ?AT FA%ION1 & ACCEPT$ ONLY ! DEGREE ( C5TRAL COORD9ATION :I* PROV$ TO BE NECESS>Y4 ,!IR VISION WAS ! CREATION ( 0,A WORLD ( NEI<BORHOODS40 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON DEC5TRALIZATION GREW \T ( A CONC]N = ! CREATION ( SOCIAL =MS & 9/ITUTIONS :I* RETA9$ A SMALL SCALE :I* WAS ACCESSIBLE TO PEOPLE4 ,A HUMAN SCALE ACTS AS AN 9HIBIT+ FACTOR TO ! GR[? ( BUREAUCRACY1 & HELPS TO 5SURE ?AT PEOPLE CAN RETA9 DIRECT CONTROL OV] ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR LIVES4 

,*9O ,G>CIA ( ,*,>,A,S PUT IT ?IS WAY3 0,I MYSELF1 MY GR\P OR MY FAMILY1 IS MY NUCLEUS4 ,MY BUILD+ IS P>T ( IT1 MY BLOCK IS NEXT4 ,!RE >E FAMILY ISSUES1 BUILD+ ISSUES1 BLOCK ISSUES1 !RE >E NEI<BORHOOD ISSUES1 CITY ISSUES1 ON TO UNIV]SAL ISSUES4 ,EV]YBODY HAS TO LOOK UP TO ?AT4 ,Y\ CAN'T PLAY GAMES4 ,?+S DO NOT JU/ HAPP51 !RE >E ALWAYS PEOPLE S*EM+ & MANIPULAT+4 ,!RE=E EV]Y HUMAN BE+ MU/ BE PREP>$ TO DEAL ) ?IS1 ) ISSUES1 ) EV]YDAY LIFE OP]ATION40 

0,9 ?IS SOCIETY Y\ >E UNCONSCI\SLY OR CONSCI\SLY A S]VANT = PEOPLE :O MANIPULATE Y\R :OLE LIFE10 ,G>CIA CONT9U$4 0,Y\ CAN'T JU/ SIT & ALL[ ?+S TO HAPP54 ,Y\ %\LD TAKE ISSUE ) EV]Y?+1 EV]Y?+ ?AT AFFECTS Y\40 ,G>CIA'S WORDS REFLECT$ A GR[+ AW>5ESS 9 ,LOISAIDA4 

,RECON/RUCT+ ,LOISAIDA 

,A WALK ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,LOISAIDA 9 #ai< REVEAL$ SOME REM>KABLE ?+S IF ONE KNEW :]E TO LOOK BEYOND ! G>BAGE-/REWN LOTS & AB&ON$ BUILD+S4 ,VACANT LOTS ON #a#b?1 #a#a?1 #i?1 #h?1 #cRD ,/REET & ,H\/ON ,/REET W]E PRODUC+ A B\NTY ( FRE%1 ORGANICALLY GR[N TOMATOES1 LETTUCE1 PEPP]S1 SQUA%1 & BEANS4 ,A RO(TOP ON #a#a? ,/REET HAD SPR\T$ A W9DMILL & A BANK ( SOL> COLLECTORS4 ,NUM]\S BUILD+S1 GUTT$ BY >SONI/S & AB&ON$ BY GRE$Y L&LORDS1 W]E UND]GO+ T5ANT DIRECT$ R5OVATIONS4 ,AN AB&ON$ OIL COMPANY G>AGE ON #h? ,/REET WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A RECYCL+ C5T]4 ,A L(T ON ,AV5UE ,B S]V$ AS A C5T] = ! CON/RUCTION ( PORTABLE GEODESIC DOMES1 :I* W]E US$ AS GRE5H\SES ON RO(TOPS & 9 VACANT LOTS4 ,A G>BAGE-FILL$ LOT ON #i? ,/REET & ,AV5UE ,C WAS DEVELOP$ 9TO A CULTURAL PLAZA = NEI<BORHOOD RESID5TS4 ,DESIGN WORK HAD BEGUN ON A P]MAN5T DOME GRE5H\SE 9T5D$ TO H\SE A #b1#d GALLON 7#i1 LIT]S7 POND = RAIS+ FI% TO $IBLE SIZE 9 AN 9T5SIVE1 CLOS$ SY/EM AQUACULTURE PROJECT2 FI% W]E ALSO BE+ RAIS$ 9 BASEM5TS ON #a#a? ,/REET4 ,A Y\? RUN COMMUNITY C5T] ON ,H\/ON ,/REET NE> ! ,B[]Y WAS RETR(IT ) ! FIR/ PASSIVE SOL> SPACE HEAT+ WALL BUILT 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,RO(TOP G>D5S W]E FL\RI%+ AT V>I\S LOCATIONS >\ND ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & RO(TOP SOL> GRE5H\SES W]E UND] CON/RUCTION4 

,ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY HAD COME TO ,LOISAIDA4 ,! PROJECTS M5TION$ ABOVE W]E ! RESULT ( ! WORK ( A LOOSE COALITION ( GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ ! #a#a? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T1 ,*,>,A,S1 & ,C,U,&,O4 

,! #a#a? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T WAS A F$]ATION ( L[-9COME T5ANT'S COOP]ATIVES ON ,EA/ #a#a? ,/REET BETWE5 ,AV5UE ,A & ,AV5UE ,B4 ,?\< MO/LY ,PU]TO ,RICAN1 ! MOVEM5T HAD A DIV]SE MEMB]%IP 9CLUD+ Y\NG & OLD1 BLACK & :ITE4 ,9 #aigc !Y W]E ! FIR/ GR\P 9 ,NEW ,YORK TO UND]TAKE URBAN HOME/EAD+ ON A SWEAT EQUITY BASIS1 :I* CAME TO BE A KEY CONCEPT 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! NEI<BORHOOD4 

,! PROCESS ( ,SWEAT ,EQUITY ,URBAN ,HOME/EAD+ BEGAN ) ! =MATION ( A GR\P ( HOME/EAD]S1 9ITIALLY COMMUNITY ACTIVI/S1 :O W5T 9TO ! AB&ON$ BUILD+ AS SQUATT]S1 CLAIM+ ! SPACE AS !IR [N4 ,(T5 ?IS REQUIR$ CONFRONT+ ! POLICE & RESI/+ EVICTION BY ! ,CITY4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS1 REPEAT$ EF=TS W]E (T5 NECESS>Y TO LAY CLAIM TO A BUILD+4 ,S9CE ! SQUATT]S W]E POOR1 UNEMPLOY$1 OR UND]EMPLOY$ PEOPLE !Y LACK$ ! F9ANCIAL RES\RCES NECESS>Y = TRADITIONAL APPROA*ES TO HOME [N]%IP1 :]E TYPICALLY BANKS REQUIR$ A #a.0 PAYM5T ( EQUITY 9 ORD] TO GET A CONV5TIONAL H\S+ LOAN4 ,9/EAD1 AS ! NAME SUGGE/S1 !Y US$ !IR [N LABOR1 OR SWEAT1 AS EQUITY4 ,! GR\P !N BEGAN ! PHYSICAL R5OVATION ( ! BUILD+1 :I* USUALLY REQUIR$ AN EXT5D$ P]IOD ( TIME CLEAN+ \T ! DEBRIS BE=E ! ACTUAL CON/RUCTION PROCESS C\LD BEG94 ,?IS /AGE ( ! PROCESS (T5 TOOK UP TO A YE> ( WORK4 

,AFT] ! CLEAN+ PROCESS WAS COMPLET$1 ! HOME/EAD]S NE$$ TO F9D ! MAT]IALS REQUIR$ = R5OVATION & ACQUIRE ! SKILLS NE$$ TO DO ! WORK4 ,!Y LOOK$ FIR/ TO !MSELVES & O!R COMMUNITY GR\PS = ?OSE RES\RCES4 ,!Y =M$ AN 9COME-LIMIT$ H\S+ COOP]ATIVE TO NEGOTIATE ) ! ,CITY = [N]%IP ( ! BUILD+4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,CITY SAW ! BUILD+S AS WOR?LESS & WAS ANXI\S TO GET !M BACK ON ! TAX ROLLS4 ,UND] PRESSURE FROM ! COMMUNITY ! ,CITY FREQU5TLY SOLD ! BUILD+S TO ! HOME/EAD]S = A PITTANCE1 SOMETIMES AS L[ AS @s#a P] UNIT4 

,9 ! WORK ON #a#a? ,/REET1 LOCAL TRADESM5 & UNION MEMB]S HELP$ TO TRA9 ! HOME/EAD]S1 :O !N W5T ON TO TRA9 O!RS4 ,!Y HU/L$ & SCR\NG$ BUILD+ MAT]IALS UNTIL !Y W]E ABLE TO SECURE AN 9T]E/-FREE LOAN FROM A DAIRY COOP]ATIVE 9 UP/ATE ,NEW ,YORK1 & OV] A P]IOD ( SIX YE>S W]E ABLE TO COMPLETE ! R5OVATIONS & PROVIDE L[-CO/1 ATTRACTIVE H\S+ = !MSELVES4 ,!Y W\LD CONT9UE TO CONTRIBUTE LABOR EA* WEEK = ! MA9T5ANCE & MANAGEM5T ( !IR BUILD+4 

,BUILD+S UND]GO+ SWEAT EQUITY R5OVATION & MANAGEM5T >E 9COME LIMIT$4 ,HOME/EAD]S MAY SELL !IR AP>TM5TS1 BUT ONLY = :AT !Y HAVE PUT 9TO !M1 ELIM9AT+ PR(IT & EFFECTIVELY REMOV+ ! PROP]TY FROM ! REAL E/ATE M>KET4 ,!Y CAN ONLY SELL TO O!RS :O MEET L[-9COME GUIDEL9ES1 5SUR+ A SUPPLY ( AF=DABLE H\S+ = POOR PEOPLE4 

,BY #a#i#g#h1 ,EA/ #a#a? ,/REET BETWE5 ,AV5UES ,A & ,B WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( REBUILD+ ITSELF1 ) TWO SWEAT EQUITY L[-9COME T5ANTS COOP]ATIVES COMPLET$1 SIX O!R T5EM5T H\SES UND] R5OVATION1 & AN AMBITI\S PROGRAM ( OP5 SPACE RECLAMATION4 ,!IR MOVEM5T GREW &1 AFT] ITS 9ITIAL SUCCESSES1 IT W\LD EV5TUALLY GA9 NATIONAL ATT5TION4 ,ULTIMATELY OV] #d BUILD+S 9 ,LOISAIDA W]E SUCCESSFULLY R5OVAT$ ?R\< ! SWEAT EQUITY PROCESS4 

#eai ,EA/ #a#a? ,/REET WAS ! FIR/ BUILD+ 9 ! CITY TO UTILIZE SOL> 5]GY & W9D P[]4 ,! #a#a? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T WAS BE/ KN[N = ?IS SOL> PROJECT1 & = !IR LEGAL BATTLE ) ! 5]GY COMPANY ,CON ,$ OV] ! 9/ALLATION ( A RO(TOP W9DMILL1 :I* RESULT$ 9 A DECISION ?AT SET ! PREC$5T = ! PUR*ASE & 9/ALLATION ( 9DEP5D5T P[]-PRODUC+ UTILITIES4 ,TODAY1 9DEP5D5T P[] PRODUCTION CON/ITUTES A MULTI-BILLION DOLL> 9DU/RY4 

,! #a#a? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T WAS ALSO ! PRIME SPONSOR ( ,EL ,SOL ,BRILLANTE ,COMMUNITY ,G>D5 ON #a#b? ,/REET4 ,UND] ! DIRECTION ( #a#a? ,/REET MEMB] & ,I,S,E ALUMNA ,L9DA ,COH51 RESID5TS BEGAN US+ ORGANIC GR[+ TE*NIQUES1 SOL> COLD FRAMES1 & 9T5SIVE COMPO/+ & WORM PRODUCTION TO GR[ A WIDE RANGE ( CROPS4 

,A S]IES ( L>GE PLYWOOD TANKS W]E CON/RUCT$ 9 A BASEM5T ON #a#a? ,/REET4 ,!SE TANKS PROVID$ ! BASIS = EXP]IM5TS 9 URBAN AQUACULTURE4 ,SPECIES BE+ CULTUR$ 9CLUD$ TR\T1 C>P1 CATFI%1 TILAPIA1 FRE%WAT] CLAMS1 & CRAYFI%4 ,! TANKS W]E /RUCTUR$ AFT] A SY/EM US$ AT ! ,I,S,E1 :]E ONE TANK YIELD$ A H>VE/ ( APPROXIMATELY #g P\NDS 7#c#b KILOS7 ( FI% EV]Y SIX MON?S4 ,! #a#a? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T WAS ATTEMPT+ TO F9D WAYS TO 9TEGRATE ! V>I\S PROJECTS1 US+ WA/EWAT] FROM ! FI% TANKS TO F]TILIZE ! G>D5S & G>D5 WA/E & WORMS TO FE$ ! FI%4 ,! HOPE WAS TO CREATE CLOS$1 SELF-SUPPORT+ SY/EMS4 

,*,>,A,S WAS A SMALL COLLECTIVE :I* T\*$ ! LIVES ( ?\S&S ( NEI<BORHOOD RESID5TS4 ,! GR\P /ILL EXI/S TODAY1 AFT] OV] =TY YE>S ( /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS ITS FULL TIME MEMB]S 9CLUD$ M5 & WOM51 MO/LY Y\NG PEOPLE BETWE5 #ah & #c4 ,!Y W]E LOCAL ACTIVI/S :O WORK$ ON PROJECTS 9VOLV+ 5VIRONM5TAL $UCATION & COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T4 ,! GR\P WAS F\ND$ AFT] COMMUNITY ACTIVI/S MET ! DESIGN] ,BUCKM9/] ,FULL] 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f#g4 ,HE 9TRODUC$ !M TO GEODESIC DOMES & !Y PROCE$$ TO BUILD OV] ONE HUNDR$ DOMES ?R\<\T ! CITY WORK+ ) S*OOL KIDS1 /REET GANGS1 G>D5 CLUBS1 & ANYONE ELSE ) ! DESIRE4 ,!Y TRANS=M$ VACANT LOTS ?R\<\T ,LOISAIDA 9TO PLAYGR\NDS1 G>D5S1 VE/ POCKET P>KS & CULTURAL PLAZAS = LOCAL >TI/S4 ,*,>,A,S WAS ACTIVE 9 ! >EA ( H\S+ AS WELL1 HELP+ TO 9ITIATE ! WORK ON #a#a? ,/REET1 AMONG O!R PROJECTS4 ,!IR MEMB]S 9CLUD$ =M] GANG LEAD]S1 C>P5T]S1 POETS1 & MUSICIANS4 ,!Y W]E COMMITT$ TO WORK+ ) ! Y\? ( ! NEI<BORHOOD & %[+ !M ALT]NATIVES TO ! /REET4 

,!IR WORK C5T]$ ON ,LA ,PLAZA ,CULTURAL ,R$EVELOPM5T ,>EA1 SITUAT$ ON ! CORN] ( ,AV5UE ,C & #i? ,/REET1 & ! ADJAC5T BLOCKS1 :I* WAS ! L>GE/ VACANT LOT ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 ,?IS LOT1 :]E WE$S1 G>BAGE1 & RUBBLE FROM COLLAPS$ BUILD+S ONCE PROVID$ A BRE$+ GR\ND = RATS & DISEASE1 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A CONG5IAL SETT+ = NEI<BORHOOD CULTURAL EV5TS & FE/IVALS1 & TO ?IS DAY REMA9S AN IMPORTANT COMMUNITY GA!R+ SPACE 9 ,LOISAIDA4 ,LOCAL POETS1 MUSICIANS & DANC]S P]=M$ POETRY1 ,LAT9 MUSIC1 & FOLK DANCES = A CROSS-SECTION ( ! COMMUNITY ON A REGUL> BASIS4 ,) ITS MURAL DEPICT+ ! MANY CULTURES ( ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE AS A C5T]PIECE1 ,LA ,PLAZA WAS AN OASIS ( COLOR 9 AN O!RWISE BLEAK CITYSCAPE4 

,IT ALSO ILLU/RAT$ ! CRUCIAL ROLE ?AT >TS & CULTURE PLAY$ = ! MOVEM5TS 9 ,LOISAIDA4 ,LOCAL POETS DEVELOP$ A S*OOL ( /REET POETRY1 KN[N AS ,NUYORICAN 7,NEW ,YORK ,PU]TO ,RICAN71 :I* SPOKE AB\T PEOPLE'S LIV$ EXP]I5CE 9 ,LOISAIDA1 & DEALT ) ISSUES LIKE DRUGS1 POLICE BRUTALITY1 R5T /RIKES1 & RACISM4 ,AT ! ,NUYORICAN ,POETS ,CAFE ON ,EA/ #f? ,/REET1 !Y 9V5T$ ! =M ( P]=MANCE POETRY KN[N AS ! POETRY SLAM4 ,!Y ALSO DEVELOP$ A VIBRANT COMMUNITY !AT]4 ,BOMBA & ,PL5A DANC]S KEPT ,PU]TO ,RICAN TRADITIONAL DANCE & FOLK MUSIC ALIVE1 & P]=M$ = ! COMMUNITY 9 ,LA ,PLAZA4 ,LOCAL GRAFFITI >TI/S & MURALI/S1 WORK+ 9 ! TRADITION ( ,DIEGO ,RIV]A1 PRES5T$ GRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS ( SOCIAL ISSUES FAC+ ! NEI<BORHOOD BY PA9T+ ON ! SIDES ( AB&ON$ BUILD+S4 

,MUSIC FILL$ ! /REETS ( ,LOISAIDA1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! W>M MON?S :5 LIFE WAS LIV$ L>GELY \TDOORS ON ! /OOPS1 /REET CORN]S & OP5 SPACES ( ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,! S\NDS ( CONG]OS PULS$ UP & D[N ! BLOCK1 SALSA B&S PLAY$ AT /REET FAIRS1 9 ,LA ,PLAZA1 & AT LOCAL SOCIAL CLUBS4 ,! ,NUEVA ,CANCION MOVEM5T ALSO F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ,LOISAIDA4 ,A B& CALL$ ,LOISAIDA1 F\ND$ BY ,*,>,A,S MEMB]S ,$G>DO ,RIV]A & ,$W9 7,PUPA7 ,SANTIAGO1 P]=M$ MUSIC ?AT MELD$ ,NUEVA ,CANCION1 ,LAT9 RHY?MS1 & H>D ROCK TO EXPRESS A V>IETY ( EXP]I5CES 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD4 

,DIRECTLY ACROSS FROM ,LA ,PLAZA ON #h? ,/REET /OOD AN AB&ON$ OIL COMPANY G>AGE1 SQUATT$ & R5OVAT$ BY ,*,>,A,S TO S]VE AS A NEI<BORHOOD RECYCL+ C5T]4 ,) ! CLOS+ ( ! ,VILLAGE ,GRE5 RECYCL+ C5T] ON ! ,WE/ ,SIDE1 ,*,>,A,S OP]AT$ ! ONLY RECYCL+ PROGRAM 9 ,L[] ,MANHATTAN4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ANGELO ,GONZALEZ1 COORD9ATOR ( ! C5T]1 IT WAS DESIGN$ TO RECYCLE GLASS1 PAP]1 ALUM9UM & F]R\S METALS4 ,! RECYCL+ C5T] WAS A MAJOR /EP 9 ! EF=T TO COMB9E ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS & NEI<BORHOOD RE/ORATION4 

,ON ,AV5UE ,B1 AT A L(T ?AT S]V$ AS ,*,>,A,S HEAD-QU>T]S & COMMUNAL LIV+ SPACE1 ! FIR/ ( A NEW G5]ATION ( LI<TWEI<T1 PORTABLE DOMES WAS COMPLET$4 ,IT WAS BUILT TO S]VE AS A PORTABLE GRE5H\SE = ! ,GRE5 ,GU]RILLAS1 A CITYWIDE GR\P ( G>D5+ ACTIVI/S4 ,LUIS ,LOPEZ1 COORD9ATOR ( ! PORTA-DOME PROJECT = ,*,>,A,S1 ASS]T$ ?AT DOMES HAD A NUMB] ( O!R POT5TIAL USES1 9CLUD+ AS PORTABLE %ELT]S1 L(T B$ROOMS & EM]G5CY H\S+4 

,LOPEZ & O!R MEMB]S ALSO DESIGN$ A P]MAN5T DOME TO BE BUILT 9 ,LA ,PLAZA1 TO CONTA9 A #b1#d-GALLON 7#i1 LIT]S7 TANK = RAIS+ FI%4 ,UTILIZ+ PASSIVE SOL> 5]GY1 ! DOME WAS DESIGN$ TO PRODUCE FI% YE> R\ND ) A V]Y L[ />TUP CO/ & M9IMAL 5]GY 9PUTS4 ,?AT DOME WAS NEV] BUILT 9 ,LA ,PLAZA1 BUT ,*,>,A,S MEMB]S CAME TO ,V]MONT &1 WORK+ ) A GR\P ( \R /UD5TS1 CON/RUCT$ IT AT ! ,I,S,E C5T] !RE4 

,! COORD9ATOR ( ,Y\? ,5VIRONM5TAL ,ACTION ,PROJECTS = ,*,>,A,S WAS ,LUIS ,GUZMAN1 :O LAT] W5T ON TO FAME AS A FILM ACTOR1 BUT /ILL RETA9S TIES TO ,*,>,A,S & HIS NEI<BORHOOD4 ,HE NOT$ H[ 0ALL !SE PROJECTS HELP PEOPLE GA9 A S5SE ( PRIDE 9 !IR NEI<BORHOOD4 ,!Y HELP !M TO SEE ?AT ?+S H]E >E NOT HOPELESS & ?AT IF WE ALL WORK TOGE!R WE CAN *ANGE ?+S4 ,! DOMES >E LIKE A SYMBOL ( SOME?+ NEW1 & IT IS HAPP5+ H]E FIR/40 

,A CONC]N ) 5VIRONM5TAL ACTION & ! USE ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY W]E >EAS ?AT HAD BE5 G5]ALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,POPUL> WISDOM HAD IT ?AT L[ 9COME PEOPLE W]E TOO CONC]N$ ) DAILY SURVIVAL TO BECOME 9VOLV$ ) ! LUXURIES ( 5VIRONM5TAL & ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGICAL CONC]NS4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( !SE GR\PS PROV$ ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM WRONG4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS ! CONC]N ) DAILY SURVIVAL ?AT L$ !SE GR\PS TO BEG9 WORK+ ) ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,$G>DO ,RIV]A1 !Y W]E LOOK+ = 0SURVIVAL ) /YLE0 & ALT]NATIVES TO ! >5AS ( SURVIVAL TRADITIONALLY PRES5T$ TO ,LOISAIDA RESID5TS3 SURVIVAL VIA WELF>E1 /REET HU/L+1 M5IAL JOBS1 OR1 = A V]Y FEW1 ASSIMILATION 9TO ! MIDDLE CLASS4 

,NUYORICAN POET ,MIGUEL ,ALG]IAN ALSO DESCRIB$ ! OPTIONS AVAILABLE = SURVIVAL 9 ,LOISAIDA3 ! WORKADAY WORLD AT ! L[E/ RUNG ( ! ECONOMIC LADD]1 & SURVIVAL VIA ! /REET4 ,HE !N M5TION$ A ?IRD OPTION3 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW SET ( SOCIAL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =MS ?AT CAN SU/A9 A PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ?IS ?IRD OPTION 9 :I* ,*,>,A,S WAS 5GAG$4 ,ITS MEMB]S SE>*$ = ALT]NATIVES TO ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC OPTIONS (F]$ BY CAPITALISM1 ALT]NATIVES TO ! 9DIVIDUALISM & HOMOG5IZATION PRES5T$ BY ! MASS CULTURE1 ALT]NATIVES TO ! ASSIMILATION ( ,PU]TO ,RICAN TRADITIONS 9TO MA9 /REAM ,AM]ICA1 ALT]NATIVES TO (FICIAL PLANS = URBAN R5EWAL1 & ALT]NATIVES TO ! S5SE ( P[]LESSNESS :I* P]MEAT$ !IR <ETTO 5VIRONM5T4 

,*,>,A,S W5T ON TO CLAIM AN AB&ON$ ELEM5T>Y S*OOL ON #i? ,/REET AS P>T ( ,LA ,PLAZA ,CULTURAL ,R$EVELOPM5T ,>EA4 ,!Y BEGAN SQUATT+ ! BUILD+ 9 #aigi & TURN$ IT 9TO ,EL ,BOHIO ,CULTURAL & ,COMMUNITY ,C5T]4 ,!RE !Y RAN IMPORTANT $UCATIONAL1 5VIRONM5TAL & CULTURAL PROGRAMS = #bb YE>S1 UNTIL !Y W]E =CIBLY EVICT$ BY ! POLICE ACT+ ON ! P]SONAL ORD]S ,RUDOLPH ,GIULIANI1 9 ONE ( HIS LA/ (FICIAL ACTS AS ,MAYOR ( ,NEW ,YORK4 ,GIULIANI ALSO TRI$ TO RECLAIM ,LOISAIDA'S MANY COMMUNITY G>D5S 9 ORD] TO AUCTION ! LOTS (F TO DEVELOP]S4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT 0,! ]A ( SOCIALISM ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE IS OV]40 

,CU&O MEANS 0:50 9 ,SPANI%4 ,IT WAS ALSO ! ACRONYM = ,CULTURAL ,UND]/&+ & ,NEI<BORHOOD ,DEVELOPM5T ,ORGANIZATION1 A Y\?-RUN ORGANIZATION ?AT (F]$ A V>IETY ( $UCATIONAL1 RECREATIONAL1 & CULTURAL PROGRAMS AT ITS C5T] ON #bND ,AV5UE4 ,! GR\P WAS F\ND$ 9 #aifi BY /UD5TS FROM ! ,FIR/ ,/REET ,S*OOL1 A LIB]T>IAN S*OOL F\ND$ BY ,MABEL ,*RY/IE1 & !IR MEMB]S RANG$ 9 AGE FROM !IR E>LY TE5S TO !IR E>LY TW5TIES4 ,:5 ,I WAS FIR/ 9TRODUC$ TO !M & GIV5 A T\R ( !IR HUGE AB&ON$ BUILD+ ,I FELT LIKE ,I WAS MEET+ ,PET] ,PAN & ! ,LO/ ,BOYS4 ,:5 !Y TOLD ME ( !IR AMBITI\S PLANS1 ,I WAS SKEPTICAL ( :AT !Y C\LD A*IEVE4 ,I WAS WRONG4 ,!Y SP5T ?REE YE>S AS SQUATT]S 9 ! BUILD+ BE=E COMMUNITY PRESSURE =C$ ! ,CITY TO (F] !M A LEASE4 

,! RECON/RUCTION ( ! NEI<BORHOOD 9 :I* !SE GR\PS W]E 9VOLV$ TOOK A RADICALLY DIFF]5T =M ?AN ! (FICIAL PLANS SUGGE/$ = ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,! ,C,U,&,O EXP]I5CE PROVIDES A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ! DIFF]5CE4 ,C,U,&,O WAS H\S$ 9 ! OLD ,*UR* ( ,ALL ,NATIONS ,SETTLEM5T ,H\SE ON #bND ,AV5UE AT ,H\/ON ,/REET1 :I* WAS P>T ( A TWELVE SQU>E BLOCK >EA PROPOS$ AS ! ,COOP] ,SQU>E ,R$EVELOPM5T ,PROJECT4 ,! GR\P SEIZ$ ! BUILD+ 9 #aige :5 ! *UR* MOV$ \T1 LEAV+ ! Y\? ( ! >EA )\T A RECREATIONAL FACILITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,C,U,&,O F\ND] ,ROB]TO 7,*I ,*I7 ,ILLA1 ?R\< CONT9UAL /RUGGLES !Y W]E F9ALLY ABLE TO GA9 LEGAL RECOGNITION ( !IR OCCUPANCY 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#g#h4 

