,! ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,F$]ALISM 

#aiib 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,AMB] ,RHEA1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! BACKGR\ND 

 ,PR\DHON 

 ,BAKUN9 

 ,KROPOTK9 

  ,TODAY 

  ,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,! BACKGR\ND 

,?AT M9ORITY ( *ILDR5 9 ANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY :O W]E GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY ( /UDY+ ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE AS WELL AS ?AT ( !IR [N NATIONS1 LE>N$ ?AT !RE W]E TWO GREAT EV5TS 9 ! LA/ C5TURY3 ! UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY1 A*IEV$ BY ,BISM>CK & ,EMP]OR ,WILHELM ,I1 & ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY1 A*IEV$ BY ,CAV\R1 ,MAZZ9I1 ,G>IBALDI & ,VITTORIO ,EMANUALE ,I,I4 

,! :OLE WORLD1 :I* 9 ?OSE DAYS MEANT ! ,EUROPEAN WORLD1 WELCOM$ !SE TRIUMPHS4 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY HAD LEFT BEH9D ALL ?OSE LITTLE PR9CIPALITIES1 REPUBLICS & CITY /ATES & PAPAL PROV9CES1 TO BECOME NATION /ATES & EMPIRES & CONQU]ORS4 ,!Y HAD BECOME LIKE ,FRANCE1 :OSE LITTLE LOCAL DESPOTS W]E F9ALLY UNIFI$ BY =CE FIR/ BY ,L\IS ,X,I,V ) HIS MAJE/IC SLOGAN ',L',ETAT C'E/ MOI'1 & !N BY ,NAPOLEON1 HEIR TO ! ,GR&E ,REVOLUTION1 JU/ LIKE ,/AL9 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY :O BUILD ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y TO 5SURE ?AT IT WAS TRUE4 ,OR !Y HAD BECOME LIKE ,5GL&1 :OSE K+S 7& ITS ONE REPUBLICAN RUL] ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL7 HAD SUCCESSFULLY CONQU]$ ! ,WEL%1 ,SCOTS & ,IRI%1 & W5T ON TO DOM9ATE ! RE/ ( ! WORLD \TSIDE ,EUROPE4 ,! SAME ?+ WAS HAPP5+ AT ! O!R 5D ( ,EUROPE4 ,IVAN ,I,V1 CORRECTLY NAM$ ',! ,T]RIBLE'1 CONQU]$ C5TRAL ,ASIA AS F> AS ! ,PACIFIC1 & ,PET] ,I1 KN[N AS ',! ,GREAT'1 US+ ! TE*NIQUES HE LE>N$ 9 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 TOOK OV] ! ,BALTIC1 MO/ ( ,POL& & ! WE/ ,UKRA9E4 

,ADVANC$ OP9ION ?R\<\T ,EUROPE WELCOM$ ! FACT ?AT ,G]MANY & ,ITALY HAD JO9$ ! G5TLEM5'S CLUB ( NATIONAL & IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,! EV5TUAL RESULTS 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY W]E APPALL+ ADV5TURES 9 CONQUE/1 ! DEVA/AT+ LOSS ( LIFE AMONG Y\NG M5 FROM ! VILLAGES ( ,EUROPE 9 ! TWO WORLD W>S1 & ! RISE ( POPULI/ DEMAGOGUES LIKE ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I1 AS WELL AS !IR IMITATORS1 TO ?IS DAY1 :O CLAIM ?AT ',L',ETAT C'E/ MOI'4 

,CONSEQU5TLY EV]Y NATION HAS HAD A H>VE/ ( POLITICIANS ( EV]Y P]SUASION :O HAVE >GU$ = ,EUROPEAN UNITY1 FROM EV]Y PO9T ( VIEW3 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE &1 ( C\RSE1 POLITICAL4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 9 EF=TS = UNIFICATION PROMOT$ BY POLITICIANS WE HAVE A MULTITUDE ( ADM9I/RATORS 9 ,BRUXELLES ISSU+ $ICTS AB\T :I* V>IETIES ( VEGETABLE SE$S OR :AT CON/ITU5TS ( BEEFBURG]S OR ICE CREAM MAY BE SOLD 9 ! %OPS ( ! MEMB]-NATIONS4 ,! NEWSPAP]S JOYFULLY REPORT ALL ?IS TRIVIA4 ,! PRESS GIVES F> LESS ATT5TION TO ANO!R UND]CURR5T ( PAN-,EUROPEAN OP9ION1 EVOLV+ FROM ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 ,/RASB\RG FROM PEOPLE ) EV]Y K9D ( OP9ION ON ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM1 CLAIM+ ! EXI/5CE ( A ,EUROPE ( ! ,REGIONS1 & D>+ TO >GUE ?AT ! ,NATION ,/ATE WAS A PH5OM5ON ( ! SIXTE5? TO N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 :I* WILL NOT HAVE ANY USEFUL FUTURE 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY4 ,! =?COM+ HI/ORY ( ADM9I/RATION 9 ! F$]AT$ ,EUROPE !Y >E /RUGGL+ TO DISCOV] IS A L9K BETWE51 LET US SAY1 ,CALABRIA1 ,WALES1 ,&ALUSIA1 ,AQUITA9E1 ,GALICIA OR ,SAXONY1 AS REGIONS RA!R ?AN AS NATIONS1 SEEK+ !IR REGIONAL ID5TITY1 ECONOMICALLY & CULTURALLY1 :I* HAD BE5 LO/ 9 !IR 9CORPORATION 9 NATION /ATES1 :]E ! C5T] ( GRAVITY IS ELSE:]E4 