,COOP] ,SQU>E WANT$ TO TE> D[N ! ,C,U,&,O BUILD+ & REPLACE IT ) HI<-RISE1 MIDDLE-9COME H\S+4 ,! Y\?S HAD DIFF]5T IDEAS4 ,) ! AID ( ,T$ ,F9*1 FROM ! ,5]GY ,TASK ,=CE & UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,F]D ,CABR]A1 COORD9ATOR ( ,C,U,&,O'S SOL> PROJECT1 !Y COMPLET$ CON/RUCTION ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S FIR/ PASSIVE SOL> HEAT WALL TO PROVIDE SPACE HEAT+ = !IR ?IRD FLOOR GYMNASIUM4 ,!Y 9/ALL$ FIVE W9D[ BOX GRE5H\SES & BEGAN DEVELOP+ ,FR5* 9T5SIVE G>D5S ON !IR #e1 SQU>E FEET 7#d#f#e SQU>E MET]S7 RO(TOP4 ,!Y DEVELOP$ PLANS = CONV]T+ A NONFUNCTIONAL #b#d1 GALLON 7#i1 LIT]S7 SWIMM+ POOL 9 !IR BASEM5T 9TO A COMM]CIAL AQUACULTURE FACILITY1 & DESIGN$ AN ATTA*$ SOL> GRE5H\SE = ! S\? SIDE ( !IR BUILD+4 ,RI*>D ,CLE<\RNE1 ! PROGRAM COORD9ATOR = ,C,U,&,O1 5VISION$ ! BUILD+ DEVELOP+ 9TO A C5T] = DEMON/RAT+ URBAN ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY4 

,! GR\PS SAW ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY AS HAV+ ! POT5TIAL TO PROVIDE A MAT]IAL BASE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A COOP]ATIVELY [N$ & MANAG$1 SELF-RELIANT ECONOMY = ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,C\PL$ ) A DEVELOP+ SY/EM ( COMMUNITY CONTROL ( NEI<BORHOOD 9/ITUTIONS = $UCATION1 HEAL? C>E1 PUBLIC SAFETY1 SANITATION1 H\S+1 & PLANN+1 ?IS WAS ! BASIS ( ! LONG RANGE1 HOLI/IC VISION ?AT 9SPIR$ ! EXP]IM5TS !Y UND]TOOK4 

,! PROJECTS AFFECT$ ! COMMUNITY ON ?REE LEVELS ?AT 9T]ACT$ ) & RE9=C$ EA* O!R4 ,FIR/1 !Y CONTRIBUT$ TO MEET+ ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$ & IMPROV$ ! IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T ( ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,CONCRETELY1 SOL> 5]GY MEANT L[] BILLS = OIL & ELECTRICITY4 ,G>D5S & AQUACULTURE SY/EMS RESULT$ 9 HI< QUALITY1 HEAL?Y FOOD & R$UC$ FOOD CO/S4 ,! RECYCL+ EF=T HELP$ TO ALLEVIATE ! HEAL? HAZ>DS PRES5T$ BY G>BAGE 9 ! /REETS1 & PROVID$ A SMALL ADDITIONAL 9COME = ?OSE 9VOLV$4 ,NEI<BORHOOD *ILDR5 N[ PLAY$ 9 A GRASSY P>K RA!R ?AN A RUBBLE-/REWN LOT4 

,9 RELATION TO ! TOTAL POPULATION1 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE AFFECT$ TO V>Y+ DEGREES BY ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY PROJECTS WAS >GUABLY SMALL4 ,! PROJECTS W]E CONCEIV$ AS PILOT & DEMON/RATION PROGRAMS1 !IR IMPACT LIMIT$ BY DEF9ITION4 ,TO MEET NE$S1 P>TICUL>LY FOOD & 5]GY NE$S1 9 A MORE SIGNIFICANT FA%ION W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ A MASSIVE 9T5SIFICATION ( ! PR9CIPLES DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! PILOT PROJECTS4 

,SECONDLY1 ! ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY PROJECTS PROVID$ A VALUABLE FOCUS = COMMUNITY ORGANIZ+4 ,! GR\PS W]E REM>KABLY SUCCESSFUL 9 9VOLV+ NEI<BORHOOD Y\NG PEOPLE 9 !IR WORK4 ,!Y MANAG$ TO DRAW Y\? (F ! /REET & 9 SOME CASES EV5 RECRUIT$ P>TICIPANTS FROM NEI<BORHOOD GANGS4 ,! 5]GIES ( ! /REET1 :I* CLAIM$ SO MANY ( ,LOISAIDA'S Y\?1 W]E DRAWN UPON & *ANNEL$ 9TO PRODUCTIVE DIRECTIONS4 

,! G>D5+ PROJECTS 9 P>TICUL> DREW P>TICIPATION FROM A BROAD CROSS-SECTION ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,MANY ( ! OLD] G>D5]S BR\<T EXP]I5CE FROM YE>S ( G>D5+ ON ! ,ISL& ( ,PU]TO ,RICO4 ,! G>D5S1 H\S+ COOP]ATIVES1 & RECYCL+ EF=TS W]E ALL >5AS 9 :I* ! P>TICIPANTS DEVELOP$ ! SKILLS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T NECESS>Y = COMMUNITY CONTROL4 

,P>TICIPATORY ,POLITICS 

,! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS :I* EM]G$ W]E TRULY GRASSROOTS & P>TICIPATORY4 ,EA* ORGANIZATION FUNCTION$ AS AN AUTONOM\S GR\P & EA* HAD A P>TICUL> /RUCTURE1 BUT !Y ALL REFLECT$ A COMMON CONC]N ) 5SUR+ ?AT ALL ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 A P>TICUL> PROJECT P>TICIPAT$ 9 MAK+ ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT$ ?AT PROJECT4 ,EMPHASIS WAS PLAC$ ON TEA*+ RA!R ?AN TELL+ P>TICIPANTS H[ TO WORK TOGE!R4 ,LE>N+ BY DO+ WAS ! RULE ( ?UMB1 & Y\? W]E GIV5 POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY TO HELP DEVELOP !IR LEAD]%IP SKILLS4 ,LEAD]%IP ITSELF WAS DEF9$ 9 NON-HI]>*ICAL T]MS4 ,PEOPLE LEAD BY EXAMPLE & BY VIRTUE ( !IR EXP]I5CE4 ,LEAD]%IP %IFT$ FROM 9DIVIDUAL TO 9DIVIDUAL 9 RELATION TO ! SPECIFIC ACTIVITY4 ,! PROCESSES ( BO? DECISION-MAK+ & PHYSICAL WORK W]E SE5 AS 9SEP>ABLE FROM1 & AS EQUALLY IMPORTANT AS1 ! 5D RESULT4 

,LEAD]%IP 9 ,*,>,A,S WAS SITUATIONAL1 %IFT+ FROM TASK TO TASK1 ) EV]YONE 9 ! ORGANIZATION AT SOME PO9T PROVID+ LEAD]%IP 9 ONE ACTIVITY OR ANO!R1 (T5 DEFY+ /]EOTYPES1 ) WOM5 TAK+ ON A V>IETY ( LEAD]%IP ROLES1 9CLUD+ 9 TRADITIONALLY MALE >5AS LIKE CON/RUCTION4 ,:5 WORK+ ON PROJECTS1 ,*,>,A,S ALWAYS TRI$ TO 9VOLVE ! BROAD] COMMUNITY4 ,AS ,*9O ,G>CIA PUT IT3 0,WE TRY TO MAKE IT1 AS MU* AS WE CAN1 A COLLECTIVE EF=T4 ,IT IS NOT EASY4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE DON'T KN[ H[ TO WORK ) A COLLECTIVE /RUCTURE4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE WANT LEAD]%IP1 WE HAVE ?AT TR\BLE4 ,!Y FEEL ?AT !Y >E USELESS )\T IT4 ,!Y WANT SOME C5TRAL BODY4 ,!Y'RE US$ TO DICTATOR%IP1 NOT !IR [N PLANS & PREP>ATIONS4 ,WE TRY TO TEA* !M TO BE MORE 9DEP5D5T ( A C5TRAL BODY1 MORE 9DEP5D5T AS A TEAM40 

,?AT 0PEOPLE %\LD WORK TOGE!R COLLECTIVELY10 WAS ! EXPLICIT IDEAL4 ,G>CIA FUR!R DESCRIB$ ! PROCESS3 0,WE TRY TO MAKE DECISIONS AS A GR\P4 ,?+S >E WRITT5 BY ! GR\P & SIGN$ 'COLLECTIVELY' RA!R ?AN 'RESPECTFULLY4' ,IT MEANS ! GR\P DECID$4 ,WE DO NOT USE NAMES LIKE ',DIRECTOR1' WE >E NOT TRADITIONAL LEAD]S2 WE CALL \RSELVES CO-COORD9ATORS ( :AT HAS TO BE DONE40 ,! :OLE PO9T BE+ ?AT ,*,>,A,S 0TRY TO GET PEOPLE TO ! PO9T :]E !Y CAN BE !IR [N BOSSES2 DEVELOP !IR SKILLS & BREAK \T ( ?AT :OLE LEAD]_/L$ M9DSET10 ,G>CIA CONCLUD$4 

,?IS PROCESS ( P]SONAL EMP[]M5T WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! 9TEGRATION ( NEW MEMB]S 9TO ! GR\P4 ,LEAD]%IP TOOK ON AN $UCATIONAL =M1 TEA*+ PEOPLE TO BECOME LEAD]S !MSELVES BY EMP[]+ 9DIVIDUALS TO BECOME AN EFFECTIVE P>T ( A COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+ PROCESS4 ,*,>,A,S HAD A ME*ANISM KN[N AS ! ,YUCCA SY/EM4 ,! PR9CIPLE AT WORK1 ACCORD+ TO ,ANGELO ,GONZALEZ1 WAS 0,EA* ONE TEA* ONE40 

,?IS PRACTICAL LE>N+ EXP]I5CE WAS P[]FUL4 0,I FELT CLOSE TO MY PEOPLE4 ,I WANT$ TO DO SOME?+1 AB\T ! NEI<BORHOOD10 SAID ,LUIS ,GUZMAN1 DESCRIB+ HIS EXP]I5CE AS A SEV5TE5-YE>-OLD4 0,:5 ,I WAS 9 HI< S*OOL ,I WAS P>T ( A /UDY GR\P ( /UD5TS & WE W\LD DISCUSS ?+S1 LIKE H[ ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WORKS1 :Y WE HAVE POOR PEOPLE1 REALLY BREAK+ IT D[N1 Y\ KN[1 H[ ! SY/EM WORKS1 DIFF]5T =MS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,MY M9D WAS DEVELOP+1 QUE/ION+ LOTS ( ?+S40 ,GUZMAN DID ORGANIZ+ = ! ,UNIT$ ,F>M ,WORK]S :5 HE MET ,*9O ,G>CIA1 :O 9VIT$ HIM OV] TO ,*,>,A,S4 0,I />T$ GETT+ MORE 9VOLV$1 GO+ TO MEET+S1 GETT+ 9VOLV$ ) COMMITTEES1 & LE>N+ A LOT AB\T COMMUNITY POLITICS1 BE+ ASK$ TO SPEAK AB\T ! COMMUNITY & MY FEEL+S40 ,9 ! PROCESS1 0,I OP5$ UP TO A LOT ( IDEAS1 LE>N$ TO MAKE JUDGM5TS1 SAY YES OR NO2 TO DEVELOP A S5SE ( MYSELF1 & A COMMITM5T TO ! MOVEM5T & MY PEOPLE2 TO UND]/& ! SY/EM1 COME UP ) ALT]NATIVES & ?9K POSITIVE40 ,P>TICIPATION AFFECT$ EV]Y?+1 HE EXPLA9$3 0,IT'S LIKE BE+ A W>RIOR1 Y\ HAVE TO LE>N EV]Y?+ \T !RE & *ANGE Y\RSELF1 Y\ CAN'T LE>N IT ALL FROM BOOKS40 

,IF POLITICS IS DEF9$ 9 ITS MO/ BASIC S5SE AS ! WAY PEOPLE RELATE TO EA* O!R & MAKE DECISIONS ?AT GOV]N !IR LIVES1 !N ! MOVEM5T 9 ,LOISAIDA MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS 9T5SELY POLITICAL4 ,BUT NOT SO IF POLITICS IS DEF9$ 9 ITS N>R[1 MORE G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ S5SE AS ! P>LIAM5T>IAN OR SECT>IAN EX]CISE ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,! GR\PS DID NOT CON=M TO A P>TICUL> POLITICAL IDEOLOGY1 DOCTR9E1 OR DOGMA4 ,H[EV] !IR PRACTICE WAS 9=M$ BY A SET ( PR9CIPLES4 

,$G>DO ,RIV]A EXPLA9$ IT ?IS WAY1 0,A DIFF]5T K9D ( POLITICS IS EM]G+4 ,A /ATE ( *ANGE IS HAPP5+4 ,RA!R ?AN PU% ONE MODEL OR ONE PROGRAM ON PEOPLE Y\ HAVE TO BE P>TICIPATORY & GIVE SUPPORT TO ?+S ?AT >E B5EFICIAL TO ! PEOPLE & ! 5VIRONM5T ( ! NEI<BORHOOD40 ,9 REF]5CE TO ,*,>,A,S HE SAID1 0,EV]YONE IS AN 9DIVIDUAL ) !IR P]SONAL BELIEFS1 BUT AS AN ORGANIZATION ,*,>,A,S DOES NOT ID5TIFY ITSELF ) ANY SY/EM1 P>TY1 OR POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS NOT SEP>ATI/ POLITICS2 IT IS A MATT] ( DIRECTION40 ,! BASIC IDEA WAS ?AT ! COMMUNITY %\LD ADDRESS ITS [N NE$S4 0,WE >E AIM+ = ! >EA TO DEF9E ITS [N FUTURE10 SAID ,RIV]A4 0,AS PEOPLE KEEP LE>N+ !Y REALIZE ?AT !RE IS A LOT !Y CAN DO !MSELVES TO MAKE ?+S BETT]40 ,! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS W]E OBVI\S3 0,Y\ SUDD5LY REALIZE ?AT NOBODY %\LD PLAN = ANYBODY ELSE10 ,RIV]A EXPLA9$4 0,WE MEET \R [N NE$S4 ,! COMMUNITY MEET+S S]VE ?AT PURPOSE40 

,! MAJOR EMPHASIS ( ,*,>,A,S WAS EXEMPL>Y ACTION & PRAXIS4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,VICTOR ,SAN*EZ1 A PRISON ORGANIZ] & =M] MEMB] ( ,*,>,A,S1 0,! CONCEPT IS BAS$ ON ! PRACTICE ( SELF-RELIANCE & SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,WE DO NOT DEAL ) IDEOLOGY OR FALSE PRIDE4 ,WE >E AB\T WORK40 ,TO BE SURE1 0,:5 Y\ TALK AB\T COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T1 9 ! LONG RUN Y\ >E TALK+ AB\T CONTROLL+ ! POLICE1 ! S*OOLS1 EV]Y?+10 ,SAN*EZ ADMITT$4 0,WE >E AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT WE LIVE 9 A C\NTRY FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS2 WE DON'T NE$ ANY MORE CONTRADICTIONS AMONG \RSELVES4 ,SO WE TRY TO SET AN EXAMPLE ( H[ ?+S CAN BE DONE40 

0,! PRACTICE C5T]S ON EV]YDAY LIFE10 ,SAN*EZ EXPLA9$4 0,DID Y\ EAT TODAY8 ,DO Y\ HAVE HEAT8 ,WE >E OP540 ,9DE$1 0WE HAVE BE5 ACCUS$ ( BE+ LIB]AL1 TOO OP51 TOO VULN]ABLE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT LIB]ALISM10 HE 9SI/$3 0WE JU/ DON'T WANT \R ORGANIZATION TO BE US$ AS A PLAT=M = SOMEONE'S IDEOLOGY40 ,!IR REJECTION ( SECT>IAN IDEOLOGY %\LD NOT BE MIS9T]PRET$ AS ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM OR IGNORANCE1 RA!R IT WAS A CONSCI\S *OICE TO DEVELOP A POLITICS BAS$ 9 DIRECT ACTION & A RECON/RUCTIVE VISION1 & A RECOGNITION ( ! 9ADEQUACIES ( SECT>IAN POLITICAL !ORY 9 DEAL+ ) ! P>TICUL>S ( !IR SITUATION4 

,! ORGANIZATIONS 9VOLV$ W]E P>T ( A L>G] NETWORK ( ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE GR\PS 9VOLV$ 9 H\S+1 HEAL? C>E1 $UCATIONAL & CULTURAL ISSUES4 ,= SEV]AL YE>S !SE GR\PS ASSEMBL$ AT QU>T]LY ,LOISAIDA T[N MEET+S TO MAKE PLANS1 DISCUSS ! PROBLEMS & CELEBRATE ! TRIUMPHS ( !IR NEI<BORHOOD4 ,!SE T[N MEET+S1 ATT5D$ BY 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5S & REPRES5TATIVES ( OV] ONE HUNDR$ COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS1 W]E 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,CULTURAL ,AFFAIRS1 A ,*ICAGO-BAS$ GR\P DEVOT$ TO GRASSROOTS COMMUNITY EMP[]M5T & RECON/RUCTION1 ROOT$ 9 A UTOPIAN1 COMMUNAL1 ,*RI/IAN TRADITION4 ,:ILE OV]T RELIGIOSITY WAS REJECT$ BY MO/ ( ! GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! T[N MEET+S1 ! =UM ITSELF PROV$ TO BE EXTREMELY VALUABLE AS A WAY TO MAKE DECISIONS AB\T NEI<BORHOOD PRIORITIES1 ASSIGN RESPONSIBILITY = SPECIFIC PROJECTS1 & COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES BETWE5 GR\PS4 

,AT ! T[N MEET+S ! COMMUNITY WAS DIVID$ UP1 BLOCK BY BLOCK1 & DETAIL$ PLANS W]E BLUEPR9T$ = ! R$EVELOPM5T ( EA* AB&ON$ BUILD+ & VACANT LOT1 ) RESPONSIBILITY = EA* PROJECT ASSIGN$ TO A SPECIFIC NEI<BORHOOD GR\P4 ,A COMPREH5SIVE PLAN = ! NEI<BORHOOD RESULT$4 

,OV] #c 9DIVIDUALS ATT5D$ A TYPICAL T[N MEET+4 ,DECISIONS W]E MADE US+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & ! DECISIONS AFFECT$ A GR\P ( APPROXIMATELY #c1 PEOPLE ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 ! PROCESS ( COMMUNITY RECON/RUCTION 9 ,LOISAIDA1 AB\T #a.0 ( ! TOTAL POPULATION ( ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,GIV5 ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( NEI<BORHOOD RESID5TS W]E *ILDR5 & ANO!R L>GE P]C5TAGE ( ! POPULATION W]E 9VOLV$ ) CRIME1 DRUGS1 & O!R ACTIVITIES ?AT MADE !IR P>TICIPATION UNLIKELY1 #c1 PEOPLE CON/ITUT$ A SIGNIFICANT BLOCK ( ,LOISAIDA'S CITIZ5RY4 ,! GR\PS ALSO PRODUC$ A MAGAZ9E FOCUS$ ON COMMUNITY ISSUES1 ,! ,QUALITY ( ,LIFE 9 ,LOISAIDA4 

,MUTUAL ,AID 

,ANO!R LEVEL ON :I* ! PROJECTS AFFECT$ ! NEI<BORHOOD WAS MORE LONG T]M4 ,:ILE ! PROJECTS ?AT ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ W]E EXP]IM5TS & PILOT PROJECTS !Y W]E ALL SE5 AS HAV+ A POT5TIALLY TRANS=MATIVE IMPACT ON ,LOISAIDA4 ,! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! >EA ?R\< ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY MEANT NOT ONLY ! PHYSICAL RECON/RUCTION ( ! NEI<BORHOOD1 BUT ! CREATION ( JOBS1 JOB TRA9+ & NEW S\RCES ( 9COME AS WELL4 ,SU* OPPORTUNITIES W]E DESP]ATELY NE$$ 9 ,LOISAIDA1 :]E E/IMATES ( UNEMPLOYM5T AMONG Y\? RAN AS HI< AS #d.04 ,JOB TRA9+ WAS PROVID$ TO PEOPLE 9 ! RAPIDLY EM]G+ FIELDS RELAT$ TO ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES LIKE SOL> 5]GY & RETR(ITT+ BUILD+S = 5]GY EFFICI5CY4 ,JOBS = ?OSE TRA9$ C\LD HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ITSELF :]E AB\T #g.0 ( ! H\S+ /OCK WAS AB&ON$ OR DILAPIDAT$4 

,! GR\PS BEGAN TO CREATE SMALL-SCALE COOP]ATIVE BUS9ESSES TO PUT !IR SKILLS TO USE4 ,*,>,A,S BEGAN BUILD+ PORTABLE DOMES4 ,C,U,&,O CON/RUCT$ W9D[ BOX GRE5H\SES ?AT !Y HOP$ TO M>KET4 ,PLANS W]E MADE = ! EXPANSION ( ! RECYCL+ C5T] TO FULL RES\RCE RECOV]Y FROM RAW G>BAGE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ,C,U,&,O DESIGN$ AN ATTA*$ GRE5H\SE = !IR #bND ,AV5UE C5T] TO SUPPLY ORNAM5TAL PLANTS = NEI<BORHOOD %OPS 9 ADDITION TO RAIS+ VEGETABLES4 ,! #a#a? ,/REET ,MOVEM5T CON/RUCT$ TWO RO(TOP GRE5H\SES = FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,A C>P5TRY COOP]ATIVE & A TOOL L5D+ LIBR>Y W]E DEVELOP$ ON #a#a? ,/REET1 AS WAS A SOL> 9/ALLATION COOP]ATIVE4 ,SWEAT EQUITY BUILD+S ?R\<\T ! NEI<BORHOOD =M$ A FUEL OIL PUR*AS+ COOP]ATIVE1 & ! COMMUNITY />T$ BO? A FOOD COOP]ATIVE1 & A COMMUNITY CR$IT UNION4 

,! DEVELOPM5T & SURVIVAL ( ! PROJECTS 9 ,LOISAIDA RE/$ ON AN ECONOMIC BASE ROOT$ 9 ! TRADITION ( MUTUAL AID4 ,IT DREW ON ,PU]TO ,RICAN COMMUNAL TRADITIONS1 & A S5SE ( MUTUALISM (T5 F\ND 9 IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES1 ) ME*ANISMS LIKE HOMET[N CLUBS1 EXT5D$ FAMILY NETWORKS & /REET CLIQUES PROVID+ SUPPORT & %>+ RES\RCES4 ,! MOTTO ( ,*,>,A,S WAS 0,DO+ MORE ) LESS40 ,AS ,*9O ,G>CIA DESCRIB$ IT1 0,IT MEANS TO TAKE A DOLL> & /RET* IT1 BY NOT BE+ 9DIVIDUALI/S & ONE P]SON OR GR\P HOG IT ALL40 

,9 ,*,>,A,S PEOPLE %>$ MONEY AS IT BECAME AVAILABLE2 RECIPROCITY WAS ! PR9CIPLE AT WORK4 ,9DIVIDUAL NE$S W]E TAK5 9TO ACC\NT2 A FA!R ( TWO *ILDR5 W\LD RECEIVE MORE ?AN A S+LE P]SON4 ,! RULE WAS 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$40 ,$G>DO ,RIV]A SAID1 0,SOMETIMES WE GET PAID1 SOMETIMES WE DON'T4 ,SOMETIMES SOMEONE MAY HAVE AN \TSIDE JOB1 OR UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,WE %>E1 WE /AY OP51 PEOPLE >E HAPPY1 & !Y SURVIVE4 ,SOMETIMES IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT NO ONE HAS ANY MONEY40 

,FUND+ = ! PROJECTS HAS COME FROM A V>IETY ( S\RCES3 COMMUNITY *UR*ES1 PRIVATE F\NDATIONS1 PUBLIC GRANTS1 & L[ 9T]E/ LOANS4 ,AFT] ! WORK WAS ALREADY E/ABLI%$1 ! ?REE GR\PS RECEIV$ @s#i#f1 FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,C5T] = ,APPROPRIATE ,TE*NOLOGY 7,N,C,A,T71 AN 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATION FUND$ BY ! F$]AL ,COMMUNITY ,S]VICES ,ADM9I/RATION TO F9ANCE EXP]IM5TS 9 ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY = L[-9COME PEOPLE4 ,N,C,A,T FUND$ NUM]\S PROJECTS >\ND ! C\NTRY1 ?\< MO/ FOCUS$ ON ! APPLICATION ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY 9 RURAL SITUATIONS4 ,! PROJECTS 9 ,LOISAIDA W]E ! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT A CONC]T$ APPLICATION ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY 9 ! URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,HIRAM ,%AW1 ! ACT+ ,DIRECTOR ( ,N,C,A,T1 BELIEV$ ?AT 0,IF IT CAN WORK 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 IT CAN WORK ANY:]E40 

,! GR\NDWORK = ! PROJECTS WAS LAID OV] A P]IOD ( SEV]AL YE>S4 ,TE*NICAL ASSI/ANCE ?R\< ! PLANN+ & DESIGN PHASES WAS PROVID$ BY A NUMB] ( GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS1 9CLUD+ ,BUCKM9/] ,FULL]1 ! ,5]GY ,TASK ,=CE1 ,ADOPT-A-,BUILD+1 ! ,URBAN ,HOME/EAD ,ASSI/ANCE ,BO>D1 ! ,GRE5 ,GU]RILLAS1 L&SCAPE >*ITECT ,ROB]T ,NI*OLS1 & ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY4 ,?IS COLLABORATION BETWE5 RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/S & ! L[-9COME ,PU]TO ,RICAN COMMUNITY ( ,LOISAIDA WAS UNPREC$5T$4 ,! COOP]ATION PROVID$ A /RONG >GUM5T AGA9/ ?OSE :O CLAIM$ ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES W]E IRRELEVANT TO 9N] CITY PEOPLE4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT :ILE \TSIDE ASSI/ANCE WAS 9/RUM5TAL 9 MAK+ ! PROJECTS A REALITY1 ! PRIM>Y IMPETUS RE/$ )9 ! ,LOISAIDA COMMUNITY4 ,*9O ,G>CIA NOT$ ?AT 0,9 ! '#fS ! ANTI-POV]TY PROGRAM CAME 9TO ! NEI<BORHOOD ) MILLIONS ( DOLL>S1 & ! GOV]NM5T HAD ALL !SE PROGRAMS ?AT W]E GO+ TO HELP US \T & SAVE ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 ,?OSE PROGRAMS W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE CONTROLL$ BY ! PEOPLE1 BUT !Y NEV] REALLY W]E4 ,SO ?OSE MILLIONS ( DOLL>S W]E SP5T & NO?+ REALLY *ANG$1 9 FACT ?+S GOT WORSE4 ,SOME PEOPLE GOT ! IDEA ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD PROVIDE = !M4 ,BUT SOME ( US CAME TO UND]/& ?AT WE HAD TO DO = \RSELVES IF WE REALLY WANT$ TO CONTROL :AT HAPP5S 9 \R NEI<BORHOOD4 ,?AT'S :AT ! 5VIRONM5TAL PROJECTS >E AB\T4 ,WE DO = \RSELVES1 WE USE :ATEV] RES\RCES WE HAVE AVAILABLE 9 ! COMMUNITY 7'DO+ MORE ) LESS'7 & AFT] WE HAVE GONE AS F> AS WE CAN GO WE LOOK TO ! \TSIDE = SOME HELP4 ,WE WELCOME ASSI/ANCE FROM ! \TSIDE1 BUT !Y HAVE TO UND]/& ?AT ! COMMUNITY WILL MAKE ! DECISIONS AB\T :AT GOES ON & ! COMMUNITY WILL [N & CONTROL :ATEV] WE BUILD UP40 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON GRASSROOTS CONTROL & DECISION-MAK+ WAS CRUCIAL TO ! SUCCESS ( ! PROJECTS4 ,IT 5ABL$ ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY TO GA9 A FOO?OLD 9 ?IS NEI<BORHOOD :]E O!R EF=TS TO 9TRODUCE ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY TO ! 9N] CITY1 LIKE ! COMMUNITY TE*NOLOGY EXP]IM5TS 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C41 :I* ,K>L ,HESS WROTE AB\T 9 HIS BOOK ,COMMUNITY ,TE*NOLOGY1 HAD FAIL$4 ,!SE W]E NOT GR\PS ( MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE BR++ ! BLESS+S ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY TO ! POOR4 ,RA!R1 ! EF=TS W]E AN EXPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE ( ! NEI<BORHOOD DEM&+ ACCESS TO ! TOOLS ?AT C\LD 5ABLE !M TO RECON/RUCT !IR [N NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,ANGELO ,GONZALEZ ( ,*,>,A,S1 0,IT IS ! HUMAN 5]GY1 NOT ! SOL> 5]GY ?AT WILL REALLY MAKE ! DIFF]5CE40 

,REFLECTIONS ON ,G5TRIFICATION 

,:ILE ! PROJECTS W]E BUT A T9Y FRAGM5T ( ! WORK ?AT NE$$ TO BE DONE IF ,LOISAIDA WAS TO BE TURN$ >\ND FROM ITS /ATE ( DECAY1 !Y REPRES5T$ AN IMPORTANT FIR/ /EP4 ,! USE ( =MS ( NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATION = :I* ! TE*NOLOGIES CAN PROVIDE A MAT]IAL BASE HAD ! POT5TIAL TO TRANS=M ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 ,!RE WAS1 ( C\RSE1 NO GU>ANTEE ?AT SU* A TRANS=MATION W\LD OCCUR4 ,! PROJECTS W]E UND]F9ANC$1 UND]/AFF$1 & FRU/RAT$ BY ! CON/ANT BUREAUCRATIC 5TANGLEM5TS 9VOLV$ 9 ANY COMMUNITY WORK4 ,BUT GIV5 ! TE*NOLOGICAL & MORE IMPORTANTLY HUMAN 5]GIES 9VOLV$1 !RE WAS GREAT HOPE = 0UN MILAGRO DE ,LOISAIDA10 A MIRACLE ( ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE4 ,?AT MIRACLE1 ! TRANS=MATION & RECON/RUCTION ( ,AM]ICA'S >*ETYPAL IMMIGRANT <ETTO1 HAD IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS = ALL ( \R DECAY+ CITIES1 & = ! R$EF9ITION ( AN URBAN LIFE/YLE = ALL ( \R CITIZ5S4 

,CLE>LY1 ! TE*NOLOGIES W]E NOT A PANACEA4 ,9 FACT1 TE*NOLOGY 9 & ( ITSELF CAN (F] NO SOLUTION TO :AT >E ESS5TIALLY SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,BUT !Y DID HOLD ! POT5TIAL TO SUPPORT ! EM]G+ CULTURAL MOVEM5T 9 ,LOISAIDA 9 SIGNIFICANT WAYS4 ,I WI% ,I C\LD PO9T TO ,LOISAIDA TODAY AS A MODEL = A AN ECOLOGICAL1 SELF-RELIANT1 DIRECTLY-DEMOCRATIC NEI<BORHOOD BUILT ON ! RUBBLE ( A COLLAPS$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT ! REALITY IS ?AT ! L>G] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =CES ( ! CITY & NATION-/ATE CONSPIR$ TO PREV5T ! DEVELOPM5TS DESCRIB$ ABOVE FROM REA*+ !IR FULL POT5TIAL4 ,WE DISCOV]$ ?AT1 TO P>APHRASE ,L591 Y\ CANNOT BUILD ECOTOPIA 9 ONE NEI<BORHOOD4 ,FROM ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 ! MOVEM5T WAS =C$ TO TURN ITS ATT5TION TO ! BATTLE AGA9/ G5TRIFICATION4 

,AS ! ,U,S ECONOMY RECOV]$ FROM ! RECESSION ( ! E>LY #a#i#hS & 5T]$ ! ]A ( ,RONALD ,REAGAN1 ,LOISAIDA WAS T>GET$ = 0DEVELOPM5T40 ,JU/ A TW5TY M9UTE WALK FROM ,WALL ,/REET1 ! VACANT LOTS & AB&ON$ BUILD+S W]E SE5 AS RIPE = PICK+ BY REAL E/ATE DEVELOP]S1 :O RE*RI/5$ ! NEI<BORHOOD 0ALPHABET CITY40 ,IRONICALLY1 A MAJOR FACTOR ?AT MADE ! NEI<BORHOOD SO ATTRACTIVE WAS ! REVITALIZATION ( ! COMMUNITY ?R\< ! EF=TS ( ! GRASSROOTS4 ,VACANT LOTS W]E N[ COMMUNITY G>D5S1 AB&ON$ H\SES W]E BE+ REHABB$1 & A VIBRANT ,NEW ,YORK ,PU]TO ,RICAN CULTURE HAD EM]G$4 ,>TI/S1 PUNK ROCK]S1 & /UD5TS SEEK+ L[ R5TS W]E MOV+ EA/ ( ,AV5UE ,A1 & BR++ CLUBS1 RE/AURANTS & %OPS ) !M4 ,A NEW 0HIP0 NEI<BORHOOD WAS TAK+ %APE1 & REAL E/ATE WAS *EAP4 ,SPECULATORS />T$ MOV+ 94 

,! BUILD+ NEXT TO ! ,*,>,A,S L(T ON ,AV5UE ,B *ANG$ H&S ?REE TIMES 9 AN EI<TE5 MON? P]IOD1 FIR/ = @s#a#b11 !N = @s#c#f1 & F9ALLY = @s#c#b11 )\T ANY WORK OR R5OVATION BE+ DONE4 ,! ,CITY *ANG$ ITS POLICY & 9/EAD ( NEGOTIAT+ ) COMMUNITY GR\PS = [N]%IP ( AB&ON$ PROP]TIES1 ALL ,CITY [N$ BUILD+S & LOTS W]E PUT ON ! AUCTION BLOCK4 

,A HUGE /RUGGLE WAS WAG$ :5 ! ,GIULIANI ADM9I/RATION DECID$ TO EVICT ! COMMUNITY G>D5S & AUCTION (F ! LOTS ON :I* !Y W]E BUILT4 ,SQUATT]S W]E T>GET$ = EVICTION & LONG-/&+ COMMUNITY PROJECTS W]E UND] ASSAULT4 ,! JIU JITSU ( ! REAL E/ATE M>KET =C$ ! COMMUNITY ( ,LOISAIDA TO FI<T A HOLD+ ACTION1 :I* RESULT$ 9 NUM]\S CONFRONTATIONS ) ! POLICE & ! ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ,H\S+ ,AU?ORITY4 

,! G5TRIFICATION ( ! NEI<BORHOOD MOV$ 9TO HI< GE> DUR+ ! #a#i#hS4 ,! ACTIVE DISPLACEM5T ( L[ 9COME RESID5TS 9CREAS$1 ) L&LORDS US+ >SON1 H>ASSM5T1 & 9TIMIDATION TO =CE \T R5T]S1 ABETT$ BY ! ,CITY'S EF=TS TO BUILD MIDDLE 9COME H\S+ ?AT W\LD HAVE EXCLUD$ MO/ ( ! POOR & WORK+ PEOPLE ( ,LOISAIDA4 ,! ,CITY ALSO TRI$ TO DIVIDE V>I\S CON/ITU5CIES 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD2 !Y PROPOS$ MIDDLE 9COME >TI/S H\S+ BE BUILT ON ! SITE ( ,LA ,PLAZA ,CULTURAL1 A MOVE ?AT WAS SUCCESSFULLY RESI/$ BY ,*,>,A,S & O!R COMMUNITY GR\PS1 9CLUD+ >TI/S GR\PS4 

,9 ! #a#i#iS1 ! ,CITY R5OVAT$ ,TOMK9S ,SQU>E ,P>K 9 ! HE>T ( ,LOISAIDA & US$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO TE> D[N ! AMPHI!AT] !RE1 :I* HAD S]V$ AS AN IMPORTANT C5T] = CULTURAL & POLITICAL GA!R+S1 & TO PU% ! HOMELESS POPULATION1 :I* HAD BE5 A /RONG PRES5CE 9 ! P>K1 \T ( ! NEI<BORHOOD 9 ORD] TO 0SANITIZE0 IT = ! MORE MIDDLE CLASS RESID5TS />T+ TO MOVE EA/ ( ,AV5UE ,A4 ,9 #aii A MASSIVE RIOT BEGAN 9 ! P>K & ROIL$ 9TO ! SURR\ND+ BLOCKS AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ !SE ACTIONS4 

,! COMMUNITY GR\PS HELD A S]IES ( PROTE/S & DIRECT ACTIONS TO TRY TO /EM ! TIDE ( DISPLACEM5T2 !Y F\<T BACK 9 EV]Y WAY IMAG9ABLE4 ,!Y W]E =C$ TO AB&ON !IR AMBITI\S PLANS = RECON/RUCT+ !IR NEI<BORHOOD & PUT ALL ( !IR 5]GY 9TO FI<T+ G5TRIFICATION4 ,! %IFT+ POPULATION DYNAMICS 9SUR$ ! ELECTION ( A CITY C\NCIL MEMB] :O WAS A PROPON5T ( G5TRIFICATION1 & ! REAL E/ATE 9T]E/S1 >GUABLY ! MO/ P[]FUL =CE 9 ,NEW ,YORK POLITICS1 /EPP$ UP ! PRESSURE ON ! CITY = M>KET SALES ( CITY [N$ PROP]TIES4 ,BY ! MID #a#i#iS1 G5TRIFICATION ( ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE WAS A FAIT ACCOMPLI4 ,SOME ( ! COMMUNITY GR\PS W]E ABLE TO HOLD ON TO :AT !Y HAD BUILT UP2 ,SWEAT EQUITY GR\PS :O HAD NEGOTIAT$ LEGAL TITLE TO !IR BUILD+S W]E ABLE TO KEEP !M4 ,! ACTRESS ,BETTE ,MIDL] GAVE MILLIONS ( DOLL>S SO ?AT SOME COMMUNITY G>D5S W]E PUR*AS$ FROM ! CITY & PLAC$ 9 A PUBLIC TRU/1 AFT] YE>S ( PROTE/ & RESI/ANCE4 ,H[EV]1 MANY MORE GR\PS LO/ !IR H>D-E>N$ PROJECTS4 ,AFT] #bb YE>S ( OP]ATION1 ,*,>,A,S WAS EVICT$ FROM ,EL ,BOHIO1 BAS$ 9 ! OLD PUBLIC S*OOL ON #i? ,/REET1 & !Y ALSO LO/ !IR RECYCL+ C5T] ON #h? ,/REET4 ,C,U,&,O WAS EVICT$1 !IR PROP]TY SOLD1 & ULTIMATELY TORN D[N4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ PROMIS+ GRASSROOTS EF=TS AT NEI<BORHOOD RECON/RUCTION EV] ATTEMPT$ WAS CRU%$ UND] ! WEI<T ( ! REAL E/ATE M>KET4 

,9 RETROSPECT IT IS CLE> ?AT ! MOVEM5T MADE SOME /RATEGIC MI/AKES4 ,:5 ! NEI<BORHOOD WAS R$L9$ BY ! BANKS & ! AB&ON$ PROP]TIES W]E CONSID]$ WOR?LESS BY ! ,CITY1 ! GRASSROOTS GR\PS %\LD HAVE ORGANIZ$ TO 5SURE A COMPREH5SIVE APPROA* TO COMMUNITY [N]%IP & CONTROL ( ?OSE PROP]TIES1 RA!R ?AN ! PIECEMEAL APPROA* ?AT EM]G$4 ,WE %\LD HAVE HAD ! =ESI<T TO REALIZE ?AT1 GIV5 ! PATT]N ?AT HAD EM]G$ 9 SO MANY ,MANHATTAN NEI<BORHOODS BE=E 7LIKE ,GRE5WI* ,VILLAGE1 ,SO,HO & ,TRIBECA71 G5TRIFICATION POS$ A REAL ?REAT1 SOME?+ ?AT WAS H>D TO BELIEVE WALK+ ?R\< ! MO/LY AB&ON$ NEI<BORHOOD ( ! #a#i#gS4 

,! ,CITY C\LD HAVE BE5 PRESSUR$ TO GU>ANTEE COMMUNITY ACCESS AS A FIR/ PRIORITY = ,CITY [N$ PROP]TIES4 ,?IS APPROA* WAS US$ BY ! ,DUDLEY ,/REET ,NEI<BORHOOD ,9ITIATIVE 9 ,BO/ON & !Y W]E ABLE TO SECURE !IR P>T ( ! ,ROXBURY NEI<BORHOOD = COMMUNITY [N]%IP & COMMUNITY BAS$ DEVELOPM5T EF=TS4 ,!RE WAS A ,CITY WIDE COALITION ( GRASSROOTS GR\PS ?AT 9CLUD$ ! ,S\? ,BRONX ,PEOPLE'S ,DEVELOPM5T ,ORGANIZATION1 ! ,BANANA ,KELLY ,BLOCK ,ASSOCIATION1 ! ,BROOKLYN BAS$ ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,NEI<BORHOOD ,WOM51 & NUM]\S O!R GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS DEAL+ ) H\S+ & OP5 SPACE ISSUES1 :I* C\LD HAVE MOBILIZ$ TO PUT MORE PRESSURE ON ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,H\S+ ,PRES]VATION & ,DEVELOPM5T TO 9SURE COMMUNITY [N]%IP & PROVIDE MORE PUBLIC SP5D+ = ,SWEAT ,EQUITY ,URBAN ,HOME/EAD]S1 A POSITION :I* W\LD HAVE G>N]$ BROAD PUBLIC SUPPORT S9CE ,SWEAT ,EQUITY PRODUC$ L[ 9COME H\S+ AT APPROXIMATELY ONE F\R? ( ! CO/ ( BUILD+ TRADITIONAL PUBLIC H\S+4 

,! MOVEM5T ALSO FAIL$ TO FULLY DEVELOP ! POT5TIAL ( ! T[N MEET+S AS A C\NT]P[] TO ! ,CITY GOV]NM5T1 A /RATEGY LAT] DEVELOP$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 9 HIS CONCEPT ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,AS ! PRESSURE ( G5TRIFICATION 9CREAS$ ! T[N MEET+S FELL BY ! WAYSIDE1 REPLAC$1 9 P>T1 BY ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ,COMMUNITY ,PLANN+ ,BO>D1 :I* N[ CONSI/S ( ELECT$1 RA!R ?AN APPO9T$1 REPRES5TATIVES4 ,REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 H[EV]1 IS NOT A REPLACEM5T = ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY PRACTIC$ 9 ! T[N MEET+ =UM1 & ?IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 L$ TO A GR[+ DISEMP[]M5T ( RESID5TS4 

,AN APPROA* :I* COMB9$ PROTE/ & DIRECT ACTION1 ! TWO PRIM>Y ME?ODS US$ BY ! MOVEM5T1 ) ! G5U9ELY POLITICAL DIM5SION EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! T[N MEET+S C\LD HAVE HAD A P[]FUL IMPACT & SET ! /AGE = ! CREATION ( REAL COMMUNITY P[]4 ,9 ADDITION TO RE9=C+ ! DEMOCRATIC 9CL9ATION ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & PROVID+ !M ) $UCATION & EXP]I5CE 9 ! EX]CISE ( DIRECT DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+1 SU* A /RATEGY C\LD CONCEIVABLY HAVE PRES5T$ A P[]FUL C\NT]-=CE TO ! REAL E/ATE DEVELOP]S4 ,& IT C\LD HAVE BE5 FUR!R ADVANC$ TO *ALL5GE ! V]Y /RUCTURES ( DECISION-MAK+ ?AT GOV]N ! ,CITY1 ULTIMATELY =C+ A *ANGE ( *>T] & A R$EF9ITION ( GOV]NANCE ?AT W\LD HAVE ALL[$ = ! FULL REALIZATION ( !IR VISION ( 0A WORLD ( NEI<BORHOODS40 

,FROM A DI/ANCE ( ALMO/ =TY YE>S IT IS EASY TO SEE ! %ORTCOM+S ( :AT WE ATTEMPT$4 ,H[EV]1 GIV5 ! URG5CY ( ! CRISES WE CURR5TLY FACE1 ! GR[+ DEP5D5CE ( ! PLANET ON DW9DL+ SUPPLIES ( FOSSIL FUELS1 ! NE$ TO IMM$IATELY DEAL ) CLIMATE *ANGE1 & ! IMP]ATIVE TO ADDRESS ALL ( !SE CRISES 9 A FA%ION ?AT EMPHASIZES FRE$OM & EQUITY1 ! LESSONS ( ,LOISAIDA LOOM L>GE1 BO? AS AN 9SPIRATION & AS A CAUTION>Y TALE4 

,! ,U,T,O,P,I,A,N ,I,M,P,U,L,S,E 

,! ECOSPH]E IS ?REAT5$ TO A DEGREE UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMANITY'S T5URE ON ! PLANET4 ,! RUPTURE ) ! NATURAL WORLD IS SYMPTOMATIC ( & A CAUSAL FACTOR 9 ! BREAKD[N ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION EXT5DS TO BO? PEOPLE & NATURE & GIV5 !IR CONCURR5T EVOLUTION IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT ONE WILL BE ELIM9AT$ EXCLUSIVE ( ! O!R4 

,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS MO/ CONSCI\S MANIFE/ATIONS1 HAS RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = A RECON/RUCTIVE VISION ?AT ACKN[L$GES ! PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE ( !SE 9T]RELATIONS4 ,! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T REJECTS SIMPLE TE*NICAL FIXES AS ! SOLUTION TO ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE !IR ROOTS DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 ! CULTURE4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS /RESS$ ! NE$ = A HOLI/IC APPROA* TO ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & FUR!R1 HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT BASIC *ANGES 9 ! E?OS ( ! CULTURE & ! /RUCTURE ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS >E NECESS>Y IF WE >E TO EV] A*IEVE A TRULY ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,RADICAL ECOLOGI/S >E ATTEMPT+ TO CREATE A !ORY & PRACTICE = SU* AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY3 A RECON/RUCTIVE VISION ?AT !Y CAN BEG9 TO ACTUALIZE 9 ! H]E & N[4 ,9 ! CREATION ( !IR RECON/RUCTIVE PRAXIS !Y DRAW 9SPIRATION FROM MANY S\RCES1 9CLUD+ ! SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E ( ECOLOGY1 ! TRADITIONAL CULTURES ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN PEOPLES1 & ! SPIRITUAL PA?S ( ! ,EA/4 

,!RE IS ANO!R TRADITION ?AT 9=MS !IR VISION AS WELL ?\< UN=TUNATELY IT REMA9S L>GELY UNKN[N1 IGNOR$1 MISUND]/OOD1 OR UNACKN[L$G$1 EV5 BY ! MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,IT IS ! UTOPIAN TRADITION4 

,! ,UTOPIAN ,TRADITION 

,:ILE US+ A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE & SET ( REF]5CES1 ! UTOPIAN TRADITION 9 MANY WAYS P>ALLELS ! CONC]NS ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,!RE IS MU* 9 ! HI/ORY & !ORY ( UTOPIA ?AT CAN HELP ILLUM9ATE CRITICAL PROBLEMS 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,:AT FOLL[S >E REFLECTIONS ON ?AT UTOPIAN TRADITION1 A TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS :I* DIFF]5TIATES V>I\S /RA9S 9 ! TRADITION1 & AN ANALYSIS ( ?OSE ASPECTS ( ! TRADITION MO/ RELEVANT TO ! EM]G+ PRAXIS ( ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 

,?R\<\T ! :OLE ( HI/ORY !RE HAVE BE5 ATTEMPTS TO TRANS=M ! GIV5 SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 BASIC WAYS1 TO VISUALIZE & TO ACTUALIZE A SOCIETY MORE H>MONI\S1 FULFILL+ & CLE>LY CLOSE TO IDEAL ?AN ! ONE GIV54 ,!SE ATTEMPTS HAVE TAK5 A V>IETY ( =MS RANG+ FROM ! PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL & CONCEPTUAL TO ! RECON/RUCTIVE & REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 A BROAD S5SE1 !SE EF=TS CAN BE UND]/OOD AS P>T ( ! UTOPIAN IMPULSE4 

,UTOPIA IS A T]M CO9$ BY ,SIR ,?OMAS ,MORE 9 #a#e#a#e4 ,HE TRACES ! ROOT TO TWO ,GREEK WORDS3 \TOPIA1 TRANSLAT$ AS NO PLACE1 & EUTOPIA1 ! GOOD PLACE4 ,! WORD HAS ACQUIR$1 S9CE ,FR$]ICK ,5GLES' CRITIQUE ( 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALISM 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+1 ! NEGATIVE CONNOTATION ( \TOPIA--CL\D CUCKOO L&4 ,= \R PURPOSES1 ! T]M MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 A MORE NEUTRAL WAY3 AS A DESCRIPTION ( AN APPROA* TO SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ORI5T$ T[>D ! CREATION ( AN 0IDEAL0 SOCIETY4 

,! UTOPIAN IMPULSE IS A RESPONSE TO EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS & AN ATTEMPT TO TRANSC5D OR TRANS=M ?OSE CONDITIONS TO A*IEVE AN IDEAL4 ,IT ALWAYS CONTA9S TWO 9T]RELAT$ ELEM5TS3 A CRITIQUE ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS & A VISION OR RECON/RUCTIVE PROGRAM = A NEW SOCIETY4 ,UTOPIAS USUALLY >ISE DUR+ P]IODS ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 :5 ! OLD WAYS ( A SOCIETY >E BE+ QUE/ION$ BY NEW DEVELOPM5TS4 ,?US1 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC EM]G$ 9 ,A!NS AFT] ! VICTORY ( ,SP>TA 9 ! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>S1 ,MORE'S ,UTOPIA EM]G$ DUR+ ! ,AGE ( ,DISCOV]Y1 & ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION GAVE BIR? TO NUM]\S UTOPIAN EXP]IM5TS4 

,:ILE !SE UTOPIAS & C\NTLESS O!RS >E ALL DI/9CT 9 A PROGRAMMATIC S5SE !Y %>E C]TA9 /RUCTURAL ELEM5TS4 ,! COMB9ATION ( CRITIQUE & RECON/RUCTIVE VISION HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$4 ,!Y ALSO %>E A HOLI/IC P]SPECTIVE1 FOCUS+ ON ! RE=MATION ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE RA!R ?AN ! SIMPLE RE=M ( SPECIFIC SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y T5D TO *OOSE A HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITY AS !IR LOCUS ( ACTION & ELABORATE !IR TRANS=MATIVE VISION )9 ?AT CONTEXT4 

,UTOPIAS (T5 DISPLAY AN ORI5TATION T[>D 0HAPP9ESS10 DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( MAT]IAL PL5TY--AS COMMUNAL PROP]TY--& 0JU/ICE10 A CONCEPT DEF9$ 9 WIDELY DIV]G5T WAYS4 ,!Y FREQU5TLY EMPHASIZE EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 & AN 9TEGRATION ( T[N & C\NTRY4 ,! !MES ( BALANCE & H>MONY RESONATE ?R\<\T UTOPIA4 

,UTOPIAS DEVELOP !IR VISION EI!R BY DRAW+ ON RESIDUAL TRADITIONAL ELEM5TS OR HI/ORIC T5D5CIES ( A SOCIETY ?AT >E SE5 AS POSITIVE & ELABORAT+ & SUPPORT+ ?OSE ELEM5TS--AS ,PLATO TOOK 9SPIRATION FROM ASPECTS ( ,GREEK TRADITION--OR BY DRAW+ UPON & ELABORAT+ NEW DEVELOPM5TS1 (T5 SCI5TIFIC OR TE*NOLOGICAL1 ?AT SEEM TO HOLD PROMISE--AS ,FRANCIS ,BACON DID 9 HIS ,NEW ,ATLANTIS4 

,! IMPULSE T[>D UTOPIA HAS P]SI/$ OV] MILL5NIA4 ,PAUL ,RAD9 SUGGE/S ?AT EV5 PRIMITIVE HUNT]S & GA!R]S H>K5$ T[>D UTOPIA1 AS REFLECT$ 9 !IR DREAM_/MY?S ( A PA/ ,GOLD5 ,AGE ?AT W\LD RETURN 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,WE SEE A C]TA9 CONT9UITY ( UTOPIAN ?\<T FROM ! PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT+S ( ,PLATO ?R\< ! ,*RI/IAN MY?S AB\T ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 & ES*ATOLOGY4 

,9 MORE REC5T TIMES1 UTOPIA HAS %IFT$ FROM ! RELIGI\S TO ! SECUL> >5A4 ,FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T ONW>D1 UTOPIA BEGAN TAK+ A MORE EXPLICITLY SOCIAL =M4 ,H]E TOO ?\<1 WE MU/ DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! UTOPIAS ( 9TELLECT & ATTEMPTS TO ACTUALIZE UTOPIA ?R\< COMMUNALI/IC OR REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5TS4 

,9 EXAM9+ ! BROAD HI/ORIC TRADITION ?AT COMPRISES ! UTOPIAN IMPULSE WE CAN DEVELOP G5]AL CATEGORIES ( UTOPIAS ?AT DISPLAY SIMIL> *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,AT ONE 5D ( ! CONT9UUM1 ! LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL UTOPIAS PRES5T A !ORETICAL 0BLUEPR9T0 = A P]FECT SOCIETY1 :ILE ON ! O!R 5D1 UTOPIAN SOCIAL !ORIES1 EXP]IM5TS & MOVEM5TS MAKE CONCRETE ATTEMPTS TO BR+ AB\T 0UTOPIA40 

,!SE TWO APPROA*ES TO UTOPIA >E DESCRIB$ BY ,LEWIS ,MUM=D 9 ,! ,/ORY ( ,UTOPIAS3 0,ONE ( !SE FUNCTIONS IS ESCAPE OR COMP5SATION2 IT SEEKS AN IMM$IATE RELEASE FROM ! DIFFICULTIES OR FRU/RATIONS ( \R LOT4 ,! O!R ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE A CONDITION = \R RELEASE 9 ! FUTURE40 ,MUM=D CALL$ !SE 0,UTOPIAS ( ESCAPE0 & 0,UTOPIAS ( RECON/RUCTION10 RESPECTIVELY3 0,! FIR/ LEAVES ! EXT]NAL WORLD ! WAY IT IS2 ! SECOND SEEKS TO *ANGE IT SO ?AT ONE MAY HAVE 9T]C\RSE ) IT ON ONE'S [N T]MS4 ,9 ONE WE BUILD IMPOSSIBLE CA/LES 9 ! AIR2 9 ! O!R WE CONSULT A SURVEYOR & AN >*ITECT & A MASON & PROCE$ TO BUILD A H\SE :I* MEETS \R ESS5TIAL NE$S2 AS WELL AS H\SES BUILT ( /ONE & MORT> >E CAPABLE ( MEET+ !M40 

,PHILOSOPHICAL & LIT]>Y UTOPIAS >E ! WORK ( 9DIVIDUALS & AS SU* T5D TO REFLECT !IR CREATORS' LIKES & DISLIKES4 ,!SE IDIOSYNCRATIC APPROA*ES HAVE GIV5 RISE TO ! CLI*E ?AT 0,ONE MAN'S UTOPIA IS ANO!R MAN'S HELL40 ,:ILE ! PHILOSOPHICAL UTOPIAS ADDRESS IMPORTANT SOCIAL PROBLEMS !Y T5D TO G5]ATE 0SOLUTIONS0 ?AT TAKE ! =M ( ME*ANI/IC PLANS REQUIR+ AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL /RUCTURE = 5=CEM5T4 ,!Y >E USUALLY HI]>*ICAL1 DOGMATIC1 /ATIC SOCIETIES4 ,?IS RATIONALIZATION ( SOCIETY & ! CONCURR5T RIGIDIFY+ ( SOCIAL HI]>*IES WAS DESCRIB$ BY ,K>L ,POPP] & BRILLIANTLY EXPLOR$ 9 ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND'S CRITIQUE ( ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC--! >*ETYPAL LIT]>Y UTOPIA4 