,9 ! GREAT TIDE ( NATIONALISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 !RE WAS A H&FUL ( PROPHETIC & DISS5T+ VOICES1 URG+ A DIFF]5T /YLE ( F$]ALISM4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+1 AT ! LEA/1 ?AT ! ONES :OSE NAMES SURVIVE W]E ! ?REE BE/ KN[N AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ?AT C5TURY3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,! ACTUAL EVOLUTION ( ! POLITICAL LEFT 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS DISMISS$ !IR LEGACY AS IRRELEVANT4 ,SO MU* ! WORSE = ! LEFT1 S9CE ! ROAD HAS BE5 EMPTI$ 9 FAVOR ( ! POLITICAL RI<T1 :I* HAS BE5 ABLE TO SET \T ITS [N AG5DA = BO? F$]ALISM & REGIONALISM4 ,LET US LI/51 JU/ = A FEW M9UTES1 TO !SE AN>*I/ PRECURSORS4 

,PR\DHON 

,FIR/ !RE WAS ,PR\DHON1 :O DEVOT$ TWO ( HIS VOLUM9\S WORKS TO ! IDEA ( F$]ATION 9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT ( ! NATION /ATE4 ,!Y W]E ,LA ,F$]ATION ET L',UNITE 5 ,ITALIE ( #a#h#f#b1 & 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 HIS BOOK ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF4 

,PR\DHON WAS A CITIZ5 ( A UNIFI$1 C5TRALIZ$ NATION /ATE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT HE WAS OBLIG$ TO ESCAPE TO ,BELGIUM4 ,& HE FE>$ ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY ON SEV]AL DIFF]5T LEVELS4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,DE LA ,JU/ICE ( #a#h#e#h1 HE CLAIM$ ?AT ! CREATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE W\LD BR+ ONLY TR\BLE TO ! ,G]MANS & TO ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 & HE PURSU$ ?IS >GUM5T 9TO ! POLITICS ( ,ITALY4 

,ON ! BOTTOM LEVEL WAS HI/ORY1 :]E NATURAL FACTORS LIKE GEOLOGY & CLIMATE HAD %AP$ LOCAL CU/OMS & ATTITUDES4 0,ITALY0 HE CLAIM$1 0IS F$]AL BY ! CON/ITUTION ( H] T]RITORY2 BY ! DIV]SITY ( H] 9HABITANTS2 9 ! NATURE ( H] G5IUS2 9 H] MORES2 9 H] HI/ORY4 ,%E IS F$]AL 9 ALL H] BE+ & HAS BE5 S9CE ALL ET]NITY 444 ,& BY F$]ATION Y\ WILL MAKE H] AS MANY TIMES FREE AS Y\ GIVE H] 9DEP5D5T /ATES04 ,N[ IT IS NOT = ME TO DEF5D ! HYP]BOLE ( ,PR\DHON'S LANGUAGE1 BUT HE HAD O!R OBJECTIONS4 ,HE UND]/OOD H[ ,CAV\R & ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I HAD AGRE$ TO TURN ,ITALY 9TO A F$]ATION ( /ATES1 BUT HE ALSO UND]/OOD ?AT1 P] ESEMPIO1 ! ,H\SE ( ,SAVOY W\LD SETTLE = NO?+ LESS ?AN A C5TRALIZ$ CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,& BEYOND ?IS1 HE PR(\NDLY MI/RU/$ ! LIB]AL ANTI-CL]ICALISM ( ,MAZZ9I1 NOT ?R\< ANY LOVE ( ! ,PAPACY BUT BECAUSE HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,MAZZ9I'S SLOGAN1 ',DIO E POPOLO'1 C\LD BE EXPLOIT$ BY ANY DEMAGOGUE :O C\LD SEIZE ! MA*9]Y ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y WAS AN ABSOLUTE ?REAT TO P]SONAL & LOCAL LIB]TY4 ,PR\DHON WAS ALMO/ ALONE AMONG N9ETE5? C5TURY POLITICAL !ORI/S TO P]CEIVE ?IS3 