,UTOPIAN ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS 

,RECON/RUCTIVE UTOPIAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS APPROA* ! PROBLEM ( CREAT+ A NEW SOCIAL ORD] 9 A MORE ORGANIC FA%ION4 ,! EMPHASIS AT ! \T] $GE ( ! CONT9UUM IS ON UTOPIAN PROCESS1 ) ! ACTUAL RECON/RUCTIVE DETAILS ( ! 0NEW SOCIETY0 LEFT TO ! P>TICIPANTS' DET]M9ATION4 ,AT ?IS 5D ( ! CONT9UUM WE CAN PLACE ! V>I\S 0PEOPLE'S UTOPIAS0 :I* HAVE A LONG HI/ORY SUGGE/$ BY ! E>LY SLAVE REVOLTS1 E>LY ,*RI/IAN ,GNO/IC COMMUNITIES1 & ! H]ETIC COMMUNITIES SE5 AS P>T ( ! ,GNO/IC OR ,ANABAPTI/ TRADITION1 LIKE ! ,CA?>S 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,PAT]9I & ,LOMB>DI 9 ,ITALY1 ! ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,FREE ,SPIRITS1 ! ,TRUE ,LEVEL]S & ,DIGG]S DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 ! REVOLT ( ,?OMAS ,MUN/] & O!R MOVEM5TS ( ! ,RE=MATION1 PEASANT REVOLTS1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 & 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES AN>*I/ PRAXIS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,SPA91 & ELSE:]E4 

,!SE >E ! MORE LIB]T>IAN =MS ( UTOPIA1 TO V>Y+ DEGREES P>TICIPATORY1 DEMOCRATIC & NON-HI]>*ICAL1 & ALL DYNAMIC & TRANS=MATIVE 9 !IR APPROA*4 

,9 ,MUM=D'S WORDS3 0,! ,UTOPIA ( RECON/RUCTION IS :AT ITS NAME IMPLIES3 ,A VISION ( A RECON/ITUT$ 5VIRONM5T :I* IS BETT] ADAPT$ TO ! NATURE & AIMS ( ! HUMAN BE+S :O DWELL )9 IT ?AN ! ACTUAL ONE2 & NOT M]ELY BETT] ADAPT$ TO !IR ACTUAL NATURE1 BUT BETT] FITT$ TO !IR POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T40 ,FUR!RMORE1 0,BY A RECON/RUCT$ 5VIRONM5T ,I DO NOT MEAN M]ELY A PHYSICAL ?+4 ,I MEAN 9 ADDITION A NEW SET ( HABITS1 A FRE% SCALE ( VALUES1 A DIFF]5T NET ( RELATION%IPS & 9/ITUTIONS40 

,AT A V>IETY ( PO9TS BETWE5 ! EXTREMES1 WE CAN PLACE ! IDEAL CON/ITUTIONS1 PLANN$ COMMUNITIES1 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES1 COMMUNES1 & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,!Y CON=M TO A G5]AL DEF9ITION ( UTOPIA ?AT 9CLUDES ! COMB9ATION ( CRITIQUE & RECON/RUCTIVE PROGRAM--A HOLI/IC VISION ( ! NEW SOCIETY ?AT 9SI/S ON ! 9TEGRATION ( ! V>I\S PSY*OLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SPIRITUAL ASPECTS ( SOCIETY4 

,! TRADITION ( ! RECON/RUCTIVE 0PEOPLE'S UTOPIAS0 IS AN OLD ONE1 PR$AT+ ! LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL4 ,IT IS 9 ALL PROBABILITY A T5D5CY ?AT PR$ATES WRITT5 HI/ORY4 0,PEOPLE'S UTOPIAS0 HAVE BE5 EF=TS ON ! P>T ( GR\PS ( PEOPLE TO ACTUALIZE !IR UTOPIA RA!R ?AN TO RELEGATE IT TO A LO/ P>ADISE OR TO DEF] IT UNTIL DEA?4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ ) A TOTAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( SOCIETY FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,!SE EF=TS HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( ATTEMPTS TO 9/ITUTE ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] EI!R ?R\< ! CREATION ( SEP>ATI/ 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES OR ?R\< ACTIVE REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! OLD ORD]4 

,! COMMUNIT>IAN EF=TS ( ! CLASSIC 0UTOPIANS0--,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,F\RI]1 & ,ROB]T ,[5--W]E AN \TGR[? ( ! IDIOSYNCRATIC 0SY/EMS0 USUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! LIT]>Y TRADITION4 ,YET !Y DID ATTEMPT TO BR+ !IR UTOPIAS 9TO BE+ & 9 SO DO+ LAID ! F\NDATIONS = MOD]N SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 :I* CAN ITSELF BE UND]/OOD AS A FUR!R EXPRESSION ( UTOPIA4 ,ON ! O!R 5D ( ! CONT9UUM ( 0PEOPLE'S UTOPIAS0 /& ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS ( ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 

,UTOPIANISM & ,SOCIALISM 

,ONE WAY ( DEF9+ UTOPIAN SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS BY EXAM9+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 !SE MOVEM5TS & ! 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 ( !IR *IEF CRITICS1 ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( UTOPIAN SOCIALISM IS MO/ CLE>LY EXPRESS$ BY ,5GELS 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 ,HE ACKN[L$GES ! CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY ,F\RI]1 ,SA9T-,SIMON1 & ,[5 T[>D ! =MULATION ( ! BASIC IDEAS ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,5GELS EXPLA9S1 0WE F9D A COMPREH5SIVE BREAD? ( VIEW1 BY VIRTUE ( :I* ALMO/ ALL ! IDEAS ( LAT] SOCIALI/S1 ?AT >E NOT PURELY ECONOMIC1 >E F\ND 9 HIM 9 EMBRYO40 ,( ! UTOPIANS 9 G5]AL HE /ATES1 0,WE DELI<T 9 ! /UP5D\SLY GR& ?\<T & G]MS ( ?\<T ?AT EV]Y:]E BREAK \T ?R\< !IR PHANTA/IC COV]+40 

,IT IS ! 0PHANTA/IC COV]+0 ( ,SA9T-,SIMON'S SY/EM ( :I* ,5GELS WAS CRITICAL4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ,SA9T-,SIMON'S UTOPIA1 A UNIFICATION ( SCI5CE & 9DU/RY 9 A 0,NEW ,*RI/IANITY0 9 :I* ! B\RGEOIS >E TRANSF]R$ 9TO PUBLIC S]VANTS BY ! SPIRIT ( REASON & COOP]ATION1 WAS AN EXPRESSION ( A P]IOD :5 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM & ITS 5SU+ CLASS ANTAGONISMS W]E /ILL 9 AN UNDEVELOP$ /ATE4 ,?\< HE RECOGNIZ$ AN EMBRYONIC CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS 9 ,SA9T-,SIMON'S OV]RID+ CONC]N = 0! CLASS ?AT IS ! MO/ NUM]\S & MO/ POOR10 ULTIMATELY ,SA9T-,SIMON IS SE5 TO BE DOM9AT$ BY ! HI/ORICAL SITUATION ?AT /IMULAT$ HIS !ORY3 0,TO ! CRUDE CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ! CRUDE CLASS CONDITIONS CORRESPOND$ CRUDE !ORIES40 

,F\RI] IS PRAIS$ BY ,5GELS = HIS A/UTE & BIT+ CRITICISM ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,5GELS' WORDS1 0,F\RI] IS AT HIS GREATE/ 9 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! HI/ORY ( SOCIETY4 ,HE DIVIDES ITS :OLE C\RSE1 ?US F>1 9TO F\R /AGES ( EVOLUTION--SAVAG]Y1 B>B>ISM1 ! PATRI>*ATE & CIVILIZATION40 ,5GELS SEES 9 ,F\RI]'S HI/ORICAL IDEAS AN APPLICATION ( DIALECTICS ANALOG\S TO ,KANT'S USE ( ! ME?OD 9 NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,YET1 ,F\RI]1 DESPITE HIS BRILLIANT 9SI<TS 9TO ! WORK+S ( SOCIETY & HI/ORY1 PROJECT$ A COMPLETE SY/EM AS ! SOLUTION TO ,FRANCE'S SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,5GELS SAID1 0,!SE NEW SOCIAL SY/EMS W]E =$OOM$ AS ,UTOPIAN2 ! MORE COMPLETELY !Y W]E WORK$ \T 9 DETAIL ! MORE !Y C\LD NOT AVOID DRIFT+ (F 9TO PURE FANTASIES40 

,YET1 BY DISMISS+ ,F\RI]'S 0FANTASIES0 ,5GELS & O!RS DISMISS$ ! MO/ PRESCI5T & PROVOCATIVE ASPECTS ( ,F\RI]'S ?\<T3 HIS EMPHASIS ON ! EMOTIONAL CONT5T ( LIFE 9 HIS UTOPIA1 A :OLE PSY*ODYNAMIC DIM5SION DISPLAY+ A SET ( CONC]NS ) ! NONMAT]IAL QUALITY ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS DID NOT REEM]GE AS A MAJOR !ME 9 SOCIALLY RECON/RUCTIVE ?\<T UNTIL ! #a#i#fS1 :5 IT WAS ADVANC$ BY !ORI/S SU* AS ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE & ,NORMAN ,O4 ,BR[N4 

,! IDIOSYNCRATIC ELEM5T 9 !SE UTOPIAN SY/EMS WAS1 9 ,5GELS' VIEW1 9EVITABLE4 ,AS ) ! LIT]>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL UTOPIAS1 !Y W]E ! WORKS ( 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]S :O SAW ! NEW SOCIETY >IS+ \T ( REASON & SELF-CONSCI\S ACTIVITY1 DIVORC$ FROM A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL P]IOD & LEVEL ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y W]E AN EXPRESSION ( ! LIKES & DISLIKES ( !IR CREATORS1 CONDITION$ BY !IR SUBJECTIVE VIEWS & EXPRESS+ !IR [N ABSOLUTE TRU?S4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 9 HIS SE>* = 0SCI5CE0 & 9 HIS 9SI/5CE ON A N>R[LY DEF9$ CLASS ANALYSIS1 ,5GELS REJECTS SOME ( ! MORE PR(\ND ASPECTS ( ! ,FR5* UTOPIAN TRADITION4 

,ROB]T ,[5 WAS A =MULATOR ( SY/EMS AS WELL1 BUT ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,5GL&1 :]E ,[5 PUT HIS !ORIES 9TO PRACTICE1 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE DEVELOP$ ?AN 9 ,FRANCE4 ,[51 :O BEGAN HIS C>E] AS A SOCIAL RE=M] FROM ! UNLIKELY POSITION ( FACTORY MANAG]1 GRADUALLY CAME TO BELIEVE ?AT SOCIALISM WAS ! ONLY MEANS ( GU>ANTEE+ JU/ICE TO ! WORK+ CLASS HE SAW BATT]$ & DEGRAD$ BY ! NEW SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,[5 MADE ! TRANSITION FROM PHILAN?ROPI/ TO SOCIALI/ UPON HIS REALIZATION ?AT 0! NEWLY CREAT$ GIGANTIC PRODUCTIVE =CES1 HI!RTO US$ ONLY TO 5RI* 9DIVIDUALS & TO 5?RALL$ ! MASSES1 (F]$ ! F\NDATIONS = A RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY2 !Y W]E DE/9$1 AS ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL1 TO BE WORK$ = ! COMMON GOOD ( ALL40 ,HE SAW PRIVATE PROP]TY1 RELIGION1 & ! PRES5T =M ( M>RIAGE AS ! OB/ACLES TO ! 9/ITUTION ( HIS IDEAL SOCIETY4 ,:ILE HIS ATTEMPT TO ACTUALIZE HIS IDEAL 9 ! =M ( A COMMUNI/ COMMUNITY 9 ,9DIANA MET ) FAILURE1 HE WAS A MAJOR 9FLU5CE ON ! ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,[5'S COMMUNISM1 GR\ND$ 9 ! MAT]IALI/ VIEW ?AT PEOPLE W]E A PRODUCT ( !IR H]$ITY1 BUT MOREOV] !IR 5VIRONM5T1 WAS /ILL AN APPEAL TO REASON4 ,RA!R ?AN LOOK+ TO ! PROLET>IAT TO EMANCIPATE !MSELVES1 HE DEMON/RAT$ ! LOGIC ( HIS SY/EM & HOP$ TO CONV9CE ! B\RGEOISIE ?R\< ?AT LOGIC4 

,?IS BR+S US TO ANO!R CRUCIAL PO9T 9 ,5GELS' CRITIQUE ( ! UTOPIANS4 ,HE /ATES ?AT DESPITE A G5U9E CONC]N = ! WORK+ CLASS1 0ONE ?+ IS COMMON TO ALL ?REE4 ,NOT ONE ( !M APPE>S AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ?AT PROLET>IAT1 :I* HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAD 9 ! MEANTIME PRODUC$40 ,H]E ,5GELS IS REF]R+ TO ! FAILURE ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,F\RI] & ,[5 TO REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT EXCLUSIVELY1 BAS$ ON !IR LACK ( P]CEPTION ( :AT HE SAW AS ! DEEP1 IRREP>ABLE *ASM :I* DEVELOP$ BETWE5 B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAT UND] ! IMPETUS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ALL ?REE W]E CONC]N$ ) ! PLI<T ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT !Y DID NOT 5VISION ! NEW SOCIETY BORN ( A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 CLASSES OV] CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!IRS WAS NOT A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM2 !Y /ILL BELIEV$ 9 ! IDEAL ( REASON1 :I* LAY AT ! ROOT ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 & 9 ! ABILITY ( REASON TO BR+ AB\T ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! ESS5CE ( ,5GELS' CRITIQUE ( ! UTOPIANS LIES NOT ) !IR =MULATION ( ! BASIC IDEALS ( SOCIALI/ !ORIES1 BUT ) !IR LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! PROCESS BY :I* ! NEW SOCIETY MAY BE BR\<T 9TO BE+ & !IR IDIOSYNCRATIC PROJECTIONS ( :AT =M ! NEW SOCIETY WILL TAKE4 

,M>XISM1 ,AN>*ISM1 & ! ,/ATE 

,AFT] ! CLASSIC UTOPIANS1 SOCIALISM BEGAN TO TAKE ON AN ID5TITY AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 FIR/ 9 ,FRANCE1 LAT] 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T FOLL[$ TWO DI/9CT PA?S1 ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & A CONT9U$ 0UTOPIANISM0 BE/ PRES5T$ BY ! AN>*I/S ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK94 ,BO? POSITIONS W]E 9FLU5TIAL AMONG ! EM]G+ WORK]S' MOVEM5T2 ,M>X'S 9FLU5CE WAS /RONGE/ 9 ,G]MANY & ,5GL& :]E AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT HAD DEVELOP$ &1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X'S !ORY1 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS W]E SUFFICI5TLY EVOLV$ TO ALL[ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,! AN>*I/S' !ORIES W]E EMBRAC$ BY WORK]S' MOVEM5TS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,SWITZ]L& & ,SPA91 :]E ! CRAFT TRADITION ( ! SMALL WORK%OP & 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC] HAD NOT 5TIRELY GIV5 WAY TO ! FACTORY SY/EM NECESS>Y = ! CREATION ( A TRUE 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,! ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S W]E ! TWO MAJOR =CES 9 ! NEWLY =M$ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?\< DOCTR9AL DIFF]5CES HAD SURFAC$ BE=E ! =MATION ( ?AT ORGANIZATION--MO/ NOTABLY 9 ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON1 SP>K$ 9 P>T BY ,PR\DHON'S REFUSAL TO COLLABORATE ) ,M>X--IT WAS 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT ! ISSUES ?AT DIVID$ ! ,M>XI/ 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/ 0UTOPIANS0 CLE>LY SURFAC$4 

,! DIFF]5CES REVOLV$ >\ND ?REE 9T]RELAT$ QUE/IONS CONC]N+ CLASS ANALYSIS1 ORGANIZATIONAL =M1 & ! ROLE ( ! /ATE4 

,?\< ! AN>*I/S RECOGNIZ$ A SEV]E CLASS ANTAGONISM & HAD DISC>D$ ! CLASSIC UTOPIAN'S VIEW ?AT ! B\RGEOIS W\LD RE=M !MSELVES1 !Y DID NOT ACCEPT ,M>X'S NOTION ?AT ! ONLY TRULY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS WAS AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,!Y POSIT$ ! CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY >IS+ FROM A MULTIPLICITY ( CLASSES3 WORK]S1 TO BE SURE1 BUT ALSO PEASANTS1 DECLASSE 9TELLECTUALS & /UD5TS1 & EV5 ! SANS-CULOTTES1 ?AT LUMP5 ELEM5T = :I* ,M>X HAD NO?+ BUT CONTEMPT4 ,! ,M>XI/S CRITICIZ$ ?IS POSITION AS PETIT B\RGEOIS4 ,9DE$1 9 ,PR\DHON WE DO SEE A NAIVE BELIEF 9 ! ABILITY ( ! WORK]S TO CREATE ! NEW SOCIETY )\T A DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! [N]S1 BUT ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 BO? CLE>LY EXPRESS A BELIEF 9 CLASS /RUGGLE AS ! MEANS ( C>RY+ \T ! 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,! DISPUTE LIES !N NOT ) ! CONCEPT ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT ) ! COMPOSITION ( ! CLASSES ?AT MAKE ! REVOLUTION4 

,! SECOND MAJOR DISPUTE WAS BAS$ ON TWO V]Y DIFF]5T CONCEPTS = ORGANIZ+ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,M>X SAW ! NE$ = A RIGID1 DISCIPL9$1 C5TRALIZ$ P>TY ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD TAKE AS ITS MODEL ?AT MO/ EFFICI5T =M ( ORGANIZATION YET DEVIS$3 ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,WORK]S1 ORGANIZ$ & DISCIPL9$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL PROCESSES1 W\LD F9D ! EMBRYO ( ! NEW SOCIETY )9 ! SWEAT%OP ( ! OLD & USE ANY MEANS POSSIBLE1 9CLUD+ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 TO 5D ITS EXPLOITATION4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E HI<LY CRITICAL ( ?IS APPROA*4 ,!Y SAW IT AS A REPETITION ( ! B\RGEOIS PATT]N 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WAS HI]>*ICAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN & /IFL+ TO PEOPLE'S 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS APPROA*1 ?\< IT MI<T BR+ ECONOMIC JU/ICE1 W\LD P]PETUATE ! L>G] /RUCTURES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!Y W]E NOT SIMPLY CONC]N$ ) 5D+ EXPLOITATION1 AN ESS5TIALLY ECONOMIC CONCEPT1 BUT ) 5D+ DOM9ATION AS WELL1 A BROAD] SOCIAL CONC]N4 ,!Y OPT$ = AN ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL ?AT WAS DEC5TRALIZ$1 EGALIT>IAN1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & COMMITT$ TO A /RATEGY ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,! AN>*I/S BELIEV$ ?AT ! MEANS & 5DS ( !IR MOVEM5T C\LD NOT BE SEP>AT$3 ?AT ! =M ( ORGANIZATION = BUILD+ ! NEW SOCIETY MU/ BE CONGRU5T ) ! =MS !Y WI%$ TO CREATE 9 ?AT NEW SOCIETY4 

,?IS DISPUTE OV] ORGANIZATIONAL =MS IS DIRECTLY CONNECT$ TO ! ?IRD MAJOR >EA ( DISAGREEM5T3 ! ROLE ( ! /ATE4 ,M>X CALL$ = ! CREATION ( A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 ?AT W\LD SEIZE /ATE P[]1 & ?R\< A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 PAVE ! WAY = ! 0WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE40 ,! AN>*I/S W]E CONV9C$ ?AT RA!R ?AN WI!R+ AWAY1 SU* A /ATE W\LD MAKE ITS HI<E/ PRIORITY ITS [N P]PETUATION4 ,!Y PROPOS$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! /ATE P] SE1 & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A DEC5TRALIZ$ F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S PRODUCTION UNITS & COMMUNITIES1 :I* UND] DIRECT SELF-MANAGEM5T W\LD COORD9ATE ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE ( :AT WAS =M]LY ! /ATE4 

,COMMUNITIES1 ,ASSOCIATIONS1 & ,COMMUNES 

,) COMMUNI/ AN>*I/S LIKE ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 WE SEE A NEW DEF9ITION ( UTOPIA EM]GE4 ,!Y W]E NOT CONC]N$ ) BLUEPR9T+ ! IDEAL SOCIETY = 9H]5T 9 !IR APPROA* WAS AN AV]SION TO 0SY/EMS0 & PRECONCEIV$ UTOPIAS4 ,RA!R !Y TRI$ TO DEVELOP A PROCESS :]EBY A MULTIPLICITY ( NEW SOCIETIES C\LD =M !MSELVES4 ,!Y HAD A /RONG BELIEF 9 CULTURAL DIV]SITY AS A VALUE TO BE 5C\RAG$ = ITS [N SAKE4 ,!Y RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! VE/IGES ( AU!NTIC COMMUNITY LIFE ?AT SURVIV$ ! /ATE1 AS WELL AS ! NEW ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY ! WORK]S1 ! EMBRYO ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,!Y VISUALIZ$ COMMUNISM DEVELOP+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SPECIFIC CULTURAL TRADITION ( EA* COMMUNITY1 & EA* COMMUNITY1 ?\< P>TICIPAT+ 9 A REGIONAL & NATIONAL ECONOMY1 RETA9+ A DI/9CT CULTURAL ID5TITY & ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( AUTONOMY POSSIBLE1 )\T SACRIFIC+ ?AT DEGREE ( COORD9ATION NECESS>Y TO 9SURE ! SMOO? FUNCTION+ ( AN 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,!Y SAW ! CREATION ( A NETWORK ( SU* SELF-MANAG$ COMMUNITIES1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC UNITS AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! /ATE4 

,! AN>*I/ VISION ( ! NEW SOCIETY TOOK MU* ( ITS 9SPIRATION FROM :AT !Y SAW AS ! AU!NTIC SOCIAL LIFE & CULTURE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y 5VISION$ P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY & SELF-CONSCI\S E?ICAL BEHAVIOR TAK+ ! PLACE ( LAW4 ,!Y CALL$ = ! CREATION ( 0PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLIES0 AS ! BASIC UNIT ( GOV]NANCE4 ,KROPOTK9 SPECIFICALLY (F]S ! FOLKMOOT ( ! ,M$IEVAL COMMUNE2 ! ,RUSSIAN MIR1 OR PEASANT VILLAGE COMMUNE2 & ! CANTONAL /RUCTURES ( ,SWITZ]L& AS POSSIBLE MODELS4 ,! AN>*I/S DEVELOP$ CONCEPTS ( LEAD]%IP ?AT W]E SUB/ANTIALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* RUL$ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!IR IDEAL WAS MU* CLOS] TO COMMUNAL & TRADITIONAL LEAD]%IP ROLES1 ) LEAD]S EM]G+ 9 SPECIFIC SITUATIONS BECAUSE ( SPECIFIC SKILLS1 & ) RESPONSIBILITY & DECISION MAK+ ULTIMATELY LY+ ) ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,! AN>*I/S' BR& ( COMMUNISM WAS CLOSE TO ! COMMUNAL ECONOMIC BASE *>ACT]I/IC ( PRE-/ATE PEOPLES4 ,!Y 5VISION$ ! CREATION ( SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITIES :I* 9TEGRAT$ 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 T[N & C\NTRY1 & WORK & PLAY4 ,!Y PROJECT$ ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 NOT M$IAT$ BY ! /ATE--AS IT IS UND] A POLICY ( NATIONALIZATION--& COORD9AT$ ON ! LOCAL1 REGIONAL &1 ULTIMATELY1 PLANET>Y LEVEL BY A PROCESS ( F$]ATION4 ,!IR E?OS WAS FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$4 ,! AN>*I/S >E A CLE> EXT5SION ( ! TRADITION ( ! PEOPLE'S UTOPIA4 ,YET1 DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES1 & DESPITE ! D5IAL ( MANY ,M>XI/S1 9 A S5SE1 SO TOO IS ,M>X HIMSELF4 

,IF WE VIEW UTOPIA AS A CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT REPLACES ! POLITICAL ASSOCIATION ( ! /ATE AS ! ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( SOCIETY ) A MULTIPLICITY ( AU!NTIC SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS1 WE GA9 A P]SPECTIVE ?AT ALL[S US TO UND]/& ! UTOPIAN ELEM5T 9 ,M>XISM4 ,:ILE ,M>X NEV] SPELL$ \T HIS 0UTOPIA0 9 CONCRETE T]MS1 HE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! NEW SOCIETY MU/ EM]GE FROM =MS ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! OLD4 ,C]TA9 WRIT+S >E PREGNANT ) IMPLICATIONS ( ! =M A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T MI<T TAKE4 ,AS ,M>T9 ,BUB] PO9TS \T1 ,M>X'S =MULATIONS CONC]N+ ! 0WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE0 PO9T 9 A DIRECTION SIMIL> TO ?AT SUGGE/$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,9 HIS #ahdd ESSAY1 0,CRITICAL ,GLOSSES10 AFT] DISCUSS+ REVOLUTION AS ! LA/ 0POLITICAL0 ACT1 ,M>X SAYS1 0,BUT :5 ITS ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITY BEG9S1 :5 ITS ULTIMATE PURPOSE1 ITS S\L EM]GES1 SOCIALISM WILL ?R[ ! POLITICAL HUSK AWAY40 ,M>X'S BELIEF 9 ! ABILITY ( & NE$ = ! PROLET>IAT TO SEIZE DIRECT CONTROL ( ! ORGANS ( PRODUCTION IS REFLECT$ 9 HIS ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 A HI/ORICAL MODEL ?AT WAS ALSO CLAIM$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,M>X PRAISES ! ,COMMUNE AS AN EXPRESSION ( 0! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PRODUC]S40 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ULTIMATELY 0! COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION W\LD HAVE R5D]$ UP TO ! BODY SOCIAL ALL ! P[]S :I* HAVE HI!RTO BE5 DEV\R$ BY ! P>ASITIC EXCRESC5CE ( ! ,/ATE :I* BATT5S ON SOCIETY & 9HIBITS ITS FREE MOVEM5T40 

,BEYOND ,CAPITAL 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 CAPITALISM MU/ ORGANIZE ! =CES ( PRODUCTION BE=E SOCIALISM CAN EM]GE4 ,/ILL1 9 A LETT] TO ,V]A ,ZASULI*1 ,M>X CONTRADICTS HIS [N /ATEM5TS :5 HE DISCUSSES ! PROSPECTS ( ADOPT+ ! COOP]ATIVE TRADITION ( ! MIR1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT COMMUNITY1 AS A BASIS = SOCIALISM1 & HE 9DICATES ?AT SU* COMMUNAL =MS W\LD PROVE VALUABLE AS MODELS = ! NEW SOCIETY & 9 FACT MI<T BE ABLE TO TRANSC5D ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & MOVE DIRECTLY 9TO COMMUNISM4 ,H]E ,M>X WAS NOT ADVOCAT+ A RETURN TO PRIMITIVE VILLAGE COMMUNISM1 BUT RA!R ! 9TEGRATION ( ! TRADITION ( COOP]ATION & COMMUNAL [N]%IP AT A HI<] LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T 9TO ! NEW SOCIETY4 

,FUR!R 9DICATION ( ! UTOPIAN ELEM5T 9 ,M>X'S !ORIES CAN BE F\ND 9 ! SECTION ( ! ,GRUNDRISSE DISCUSS+ PRE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC =MATIONS4 ,M>X'S DESCRIPTIONS ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM & !IR EVOLUTION 9TO ?OSE ( CAPITALISM COMMUNICATE A S5SE ( ! RESPECT ?AT HE HAD = ?OSE E>LIE/ ECONOMIC =MS4 ,9 ! DIALECTICAL =MULATIONS CONC]N+ ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIALISM FROM CAPITALISM1 IT IS POSSIBLE ONCE AGA9 TO GET A S5SE ( ! REEM]G5CE ( ! COMMUNI/ IMPULSE1 LAT5T 9 SOCIETY = EPO*S1 ON A HI<] LEVEL1 SET FREE BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ?AT PROVIDE ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,! IMPULSE IS NOT A ME*ANICAL APPLICATION ( TRIBAL1 COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION BUT AN UNFOLD+ ( ! SAME HUMAN POT5TIAL 9 A NEW SET ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 

,M>X DOES NOT LOOK TO A *ANGE 9 HUMAN NATURE AS ! CATALY/ TO BR+ SOCIALISM 9TO BE+1 BUT RA!R TO ! MATURATION ( MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,9 REF]5CE TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HE SAYS1 0,IT HAS NO IDEALS TO REALIZE1 IT HAS ONLY TO SET FREE ?OSE ELEM5TS ( ! NEW SOCIETY :I* HAVE ALREADY DEVELOP$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! COLLAPS+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY40 ,M>X AVOID$ ANY BUT ! SKET*IE/ 9TIMATIONS ( :AT ! 0DEVELOP$ ELEM5TS0 MI<T BE1 BEYOND ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT PROVID$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM1 BUT HE LEAVES NO QUE/ION AS TO ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,IT IS 0CLASSLESS0 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! CLASS ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOIS WILL BE RESOLV$ BY ! ELIM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & IT WILL BE ORGANIZ$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,M>X'S CRITICAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! E>LY UTOPIANS & ALL SOCIALI/S :O PROPOS$ COMPLETE 0SY/EMS0 = ! NEW SOCIETY IS REFLECT$ 9 HIS UNWILL+NESS TO DRAW HIS [N BLUEPR9T4 ,HE FOCUSES HIS ATT5TION 9/EAD ON ! PROCESS ?R\< :I* ! NEW SOCIETY CAN BE ACTUALIZ$4 ,IT IS1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 9 ! REALM ( PROCESS ?AT HIS VISION DEP>TS FROM ! TRADITION ( UTOPIANISM4 

,9 ! CREATION ( ! 9CREAS+LY RIGID & REIFI$ BODY ( !ORETICAL WORK ?AT =MS ! BASIS ( HIS POLITICAL LEGACY1 MO/ NOTICEABLY 9 ,DAS ,KAPITAL1 ,M>X BETRAYS HIS [N UTOPIAN PROMISE4 ,9 HIS SE>* = A SCI5CE ) REGUL> 0PR$ICTABLE LAWS0 & A UNIV]SAL1 9EXORABLE DIALECTIC1 HE COMMITS ! V]Y ]ROR = :I* ,5GELS *A/IS$ ! ,FR5* UTOPIANS2 HE CREATES A RIGID SY/EM ?AT1 DESPITE MANY VALUABLE 9SI<TS1 ALL[S = NO DEVIATION & ?AT FULLY 9CORPORATES ,M>X'S [N IDIOSYNCRASIES4 ,DESPITE HIS UNWILL+NESS TO BLUEPR9T HIS UTOPIA1 BY ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 PRET5SE ( HIS 5DEAVOR & BY ?US 5%R9+ ! LIMITATIONS ( HIS ?\<T1 ,M>X DOOM$ HIS FOLL[]S TO A BETRAYAL ( HIS UTOPIAN IMPULSE4 

,M>X'S UTOPIANISM IS 9 A C]TA9 S5SE ! MO/ 9T]E/+1 PROVOCATIVE & 9SPIR+ ASPECT ( HIS VA/1 (T5 CONTRADICTORY VOLUME ( WORK4 ,?IS IS ! CORE ( ,M>X'S HUMANISM & ! 5G9E ?AT DRIVES =W>D HIS REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,IT IS ! POSITIVI/IC 0SCI5CE0 ( ,M>X ?AT HAS PREV5T$ ! REALIZATION ( ?IS UTOPIAN CORE1 & ALL[$ = ITS DI/ORTION BY ! V>I\S P>TIES & SECTS ?AT BE> HIS NAME4 

,AS ,]N/ ,BLO* PO9TS \T 9 HIS ,PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,FUTURE1 0,A DI/9CTION HAS TO BE MADE BETWE5 ! ,UTOPI/IC & ! ,UTOPIAN2 ! ONE APPROA*ES CIRCUM/ANCES ONLY IMM$IATELY & AB/RACTLY1 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE !M 9 A PURELY C]EBRAL FA%ION1 :]EAS ! O!R HAS ALWAYS BR\<T ALONG ! CON/RUCTURAL EQUIPM5T ( EXT]NALITY40 ,HE EXPLA9S ?AT 0ONLY ,UTOPISM1 AS IT REA*ES \T AB/RACTLY ABOVE REALITY1 NE$ NOT FI<T %Y ( A M]E EMPIRICISM ?AT UND]TAKES ONLY ANO!R =M ( AB/RACT APPREH5SION BEL[ REALITY4 ,A REAL ,UTOPIAN CRITIQUE CAN ONLY PROCE$ FROM A VIEWPO9T ?AT IS ADEQUATE1 ?AT DOES NOT--SO TO SPEAK--CORRECT OR EV5 REPLACE OV] FLY+ BY A FACTI/IC CREEP+40 

,C]TA9LY1 ?IS S5SE ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM CAN BE SE5 AS UTOPIAN4 ,! UTOPIAN P]SPECTIVE IS ABLE TO PROVIDE A VALUABLE CRITIQUE BECAUSE IT EXI/S \TSIDE ( ! GIV54 ,UNLIKE IDEOLOGY1 UTOPIA IS A PROJECTION ( ?AT :I* DOES NOT YET EXI/1 RA!R ?AN A REFLECTION ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,AS SU*1 IT IS EXEMPT FROM DECAY4 ,9 ,BLO*'S P>APHRASE1 0,ONLY ?AT :I* HAS NEV] YET COME TO PASS CANNOT GR[ OLD40 ,BLO* CONCURS ) ! VIEW ?AT ! URGE TO UTOPIA IS A PRIMAL ONE1 DISC]NIBLE FROM ! E>LIE/ EPO*S TO ! PRES5T1 ?\< REPRES5T$ BY DIFF]5T =MS 9 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 HE SEES CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! V>I\S ASPECTS :I* UTOPIA PRES5TS4 ,! URGE T[>D UTOPIA1 ! VISION ( AN IDEAL1 H>MONIZ$ SOCIETY1 EV] %IMM]+ ON ! HORIZON1 IS 9 ,BLO*' S VIEW AN >*ETYPE1 :I* PREC$ES EV5 =MALIZ$ MY?OLOGY4 ,BLO* ID5TIFIES ,M>X AS AN HEIR TO ?AT TRADITION4 ,IT IS ! PROMISE ( UTOPIA1 NOT ITS SPECIFIC IMAGE1 :I* GIVES URG5CY TO ! ,M>XI/ PROJECT4 ,?AT PROMISE1 :ILE NEV] CRY/ALLIZ$1 IS C5TRAL TO UND]/&+ ! DYNAMICS ( REVOLUTION4 

,9 A LETT] TO ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 ! Y\NG ,M>X EXPLA9S ?AT1 0,\R SLOGAN1 !RE=E1 MU/ BE3 ,RE=M ( CONSCI\SNESS1 NOT ?R\< DOGMAS1 BUT ?R\< ANALYSIS ( ! MY/ICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT IS UNCLE> AB\T ITSELF1 :E!R 9 RELIGION OR POLITICS4 ,IT WILL BE EVID5T !N ?AT ! WORLD HAS LONG DREAM$ ( SOME?+ ( :I* IT ONLY HAS TO BECOME CONSCI\S 9 ORD] TO POSSESS IT 9 ACTUALITY40 ,IT WILL BE EVID5T1 HE CONT9UES1 0?AT !RE IS NOT A BIG BLANK BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! FUTURE1 BUT RA!R ?AT IT IS A MATT] ( REALIZ+ ! ?\<TS ( ! PA/4 ,IT WILL BE EVID5T F9ALLY ?AT MANK9D DOES NOT BEG9 ANY NEW WORK BUT P]=MS ITS OLD WORK CONSCI\SLY10 & ?US 0TO HAVE ITS S9S =GIV51 MANK9D HAS ONLY TO PROCLAIM !M = :AT !Y >E40 

,9 T]MS ( HIS CRITIQUE & HIS IMPLICIT VISION1 !N1 EV5 ,M>X MU/ BE UND]/OOD TO CONTA9 AN ELEM5T ?AT IS UTOPIAN4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! V>I\S HUES ( ,M>XI/S POPULAT+ ! LEFT TODAY HAVE RETA9$ ?IS UTOPIAN IMPULSE4 ,OR?ODOX ,M>XISM1 AS PRACTIC$ BY 0SOCIALI/0 /ATES & P>TIES1 H[EV]1 IS C]TA9LY DI/9CT FROM ! UTOPIAN PRAXIS ( PEOPLE'S MOVEM5TS4 

0,PEOPLE'S MOVEM5TS0 >E AN EXPRESSION ( A DIFF]5T SET ( ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS IS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ?REE 9T]RELAT$ QUE/IONS ?AT SPLIT ! ,M>XI/S FROM ! AN>*I/S4 ,! FIR/ QUE/ION CONC]N$ ! CON/ITU5CY ( ! MOVEM5T--:E!R IT WAS CON/ITUT$ BY PROLET>IANS OR :E!R IT WAS BAS$ ON A BROAD] CON/ITUTION ( PROLET>IANS & DECLASSE 9TELLECTUALS1 PEASANTS1 PETIT B\RGEOISIE1 AS WELL AS LUMP5 ELEM5TS4 ,! SECOND QUE/ION CONC]N$ ! /RUCTURE ( ! MOVEM5T--:E!R IT %\LD BE DEC5TRALIZ$ OR C5TRALIZ$2 & ?IRD QUE/IONS CONC]N$ ! ROLE ( ! /ATE & POLITICS--DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT V]SUS DEC5TRALIZ$ F$]ATION1 P>TY V]SUS MOVEM5T1 & POLITICAL ECONOMY V]SUS HOLI/IC SOCIO-ECONOMIC-CULTURAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !SE MAJOR DIFF]5CES >E QUE/IONS AB\T ! =MS ( [N]%IP & DECISION-MAK+--AS 9 NATIONALIZATION V]SUS COLLECTIVIZATION1 & C5TRAL PLANN+ V]SUS SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AL?\< ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO POSITIONS HAS BE5 HI/ORICALLY COMPLEX & H>D & FA/ CATEGORIZATIONS >E DIFFICULT1 !SE REMA9 ! PIVOTAL QUE/IONS4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ON1 WE CAN CLE>LY NOTE ?IS BIFURCATION4 ,MOVEM5TS :O 9SI/ ON DEC5TRALIZATION & REJECT ! FRAMEWORK ( ! NATION /ATE1 AS WELL AS P>LIAM5T>Y 0POLITICAL0 ACTIVITY AS A VALID MEANS = CULTURAL RECON/RUCTION1 SEEM TO BE ! MORE DIRECT L9E ( CONNECTION TO ! UTOPIAN CONT9UUM4 

,UTOPIAN ,MOM5TS 

,GIV5 ! HI/ORICAL TRAJECTORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! UTOPIAN TRADITION1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT !RE HAS BE5 AN ASSOCIATION ( ! AN>*I/ & RECON/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ) ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 ,ASPECTS ( ! TRADITION ?AT BE> A DIRECT RELATION TO ! MORE CONSCI\S & RADICAL ELEM5TS 9 ?IS ECOLOGY MOVEM5T GR[ \T ( ! !ORETICAL CONGRU5CE ( CONC]NS :I* TRANSC5D GROSS ECONOMIC ISSUES TO EXAM9E ! OV] ALL QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,! UTOPIAN--P>TICUL>LY ! AN>*I/--CONC]N = A PROCESS & ORGANIZATION ?AT EMBODIES ! IDEALS ( ! NEW SOCIETY IS AN OBVI\S PO9T ( CONNECTION4 ,! MO/ PR(\ND 9SI<TS ( ! UTOPIANS CONTA9 A CORE ( LOGIC ?AT SEEMS ALMO/ PRESCI5T :5 ONE CONSID]S ?AT ! CONC]NS W]E ADDRESS$ & >TICULAT$ BY A MOVEM5T ?AT EXI/$ HUNDR$S ( YE>S BE=E ! WORD 0ECOLOGY0 5T]$ \R VOCABUL>Y4 

,9 ITS CONC]N ) ! :OLE ( PEOPLE'S LIVES & ITS REFUSAL TO OPT = ! SIMPLI/IC R$UCTIONISM ( ! MORE ME*ANICAL 0SCI5TIFIC VIEW10 ! UTOPIAN TRADITION DISPLAY$ AN 9TUITIVE UND]/&+ ( ! HOLI/IC APPROA* EMBODI$ 9 ECOLOGY AS A SCI5TIFIC DISCIPL9E4 ,! P]CEPTION ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE & ! CONC]N ( ! UTOPIAN IMPULSE ) ! TRANS=MATION ( ! :OLE1 RA!R ?AN ! RE=M ( ITS P>TS1 IS REFLECT$ 9 ! UND]/&+ ?AT GR[S \T ( ! /UDY ( ECOLOGY3 ?AT !RE >E CRITICAL 9T]DEP5D5CIES & RELATION%IPS 9 ANY SY/EM1 SOCIAL OR ECOLOGICAL1 ?AT CREATE A TOTALITY GREAT] ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( COMPON5TS1 ! AWESOME DISPLAY ( UNITY GR[+ FROM ! DIV]SITY ( NATURE1 PROVIDES A P[]FUL P>ADIGM = ! UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS4 ,?IS %>$ \TLOOK1 ?IS CONC]N ) :OLE SY/EMS1 IS ! UND]LY+ CONNECTION BETWE5 ! UTOPIAN TRADITION & ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 BUT IT IS FUR!R REF9$ BY A :OLE SET ( P>TICUL>S ?AT ! TWO %>E AS WELL4 ,IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! 0LAWS0 ( NATURAL ECOLOGY ?AT 9FLU5CE ! VISION ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T >E P>ADIGMATIC1 P[]FUL METAPHORS = ! H>MONI\S1 HOMEO/ATIC REWORK+ 5VISION$ BY ! RADICAL ECOLOGY MOVEM5T4 

,9 ?AT REWORK+1 WE C\LD DO WELL TO RECONSID] ! ROLE ( UTOPIA1 = AS ,BLO* PO9TS \T1 0,UTOPIAN CONSCI\SNESS REMA9S :OLLY )\T DESCRIPTION 9ASMU* AS ! MOM5T ( ITS FULFILLM5T IS /ILL \T/&+40 ,?IS 0,UTOPIAN CONSCI\SNESS10 HE CONT9UES1 0DOES NOT OBSCURE ITS BL9D+ GOAL ) SOLUTIONS1 LET ALONE ) MORE REIFI$ MEANS FROM ! R\TE TO ?AT GOAL40 ,ITS REASON = DO+ SO >E NOT SKEPTICAL OR AGNO/IC1 BUT 0SUP]LATIVELY REAL40 ,! 0MO/ OBJECTIVE CORRELATIVE GR\ND ?AT ,UTOPIAN CONSCI\SNESS POSSESSES10 ,BLO* CLAIMS1 IS ?AT 0! WORLD SUB/ANCE1 MUNDANE MATT] ITSELF1 IS NOT YET F9I%$ & COMPLETE1 BUT EXI/S 9 A ,UTOPIAN--OP5 /ATE10 ?AT IS TO SAY 9 0A /ATE 9 :I* ITS SELF-ID5TITY IS NOT YET MANIFE/40 

,S,O,C,I,A,L ,E,C,O,L,O,G,Y3 ,A,N ,E,C,O,L,O,G,I,C,A,L ,H,U,M,A,N,I,S,M 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY BEG9S ) AN EXPLORATION ( ! PA/ 9 ORD] TO GA9 AN EPI/EMOLOGICAL UND]/&+ 9TO H[ HUMANITY DEF9ES1 & ?US CON/ITUTES1 NATURE4 ,?IS IS A QUE/ION ( VITAL IMPORTANCE1 NOT M]ELY AN EX]CISE 9 PHILOSOPHICAL AB/RACTION4 ,! WAY WE CONCEPTUALIZE NATURE & HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 NATURE HAS BECOME A HI<LY CONT5TI\S ISSUE 9 ECOLOGICAL ?\<T & 5VIRONM5TAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,! CONCLUSIONS ?AT WE DRAW WILL 9=M \R E?ICS & ! POLITICAL DECISIONS ?AT %APE \R WORLD4 

,H[ CAN WE D]IVE SU* AN EPI/EMOLOGY8 ,WE MU/ />T \T BY UND]/&+ ?AT NATURE IS NOT A /ATIC 5TITY BUT EVOLUTION>Y1 9DE$1 ?AT ! V]Y PROCESS ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION CON/ITUTES NATURE4 ,! EVOLUTION>Y RECORD1 NATURAL HI/ORY1 IS ! REALITY ( NATURE4 ,FROM ! MOLECUL> TO ! BIOSPH]IC LEVEL1 NATURE IS 9 A PROCESS ( CON/ANT FLUX & *ANGE3 BIR?1 DEA?1 MUTATION1 EV5 EXT9CTION >E ALL P>T ( A PROCESS :I* CREATES ! COMPLEX WEB ( LIFE1 ( :I* HUMANITY IS A P>T4 ,9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS1 !N1 NATURE IS BO? BE+ & BECOM+4 ,EVOLUTION IS NATURE4 

,FIR/ ,NATURE & ,HUMANITY 

,HUMANITY MU/ BE PLAC$ )9 ! EVOLUTION>Y MATRIX & RECOGNIZ$ AS PLAY+ A UNIQUE ROLE 9 ?AT MATRIX BY VIRTUE ( \R CAPACITY = BO? CREATIVE & DE/RUCTIVE 9T]ACTION ) ! RE/ ( NATURE4 ,AS A SPECIES WE HAVE ! ABILITY TO PR(\NDLY AFFECT O!R SPECIES1 ECOSY/EMS1 & ! BIOSPH]E ITSELF 9 WAYS UNP>ALLEL$ BY ANY O!R LIFE =M4 ,?IS MAKES US BO? AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( NATURE--A PRODUCT ( ! SAME EVOLUTION>Y =CES ?AT CREAT$ ALL O!R SPECIES ON ! PLANET1 PA/ & PRES5T--& AT ! SAME TIME DI/9CT 9 \R ABILITY TO AFFECT NATURE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY RECOGNIZES ?IS FACT1 COMPELL+ US TO MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 :AT WE T]M 0FIR/ NATURE10 NATURE EVOLV+ ACCORD+ TO PROCESSES NOT AFFECT$ BY HUMANITY1 & 0SECOND NATURE10 :I* IS NATURE DET]M9$ BY HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS & ACTION4 

,9 FIR/ NATURE A PRIM>Y MODE ( EVOLUTION IS NATURAL SELECTION3 SPECIES *ANGE OR MUTATE OV] TIME 9 ORD] TO ADAPT TO ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES1 ?US CONF]R+ AN EVOLUTION>Y ADVANTAGE ?AT 5SURES SURVIVAL & REG5]ATION4 ,AT SOME PO9T CULTURAL EVOLUTION EM]GES \T (--?\< IT DOES NOT REPLACE--BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION4 ,SECOND NATURE IS BE/ *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & CULTURE4 ,HUMANITY REMAKES ITSELF CON/ANTLY ?R\< PROCESSES ( TOOL MAK+ 7TE*NOLOGY71 9/ITUTION BUILD+1 EXPLANATION 7RELIGION1 PHILOSOPHY1 & SCI5CE71 & >T4 ,AS HUMANITY ADVANCES \R UND]/&+ ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ( PHYSICS1 G5ETICS1 & O!R >5AS ( SCI5CE \R SPECIES IS BECOM+1 AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY1 TO USE ,JOHANN ,GOTTLIEB ,FI*TE'S PHRASE1 0NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S10 NATURE AW>E ( ITSELF & CONSCI\SLY =M+ ITS [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO AN UNPREC$5T$ DEGREE1 & ) A RAPIDITY SE5 NO:]E ELSE 9 NATURE1 HUMANITY ADAPTS ! 5VIRONM5T TO MEET ITS NE$S3 CULTURAL EVOLUTION IS A REM>KABLY DYNAMIC PROCESS CAPABLE ( TRANS=M+ ! CONDITIONS ( A SOCIETY 9 LESS ?AN A G5]ATION4 

,IF WE ACKN[L$GE ! REALITY ( A SECOND NATURE1 PRODUC$ BY HUMAN CREATIVITY & >TIFICE1 AS DI/9CT FROM FIR/ NATURE1 WE MU/ ALSO ACKN[L$GE ?AT IT GR[S DIRECTLY \T ( FIR/ NATURE1 OR BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION4 ,?US1 LOGICALLY1 FIR/ NATURE CONTA9$ )9 ITSELF1 FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION1 ! POT5TIAL = SECOND NATURE4 ,NATURAL HI/ORY1 ! EVOLUTION>Y RECORD1 MU/ BE READ AS A PROCESS 9 :I* NO?+ ESS5TIAL IS LO/4 ,SECOND NATURE /ILL CONTA9S )9 IT FIR/ NATURE2 COMPLEX =MS ( MAMMALIAN LIFE BEG9 AS S+LE CELLS & ORGANIZE 9TO MORE COMPLEX CELLUL> =MS 7ORGANS7 CONTA9$ )9 /ILL MORE COMPLEX ASSEMBLAGES ( CELLS 7ORGANISMS74 ,! P,H ( ! ANCI5T OCEANS 9 :I* LIFE FIR/ BEGAN IS REPLICAT$ 9 ! AMNIOTIC FLUID ?AT SUPPORTS LIFE 9 ! WOMB ( COMPLEX MAMMALS1 LIKE HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 A C]TA9 S5SE ! CONCEPTION1 GE/ATION1 & BIR? ( AN 9DIVIDUAL P]SON R\<LY REPLICATES ! PROCESS ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION4 ,\R SPECIES COMPRISES BO? FIR/ NATURE & SECOND NATURE4 

,:5 WE VIEW ! EVOLUTION>Y RECORD OV] ! :OLE ( BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T WE SEE A MOVEM5T T[>D AN EV]-GREAT] DEGREE ( DIV]SITY & COMPLEXITY ( LIFE =MS1 & ! POT5TIALITY = CONSCI\SNESS & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE IS A L9E>1 UNBROK5 ASC5T T[>D HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS2 EVOLUTION IS FULL ( FITS & />TS1 FLORESC5CE & DECL9E1 EV5 EXT9CTION4 ,BUT IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT LIFE ON E>? EVOLV$ FROM UNCONSCI\S1 S+LE-CELL$ ORGANISMS1 TO BIOLOGICALLY COMPLEX =MS ( LIFE ) ! CAPACITY TO ?9K AB/RACTLY & TO REASON4 ,DOES ?IS FACT CONF] UPON HUMANITY ! 0CR[N ( CREATION10 ! RI<T TO DOM9ATE ! RE/ ( NATURE & VIEW FIR/ NATURE AS M]E RES\RCE8 ,OR DOES IT REQUIRE US TO UND]/& \RSELVES AS A P>T ( NATURE ) ! CAPACITY TO PLAY EI!R A DE/RUCTIVE ROLE OR A CREATIVE & SU/A9+ ROLE8 ,DOES ?IS UND]/&+ NOT BR+ ) IT ! RESPONSIBILITY TO CRITICALLY EXAM9E ! EXI/+ RELATION%IP BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 LI<T ( ! 9SI<TS (F]$ BY ! SCI5CE ( ECOLOGY8 ,& %\LD WE NOT CREATE AN E?ICS & POLITICS ?AT CAN 5SURE A REH>MONIZATION ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE TO /EM ! TIDE ( DE/RUCTION RESULT+ FROM \R CURR5T E?ICS & POLITICS1 :I* ?REAT5 ! 9TEGRITY ( BO? FIR/ NATURE & SECOND NATURE8 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY SUGGE/S ?AT WE NE$ TO LOOK AT FIR/ NATURE TO GA9 9SI<T 9TO ! PR9CIPLES ?AT 9=M NATURAL HI/ORY & 5SURE ECOSY/EM HEAL?4 ,SU* AN EXAM9ATION MU/ DRAW ON ! BE/ SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ & 9T]PRETATION WE CAN ASSEMBLE1 BUT WE MU/ ALSO RECOGNIZE ?AT SU* A PROJECT IS NOT PURELY EMPIRICAL4 ,! HI/ORY ( 9T]PRETATION ( 0! LAWS ( NATURE0 IS FRAU<T ) HI<LY SUBJECTIVE1 POLITICALLY *>G$ MOM5TS4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,SOCIAL ,D>W9I/S LIKE ,H]B]T ,SP5C] TWI/$ ,D>W9'S IDEAS TO PROVIDE A RATIONALE = ,BRITI% COLONIALISM & IMP]IALISM4 ,MORE REC5TLY1 ,HITL] JU/IFI$ HIS VIEWS BY DRAW+ ON ! 0IMMUTABLE LAWS ( NATURE40 ,9 LI<T ( ?IS HI/ORY1 RA!R ?AN CLAIM IMMUTABILITY OR ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY ATTEMPTS TO USE ! BE/ EXI/+ SCI5CE TO ID5TIFY T5D5CIES OR PR9CIPLES AT WORK 9 EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES & ECOSY/EM DYNAMICS1 & ACKN[L$GES ?AT !SE T5D5CIES MAY BE MUTABLE & DO NOT EXHAU/ ! :OLE RANGE ( PROCESSES AT WORK 9 FIR/ NATURE4 ,!Y DO SEEM1 H[EV]1 TO REPRES5T IMPORTANT T5D5CIES ?AT RELATE DIRECTLY TO ! PROJECT ( REH>MONIZ+ FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 A PROJECT ?AT TAKES ON SOME URG5CY GIV5 ! CURR5T ?REATS FAC+ ! PLANET4 ,WE MU/ ALSO RECOGNIZE1 AS ) ANY !ORY BAS$ ON SCI5CE1 ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY TOO WILL REQUIRE MODIFICATION AS NEW SCI5TIFIC 9SI<TS EM]GE4 

,ECOLOGICAL ,E?ICS & ,SOCIETY 

,AN E?ICS ?AT HAS A GOAL TO REH>MONIZE FIR/ & SECOND NATURE MU/ BE ORI5T$ T[>D 5C\RAG+ EV]-GREAT] COMPLEXITY1 DIV]SITY1 & HI<] DEGREES ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS ORI5TATION MU/ 9=M ITS RELATION TO BO? FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 /RIV+ TO PROTECT & CREATE ECOSY/EMS ?AT (F] A MULTIPLICITY ( TROPHIC LEVELS TO SUPPORT BIOLOGICALLY DIV]SE SPECIES 9 A SET ( COMPLEX 9T]ACTIONS1 & DO SO 9 A HI<LY SELF-CONSCI\S FA%ION4 

,! SAME PR9CIPLES MU/ BE APPLI$ 9 ! REALM ( SECOND NATURE4 ,IF \R GOAL IS AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY \R E?ICS MU/ 5SURE COMPLEX1 DIV]SE SOCIETIES & CULTURES ?AT 5C\RAGE EV]-GREAT] DEGREES ( HUMAN SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY RESPECT1 P>TICIPATION1 EQUITY1 & SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+4 ,! PURSUIT ( EV]-GREAT] DEGREES ( COMPLEXITY1 DIV]SITY & FRE$OM 7AS CONSCI\SNESS & *OICE7 IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = BO? HEAL?Y ECOSY/EMS & HEAL?Y SOCIETIES1 & A PRECONDITION = ! REH>MONIZATION ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE4 

,A RELAT$ PR9CIPLE PRES5T 9 FIR/ NATURE ?AT MU/ NECESS>ILY BE APPLI$ TO HUMAN SOCIETIES 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE A HEAL?Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO IS ! PR9CIPLE ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY4 ,! HEAL?1 /R5G?1 & /ABILITY ( AN ECOSY/EM /& 9 DIRECT RELATION TO ! DIV]SITY ( SPECIES ?AT 9T]ACT )9 ! SY/EM4 ,ECOSY/EMS ) ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( BIODIV]SITY1 LIKE RA9=E/S OR E/U>IES1 >E ABLE TO SU/A9 !MSELVES = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( SPECIES FILL EV]Y TROPHIC LEVEL1 GIV+ ! SY/EM AS A :OLE ! ABILITY TO COMP5SATE = EV5 VA/ FLUCTUATIONS 9 ! POPULATION ( ANY P>TICUL> SPECIES1 !RE=E ALL[+ IT TO MA9TA9 ITS OV]ALL /ABILITY & 9TEGRITY4 