0,LIB]AL TODAY UND] A LIB]AL GOV]MN5T1 IT WILL TOMORR[ BECOME ! =MIDABLE 5G9E ( A USURP+ DESPO,L ,IT IS A P]PETUAL TEMPTATION TO ! EXECUTIVE P[]1 A P]PETUAL ?REAT TO ! PEOPLE'S LIB]TIES4 ,NO RI<TS1 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE1 CAN BE SURE ( A FUTURE4 ,C5TRALIZATION MI<T1 !N1 BE CALL$ ! DIS>M+ ( A NATION = ! PR(IT ( ITS GOV]NRN5T 4440 

,EV]Y?+ WE N[ KN[ AB\T ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA OR ,AFRICA SUPPORTS ?IS P]CEPTION4 ,NOR DOES ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN /YLE ( F$]ALISM1 SO LOV+LY CONCEIV$ BY ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON1 GU>ANTEE ! REMOVAL ( ?IS ?REAT4 ,ONE ( ,PR\DHON'S ,5GLI% BIOGRAPH]S1 ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 COMM5TS ?AT3 0,IT HAS BECOME APP>5T S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ?AT ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,PRESID5TS CAN & DO MAKE USE ( ! ,F$]AL ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9E 9 A WAY :I* MAKES A MOCK]Y ( DEMOCRACY04 ,& HIS ,CANADIAN TRANSLATOR P>APHRASES ,PR\DHON'S CONCLUSION ?US3 

0,SOLICIT M5'S VIEW 9 ! MASS1 & !Y WILL RETURN /UPID1 FICKLE & VIOL5T ANSW]S2 SOLICIT !IR VIEWS AS MEMB]S ( DEF9ITE GR\PS ) REAL SOLID>ITY & A DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]1 & !IR ANSW]S WILL BE RESPONSIBLE & WISE4 ,EXPOSE !M TO ! POLITICAL 'LANGUAGE' ( MASS DEMOCRACY1 :I* REPRES5TS '! PEOPLE' AS UNIT>Y & UNDIVID$ & M9ORITIES AS TRAITORS1 & !Y WILL GIVE BIR? TO TYRANNY2 EXPOSE !M TO ! POLITICAL LANGUAGE ( F$]ALISM1 9 :I* ! PEOPLE FIGURES AS A DIV]SIFI$ AGGREGATE ( REAL ASSOCIATIONS1 & !Y WILL RESI/ TYRANNY TO ! 5D40 

,?IS OBS]VATION REVEALS A PR(\ND UND]/&+ ( ! PSY*OLOGY ( POLITICS4 ,PR\DHON WAS EXTRAPOLAT+ FROM ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 BUT ,EUROPE HAS O!R EXAMPLES 9 A :OLE S]IES ( SPECIALI/ FIELDS4 ,! ,NE!RL&S HAS A REPUTATION = ITS MILD OR L5I5T P5AL POLICY4 ,! (FICIAL EXPLANATION ( ?IS IS ! REPLACEM5T 9 #ahhf ( ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON BY 0A G5U9C ,DUT* CRIM9AL CODE0 BAS$ UPON CULTURAL TRADITIONS LIKE 0! WELL-KN[N ,DUT* 'TOL]ANCE' & T5D5CY TO ACCEPT DEVIANT M9ORITIES04 ,I AM QUOT+ ! ,NE!RL&S CRIM9OLOGI/ ,DR ,WILLEM DE ,HAAN1 :O CITES ! EXPLANATION ?AT ,DUT* SOCIETY 'HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 BAS$ UPON RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL RA!R ?AN CLASS L9ES4 ,! IMPORTANT D5OM9ATIONAL GR\P+S CREAT$ !IR [N SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ALL MAJOR PUBLIC SPH]ES4 ,?IS PROCESS 444 IS RESPONSIBLE = TRANSPORT+ A PRAGMATIC1 TOL]ANT G5]AL ATTITUDE 9TO AN ABSOLUTE SOCIAL MU/04 

,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS DIV]SITY & NOT UNITY1 :I* CREATES ! K9D ( SOCIETY 9 :I* Y\ & ,I CAN MO/ COM=TABLY LIVE4 ,& MOD]N ,DUT* ATTITUDES >E ROOT$ 9 ! DIV]SITY ( ! M$IEVAL CITY /ATES ( ,HOLL& & ,ZEEL&1 :I* EXPLA9$1 AS MU* AS ,PR\DHON'S REGIONALISM1 ?AT A DESIRABLE FUTURE = ALL ,EUROPE IS 9 ACCOMMODATION ( LOCAL DIFF]5CES4 

,PR\DHON LI/5$1 9 ! #a#h#fS1 TO ! TALK ( A ,EUROPEAN CONF$]ATION OR A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,HIS COMM5T WAS ?AT3 

0,BY ?IS !Y SEEM TO UND]/& NO?+ BUT AN ALLIANCE ( ALL ! /ATES :I* PRES5TLY EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 GREAT & SMALL1 PRESID$ OV] BY A P]MAN5T CONGRESS4 ,IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT EA* /ATE WILL RETA9 ! =M ( GOV]NM5T ?AT SUITS IT BE/4 ,N[1 S9CE EA* /ATE WILL HAVE VOTES 9 ! CONGRESS 9 PROPORTION TO ITS POPULATION & T]RITORY1 ! SMALL /ATES 9 ?IS SO-CALL$ CONF$]ATION WILL SOON BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! L>GE ONES 4440 

,BAKUN9 

,! SECOND ( MY N9ETE5? C5TURY M5TORS1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 CLAIMS \R ATT5TION = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,HE WAS ALMO/ ALONE AMONG ?AT C5TURY'S POLITICAL ?9K]S 9 =ESEE+ ! HORRORS ( ! CLA% ( MOD]N TW5TIE? C5TURY NATION-/ATES 9 ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>S1 AS WELL AS PR$ICT+ ! FATE ( C5TRALIZ+ ,M>XISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,9 #ahfg ,PRUSSIA & ,FRANCE SEEM$ TO BE POIS$ = A W> AB\T :I* EMPIRE %\LD CONTROL ,LUXEMBURG & ?IS1 ?R\< ! NETWORK ( 9T]E/S & ALLIANCES1 0?REAT5$ TO 5GULF ALL ,EUROPE04 ,A ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM HELD ITS CONGRESS 9 ,G5EVA1 SPONSOR$ BY PROM95T PEOPLE FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES LIKE ,GIUSEPPE ,G>IBALDI1 ,VICTOR ,HUGO & ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL4 ,BAKUN9 SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS ?IS AUDI5CE1 & PUBLI%$ HIS OP9IONS UND] ! TITLE ,F$]ALISME1 ,SOCIALISME ET ,ANTI-,!OLOGISME4 ,?IS DOCUM5T SET \T ?IRTE5 PO9TS ON :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS WAS UNANIM\S4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE PROCLAIM$3 0,?AT 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! TRIUMPH ( LIB]TY1 JU/ICE & PEACE 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS ( ,EUROPE1 & TO R5D] CIVIL W> IMPOSSIBLE AMONG ! V>I\S PEOPLES :I* MAKE UP ! ,EUROPEAN FAMILY1 ONLY A S+LE C\RSE LIES OP53 TO CON/ITUTE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE04 ,HIS SECOND PO9T >GU$ ?AT ?IS AIM IMPLI$ ?AT /ATES MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY REGIONS1 = IT OBS]V$3 0,?AT ! =MATION ( !SE ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE CAN NEV] COME AB\T BETWE5 ! ,/ATES AS CON/ITUT$ AT PRES5T1 9 VIEW ( ! MON/R\S DISP>ITY :I* EXI/S BETWE5 !IR V>I\S P[]S40 ,HIS F\R? PO9T CLAIM$3 0,?AT NOT EV5 IF IT CALL$ ITSELF A REPUBLIC C\LD AN C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC & BY ! SAME TOK5 MILIT>I/ ,/ATES 5T] S]I\SLY & G5U9ELY 9TO AN 9TEMATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS CON/ITUTION1 :I* WILL ALWAYS BE AN EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT D5IAL ( DOME/IC LIB]TY1 IT W\LD NECESS>ILY IMPLY A DECL>ATION ( P]MAN5T W> & A ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES04 ,CONSEQU5TLY HIS FIF? PO9T DEM&$3 0,?AT ALL ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,LEAGUE %\LD !RE=E B5D ALL !IR 5]GIES T[>DS ! RECON/RUCTION ( !IR V>I\S C\NTRIES 9 ORD] TO REPLACE ! OLD ORGANIZATION F\ND$ ?R\<\T UPON VIOL5CE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY BY A NEW ORGANIZATION BAS$ SOLELY UPON ! 9T]E/S NE$S & 9CL9ATIONS ( ! POPULACE1 & [N+ NO PR9CIPLE O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! FREE F$]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9TO COMMUNES COMMUNES 9TO PROV9CES1 PROV9CES 9TO NATIONS1 & ! LATT] 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 FIR/ ( ,EUROPE1 !N ( ! :OLE WORLD4 

,! VISION ?US BECAME BIGG] & BIGG]1 BUT ,BAKUN9 WAS C>EFUL TO 9CLUDE ! ACCEPTANCE ( SECESSION4 ,HIS EI<? PO9T DECL>$ ?AT3 0,JU/ BECAUSE A REGION HAS =M$ P>T ( A ,/ATE1 EV5 BY VOLUNT>Y ACCESSION1 IT BY NO MEANS FOLL[S ?AT IT 9CURS ANY OBLIGATION TO REMA9 TI$ TO IT =EV]4 ,NO OBLIGATION 9 P]PETUITY IS ACCEPTABLE TO HUMAN JU/ICE 444 ,! RI<T ( FREE UNION & EQUALLY FREE SECESSION COMES FIR/ & =EMO/ AMONG ALL POLITICAL RI<TS2 )\T IT1 CONF$]ATION W\LD BE NO?+ BUT C5TRALIZATION 9 DISGUISE4 