,AN APPLICATION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE IS AN E?ICAL IMP]ATIVE 9 SECOND NATURE1 :]E LACK ( UNITY & 9TOL]ANCE ( DIV]SITY POSE A ?REAT NOT ONLY TO 9DIVIDUAL CULTURES & SOCIETIES BUT TO ! BIOSPH]E AS A :OLE4 ,! RESULTS ( SECOND NATURE'S UNWILL+NESS TO EMBRACE ?IS PR9CIPLE HAS L$ TO SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL DISA/] ALIKE2 W>F>E1 G5OCIDE1 & RACISM 9 SECOND NATURE1 & A FRI<T5+ DIM9UTION ( BIODIV]SITY1 A :OLESALE DE/RUCTION ( ECOSY/EMS1 & GLOBAL CLIMATE *ANGE1 9 FIR/ NATURE4 ,! TWO >E 9EXTRICABLY L9K$1 & SOCIAL ECOLOGY DEM&S A RECOGNITION & IMPLEM5TATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY AS A CORRECTIVE TO ! DE/RUCTION ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 WR\<T4 

,HI]>*Y & ,EVOLUTION 

,:5 ! SCI5CE ( ECOLOGY BEGAN ITS /UDY ( ECOSY/EMS ! T5D5CY WAS TO VIEW SY/EMIC RELATIONS 9 HI]>*ICAL T]MS2 A C5TRAL CONCEPT 9 UND]/&+ ECOSY/EM DYNAMICS WAS ?AT ( ! FOOD *A91 A RIGID HI]>*Y ( DEP5D5CIES 9 :I* ! L>GE/ C>NIVORES W]E PLAC$ AT ! TOP4 ,AS \R SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ HAS 9CREAS$1 ?IS CRUDE MODEL HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ DESCRIPTIONS ?AT DEF9E ! COMPLEX 9T]RELATION%IPS AT WORK 9 AN ECOSY/EM AS A FOOD WEB4 ,! FOOD WEB DESCRIBES AN ESS5TIALLY NON-HI]>*ICAL NETWORK ( RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON 9T]DEP5D5CIES1 L9K+ TOGE!R ALL SPECIES 9TO A MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE :OLE4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO A RECOGNITION ?AT FIR/ NATURE IS ORGANIZ$ NON-HI]>*ICALLY4 

,! HI]>*IES ?AT WE E/ABLI% BETWE5 SPECIES 9 FIR/ NATURE--! LION AS 0K+ ( BEA/S10 OR ! 0L[LY ANT0-- >E REALLY A PROJECTION ( HUMAN HI]>*IES4 ,9 A TE*NICAL S5SE1 HI]>*Y IS DEF9$ AS AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( COMM& & CONTROL ?AT ULTIMATELY HAS REC\RSE TO PHYSICAL CO]CION 9 ORD] TO COMPEL OB$I5CE4 ,NO SU* SY/EMS EXI/ 9 FIR/ NATURE4 ,! LION DOES NOT COMM& & CONTROL ANY O!R SPECIES1 NOR DO LIONS 9/ITUTIONALIZE !IR RELATION%IPS4 ,EV5 ! SEEM+LY DOM9ANT ROLE ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL FEMALE LION MAY PLAY )9 H] PRIDE IS BETT] UND]/OOD AS A =M ( SITUATIONAL DOM9ANCE ?AN AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HI]>*Y4 

,HI]>*Y VITIATES ! MUTUALI/IC WEB ( RELATION%IPS CRUCIAL TO ECOSY/EM /ABILITY & EV5 SURVIVAL4 ,! RECURR5T CYCLES ( BIR?1 DEA?1 & DECAY L9K ALL ( FIR/ NATURE & SECOND NATURE4 ,DESPITE ! UND5IABLE ROLE PLAY$ BY 9T]- & 9TRA-SPECIES COMPETITION = EVOLUTION>Y ADVANTAGE1 ECOSY/EM DYNAMICS >E BE/ *>ACT]IZ$ AS ROOT$ 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUALISM2 EA* SPECIES PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE 9 ! HEAL? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! O!R4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 9 PR$ATOR-PREY RELATION%IPS :]E V>I\S SPECIES >E MUTUALLY DEP5D5T3 PUT SOME:AT SIMPLI/ICALLY1 PR$ATOR SPECIES DEP5D ON PREY = SURVIVAL1 & ! PREY IS DEP5D5T ON ! PR$ATOR = MA9TA9+ HEAL?Y POPULATION LEVELS4 ,! MUTUALI/IC RELATION%IPS AT WORK 9 AN ECOSY/EM BECOME MORE COMPLEX 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! BIODIV]SITY ( ! SY/EM4 

,EVOLUTION IS1 ABOVE ALL1 ! REALM ( POT5TIALITY4 ,EV]Y LIFE =M CONTA9S )9 IT A SET ( POSSIBILITIES1 BO? BIOLOGICAL & BEHAVIORAL4 ,!SE POT5TIALITIES & ! /RIV+ TO ACTUALIZE !M >E :AT DRIVE LIFE =W>D4 ,! DEGREE TO :I* ?IS PROCESS IS CONSCI\S IS A MAJOR FACTOR 9 NATURAL HI/ORY & ONE WAY ?AT WE CAN BEG9 TO DIFF]5TIATE SECOND NATURE FROM FIR/ NATURE4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ A RADICAL DISJUNCTURE BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE3 AL?\< FIR/ NATURE IS ALWAYS PRES5T 9 SECOND NATURE WE CAN SEE A GRADUAL EM]G5CE ( CONSCI\SNESS1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & HUMAN EF=TS TO FULFILL 9H]5T POT5TIALITIES ?AT *>ACT]IZES ! EM]G5CE ( CULTURE4 ,IF MUTUALISM IS TO S]VE AS A NATURAL T5D5CY ?AT 9=MS HUMAN E?ICS1 IT MU/ BE ROOT$ 9 ?IS UND]/&+ ( POT5TIALITY2 IT MU/ BE A P>T ( ! CONT9UUM ( BEHAVIORS ?AT MAKE US HUMAN4 ,?IS POT5TIALITY HAS F\ND WIDE EXPRESSION ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 :I* ITSELF (F]S CONV9C+ EVID5CE ?AT WE MU/ 9CORPORATE ?IS PR9CIPLE 9TO AN E?ICAL FRAMEWORK ?AT WILL ALL[ US TO FULLY REH>MONIZE FIR/ & SECOND NATURE4 

,! POPUL> CONCEPTION ( AN IMMUTABLE HUMAN NATURE BAS$ ON GRE$1 COMPETITION1 W>F>E1 & DOM9ATION IS *ALL5G$ BY ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL RECORD4 ,9DE$1 AN?ROPOLOGY =CES US TO REJECT SU* A N>R[ VIEW ( 0HUMAN NATURE10 & TO REPLACE IT ) ! MU* BROAD] CONCEPT ( A CONT9UUM ( POT5TIAL HUMAN BEHAVIORS4 ,?IS CONCEPT1 :ILE UND5IABLY 9CLUD+ ! POT5TIALITY = GRE$1 COMPETITION1 W>F>E1 & DOM9ATION1 ALSO 9CLUDES ! POT5TIALITY = C>+1 %>+1 MUTUALISM1 & NON-HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS FRAMEWORK PROVIDES A REAL BASIS = BELIEV+ ?AT \R SPECIES1 HUMANITY1 HAS ! POT5TIALITY TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE ID5TIFI$ !SE ECOLOGICAL BEHAVIORS AS C5TRAL 9 MANY =MS ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 PRIM>ILY ?OSE ROOT$ 9 PRE-CAPITALI/ SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE TRAITS REPRES5T A POT5TIALITY = ! FUTURE4 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT \R SPECIES C\LD1 OR W\LD WANT TO1 RETURN TO HUNT+ & GA!R+3 !RE CAN BE NO RETURN4 ,RA!R1 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT !SE =MS ( BEHAVIOR REPRES5T PR9CIPLES4 ,) HUMAN CREATIVITY & 9V5TION WE CAN APPLY !SE PR9CIPLES 9 WAYS APPROPRIATE TO MOD]N LIFE4 

,CULTURES & SOCIETIES HAVE ALWAYS RE9=C$ & REW>D$ P>TICUL> =MS ( BEHAVIOR & DEVALU$ O!RS4 ,?R\< ! PROCESSES ( SOCIALIZATION & =MAL $UCATION \R SOCIETY HAS *OS5 TO RE9=CE & REW>D ECOLOGICALLY DE/RUCTIVE RELATION%IPS & PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR1 & FUR!RMORE TO REIFY !M 9TO 0HUMAN NATURE40 ,AN AW>5ESS ( ! O!R POT5TIALITIES EMBODI$ 9 \R HUMANITY GIVES HOPE ?AT A TRANS=MATION ( ?OSE PATT]NS MAY OCCUR4 ,AL?\< BY NO MEANS GU>ANTI$ OR PREORDA9$1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY >GUES ?AT SU* A TRANS=MATION MU/ OCCUR IF WE >E TO TRULY A*IEVE \R POT5TIAL TO BECOME 0NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S10 ?US REH>MONIZ+ FIR/ & SECOND NATURE & RESOLV+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISES ?AT ?REAT5 \R EXI/5CE4 

,FROM ,ECOLOGY TO ,POLITICS 

,A TRANS=MATION ( ?IS MAGNITUDE REQUIRES A RADICALLY NEW VISION & PROGRAM3 A NEW ECOLOGICAL EPI/EMOLOGY1 AN E?ICS ROOT$ 9 PR9CIPLES D]IV$ FROM FIR/ NATURE1 & A BOLD SOCIAL-POLITICAL PRAXIS4 ,WE MU/ BE WILL+ TO UND]TAKE A SE>*+ EXAM9ATION ( ! ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 US+ ! E?ICAL PR9CIPLES ?AT WE D]IVE FROM \R UND]/&+ ( NATURE4 ,SU* AN EXAM9ATION LEADS US FROM ! REALM ( TRADITIONAL 5VIRONM5TALISM1 /ILL ROOT$ 9 A DUALI/IC EPI/EMOLOGY ?AT VIEWS 0NATURE0 AS A COLLECTION ( NATURAL RES\RCES1 TO A SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT PROMISES A FUNDAM5TAL REH>MONIZATION ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE4 

,9DE$1 ?IS RECOGNITION CALLS = POLITICAL SOLUTIONS ?AT GO F> BEYOND ! 0B& AID0 APPROA* ADVOCAT$ BY MO/ 5VIRONM5TALI/S4 ,IT REQUIRES ?AT WE RESOLVE ! SOCIAL CRISES ?AT >E ! UND]LY+ CAUSES ( \R V>I\S 5VIRONM5TAL CRISES4 ,IT SUGGE/S ?AT HEAL?Y ECOSY/EMS & A HEAL?Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE ONLY CAN RESULT FROM AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 & ?AT SU* AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY MU/ BE AN E?ICAL COMMUNITY1 ROOT$ 9 ! E?ICAL PR9CIPLES ?AT WE D]IVE FROM \R UND]/&+ ( FIR/ NATURE ITSELF4 

,! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS DEM&S MORE ?AN A *ANGE 9 CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?\< SU* A *ANGE IS NECESS>Y1 IT IS NOT1 9 & ( ITSELF1 SUFFICI5T4 ,WE MU/ ALSO BEG9 TO UND]TAKE ACTION 9=M$ BY A CONSCI\SNESS ROOT$ 9 A SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! PROCESS ( ECOLOGICAL RECON/RUCTION WILL NOT BE AN EASY ONE3 IT WILL REQUIRE MAJOR %IFTS 9 ?9K+ & 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 AS WELL AS ! USE ( NEW1 ECOLOGICALLY S\ND TE*NOLOGIES & TE*NIQUES4 ,WE MU/ BEG9 ! PROCESS ( ECOLOGICAL RECON/RUCTION BY PRES]V+ EXI/+ ECOSY/EMS TO 5SURE !IR 9TEGRITY & TO DRAW UPON !M AS RES]VOIRS ( BIODIV]SITY4 ,WE MU/ /EM ! CURR5T TIDE ( EXT9CTIONS4 ,IT IS ALSO CRUCIAL TO 5GAGE 9 ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE >E ABLE1 RE/OR+ DAMAG$ ECOSY/EMS TO !IR PREVI\S /ATE4 ,?IS 9 TURN SUGGE/S ?AT WE NE$ TO EXPLORE & IMPLEM5T NEW1 ECOLOGICAL MODELS = DEVELOPM5T1 A COMMUNITY-BAS$ PROCESS ?AT BO? MEETS HUMAN NE$S & RESPECTS & RE/ORES ECOSY/EMS4 ,?IS CRITICAL RECON/RUCTIVE DIM5SION MU/ BE FULLY >TICULAT$ & APPLI$ )9 ! E?ICAL FRAMEWORK PRES5T$ BY EVOLUTION4 

,?IS RECON/RUCTIVE PROJECT IS A CRUCIAL ELEM5T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIAL ECOLOGY3 IT IS NOT 5\< TO PHILOSOPHIZE1 WE MU/ ACT4 ,\R ACTIONS1 H[EV]1 MU/ BE 9=M$ BY E?ICS & SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+4 ,M9DLESS OR 9SUFFICI5TLY CONSID]$ ACTION MAY 9DE$ MAKE \R SITUATION WORSE1 9/EAD ( IMPROV+ IT4 ,! 5DS ?AT WE SEEK--SOCIETIES MOV+ T[>D EV]-GREAT] COMPLEXITY1 DIV]SITY1 & FRE$OM1 CREAT+ UNITY ?R\< DIV]SITY & MUTUALI/IC ORGANIZATION1 & HI<LY SELF-CONSCI\S AB\T !IR RELATION%IP TO FIR/ NATURE--CAN ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T BY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT REFLECT & EMBODY ?OSE SAME PR9CIPLES4 ,5DS & MEANS MU/ BE CONGRU5T4 

,ACTION ROOT$ 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY DEM&S BROAD P>TICIPATION & DEMOCRACY4 ,ALL >\ND ! WORLD1 LOCAL COMMUNITIES >E ALREADY *ALL5G+ ! IRRATIONAL CULTURE ( DE/RUCTION4 ,! /RUGGLES ( 9DIG5\S F>M]S 9 ,MEXICO FI<T+ TO SAVE !IR RA9=E/S1 PEASANTS 9 ,NEPAL FI<T+ TO PREV5T ! DAMM+ ( RIV]S1 & POOR BLACK COMMUNITIES 9 ,L\ISIANA FI<T+ TO CLOSE D[N TOXIC *EMICAL PLANTS >E ALL P>T ( ! SAME GLOBAL MOVEM5T4 ,SO TOO >E URBAN HOME/EAD]S 9 DEVA/AT$ ,DETROIT NEI<BORHOODS RECLAIM+ AB&ON$ BUILD+S1 & Y\? GR\PS GR[+ ORGANIC VEGETABLES ON VACANT LOTS 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,!Y /& TOGE!R ) ! MILLIONS >\ND ! WORLD :O PROTE/ A RAPACI\S WORLD ECONOMY DOM9AT$ BY GIANT CORPORATIONS4 

,!SE COMB9ATIONS ( PROTE/ & RECON/RUCTIVE ACTION >E ONLY FL$GL+ /EPS 9 :AT MU/ BECOME A L>G] & BROAD] MOVEM5T1 BUT !Y >E PROMIS+ NONE!LESS4 ,!Y PO9T ! WAY T[>D NEW ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS ?AT EMBODY ! ECOLOGICAL E?ICS NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE A REH>MONIZATION ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE4 ,!Y >E DIV]SE1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 & P>TICIPATORY1 & REPRES5T A NEW MODEL = SOCIAL ACTION ?AT CAN BEG9 TO C\NT] ! DE/RUCTIVE PA? ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 

,T[>D A ,NEW ,5LI<T5M5T 

,A P]SPECTIVE 9=M$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY MU/ ALSO ADDRESS ! FUTURE1 & IT MU/ DO SO 9 A MANN] ?AT DRAWS ON ! E?ICAL PR9CIPLES D]IV$ FROM FIR/ NATURE4 ,IT IS 9SUFFICI5T TO EXTRAPOLATE ! PRES5T 9TO ! FUTURE1 AS FUTURI/S & SY/EMS !ORI/S DO4 ,ANY DISCUSSION ( ! FUTURE1 IF IT IS TO BE ECOLOGICAL1 MU/ BE ROOT$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( POT5TIALITY1 AN UND]/&+ ( :AT C\LD BE4 ,EVOLUTION ITSELF IS A PROCESS ( UNFOLD+ POT5TIALITY ON A BIOLOGICAL LEVEL3 ( ORGANISMS EI!R FULFILL+ !IR POT5TIAL = GR[?1 DEVELOPM5T1 & REPRODUCTION1 OR FAIL+ TO DO SO4 ,POT5TIALITY %\LD NOT BE EQUAT$ ) 9EVITABILITY2 MANY FACTORS 9FLU5CE :E!R IT IS ACTUALIZ$ OR NOT4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY EXAM9ES ! FUTURE BY TRY+ TO TEASE \T POT5TIALITIES = ECOLOGICAL RE/ORATION & A REH>MONIZATION ( FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 :ILE WORK+ TO ACTUALIZE ?OSE POT5TIALITIES4 

,BY DO+ SO1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY DRAWS ON ONE ( ! GREAT TRADITIONS ( HUMANITY1 UTOPIAN ?9K+1 :I* IS BAS$ ON AN UND]/&+ ( ! POT5TIALITIES 9H]5T1 ?\< UNREALIZ$1 9 ! PRES5T4 ,DUR+ ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 UTOPIAN ?9K+ EM]G$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( BO? SOCIAL CRITICISM & SPECULATION AB\T POSSIBLE NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS US$ TO EXPLORE ! F> %ORES ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES2 TO 9SPIRE PEOPLE TO TRANSC5D ! LIMITATIONS ( !IR SEV]ELY LIMIT$ SOCIETIES4 ,BUT UTOPIAN ?9K+ (F]S MORE ?AN 9SPIRATION3 IT ALSO (F]S A S5SE ( ORI5TATION4 ,)\T A VISION ( ! TYPE ( SOCIETY WE DESIRE1 IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO EV] A*IEVE IT4 ,9 A MOD]N ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT1 ! DETAILS ( ?OSE UTOPIAN PR9CIPLES1 ROOT$ 9 A SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( ECOSY/EMS1 WILL BE APPLI$ ?R\< DEMOCRATICALLY DEVELOP$ PLANS AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY EXAM9ES ! FUTURE FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE & RECOGNIZES ! REAL1 EXI/+ POT5TIALITY = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,UTILIZ+ MOD]N SCI5TIFIC 9SI<TS & TE*NICS WE HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO SOLVE ! WORLD'S ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS2 WE CAN CREATE & UTILIZE NONPOLLUT+1 R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY2 WE CAN REV]SE ! PROCESS ( GLOBAL CLIMATE *ANGE2 WE CAN RE/ORE DAMAG$ ECOSY/EMS & 5SURE CONT9U$ BIODIV]SITY2 WE CAN 5D POLLUTION & CLEAN UP TOXIC WA/ES2 & WE CAN PROVIDE A HEAL?Y DIET = ! WORLD'S POPULATION4 ,TODAY1 ALL ( ?IS IS POSSIBLE BY UTILIZ+ EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! PLANET WE N[ HAVE ! CAPACITY TO ELIM9ATE SC>CITY4 ,\R SOCIETY HAS ! TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE REQUIR$ TO MEET ! NE$S ( ALL HUMANITY = FOOD1 %ELT]1 & 5]GY4 ,:AT WE LACK IS ! SOCIAL VISION & ! POLITICAL WILL TO DO SO4 ,HI]>*ICAL CONC5TRATIONS ( WEAL? & P[] HAVE L$ TO A CATA/ROPHIC IMBALANCE 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES >\ND ! PLANET4 ,! GAP BETWE5 RI* & POOR HAS BE5 /EADILY 9CREAS+ 9 REC5T DECADES4 ,JU/ AS ! ,5LI<T5M5T L$ TO A RE/RUCTUR+ ( SOCIETY ?AT %OOK ! F\NDATIONS ( ! OLD SOCIAL ORD]1 A NEW ,5LI<T5M5T ROOT$ 9 A SOCIAL ECOLOGY MU/ AIM = ! SAME4 ,I AM PA9FULLY AW>E ( ! LIMITATIONS & MANY PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS ( ! ORIG9AL ,5LI<T5M5T1 & ,I AM NOT >GU+ ?AT WE %\LD REPLICATE ! CONT5T1 BUT RA!R ?AT IT REPRES5TS A PROCESS FROM :I* WE MU/ LE>N4 

,! ,5LI<T5M5T PROJECT BEGAN ) A SET ( IDEAS ?AT (F]$ A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( :AT WAS1 & A TRANSC5D5T VISION ( :AT C\LD BE & :AT %\LD BE1 ROOT$ 9 A NEW E?ICAL FRAMEWORK4 ,A SIMIL> PROCESS IS URG5TLY NE$$ TODAY IF ! POT5TIALITY = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS TO EV] BE REALIZ$4 ,TO FAIL TO DO SO IS TO AB&ON \R HUMANITY & 5T] HEADLONG 9TO AN ]A ( UNPREC$5T$ ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION4 

,$,U,C,A,T,I,O,N ,= ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,*,A,N,G,E 

,! SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISES WE FACE REQUIRE NEW ?9K+ & CREATIVE SOLUTIONS4 ,?OSE SOLUTIONS WILL ONLY GR[ \T ( AN $UCATIONAL PROCESS1 & IT HAS TO BE $UCATION ( A P>TICUL> TYPE4 ,IT IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT WE N[ REEXAM9E \R BASIC NOTIONS ( :AT CON/ITUTES AN $UCATION4 ,:AT >E WE $UCAT+ PEOPLE =8 ,H[ CAN WE EQUIP PEOPLE ) ! CRITICAL ?9K+ SKILLS REQUIR$ TO *ANGE ! TRAJECTORY ( \R CULTURE8 

,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT TRADITIONAL $UCATION IS NOT REALLY $UCATION AT ALL4 ,:AT PASSES = $UCATION 9 \R PUBLIC S*OOLS & 9 MO/ ( \R PRIVATE S*OOLS--& C]TA9LY 9 \R UNIV]SITIES & COLLEGES TODAY--IS 9 FACT A SORT ( TRA9+4 ,IT HAS V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) ALL[+ = ! UNFOLD+ ( POT5TIALITIES )9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* ,I SEE AS ! BASIS = REAL $UCATION1 & ! =MATION ( ECOLOGICALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNITY MEMB]S4 ,IT IS1 RA!R1 AN ATTEMPT TO RE9=CE ! HEGEMONIC CULTURE & TO REPRODUCE ITS /RUCTURES ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,TODAY MORE ?AN EV]1 /UD5TS >E BE+ TE/$1 SORT$1 & 9CULCAT$ ) ! IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM4 ,! AIM IS TO TRA9 WILL+ Y\NG M9DS TO MEET ! NE$S ( CORPORATIONS & 9DU/RY BY PRODUC+ /UD5TS :O UNQUE/ION+LY GO \T1 JO9 ! WORK =CE & BECOME 0PRODUCTIVE0 MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !RE HAVE BE5 REC5T CALLS = CURTAIL+ SUPPORT ( ! TRADITIONAL LIB]AL >TS CURRICULUM1 & 9VE/+ \R RES\RCES EXCLUSIVELY 9 TRA9+ 9 MA? & SCI5CE1 9 ORD] = \R C\NTRY TO 0REMA9 COMPETITIVE40 

,GIV5 ! DIRECTION 9 :I* SOCIETY IS MOV+ TODAY--T[>D ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE--! LA/ ?+ WE NE$ TO DO IS REPRODUCE ! SY/EM4 ,WE NE$ 9/EAD TO G5]ATE APPROA*ES TO $UCATION ?AT HELP TRANS=M ?AT SY/EM & *ANGE ITS BASIC /RUCTURES4 ,TRADITIONAL $UCATION OP]ATES ON A V>IETY ( LEVELS1 & WE HAVE TO UND]/& H[ ?OSE LEVELS RE9=CE EA* O!R4 ,?IS PROBLEM MU/ BE CONFRONT$ 9 A CRITICAL FA%ION1 ONE ?AT RECOGNIZES ?AT BEYOND TEA*+ P>TICUL> SKILLS & TE*NIQUES1 CONTEMPOR>Y $UCATION RE9=CES ! HEGEMONY ( CAPITAL & SOCIALIZES /UD5TS 9 ! HABITS ( OB$I5CE & ACQUIESC5CE4 ,!SE BEHAVIORS >E MODEL$ DAY AFT] DAY 9 CLASSROOMS & LECTURE HALLS1 & /UD5TS :O FAIL TO GET ! MESSAGE >E DISCIPL9$ & HUMILIAT$4 

,TRADITIONAL ,$UCATION 

,MORE ?AN ANY?+1 ! V]Y =M ( TRADITIONAL $UCATION IS 9T5D$ TO DRILL /UD5TS 9TO A CULTURE ( UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE & PASSIVITY4 ,!Y >E TAU<T TO SIT 9 ORD]LY R[S 9 CLASSROOMS1 !Y >E TAU<T TO RESPOND TO BELLS & :I/LES1 & TO NEV] QUE/ION ! AU?ORITY ( ! TEA*]4 ,9 ! E>LY GRADES ! TEA*]'S PRIM>Y ROLE 9 $UCATION IS MA9TA9+ ORD] 9 ! CLASSROOM4 ,IT HAS V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) LE>N+ AT ALL4 ,ACTUALLY1 ?AT ATTEMPT TO REPRODUCE ! ORD] ( \R HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY2 TO CREATE OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY & COMPLIANT /UD5TS :O BECOME WILL+ WORK]S1 IS EXTREMELY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,IT SQUEL*ES 9ITIATIVE1 DISC\RAGES QUE/ION+1 REW>DS CON=MITY1 & ALL TOO FREQU5TLY DET]M9ES1 AT AN E>LY AGE1 :E!R A *ILD WILL 0SUCCE$0 OR NOT4 ,?IS BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION & A *ILD'S REACTION TO IT !N BECOMES A SELF-FULFILL+ PROPHECY3 9 ! HI<] GRADES & 9 COLLEGE & UNIV]SITY1 ! P]CEPTION ( ! /UD5T'S CAPACITY1 &1 ALL TOO (T51 ! /UD5TS [N SELF-IMAGE IS %AP$ BY !SE E>LY CLASSROOM EXP]I5CES4 ,QUE/ION+ & RESI/+ AU?ORITY >E SE5 AS SIGNS ( DEEP EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,9DE$1 ! EMPHASIS ON OB$I5CE HAS GIV5 RISE TO A NEWLY DISCOV]$ PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITION3 ,O,D,D1 ,OPPOSITIONAL ,DEFIANT ,DISORD]4 ,A BASIC DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS ( *ILDHOOD--QUE/ION+ AU?ORITY--IS N[ BE+ DEF9$ AS A DISEASE6 

,! REGIM5TATION ( ! E>LI] GRADES IS C>RI$ ON ) A V5GEANCE AS /UD5TS PROGRESS ?R\< !IR $UCATIONAL C>E]4 ,!Y COME TO ACCEPT ! P]SPECTIVE ( !IR TEA*]S1 & GRADES >E US$ AS A CUDGEL TO MA9TA9 !IR TEA*]S' AU?ORITY4 ,AT ! UNIV]SITY LEVEL1 ! 5ORMITY ( ! LECTURE HALLS & ! ANONYMITY ( ! /UD5T RE9=CE ! RECEIV$ WISDOM ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,H]E1 ! EMPHASIS ON TRA9+ = C>E]S BECOMES A MANIA1 & ! PRESSURE ( PAY+ BACK HUGE /UD5T LOANS T5DS TO FUR!R N>R[ A /UD5T'S FOCUS & S5SE ( POSSIBILITIES4 ,& WE N[ SEE H[ CORPORATE 9T]E/S HOLD COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES 9 ?RALL1 &1 ?R\< FUND+ & JO9T V5TURES1 9CREAS+LY %APE !IR RESE>* AG5DAS & CURRICULA4 