,BAKUN9 REF]S ADMIR+LY TO ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION 0PRACTIC+ F$]ATION SO SUCCESSFULLY TODAY01 AS HE PUTS IT & ,PR\DHON1 TOO1 EXPLICITLY TOOK AS A MODEL ! ,SWISS SUPREMACY ( ! COMMUNE AS ! UNIT ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 L9K$ BY ! CANTON1 ) A PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE F$]AL C\NCIL4 ,BUT BO? REMEMB]$ ! EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 :5 ! ,SOND]BUND ( SECESSIONI/ CANTONS W]E COMPELL$ BY W> TO ACCEPT ! NEW CON/ITUTION ( ! MAJORITY4 ,SO ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 W]E AGRE$ 9 CONDEMN+ ! SUBV]SION ( F$]ALISM BY ! UNIT>Y PR9CIPLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE MU/ BE A RI<T ( SECESSION4 

,KROPOTK9 

,SWITZ]L&1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS DEC5TRALIZ$ CON/ITUTION1 WAS A REFUGE = 5DLESS POLITICAL REFUGEES FROM ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN1 ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN EMPIRES4 ,ONE ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ WAS EV5 EXPELL$ FROM ,SWITZ]L&4 ,HE WAS TOO MU*1 EV5 = ! ,SWISS ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,HE WAS ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 :O CONNECTS N9ETE5? C5TURY F$]ALISM ) TW5TIE? C5TURY REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY4 

,HIS Y\? WAS SP5T AS AN >MY (FIC] 9 GEOLOGICAL EXP$ITIONS 9 ! ,F> ,EA/]N PROV9CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 & HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY TELLS ( ! \TRAGE HE FELT AT SEE+ H[ C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION & FUND+ DE/ROY$ ANY IMPROVEM5T ( LOCAL CONDITIONS1 ?R\< IGNORANCE1 9COMPET5CE & UNIV]SAL CORRUPTION1 & ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ANCI5T COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* MI<T HAVE 5ABL$ PEOPLE TO *ANGE !IR [N LIVES4 ,! RI* GOT RI*]1 ! POOR GOT POOR]1 & ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y WAS SUFFOCAT$ BY BOR$OM & EMBEZZLEM5T4 

,!RE IS A SIMIL> LIT]ATURE FROM ANY EMPIRE OR NATION-/ATE3 ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE1 ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE1 & Y\ CAN READ ID5TICAL CONCLUSIONS 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,C>LO ,LEVI OR ,DANILO ,DOLCI4 ,9 #a#h#g#b1 ,KROPOTK9 MADE HIS FIR/ VISIT TO ,WE/EM ,EUROPE & 9 ,SWITZ]L& WAS 9TOXICAT$BY ! AIR ( A DEMOCRACY1 EV5 A B\RGEOIS ONE4 ,9 ! ,JURA HILLS HE /AY$ ) ! WAT*-CASE MAK]S4 ,HIS BIOGRAPH] ,M>T9 ,MILL] EXPLA9S H[ ?IS WAS ! TURN+ PO9T 9 HIS LIFE3 

0,KROPOTK9'S MEET+S & TALKS ) ! WORK]S ON !IR JOBS REVEAL$ ! K9D ( SPONTANE\S FRE$OM )\T AU?ORITY OR DIRECTION FROM ABOVE ?AT HE HAD DREAM$ AB\T4 ,ISOLAT$ & SELF-SUFFICI5T1 ! ,JURA WAT*MAK]S IMPRESS$ ,KROPOTK9 AS AN EXAMPLE ?AT C\LD TRANS=M SOCIETY IF SU* A COMMUNITY W]E ALL[$ TO DEVELOP ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,!RE WAS NO D\BT 9 HIS M9D ?AT ?IS COMMUNITY W\LD WORK BECAUSE IT WAS NOT A MATT] ( IMPOS+ AN >TIFICIAL 'SY/EM' SU* AS ,MURAVIEV HAD ATTEMPT$ 9 ,SIB]IA BUT ( P]MITT+ ! NATURAL ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]S TO FUNCTION ACCORD+ TO !IR [N 9T]E/S40 

,IT WAS ! TURN+ PO9T ( HIS LIFE4 ,! RE/ ( HIS LIFE WAS1 9 A S5SE1 DEVOT$ TO GA!R+ ! EVID5CE = AN>*ISM1 F$]ALISM & REGIONALISM4 

,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO ?9K ?AT ! APPROA* HE DEVELOP$ IS SIMPLY A MATT] ( ACADEMIC HI/ORY4 ,TO PROVE ?IS1 ,I NE$ ONLY REF] Y\ TO ! /UDY ?AT ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I PUBLI%$ 9 #aibb ON ',UN F$]ALI/E ,RUSSO1 ,PIETRO ,KROPOTK9'4 ,B]N]I QUOTES ! ',LETT] TO ! ,WORK]S ( ,WE/EM ,EUROPE' ?AT ,KROPOTK9 H&$ TO ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY POLITICIAN ,M>G>ET ,BONDFIELD 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( IT HE DECL>$3 

0,IMP]IAL ,RUSSIA IS DEAD & WILL NEV] BE REVIV$4 ,! FUTURE ( ! V>I\S PROV9CES :I* COMPOS$ ! ,EMPIRE WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>DS A L>GE F$]ATION4 ,! NATURAL T]RITORIES ( ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ?IS F$]ATION >E 9 NO WAY DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ) :I* WE >E FAMILI> 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 ( ITS E?NOGRAPHY & ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,ALL ! ATTEMPTS TO BR+ TOGE!R ! CON/ITU5T P>TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 SU* AS ,F9L&1 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 ,LI?UANIA1 ,UKRA9E1 ,GEORGIA1 ,>M5IA1 ,SIB]IA & O!RS' UND] A C5TRAL AU?ORITY >E DOOM$ TO C]TA9 FAILURE4 ,! FUTURE ( :AT WAS ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS DIRECT$ T[>DS A F$]ALISM ( 9DEP5D5T UNITS40 

,Y\ & ,I TODAY CAN SEE ! RELEVANCE ( ?IS OP9ION1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS IGNOR$ AS TOTALLY IRRELEVANT = SEV5TY YE>S4 ,AS AN EXILE 9 ,WE/EM ,EUROPE1 HE HAD 9/ANT CONTACT ) A RANGE ( PIONE]S ( REGIONAL ?9K+4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 REGIONALISM & AN>*ISM HAS BE5 H&SOMELY1 EV5 EXTRAVAGANTLY1 DEL9EAT$ BY ,PET] ,HALL1 ! GEOGRAPH] :O IS DIRECTOR ( ! ,9SLITUTE ( ,URBAN & ,REGIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T AT ,B]KELEY1 ,CALIFOMIA1 9 HIS BOOK ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[ 7#a#i#h#h74 ,!RE WAS ,KROPOTK9'S FELL[-AN>*I/ GEOGRAPH]1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 >GU+ = SMALL-SCALE HUMAN SOCIETIES BAS$ ON ! ECOLOGY ( !IR REGIONS4 ,!RE WAS ,PAUL ,VIDAL DE LA ,BLA*E1 ANO!R F\ND] ( ,FR5* GEOGRAPHY1 :O >GU$ ?AT 0! REGION WAS MORE ?AN AN OBJECT ( SURVEY2 IT WAS TO PROVIDE ! BASIS = ! TOTAL RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE40 ,= ,VIDAL1 AS ,PR(ESSOR ,HALL EXPLA9S1 ! REGION1 NOT ! NATION1 :I* 0AS ! MOTOR =CE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T3 ! ALMO/ S5SUAL RECIPROCITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 & !IR SURR\ND+S1 WAS ! SEAT ( COMPREH5SIBLE LIB]TY & ! MA9SPR+ ( CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 :I* W]E BE+ ATTACK$ & ]OD$ BY ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE & BY L>GE-SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY40 

,PATRICK ,G$DES 

,F9ALLY !RE WAS ! EXTRAORD9>Y ,SCOTTI% BIOLOGI/ ,PATRICK ,G$DES1 :O TRI$ TO 5CAPSULATE ALL !SE REGIONALI/ IDEAS1 :E!R GEOGRAPHICAL1 SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC1 9TO AN IDEOLOGY ( REASONS = REGIONS1 KN[N TO MO/ ( US ?R\< ! WORK ( HIS DISCIPLE ,LEWIS ,MUM=D4 ,PR(ESSOR ,HALL >GU$ ?AT3 

0,MANY1 ?\< BY NO MEANS ALL1 ( ! E>LY VISIONS ( ! PLANN+ MOVEM5T /EMM$ FROM ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :I* FL\RI%$ 9 ! LA/ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? 444 ,! VISION ( !SE AN>*I/ PIONE]S WAS NOT M]ELY ( AN ALT]NATIVE BUILT =M1 BUT ( AN ALTEMATIVE SOCIETY1 NEI!R CAPITALI/ NOR BUREAUCRATIC-SOCIALI/IC3 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION AMONG M5 & WOM51 WORK+ & LIV+ 9 SMALL SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES40 