,SO :AT >E /UD5TS ACTUALLY BE+ TAU<T8 ,UND5IABLY1 IT'S USEFUL = Y\NG PEOPLE TO LE>N H[ TO READ & H[ TO WRITE1 & H[ TO DO BASIC MA!MATICAL CALCULATIONS4 ,!SE >E ALL ?+S ?AT WILL S]VE !M WELL1 & %\LD BE P>T ( ANY CURRICULUM4 ,BUT BEYOND ?AT1 !RE IS ALSO A HIDD5 CURRICULUM3 ! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE >E GRAFT$ 9TO ! V]Y *>ACT] /RUCTURE ( ! /UD5TS1 ) DEVA/AT+ EFFECTS = BO? ! 9DIVIDUALS BE+ 0TAU<T0 & = \R SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

,& MORE ?AN EV]1 WE >E SEE+ ! CORPORATE AG5DA 5T] DIRECTLY 9TO ! CLASSROOM1 AS PREPROGRAM$1 PACKAG$ CURRICULA ?AT MAKE IT V]Y EASY = A TEA*]--BY US+ !SE 05RI*M5T0 OPPORTUNITIES = /UD5TS--TO BR+ HOME ! MESSAGE ( CAPITALISM & ! CORPORATE WORLD4 ,I SAW ?IS V]Y /RIK+LY :5 ,I TOOK MY ELEM5T>Y-AG$ DAU<T]S TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,MUSEUM ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY 9 ,NEW ,YORK SOME YE>S AGO4 ,WE W5T 9TO ! ,HALL ( ,BIODIV]SITY1 A MULTIMILLION-DOLL> EXHIBIT SPONSOR$ BY ! ,MONSANTO ,CORPORATION1 ,CITIBANK & ! ,ROCKEFELL] ,FUND4 ,IT WAS A HUGE HALL1 ) MILLIONS ( DOLL>S WOR? ( EXHIBITS1 9T5D$ PRIM>ILY TO $UCATE Y\NG *ILDR5 AB\T ! NE$ = BIODIV]SITY1 & AB\T ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS ?AT ! PLANET IS FAC+4 ,BUT 9 ?AT :OLE 5TIRE HALL !RE WAS NOT A S+LE M5TION ( CORPORATIONS & NOT ONE WORD AB\T CAPITALISM4 ,! FACT ?AT TODAY'S CRISIS CAN BE TRAC$ DIRECTLY BACK TO CORPORATIONS & CAPITALISM DOES NOT 5T] 9TO ! DISC\RSE TO :I* \R *ILDR5 >E EXPOS$4 ,& !RE W]E BUSLOADS ( KIDS GO+ ?R\< ! HALL1 ) WELL-MEAN+ TEA*]S1 NO D\BT4 ,BUT ?IS BASIC \TLOOK IS NEV] *ALL5G$--IT'S NOT EV5 QUE/ION$--& ?US ! HEGEMONIC NATURE ( CAPITALISM IS RE9=C$4 

,?IS BR+S US TO ANO!R LEVEL ON :I* WE HAVE TO UND]/& TRADITIONAL $UCATION1 & ?AT IS ! 9T5TIONALITY ) :I* *ILDR5 >E $UCAT$ TODAY4 ,?IS 9T5TIONALITY IS NOT CONC]N$ ) ! 9DIVIDUAL /UD5TS1 !IR NE$S1 !IR WELLBE+1 & ! UNFOLD+ ( !IR P>TICUL> POT5TIALITIES4 ,IT IS1 RA!R1 A COOKIE CUTT] MODEL ( $UCATION1 :I* FOLL[S ! AG5DA ( ! CORPORATIONS & ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IT REFLECTS & RE9=CES ! CLASS DIVISIONS ?AT RIDDLE \R SOCIETY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?IS IS V]Y OBVI\S3 BY & L>GE ! *ILDR5 ( ! POOR >E $UCAT$ = WORK 9 ! TRADES OR ! S]VICE SECTOR1 & ?OSE ( ! WEAL?Y S5T TO ELITE UNIV]SITIES & PREP>$ = MANAGEM5T OR PR(ESSIONAL POSITIONS4 

,SO :AT IS ! ALT]NATIVE8 ,IF WE ACCEPT ! IDEA ?AT MEAN+FUL SOCIAL *ANGE WILL ONLY COME AB\T ?R\< A PROCESS ( $UCATION1 :I* IS1 ( C\RSE1 ONE ( ! UND]LY+ BELIEFS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 !N WE NE$ TO LOOK V]Y C>EFULLY AT :AT CON/ITUTES A RADICAL $UCATION4 ,:AT K9D ( $UCATION W\LD BE ABLE TO BR+ AB\T ! SOCIAL *ANGE NECESS>Y TO REV]SE ! 5G9ES ( DE/RUCTION ?AT >E LIT]ALLY ]OD+ ?REE & A HALF BILLION YE>S ( BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION ON ?IS PLANET8 ,H[ CAN WE CREATE A RADICAL $UCATION8 ,I SUGGE/ ! V]Y SAME CATEGORIES WE USE TO UND]/& TRADITIONAL $UCATION MU/ BE APPLI$ TO EXPLA9 RADICAL $UCATION4 

,RADICAL ,$UCATION 

,= AN $UCATION TO BE TRULY RADICAL WE FIR/ NE$ TO EXAM9E ! =M IT TAKES4 ,H[ CAN ! /RUCTURES ( LE>N+ BE ALT]$ TO 5C\RAGE CREATIVITY1 QUE/ION+1 & CRITICAL ?9K+8 ,TO BE SURE1 !RE IS NOT A S+LE SOLUTION OR A S+LE MODEL ?AT W\LD CON/ITUTE A RADICAL $UCATION4 ,9DIVIDUAL /UD5TS HAVE 9DIVIDUAL LE>N+ /YLES & \R $UCATION %\LD REFLECT ?IS4 ,NO S+LE APPROA* MEETS ! NE$S ( ALL /UD5TS1 & /UD5TS AT DIFF]5T DEVELOPM5TAL /AGES RESPOND TO DIFF]5T APPROA*ES TO TEA*+ & LE>N+4 ,RADICAL $UCATION REQUIRES A /UD5T-C5T]$ APPROA*1 & ?IS IS SOME?+ TRADITIONAL CLASSROOMS CANNOT PROVIDE4 ,SU* AN APPROA* UND]M9ES ! AU?ORIT>IAN ME*ANISMS ?AT GOV]N CONTEMPOR>Y CLASSROOMS & REPLACES ! MOD]N 0TEA* TO ! TE/0 $UCATION1 & ITS HIDD5 CURRICULUM ( OB$I5CE & DISCIPL9E4 

,A /UD5T-C5T]$ $UCATION MEANS ?AT /UD5TS >E 5C\RAG$ TO PURSUE !IR 9T]E/S1 & TEA*]S PROVIDE RES\RCES TO AID !M 9 !IR PURSUIT3 !Y %\LD HELP /UD5TS ID5TIFY IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 HELP !M TO ACQUIRE ! SKILLS !Y NE$1 & (F] GUIDANCE & CRITIQUE ALONG ! WAY4 ,AS WE KN[ FROM /UDIES ( DEVELOPM5T 9 E>LY *ILDHOOD & ADOLESC5CE1 !RE >E V>I\S /AGES AT :I* P>TICUL> K9DS ( TEA*+ & LE>N+ >E APPROPRIATE4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! PRIM>Y NE$ ( *ILDR5 IS A TYPE ( FREE & UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T & $UCATION ?AT IS V]Y R>E TODAY4 ,C]TA9LY !RE >E OASES >\ND ! WORLD2 !RE IS A FREE S*OOL H]E OR A FREE S*OOL !RE4 ,BUT 9 G5]AL !SE NOBLE EXP]IM5TS >E ISOLAT$ & ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5 ?AT !Y REA* IS EXTREMELY LIMIT$4 ,& ?AT IS UN=TUNATE1 BECAUSE AT ?IS =MATIVE /AGE 9 *ILDR5'S DEVELOPM5T ! MO/ VALUABLE ?+ WE CAN (F] !M IS FRE$OM TO EXPLORE1 & RES\RCES !Y CAN USE 9 ?AT EXPLORATION4 ,?IS IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT FIGURES L>GELY 9 TRADITIONAL $UCATION S*EMES AT ALL4 

,LE>N+ IS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! CLASSROOM2 9 FACT A RADICAL $UCATION MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ! LOCAL COMMUNITY & ! NATURAL WORLD (F] TREM5D\S OPPORTUNITIES = LE>N+4 ,P>TICIPATORY & EXP]I5TIAL LE>N+ >E P[]FUL ADJUNCTS TO MORE CONV5TIONAL =MS ( $UCATION4 ,! /IMULATION (F]$ BY TAK+ TEA*+ & LE>N+ 9TO ! COMMUNITY & BR++ ! COMMUNITY 9TO ! CLASSROOM HELPS /UD5TS 5GAGE ) ! L>G] WORLD4 

,AS *ILDR5 DEVELOP WE CAN BEG9 TO ALSO LOOK AT H[ !IR 9T]E/S AS /UD5TS EVOLVE4 ,TYPICALLY TODAY1 ! SUBJECT MATT] BE+ /UDI$ HELPS TO RE9=CE ! HIDD5 CURRICULUM4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS /UD5TS GO ?R\< TRADITIONAL HI< S*OOLS !Y >E TAU<T ) TEXT BOOKS ?AT TALK AB\T ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS AS DISCOV]+ ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 & SAY V]Y LITTLE AB\T ! OPPRESSION & ! SLAU<T] ( ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! 0AGE ( DISCOV]Y40 ,9/EAD ( LE>N+ AB\T ! DELET]I\S EFFECTS ( COLONIALISM & IMP]IALISM1 WE CELEBRATE ! GREAT W>RIORS & CONQUI/ADORES :O BR\<T ! B5EFITS ( ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,WE VALORIZE ! F\ND+ FA!RS1 BUT NEV] M5TION ?AT MANY ( !M W]E SLAVE [N]S1 & WE NEV] QUE/ION :Y !RE W]E NO F\ND+ MO!RS4 

,ANY K9D ( RADICAL $UCATION HAS TO EXPOSE /UD5TS TO A HIDD5 HI/ORY3 ! /ORIES ( ?OSE :O PAID ! PRICE ( CONQUE/1 :OSE VOICES >E SIL5C$ BY CONV5TIONAL HI/ORY4 ,WE HAVE TO 5SURE ?AT /UD5TS >E EXPOS$ TO A HI/ORY ?AT REFLECTS A CRITICAL VIEW ( MOD]NITY & ! DEVELOPM5T ?AT WE SO BLI!LY ASSUME TO BE 9EVITABLE4 ,/UD5TS NE$ TO KN[ ! HI/ORY ( RESI/ANCE1 TO UND]/& CULTURES ?AT >E ORGANIZ$ >\ND V]Y DIFF]5T SETS ( PR9CIPLES ?AN \R [N1 & TO BE EXPOS$ TO ! LIVES ( PEOPLE :O QUE/ION$ ! /ATUS QUO2 ?IS IS NOT P>T ( ! /&>D CURRICULA 9 ANY HI< S*OOL ?AT ,I KN[ ( TODAY4 

,?IS QUE/ION ( CONT5T IS CLOSELY W$D$ TO ! =M ( ! $UCATION2 !Y MUTUALLY RE9=CE ! F\NDATIONAL HI]>*Y ( \R SOCIETY4 ,TODAY1 /UD5TS >E EXPOS$ TO CURRICULA ?AT (F] ! ANALYZES & P]SPECTIVES ( ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,HALL ( ,BIODIV]SITY AT ! ,MUSEUM ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY !RE WAS AN EMPHASIS ON OV]CONSUMPTION AS A PRESS+ ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM4 ,BLAME WAS PLAC$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! 9DIVIDUAL--! ANALYSIS PRES5T$ SUGGE/$ ?AT WE >E ALL GRE$Y CONSUM]S & ?AT IS :Y WE HAVE AN 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS4 ,! CRISIS EXI/S BECAUSE EA* ONE ( US CONSUMES TOO MU*1 & ! PROBLEM WILL BECOME WORSE BECAUSE ! WORLD IS BECOM+ OV]POPULAT$4 ,! 0GRE$Y CONSUM]S0 >E TO BLAME1 :E!R !Y >E DRIV+ ,S,U,VS 9 ,AM]ICA OR TRY+ TO F9D 5\< FOOD TO SURVIVE 9 ,AFRICA1 NO DIFF]5TIATION WAS MADE4 ,SU* AN ANALYSIS IS GROSSLY 9ADEQUATE & DOES NO?+ TO PREP>E Y\NG PEOPLE1 OR ANYONE = ?AT MATT]1 TO MAKE S5SE \T ( ! MESS ?AT WE >E 9 TODAY4 ,RA!R1 IT MY/IFIES IT & 5SURES ! CONT9UATION ( A SY/EM 9 :I* ! ELITES B5EFIT AT ! EXP5SE ( ! POOR4 ,& ?AT'S V]Y MU* ! 9T5TIONALITY ( TRADITIONAL $UCATION4 ,SO1 IF WE >E TO HELP /UD5TS TO DEVELOP !IR CRITICAL FACULTIES1 & ! ABILITY TO DRAW !IR [N CONCLUSIONS SO !Y CAN CONTRIBUTE TO A L>G] PROJECT ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 !Y MU/ BE GIV5 AN ADEQUATE HI/ORICAL GR\ND+ & ! TOOLS NE$$ TO CRITIQUE ! CONTEMPOR>Y SY/EM4 

,9DE$1 FROM AN ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE1 A RADICAL $UCATION %\LD 5C\RAGE /UD5TS TO LOOK CRITICALLY NOT JU/ AT ! IMPACT ( !IR 9DIVIDUAL DECISIONS AS CONSUM]S1 NOT JU/ AT H[ !Y POLLUTE1 BUT RA!R H[ ! DOM9ANT CULTURE PRODUCES ! CONDITIONS ?AT MAKE POLLUTION 9EVITABLE4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT /UD5TS UND]/& ! UND]LY+ S\RCES ( ! PROBLEM1 & NOT ! FACT ?AT !Y >5'T RECYCL+ 5\< PAP]4 ,BECAUSE1 9 TRU?1 ! POLLUTION CREAT$ BY A READ] ( ?IS BOOK OV] !IR LIFETIME IS 9SIGNIFICANT COMP>$ TO ! POLLUTION CREAT$ BY ONE DAY ( PRODUCTION AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,PAP] ,PLANT 9 ,GL5S ,FALLS1 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,WE NE$ TO DEVELOP $UCATIONAL PROCESSES & CURRICULA ?AT GIVE /UD5TS EXPOSURE TO ! IDEAS1 CONCEPTS1 & CRITICAL UND]/&+ ?AT WILL ALL[ !M TO BEG9 TO DECON/RUCT ! MY?OLOGY SUPPORT+ ! CURR5T SY/EM4 ,?IS IS CRUCIAL IF WE >E EV] TO *ANGE ?AT SY/EM & REPLACE IT ) SOME?+ POSITIVE & LIFE-AFFIRM+4 

,$UCATION AT ! ,I,S,E 

,! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY IS COMMITT$ TO RADICAL $UCATION & UTILIZES MANY DIFF]5T APPROA*ES TO LE>N+4 ,S9CE #aigd WE HAVE (F]$ A WIDE RANGE ( PROGRAMS & A V>IETY ( =MATS1 FROM WORK%OPS & S+LE LECTURES TO CONF]5CES & LONG] 9T5SIVE SEM9>S4 ,9 ADDITION TO PROGRAMS BAS$ ON \R [N CAMPUS 9 ,V]MONT1 WE HAVE (F]$ PROGRAMS AT NUM]\S COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES1 AS WELL AS 9 COMMUNITIES ALL >\ND ! C\NTRY1 FROM ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY TO ,SEATTLE4 ,\R WORK FOCUSES ON ! CONCRETE SKILLS NE$$ TO P>TICIPATE ACTIVELY 9 MOVEM5TS = ! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,\R CLASSES >E SMALL & (T5 DISCUSSION-BAS$4 ,/UD5TS 9 \R CAMPUS-BAS$ PROGRAMS ALSO TAKE P>T 9 WEEKLY COMMUNITY MEET+S1 :I* E/ABLI% ! NORMS = CAMPUS LIFE & POLICIES RELAT$ TO ! P>TICUL> PROGRAM4 ,/UD5TS1 FACULTY1 & /AFF SET ! AG5DA = ! COMMUNITY MEET+S & BR+ =W>D !IR CONC]NS1 & TOGE!R1 ?R\< FACE-TO-FACE DISCUSSIONS1 WE F9D COMMON SOLUTIONS4 ,! ,I,S,E ITSELF IS AN 9/ITUTION ?AT OP]ATES DEMOCRATICALLY1 BO? 9 SETT+ POLICY & DEF9+ PROGRAMS4 ,/UD5TS >E 5C\RAG$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ?AT PROCESS1 GA9+ EXP]I5CE 9 ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS 9/ITUTIONAL COMMITM5T TO PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS IS CONCEIV$ AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( A /UD5T'S $UCATION4 ,9VOLVEM5T 9 ! GOV]NANCE ( ! ,I,S,E GIVES /UD5TS A REAL VOICE 9 DET]M9+ ALL ASPECTS ( !IR $UCATION1 & HELPS TO CREATE AN 5VIRONM5T ( MUTUAL RESPECT 9 :I* !Y >E TRULY EMP[]$ TO HELP DEF9E ! CONT5T ( !IR LE>N+4 

,AL?\< WE EMPHASIZE ALT]NATIVE $UCATION1 ,I ?9K IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT ?AT WE HAVE PROVID$ CR$IT-BE>+ & DEGREE-GRANT+ PROGRAMS = BO? GRADUATE & UND]GRADUATE /UD5TS4 ,!SE C\RSES ( /UDY PRES5T AN ALT]NATIVE TO MORE TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ( HI<] LE>N+1 & HAVE PROVID$ A =UM = $UCAT+ PEOPLE :O WILL BECOME $UCATORS & ORGANIZ]S !MSELVES4 ,9 !SE PROGRAMS /UD5TS 9DIVIDUALLY DESIGN A C\RSE ( /UDY ?AT CAN 9CLUDE DISCUSSION-BAS$ CLASSES1 LECTURES1 EXP]I5TIAL LE>N+1 COMMUNITY 9VOLVEM5T1 9DEP5D5T /UDY1 & RESE>*4 ,(T5 !IR /UDIES 9CLUDE CRITICAL REFLECTION ON ACTIVI/ PROJECTS 9 :I* !Y >E 9VOLV$4 ,WE HAVE ALSO 9SUR$ ?AT \R PROGRAMS >E AVAILABLE TO PEOPLE REG>DLESS ( !IR F9ANCIAL ABILITY1 & HAVE TRI$1 ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS1 TO RECRUIT A TRULY DIV]SE /UD5T BODY4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! RADICAL 9/ITUTIONAL SETT+ (F]$ BY ! ,I,S,E & ITS NON-HI]>*ICAL =MATS = TEA*+ & LE>N+1 \R PROGRAMS ALSO PRES5T RADICAL CONT5T4 ,WE SEEK TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK = /UD5TS TO DEVELOP ANALYZES FROM A P]SPECTIVE ?AT IS BO? CRITICAL & UTOPIAN1 ONE ?AT *ALL5GES ! %IBBOLE?S ( CAPITALISM & TRANSC5DS ! LIMITATIONS ( ! GIV54 ,WE /RIVE TO HELP /UD5TS 0MAKE S5SE0 \T ( A WORLD ?AT SEEMS 9CREAS+LY BEYOND \R COMPREH5SION4 ,\R C\RSES ?US COV] A BROAD >RAY ( TOPICS1 RANG+ FROM NATURE PHILOSOPHY & ECOLOGICAL E?ICS1 TO PRACTICAL POLITICS & COMMUNITY ACTIVISM4 ,WE EXPLORE HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION 9 MANY ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS--SU* AS COLONIALISM1 RACISM1 SEXISM1 HET]OSEXISM1 ANTISEMITISM1 & CLASS OPPRESSION--UTILIZ+ PHILOSOPHY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 & SOCIOLOGY TO DEEP5 \R UND]/&+ ( ?OSE PH5OM5A & TO ANALYZE WAYS TO COMBAT !M4 ,WE TRY TO UNE>? ! 0HIDD5 HI/ORY0 ( \R [N COMMUNITIES1 & ANY ACTIVE OR VE/IGIAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( MUTUAL AID & COOP]ATION ?AT MI<T HELP 9 !IR RECON/RUCTION4 ,WE LOOK AT POLITICS FROM BO? A CRITICAL & A RECON/RUCTIVE P]SPECTIVE3 WE EXPLORE ! CONCEPT & HI/ORY ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & TRY TO EXTRACT LESSONS FROM RADICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN 9=M \R [N PRACTICE4 

,! ,I,S,E HAS ALSO (F]$ A S]IES ( CLASSES 9 0APPLI$ SOCIAL ECOLOGY10 (T5 9CORPORAT+ EXP]I5TIAL1 H&S-ON APPROA*ES TO LE>N+4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS WE (F]$ PIONE]+ CLASSES 9 SOL> 5]GY & W9D P[] 9 :I* /UD5TS BUILT FULLY FUNCTIONAL 5]GY SY/EMS FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,/UD5TS HAVE ALSO DESIGN$ & BUILT 5]GY EFFICI5T BUILD+S ON \R CAMPUS AS P>T ( !IR C\RSE WORK1 & !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ ORGANIC G>D5S = CAMPUS USE AS WELL AS 9 !IR [N COMMUNITIES4 ,WE 9TEGRATE WORK 9 ! COMMUNITY ) WORK 9 ! CLASSROOM & /RESS ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,ALL !SE CLASSES PROVIDE PRACTICAL SKILLS ?AT WILL BE NE$$ TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 WE ES*EW TE/+ & >BITR>Y MEASURES ( A*IEVEM5T1 9/EAD ASK+ /UD5TS TO UND]GO A RIGOR\S PROCESS ( SELF-EVALUATION1 & \R FACULTY MEMB]S ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS EVALUATION4 ,RA!R ?AN RANK+ & GRAD+ /UD5TS !SE EVALUATIONS >E \R ASSESSM5T ME*ANISMS--9DIVIDUALIZ$ & QUALITATIVE--9T5D$ TO HELP /UD5TS RECOGNIZE !IR /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES1 &1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 TO HELP !M FUR!R DEVELOP !IR 9SI<TS & SKILLS4 

,! =M ( $UCATION WE (F] AT ! ,I,S,E--OP5 & FLEXIBLE1 /UD5T-C5T]$ & COMMUNITY-BAS$1 NON-AU?ORIT>IAN & DEVELOPM5TAL--IS MEANT TO RE9=CE ! LESSONS ( ! CURRICULUM4 ,! 9/ITUTIONAL SETT+ ITSELF IS SE5 AS PREFIGUR+ A COOP]ATIVE1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY & (F]+ ANO!R LEVEL ( $UCATION = ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,A DIV]SITY ( /RATEGIES & TACTICS HAS GR[N \T ( \R WORK1 & A FUR!R REF9EM5T ( ! !ORIES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ONGO+ 9 LI<T ( ?OSE EXP]I5CES4 

,TRANS=M+ ! ,WORLD 

,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( 9T5T BEH9D TRADITIONAL APPROA*ES TO $UCATION2 !Y KN[ EXACTLY :AT !Y >E DO+4 ,WE HAVE TO BE EQUALLY 9T5TIONAL4 ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ ?AT WE HAVE TO BE DOGMATIC OR SECT>IAN1 & ?AT WE HAVE TO LIMIT EXPRESSION OR 9QUIRY4 ,RA!R1 WE HAVE TO 5SURE ?AT /UD5TS >E ALL[$ TO EXPLORE 0SUBV]SIVE0 & RADICAL IDEAS1 ?AT !Y >E EXPOS$ TO ALT]NATIVE VIEWS ( ! WORLD1 ?AT !Y >E GIV5 ACCESS TO ! RES\RCES !Y NE$ TO SORT ?+S \T1 & ?AT !Y COME AWAY ) AN UND]/&+ ?AT HELPS !M MAKE S5SE \T ( A SY/EM ?AT ?RIVES ON ITS [N MY/IFICATION4 ,BY PROVID+ \R /UD5TS ) ! ABILITY TO ?9K CRITICALLY & 9DEP5D5TLY1 TO QUE/ION AU?ORITY1 & TO VIEW !MSELVES NOT AS PASSIVE CONSUM]S BUT AS ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 WE CAN HELP !M BECOME AG5TS ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!Y CAN ALL MAKE A REAL DIFF]5CE 9 MOV+ US T[>D AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,IF WE FAIL TO DO ?IS1 H[EV]1 IF WE DO NOT $UCATE = SOCIAL *ANGE1 WE WILL BE CONDEMN+ ! WORLD TO SIMPLY REPRODUC+1 AT EV]-DEEP5+ LEVELS ( DEGRADATION1 ! SY/EM ?AT EXI/S TODAY4 ,!RE=E1 AT ! RISK ( S\ND+ GR&IOSE1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ! REAL WORK ( $UCATION %\LD BE NO?+ LESS ?AN ! TRANS=MATION ( ! WORLD4 ,IT IS NOT A SIMPLE TASK1 BUT IT IS VITALLY IMPORTANT1 & IT REQUIRES A CONC]T$ EF=T & A WILL+NESS TO *ALL5GE ! ASSUMPTIONS ( \R CURR5T SY/EM AT EV]Y LEVEL4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT EA* ( US1 AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO S]VE AS BO? A /UD5T & AN $UCATOR4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ONCE WROTE1 0,EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT IS AN $UCATIONAL PROJECT40 ,BUT NOT EV]Y $UCATIONAL PROJECT IS A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,$UCATION = SOCIAL *ANGE REQUIRES A CONSCI\S EF=T TO EMBODY ! PR9CIPLES ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 ! =M1 CONT5T1 & 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES ( ! $UCATION ?AT WE (F]4 ,WE NE$ TO RE-5VISION TEA*+ & LE>N+ 9 A FA%ION ?AT CAN HELP US TO RE-5VISION A NEW1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,O,C,C,U,P,Y ,Y,\,R ,N,E,I,<,B,O,R,H,O,O,D 

,9 ! WAKE ( ! REC5T F9ANCIAL CRISES1 A NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5T EM]G$--! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T--:I* WAS REM>KABLY SUCCESSFUL 9 ATTRACT+ M$IA & ! EYES ( ! PUBLIC4 ,! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T HI<LI<T$ CAPITALISM'S 9H]5T 9JU/ICES1 & ITS MESSAGE RESONAT$ ) A BROAD CROSS-SECTION ( ! PUBLIC4 ,BUT ! MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% A SOLID FOO?OLD4 ,! 9ITIAL M$IA FR5ZY HAS SUBSID$ & ,OCCUPY ACTIVI/S >E N[ /RUGGL+ TO DEVELOP NEW /RATEGIES TO 5GAGE ! #i#i.0 & TO RE-5]GIZE ! MOVEM5T4 

,MY EXP]I5CE ) ,OCCUPY 7,I WAS 9 ,ZUCOTTI ,P>K ON ! SECOND DAY ( ! OCCUPATION & MADE SEV]AL O!R VISITS TO ! 5CAMPM5T1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 PROTE/ M>*ES1 ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES & ,WORK+ ,COMMITTEE MEET+S1 & TAU<T CLASSES AT ?REE WEEK-LONG SEM9>S = ,OCCUPY ORGANIZ]S71 & ! METEORIC RISE & DECL9E ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! POPUL> CULTURE L$ ME TO REFLECT ON ! /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES ( ,OCCUPY4 ,CONCEIV$ AS PRIM>ILY A PROTE/ MOVEM5T1 ,OCCUPY IS A TE/AM5T TO BO? ! VISION & SPIRIT ( ITS ORGANIZ]S1 & ! LIMITATIONS ( PROTE/4 ,! REPRESSION ( ! V>I\S PHYSICAL OCCUPATIONS ( PUBLIC SPACE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ELSE:]E UND]CUT ! PRIM>Y VEHICLE ( ! OCCUPI]S & !IR PRES5CE ON ! GR\ND 9 ! FACE ( ! #a.01 !IR ALLIES1 & HIREL+S4 