,TODAY 

,N[ 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,I %>E ?IS VISION4 ,?OSE N9ETE5? C5TURY AN>*I/ ?9K]S W]E A C5TURY 9 ADVANCE ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES 9 W>N+ ! PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( NOT ADOPT+ A REGIONALI/ & F$]ALI/ APPROA*4 ,AMONG SURVIVORS ( EV]Y K9D ( DISA/R\S EXP]I5CE 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ! RUL]S ( ! NATION /ATES ( ,EUROPE HAVE DIRECT$ POLICY T[>DS SEV]AL TYPES ( SUPRANATIONAL EXI/5CE4 ,! CRUCIAL ISSUE ?AT FACES !M IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R TO CONCEIVE ( A ,EUROPE ( ,/ATES OR A ,EUROPE ( ,REGIONS4 

,PR\DHON1 #ac YE>S AGO1 RELAT$ ! ISSUE TO ! IDEA ( A ,EUROPEAN BALANCE ( P[]1 ! AIM ( /ATESM5 & POLITICIAN !ORI/S1 & >GU$ ?AT ?IS WAS 0IMPOSSIBLE TO REALIZE AMONG GREAT P[]S ) UNIT>Y CON/ITUTIONS04 ,HE HAD >GU$ 9 ,LA ,F$]ATION ET L',UNITE' 5 ,ITALIE ?AT 0! FIR/ /EP T[>DS ! RE=M ( PUBLIC LAW 9 ,EUROPE0 WAS 0! RE/ORATION ( ! CONF$]ATIONS ( ,ITALY1 ,GREECE1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,SC&9AVIA & ! ,DANUBE1 AS A PRELUDE TO ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! L>GE /ATES & H5CE TO G5]AL DIS>MAM5T04 ,& 9 ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF HE NOT$ ?AT 0,AMONG ,FR5* DEMOCRATS !RE HAS BE5 MU* TALK (1 ,EUROPEAN CONF$]ATION1 OR A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,BY ?IS !Y SEEM TO UND]/& NO?+ BUT AN ALLIANCE ( ALL ! /ATES :I* PRES5TLY EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 GREAT & SMALL1 PRESID$ OV] BY A P]MAN5T CONGRESS40 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT SU* A F$]ATION W\LD EI!R BE A TRAP OR W\LD HAVE NO MEAN+1 = ! OBVI\S REASON ?AT ! BIG /ATES W\LD DOM9ATE ! SMALL ONES4 

,A C5TURY LAT]1 ! ECONOMI/ ,LEOPOLD ,KOHR 7,AU/RIAN BY BIR?1 ,BRITI% BY NATIONALITY1 ,WEL% BY *OICE71 :O ALSO DESCRIBES HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 PUBLI%$ HIS BOOK ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,NATIONS1 GLORIFY+ ! VIRTUES ( SMALL-SCALE SOCIETIES & >GU+1 ONCE AGA91 ?AT ,EUROPE'S PROBLEMS >ISE FROM ! EXI/5CE ( ! NATION /ATE4 ,PRAIS+1 ONCE AGA91 ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 HE CLAIM$1 ) ! USE ( MAPS1 ?AT 0,EUROPE'S PROBLEM -- AS ?AT ( ANY F$]ATION -- IS ONE ( DIVISION1 NOT ( UNION40 

,N[ TO DO !M JU/ICE1 ! ADVOCATES ( A ,UNIT$ ,EUROPE HAVE DEVELOP$ A DOCTR9E ( 'SUBSIDI>ITY'1 >GU+ ?AT GOV]NM5TAL DECISIONS %\LD NOT BE TAK5 BY ! SUPRA-NATION 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY1 BUT PREF]ABLY BY REGIONAL OR LOCAL LEVELS ( ADM9I/RATION1 RA!R ?AN BY NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,?IS P>TICUL> PR9CIPLE HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,EUROPE1 CALL+ = NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS TO ADOPT ITS ,*>T] = ,LOCAL ,SELF-,GOV]NM5T 0TO =MALIZE COMMITM5T TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT GOV]NM5T FUNCTIONS %\LD BE C>RI$ \T AT ! L[E/ LEVEL POSSIBLE & ONLY TRANSF]R$ TO HI<] GOV]NM5T BY CONS5T40 

,?IS PR9CIPLE IS AN EXTRAORD9>Y TRIBUTE TO ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 & ! OP9IONS :I* !Y W]E ALONE 9 VOIC+ 7AP>T FROM SOME ABSORB+ ,SPANI% ?9K]S LIKE ,PI Y ,M>GALL OR ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A71 BUT ( C\RSE IT IS ONE ( ! FIR/ ASPECTS ( PAN-,EUROPEAN IDEOLOGY :I* NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS WILL *OOSE TO IGNORE4 ,!RE >E OBVI\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 V>I\S NATION /ATES 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,9 MANY ( !M -- = EXAMPLE ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 & EV5 ,FRANCE -- ! MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T IS 9F9ITELY MORE DEVOLV$ ?AN IT WAS FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,! SAME MAY SOON BE TRUE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,?IS DEVOLUTION MAY NOT HAVE PROCE$$ AT ! PACE ?AT Y\ OR ,I W\LD WANT1 & ,I WILL HAPPILY AGREE ?AN ! F\ND]S ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 !IR ORIG9AL AIM ( 5D+ OLD NATIONAL ANTAGONISMS & HAVE MADE FUTURE W>S 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9CONCEIVABLE4 ,BUT WE >E /ILL V]Y F> FROM A ,EUROPE ( ! ,REGIONS4 

,I LIVE 9 :AT IS N[ ! MO/ C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & ! DOM9ANCE ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5T !RE HAS IMMEASURABLY 9CREAS$1 NOT DIM9I%$1 DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S4 ,SOME PEOPLE H]E WILL REMEMB] ! RHETORIC ( ! !N ,BRITI% ,PRIME ,M9I/] 9 #a#i#h#h3 

0,WE HAVE NOT SUCCESSFULLY ROLL$ BACK ! FRONTI]S ( ! ,/ATE 9 ,BRITA91 ONLY TO SEE !M REIMPOS$ AT A ,EUROPEAN LEVEL1 ) A ,EUROPEAN SUP]-/ATE EX]CIS+ A NEW DOM9ANCE FROM ,BRUSSELS04 

,?IS IS ! LANGUAGE ( DELUSION4 ,IT DOES NOT RELATE TO REALITY4 ,& Y\ DO NOT HAVE TO BE A SUPPORT] ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMISSION TO P]CEIVE ?IS4 ,BUT IT DOES ILLU/RATE H[ F> SOME ( US >E FROM CONCEIV+ ! TRU? ( ,PR\DHON'S COMM5T ?AT3 0,EV5 ,EUROPE W\LD BE TOO L>GE TO =M A S+LE CONF$]ATION2 IT C\LD =M ONLY A CONF$]ATION ( CONF$]ATIONS40 

,! AN>*I/ W>N+ IS PRECISELY ?AT ! OB/ACLE TO A ,EUROPE ( ! ,REGIONS IS ! NATION /ATE4 ,IF Y\ & ,I HAVE ANY 9FLU5CE ON POLITICAL ?9K+ 9 ! NEXT C5TURY1 WE %\LD BE PROMOT+ ! REASONS = REGIONS4 ',?9K GLOBALLY -- ACT LOCALLY 0 IS ONE ( ! USEFUL SLOGANS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ,GRE5 MOVEM5T4 ,! NATION /ATE OCCUPI$ A SMALL SEGM5T ( ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY4 ,WE HAVE TO FREE \RSELVES FROM NATIONAL IDEOLOGIES 9 ORD] TO ACT LOCALLY & ?9K REGIONALLY4 ,BO? WILL 5ABLE US TO BECOME CITIZ5S ( ! :OLE WORLD1 NOT ( NATIONS NOR ( TRANS-NATIONAL SUP]-/ATES4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 $IT$ BY ,/EW>T ,$W>DS 7,LONDON1 ,MACMILLAN1 #a#i#g7 

,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,RI*>D ,V]NON 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i7 

,$W>D ,HYAMS1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7,LONDON1 ,JOHN ,MURRAY1 #a#i#g#i7 

,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 $IT$ BY ,>?UR ,LEHN+ 7,LONDON1 ,JONA?AN ,CAPE1 #a#i#g#c7 

,WILLEM DE ,HAAN1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,R$RESS 7,LONDON1 ,UNW9 ,HYMAN1 #a#i#i7 

,M>T9 ,MILL]1 ,KROPOTK91 7,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f7 

,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK93 ,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS 7#a#i#b#b7 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#b7 

,PET] ,HALL1 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[3 AN 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY ( URBAN PLANN+ & DESIGN 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 7,OX=D1 ,BASIL ,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#h#h7 

,LEOPOLD ,KOHR1 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,NATIONS 7,LONDON1 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#e#g7 

,]NE/ ,WI/N*1 ,AFT] #a#i#h#b3 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE 7,LONDON1 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#h#i7 

,C\NCIL ( ,EUROPE1 ,! ,IMPACT ( ! ,COMPLETION ( ! ,9T]NAL ,M>KET ON ,LOCAL & ,REGIONAL ,AUTONOMY 7,C\NCIL ( ,EUROPE ,/UDIES & ,TEXTS1 ,S]IES NO4 #a#b1 #a#i#i7 

,M>G>ET ,?AT*]1 ADDRESS TO ! ,COLLEGE ( ,EUROPE1 ,BRUGES1 #b? ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#h#h4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiia 3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,F$]ALISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#b1 #bai 3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,F$]ALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,F$]ALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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