,MOVEM5T ,DEMOCRACY & ,COMMUNITY ,POLITICS 

,! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS1 PRES5T$ A MODEL = H[ DIRECT DEMOCRACY CAN BE APPLI$ 9 A MOVEM5T SETT+ & S]V$ AS AN 9SPIRATION BO? = P>TICIPANTS & OBS]V]S4 ,H[EV]1 AS EV5TS UNFOLD$ ! LIMITATIONS ( ?IS APPROA* W]E REVEAL$4 ,! OP5-5D$ NATURE ( ITS G5]AL ASSEMBLIES L$ TO TIME-CONSUM+ &1 = MANY1 FRU/RAT+ MEET+S DEAL+ ) =MIDABLE LOGI/ICS ( MANAG+ ! 5CAMPM5TS4 ,9CREAS+LY1 TACTICAL & /RATEGIC DISCUSSIONS W]E ! PROV9CE ( WORK+ COMMITTEES & O!R SMALL GR\PS4 ,! FETI%IZATION ( PROCESS PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! DECL9E ( ,OCCUPY'S PUBLIC PRES5CE1 & L$ SOME PEOPLE TO QUE/ION ! EFFICACY ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,AS IMPORTANT AS DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES >E 9 ! MOVEM5T CONTEXT !Y DO NOT CON/ITUTE DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 !Y CON/ITUTE MOVEM5T DEMOCRACY4 ,MOVEM5T DEMOCRACY FUNCTIONS UND] DURESS1 & MAKES DECISIONS ( A PRIM>ILY TACTICAL NATURE4 ,DIRECT DEMOCRACY FUNCTIONS 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FA%ION :5 IT IS BAS$ 9 A GEOGRAPHIC COMMUNITY :]E PEOPLE %>E !IR DAILY LIVES 9 AN ON GO+ FA%ION1 & ?9K LONG T]M AB\T ! DIRECTION ( !IR COMMUNITY4 

,?IS CONFLATION ( MOVEM5T DEMOCRACY ) DIRECT DEMOCRACY CAN BE CONFUS+1 & SEV]ELY LIMITS ! MOVEM5T'S EFFECTIV5ESS1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 IT ALSO SUGGE/S AN APPROA* ?AT MI<T DEEP5 & BROAD5 ,OCCUPY'S PRES5CE & IMPACT4 ,I BELIEVE WE %\LD UND]/& ! PROTE/-ORI5T$ APPROA* AS P>T ( A L>G] /RATEGY = SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT L9KS TOGE!R OPPOSITIONAL & ALT]NATIVE MOVEM5TS1 & TAKES !M 9TO ! REALM ( POLITICS4 

,9SPIR+ & EXCIT+ AS MOM5TS LIKE ! OCCUPATION ( ,ZUCCOTTI ,P>K & O!R PUBLIC SPACES >E1 !Y CON/ITUTES FE/IVALS ( ! OPPRESS$1 OR 9 ! LEXICON ( PO/MOD]N AN>*ISM1 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONES40 ,!SE >E IMPORTANT SPACES = LE>N+ & CELEBRAT+ ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT--!Y GIVE US A GLIMPSE ( :AT C\LD BE--BUT !Y >E BY !IR V]Y NATURE & DEF9ITION ILLUSORY & MOM5T>Y4 ,! QUE/ION ?AT OCCUPI]S %\LD BE ASK+ IS NOT H[ WE CAN CREATE MORE ( !SE MOM5TS1 BUT RA!R1 H[ ! APPROA*ES WE CELEBRATE CAN BECOME 9/ITUTIONALIZ$3 WE %\LD BE ASK+ H[ WE CAN CREATE P]MAN5T AUTONOM\S ZONES & EXP& !M TO 5COMPASS CITIES1 REGIONS1 NATIONS1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! GLOBE4 ,>E !SE GOALS GR&IOSE & UNREALI/IC8 ,I DO NOT ?9K SO4 ,MY P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ) T[N MEET+ DEMOCRACY 9 ,V]MONT1 & 0T[N MEET+S0 9 ,NEW ,YORK'S ,LOISAIDA NEI<BORHOOD HAS CONV9C$ ME ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO CREATE & EMP[] LOCAL =UMS = DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC DECISION MAK+ 9 VIRTUALLY ANY SETT+1 & TO USE !M AS A MEANS ( BO? $UCAT+ PEOPLE 9 ! PRACTICE ( DEMOCRACY1 & HELP+ !M TO AFFECT !IR [N LIVES 9 MEAN+FUL WAYS4 ,?IS IS ! WAY WE CAN BEG9 TO CREATE ! NEW S5SIBILITY REQUIR$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y RE/RUCTUR+ ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 

,IT IS TIME TO EXT5D ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9TO NEW >5AS & TRANSC5D ! LIMITATIONS ( PROTE/ BY APPLY+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY NOT JU/ 9 \R MOVEM5TS1 NOT JU/ 9 \R 5CAMPM5TS & AT \R PROTE/S1 BUT :]E WE LIVE4 ,IT IS TIME TO OCCUPY \R NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS & VILLAGES2 TO TAKE ! LESSONS LE>N$ 9 ! /REETS & 9 ! P>KS TO \R [N GEOGRAPHICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,AN OLD MAXIM SUGGE/S ?AT ALL POLITICS >E LOCAL4 ,LET US RECOGNIZE ?AT *ANGE ( ! MAGNITUDE REQUIR$ TO M\NT AN EFFECTIVE *ALL5GE TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WILL REQUIRE A MAJORIT>IAN MOVEM5T1 & ?AT IT IS A PROJECT :I* WILL DEM& ! DEVELOPM5T ( NOT ONLY NEW 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT A NEW S5SE ( COMMUNITY AS WELL4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY A DAUNT+ TASK1 BUT SU* REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 ! UND]LY+ /RUCTURES ( SOCIETY HAVE OCCURR$ BE=E1 & !Y CAN OCCUR AGA94 ,IT WILL TAKE A CONC]T$ EF=T OV] AN EXT5D$ P]IOD ( TIME1 BUT IT PROVIDES A CLE> PA? \T ( ! CONUNDRUM 9 :I* WE CURR5TLY F9D \RSELVES MIR$4 

,! LIMITATIONS ( A PURELY OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5T1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY :AT ,OCCUPY HAS BE51 HAVE BECOME CLE>4 ,WE NE$ TO COMB9E PROTE/ ) ! CREATION ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS ?AT EMP[] PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR COMMUNITIES & ! L>G] SOCIETY AS WELL4 ,SU* A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ APPROA* ADDRESSES ! ISSUE ( P[] DIRECTLY1 SOME?+ ?AT A PURELY PROTE/-BAS$ MOVEM5T IS UNABLE TO DO4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ATTEMPTS TO 5GAGE ) POLITICS BY R$EF9+ ! DYNAMIC ( P[]4 ,RA!R ?AN DEM&+ R$RESS & RE=M1 ?IS APPROA* (F]S A REVOLUTION>Y R$EF9ITION & TRANS=MATION ( POLITICS4 

,ORGANIZ+ ( ?IS TYPE REQUIRES DEVELOP+ REAL RELATION%IPS ) ONES NEI<BORS4 ,P>TICIPATORY ACTION RESE>* ( ! TYPE PRACTIC$ BY ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 9 ! MID SIXTIES (F]S A GOOD MODEL = ?IS WORK4 ,!IR ,ECONOMIC ,RESE>* & ,ACTION ,PROJECT BR\<T COLLECTIVES ( Y\NG ,S,D,S ORGANIZ]S 9TO A NUMB] ( L[-9COME COMMUNITIES :]E !Y WORK$ ) COMMUNITY MEMB]S TO ID5TIFY ISSUES !Y C\LD ADDRESS TOGE!R4 ,9 ADDITION TO BUILD+ RELATION%IPS ( SOLID>ITY 9 FRONT-L9E COMMUNITIES1 !Y W]E ABLE TO ADDRESS ! REAL NE$S ( COMMUNITY MEMB]S4 ,ALLIANCES CREAT$ ?R\< SU* /RUGGLES C\LD PROVIDE ! BASIS = AN EFFECTIVE & 9CLUSIVE 0T[N MEET+0 APPROA*4 

,! NE$ = A PLACE-BAS$ POLITICS ROOT$ 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS ! CRITICAL COMPON5T L>GELY MISS+ 9 REC5T DISCUSSIONS ( MOVEM5T /RATEGY4 ,I EMPHASIZE ?IS BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ?AT COMMUNITY IS ! LOCUS = REAL *ANGE FROM A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE TO A DEC5TRALIZ$1 DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,I AM REF]R+ H]E TO A GEOGRAPHIC COMMUNITY1 BE IT AN URBAN NEI<BORHOOD1 VILLAGE OR T[N4 ,G5U9E COMMUNITY-BAS$ ORGANIZ+ & ACTIVISM IS ! ONLY WAY TO CREATE DIRECT1 COMMUNITY-BAS$ DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS IS :]E WE CAN A*IEVE ! HUMAN SCALE NE$$ = FACE-TO-FACE DECISION MAK+ & UNM$IAT$ RELATION%IPS ( ALL TYPES4 ,DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC =UMS LIKE !SE HAVE A DEEP & RI* HI/ORY4 ,9 ! ,WE/]N TRADITION WE CAN LOOK BACK TO ANCI5T ,GREECE1 ! M$IEVAL FOLKMOOT1 & ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+1 TO NAME BUT A FEW EXAMPLES4 ,9 FACT1 = ALMO/ ! :OLE ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 FROM ! ,PALEOLI?IC UNTIL ! ADV5T ( CIVILIZATION1 MANY CULTURES >E UND]/OOD BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO BE EGALIT>IAN1 ) ALL P>TICIPAT+ FULLY 9 ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( !IR SOCIETY4 ,EV5 TODAY1 MO/ COMMUNITIES CAN ID5TIFY AT LEA/ VE/IGIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EMBODY ?AT S5SIBILITY4 

,I DO NOT ASSUME ?AT COH]5T COMMUNITIES EXI/ EV]Y:]E1 OR ?AT !RE >E NOT COMMUNITIES ROOT$ 9 EXCLUSION RA!R ?AN 9CLUSION4 ,9 MANY CASES WE NE$ TO RE-CREATE CONNECTIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 9 O!R CASES WE NE$ TO COMBAT RACI/1 SEXI/1 & REACTION>Y ATTITUDES ( ALL TYPES4 ,\R ROLE MU/ BE TO ORGANIZE & $UCATE4 ,9 MANY COMMUNITIES1 H[EV]1 AFFECTIVE TIES BETWE5 PEOPLE DO EXI/1 & !RE >E MANY PLACES :]E !RE >E /ILL VE/IGES ( COMMUNITY LIFE4 

,COMMUNITY ,ORGANIZ+ 9 ,RURAL ,V]MONT 

,MO/ COMMUNITIES (F] AT LEA/ RUDIM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS & CULTURAL TRADITIONS = DIRECT CIVIC P>TICIPATION4 ,LET ME N[ BRIEFLY EXPLA9 H[ ,I APPLY !SE 9SI<TS 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 ADDITION TO TEA*+ & WRIT+ AB\T SOCIAL *ANGE1 & P>TICIPAT+ 9 CAMPAIGNS & PROTE/S1 ,I LIVE 9 ,M>%FIELD1 ,V]MONT1 :I* IS ! SECOND POORE/ T[N 9 ,WA%+TON ,C\NTY4 ,MO/ PEOPLE LIVE 9 MOBILE HOMES1 RUN-D[N TURN-(-!-C5TURY F>MH\SES & ,SECTION #h R5TAL H\S+4 ,PEOPLE H]E WORK H>D TO SCRAPE BY AT AN ANNUAL H\SEHOLD 9COME ?AT AV]AGES WELL UND] @s#e1 A YE>4 ,M>%FIELD IS NOT AN URBAN NEI<BORHOOD1 BUT A T[N ) #a1#c RESID5TS4 

,H]E 9 ,M>%FIELD ,I P>TICIPATE 9 \R ,T[N ,MEET+1 :I* IS A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC =M ( T[N GOV]NANCE4 ,AT ,T[N ,MEET+ WE MAKE DECISIONS AB\T EV]Y FACET ( \R COMMUNITY & CONSID] RESOLUTIONS ON NATIONAL POLICIES LIKE NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T1 G5ETIC 5G9E]+1 NUCLE> P[]1 GLOBAL W>M+1 CAMPAIGN F9ANCE RE=M1 & ANY O!R ISSUE CITIZ5S ( ! T[N C>E TO RAISE4 ,I ALSO S]VE ON ! T[N 5]GY COMMITTEE1 :I* HAS BR\<T BUS S]VICES TO T[N1 7ADMITT$LY MORE LIMIT$ ?AN WE W\LD LIKE1 BUT A /EP 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION72 IT HAS CONDUCT$ 5]GY SURVEYS & EFFICI5CY UPDATES1 MO/LY = TRAIL]S & DRAFTY OLD F>MH\SES [N$ BY L[ 9COME PEOPLE2 & IT HAS (F]$ =UMS ON GLOBAL W>M+1 RETR(ITT$ T[N BUILD+S = 5]GY CONS]VATION1 & CREAT$ A TAX DI/RICT TO HELP F9ANCE ALT]NATIVE 5]GY 9 T[N4 ,CURR5TLY IT IS 9/ALL+ SOL> PHOTOVOLTAICS TO P[] PUBLIC BUILD+S1 & IS BEG9N+ TO ORGANIZE AN 5]GY CO-OP 9 T[N4 ,NO?+ REVOLUTION>Y H]E1 JU/ WORK+ ) PEOPLE 9 DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC =UMS 9 A COOP]ATIVE & MUTUALI/IC FA%ION >\ND DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR LIVES4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS IS ALL P>T ( ! LONG PROCESS ( $UCAT+ PEOPLE AB\T P>TICUL> ISSUES & LE>N+ TOGE!R ! ACTUAL PROCESS ( PRACTIC+ DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS A WAY TO BUILD RELATION%IPS ( TRU/ & MUTUAL RESPECT--A PRECONDITION = ! K9D ( MOVEM5T NECESS>Y TO TRULY TRANS=M ! SY/EM4 

,!RE >E DIVISIONS 9 ,M>%FIELD1 ( C\RSE1 BUT PRIM>ILY ( A CLASS & IDEOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,I TRY TO OV]COME !SE DIVISIONS BY ACTIVELY WORK+ ) PEOPLE ACROSS ?OSE L9ES ?R\< =UMS LIKE ! T[N MEET+1 5]GY COMMITTEE1 & S*OOL BO>D 7TO :I* ,I WAS ELECT$ & S]V$ ON = ?REE YE>S71 TRY+ TO F9D COMMON GR\ND1 EXPLORE DIFF]5CES & CONV9CE O!RS ( MY PO9T ( VIEW4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE WE LIVE TOGE!R 9 A COMMUNITY4 ,I C]TA9LY RECOGNIZE ! DIFFICULTIES PEOPLE FACE 9 !IR NEI<BORHOODS & DO NOT MEAN TO M9IMIZE !M4 ,BUT !RE IS A V]Y /RONG S5SE ( COMMUNITY H]E 9 ,M>%FIELD1 CONT9UALLY EXPRESS$ NOT ONLY ?R\< T[N GOV]NANCE1 BUT ALSO ?R\< H[ WE %>E TOOLS1 CO-OP]ATES TO MA9TA9 NEI<BORHOOD TRAIL SY/EMS1 & GA!R REGUL>LY TO CELEBRATE \R COMMUNITY4 

,I BELIEVE IT IS IMPORTANT TO BUILD ON ?IS S5SE ( COMMUNITY & DEVELOP LOCAL TRADITIONS = %>+ & IMPROV+ PEOPLE'S QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,MY EXP]I5CE 9 ,NEW ,YORK'S ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE 9 ! #a#i#gS WAS ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO CREATE ALT]NATIVES ?AT M>K$LY IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES & FI<T = SOCIAL JU/ICE AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9 ,LOISAIDA PEOPLE W]E ABLE TO CROSS RACIAL1 E?NIC & CLASS L9ES TO CREATE L[-9COME CO-OPS 9 AB&ON$ BUILD+S1 BUILD COMMUNITY G>D5S 9 VACANT LOTS1 & CREATE A MYRIAD ( COOP]ATIVE 5T]PRISES1 :ILE HOLD+ T[N MEET+S & CONTE/+ = P[] ) (FICIAL CITY PLANN+ AG5CIES4 ,!RE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ G5TRIFICATION WAS WAG$ :5 !SE POSITIVE ACTIONS MADE ! NEI<BORHOOD ATTRACTIVE TO G5TRIFI]S4 ,BY ! #a#i#hS ! =CES ( G5TRIFICATION HAD WON & ! POOR W]E L>GELY REPLAC$ BY ,YUPPIES4 ,! ONLY PROJECTS ?AT REMA9$ W]E ?OSE :]E PEOPLE MANAG$ TO TAKE ! L& (F ( ! REAL E/ATE M>KET ?R\< ! USE ( COMMUNITY L& TRU/S & L[-9COME COV5ANTS 9 DE$S4 ,M>KET =CES >E EXTREMELY P[]FUL & DIFFICULT TO RESI/4 ,! LESSON ,I TOOK AWAY FROM MY EXP]I5CE 9 ,LOISAIDA WAS ! NE$ TO ANTICIPATE G5TRIFICATION & SECURE CONTROL ( ! PHYSICAL NEI<BORHOOD AS WELL AS IMPROVE IT4 ,I REJECT ! >GUM5T1 H[EV]1 ?AT PEOPLE %\LD LIVE 9 HORRIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES TO PREV5T G5TRIFICATION4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! TYPE ( OCCUPATION ( NEI<BORHOODS ,I AM ADVOCAT+ HAS ! POT5TIAL TO BO? CREATE ALT]NATIVES & FI<T G5TRIFICATION1 BUT IT REQUIRES SOLID>ITY1 TRU/1 TIME1 & A LOT ( H>D WORK4 

,ALL COMMUNITIES FACE SPECIFIC *ALL5GES4 ,DESPITE ! RELATIVE POV]TY 9 ,M>%FIELD G5TRIFICATION IS NOT A BIG ISSUE4 ,WE FACE V]Y LITTLE DEVELOPM5T PRESSURE & !RE IS A GOOD SUPPLY ( L[-9COME H\S+ AVAILABLE4 ,NONE!LESS WE HAVE SECUR$ A DEGREE ( CONTROL OV] ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T ( ! T[N ?R\< ! CREATION ( COMMUNITY L& TRU/S TO 9SURE AN AF=DABLE H\S+ /OCK ?AT EXI/S \TSIDE ( ! M>KET1 L& TRU/S ?AT CONS]VE AGRICULTURAL & =E/ L&1 T[N [N]%IP ( L>GE CONS]VATION TRACTS1 & PROGRESSIVE ZON+ DEVELOP$ BY A VOLUNTE] BO>D & VOT$ ON AT T[N MEET+S4 ,!SE >E ME*ANISMS AVAILABLE TO BO? URBAN & RURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,OBVI\SLY1 !SE APPROA*ES DO NOT CON/ITUTE A REVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E T9Y 9CREM5TAL /EPS ?AT IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES--!Y >E JU/ RE=MS4 ,DO !Y BUY 9TO ! SY/EM & SUPPORT ITS CONT9UATION8 ,!Y C]TA9LY CAN4 ,BUT !Y MAY ALSO CON/ITUTE A FIR/ SET ( DEM&S ?AT CAN BE CONT9UALLY EXP&$4 ,IF WE HAVE ! VISION ( A FREE1 JU/1 & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES IF !SE APPROA*ES TAKE US CLOS] TO :AT WE 5VISION OR MOVE US F>!R AWAY4 ,I AM NOT WILL+ TO WAIT = AN 9SURRECTION BE=E ,I 5GAGE 9 /RUGGLES ?AT IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES4 ,I AM NOT SURE SU* A MOM5T WILL COME 9 MY LIFETIME1 & ,I REJECT ! NOTION1 B&I$ AB\T 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ?AT ! WORSE ?+S GET ! MORE LIKELY PEOPLE >E TO REVOLT4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ,I FE>1 ! WORSE ?+S GET ! MORE LIKELY PEOPLE >E TO TURN TO =MS ( FASCISM4 ,I ?9K WE NE$ TO DIG-91 $UCATE1 ORGANIZE1 & DEVELOP RELATION%IPS & C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS ?AT (F] AN ALT]NATIVE AT ! SAME TIME ?AT WE PROTE/ & OPPOSE4 ,I ?9K IT'S POSSIBLE TO A*IEVE RE=MS )\T BECOM+ RE=MI/4 ,WE NE$ TO KEEP \R GOAL 9 M9D1 $UCATE & TAKE ! 9CREM5TAL /EPS ?AT CAN LEAD TO REAL *ANGE4 ,?AT'S NOT AS ROMANTIC AS M\NT+ ! B>RICADES1 BUT IT'S ! ONLY WAY ,I KN[ TO BR+ AB\T A NEW S5SIBILITY & TRANS=M ! UND]LY+ /RUCTURES ?AT CONTROL \R SOCIETY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,I DO NOT SEE ! COMMUNITY-BAS$ APPROA* ,I ADVOCATE AS BE+ ! EXCLUSIVE /RATEGY TO BR+ AB\T ! *ANGES WE SO DESP]ATELY NE$1 BUT IT IS A KEY COMPON5T ?AT NE$S TO BE DEVELOP$4 ,I FAIL TO SEE H[ WE CAN POSSIBLY BR+ A DEC5TRALIZ$1 DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY 9TO BE+ )\T A MOVEM5T ?AT CREATES DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 \R COMMUNITIES4 ,( C\RSE1 WE ALSO NE$ TO CONT9UE TO PROTE/1 BO? LOCALLY & NATIONALLY1 & WE ALSO NE$ TO CREATE O!R ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! CRISES WE FACE >E SO DIRE1 COMPELL+1 & ALL-5COMPASS+ ?AT !RE IS NE$ = WORK ON ALL ( !SE LEVELS4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO WITNESS ! MORE REC5T ,OCCUPY ,\R ,HOMES & ,OCCUPY ,S&Y MANIFE/ATIONS1 :I* >E IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5TS ?AT BEG9 TO MOVE 9 ! DIRECTION ,I ADVOCATE4 ,5GAGEM5T 9 /RUGGLES ?AT HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT ON PEOPLE'S LIVES & COMMUNITIES HELP BUILD RELATION%IPS ( TRU/ & SOLID>ITY & REA* PEOPLE :O W\LD NOT BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 OPPOSITIONAL 0PROTE/0 POLITICS4 ,!SE RELATION%IPS CAN PROVIDE A BASIS = FUR!R ORGANIZ+1 & AN 5TRY PO9T = ! CREATION ( DEMOCRATIC =UMS AT ! NEI<BORHOOD LEVEL ?AT CAN S]VE TO L9K ISSUES ( SOCIAL 9EQUITY & A CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & ! L>G] SOCIAL ORD] DIRECTLY TO PEOPLE'S LIVES4 ,SU* =UMS CAN ALSO BE US$ TO UND]M9E ! LEGITIMACY ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & ALL[ PEOPLE TO EXP]I5CE & IMAG9E ALT]NATIVE WAYS ( LIFE4 

,BR++ ,DEMOCRACY ,HOME 

,ACTUALIZ+ !SE IDEAS WILL NOT BE EASY4 ,IT REQUIRES A COMMITM5T TO BECOM+ P>T ( A PHYSICAL COMMUNITY4 ,IT DEM&S A RECOGNITION ?AT *ANGE REALLY DOES BEG9 AT HOME1 & ?AT ! PROCESS REQUIRES GRASSROOTS-ORGANIZ]S READY TO FI<T ALONGSIDE !IR NEI<BORS TO BR+ A REVITALIZ$ DIRECT DEMOCRACY TO !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,WE MU/ BE PREP>$ = A LONG-T]M /RUGGLE1 & MU/ ALLY \RSELVES ACTIVELY ) \R NEI<BORS4 ,IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS SP5T MORE ?AN T5 YE>S ORGANIZ+ 9 ,TZOTZIL & O!R 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES BE=E !Y EM]G$ TO *ALL5GE ! ,MEXICAN /ATE4 

,9 %ORT1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! CONC]NS ,OCCUPY SO EFFECTIVELY RAIS$ ON ,WALL ,/REET NE$ TO BE BR\<T HOME TO \R NEI<BORHOODS1 & ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY TO DO SO IS TO E/ABLI% REAL1 FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS 9 \R COMMUNITIES & TO RAISE !SE ISSUES ) \R NEI<BORS 9 ! CONTEXT ( \R %>$ LIVES4 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT COMMUNITIES >E ! ONLY PLACE :]E /RUGGLE CAN OCCUR4 ,I RECOGNIZE ! CATALYTIC ROLE ?AT ! HI<LY VISIBLE MOVEM5T 5CAMPM5TS PLAY$2 ,I SEE ! NE$ = SU* MANIFE/ATIONS1 BUT ,I >GUE ?AT !Y MU/ N[ BE L9K$ DIRECTLY TO PEOPLE'S EV]YDAY LIVES4 ,I RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE--BO? SYMBOLICALLY & ACTUALLY--( CONTE/ATION AT ! PO9TS ( P[]1 LIKE ! ,WALL ,/REET 5CAMPM5T1 BUT ,I ALSO RECOGNIZE ?AT P>TICIPATION 9 ! ACTUAL 5CAMPM5T WAS L>GELY LIMIT$ TO Y\NG PEOPLE :O HAD ! ABILITY TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! PROJECT BECAUSE !Y DIDN'T HAVE JOBS1 FAMILIES DEP5D5T ON !M1 OR ! O!R LIMIT+ FACTORS ?AT MO/ PEOPLE FACE4 ,& EV5 = !SE ACTIVI/S1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! OCCUPATION WAS EPHEM]AL1 A 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONE0 ?AT WAS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT BUT ULTIMATELY UNABLE TO SU/A9 ITSELF4 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ?IS IS MORE (T5 ?AN NOT ! CASE ) MOVEM5TS ?AT >E PURELY OPPOSITIONAL OR PROTE/ BAS$4 ,OCCUPY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT SU* MOVEM5TS >E NECESS>Y BUT1 9 & ( !MSELVES1 NOT 9 ANY WAY SUFFICI5T4 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT NEI<BORHOODS & COMMUNITIES >E ! MO/ FRUITFUL PLACES TO BUILD DEMOCRATIC C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN PROVIDE A BASIS = LA/+ *ANGE4 

,IT W\LD BE FOOLI% TO BELIEVE ?AT NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES & T[N MEET+S C\LD SUPPLANT /ATE P[] TOMORR[4 ,= ONE ?+1 MANY ( \R EXI/+ COMMUNITIES >E MIR$ 9 RACISM1 CLASSISM1 SEXISM1 HOMOPHOBIA & ALL ( ! O!R ILLS ( \R EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,WE %\LD USE NEI<BORHOOD =UMS AS A VEHICLE = BO? $UCATION & ACTION2 A PLACE TO RAISE ISSUES & DISCUSS !M ) \R NEI<BORS4 ,MY EXP]I5CE HAS BE5 ?AT1 :5 APPROA*$ FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 EV5 V]Y CONS]VATIVE NEI<BORS HAVE *ANG$ !IR VIEWS ON CRITICAL ISSUES LIKE CLIMATE *ANGE1 NUCLE> P[]1 HEAL? C>E1 & ! BANK+ SY/EM4 

,= ?IS APPROA* TO SUCCESSFULLY REPLACE \R CURR5T %AM DEMOCRACY A MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION MU/ BEG9 TO PRACTICE DIRECT DEMOCRACY & !Y MU/ DO IT :]E !Y LIVE1 REVITALIZ+ & RE9V5T+ \R DEF9ITIONS ( COMMUNITY & CITIZ5%IP4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE8 ,YES4 ,WILL IT HAPP5 OV]NI<T8 ,NO4 ,IT IS A MASSIVE $UCATIONAL PROJECT 9DE$1 ESPECIALLY :]E !RE >E REACTION>Y ATTITUDES ?AT NE$ TO BE OV]COME4 ,BUT IF WE TRULY BELIEVE 9 DEMOCRACY & EMP[]M5T ?IS IS JU/ ! WORK WE NE$ TO DO4 ,IT WILL NOT BE EASY1 BUT )\T IT ,I FE> ?AT WE WILL CONT9UE TO FALL %ORT ( :AT IT TAKES TO TRANS=M ! UND]LY+ /RUCTURES ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 & CREATE A FREE SOCIETY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,UTOPIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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