,! AN>*I/ M>TYRS ( ,*ANG%A 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NICK ,HEA? 

,TEXT 3 

0,HUANG ,AI & ,PANG ,R5QUAN W]E ! E>LIE/ H]OES M>TYR$ 9 ! ,*9ESE LABOR MOVEM5T -- !Y BO? DES]VE TO BE REMEMB]$04 ,LI ,RUI 

,LIKE ! ,*ICAGO AN>*I/S ( #a#h#h#g1 ! BEHEAD+ ( TWO AN>*I/S AT ,*ANG%A 9 ,HUNAN 9 S\!RN ,*9A 9 #aibb HAD MANY REP]CUSSIONS1 NOT LEA/ 9 /IFF5+ ! RESI/ANCE ( ! EM]G+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,UN=TUNATELY MANY FACTS HAVE BE5 OBSCUR$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,MAO ,Z$ONG WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! EV5TS >\ND ! ,*ANG%A KILL+S & SO MANY ACC\NTS FROM ,*9ESE HI/ORIANS >E V]Y MU* FOCUS$ ON HIS UN]R+ 9FALLIBILITY & UNCANNY ABILITY AT BE+ AT ! C5T] ( EV5TS1 9 L9E ) ! HAGIOGRAPHY ?AT HAS BE5 MANUFACTUR$ >\ND ! ,GREAT ,HELMSMAN4 

,BO? ! TWO MURD]$ AN>*I/S1 ,HUANG ,AI & ,PANG ,R5QUAN1 W]E TWO Y\NG M5 :O HAD TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( ! TE*NICAL $UCATION 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#aS 9 ORD] TO CREATE A LAY] ( TE*NICIANS 9 9DU/RY4 ,HUANG ,AI WAS BORN 9 #ahig AT ,*ANGDE 9 ,HUNAN4 ,HE GRADUAT$ FROM ! ,JIAZHONG ,FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL 9 ,*ANG%A & !N /UDI$ 9 ,TIANJ94 ,H]E HE WAS SWEPT UP 9 ! ,MAY #d? AGITATION ?AT />T$ 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,HE BECAME A DELEGATE ( ! ,TIANJ9 ,/UD5TS ,UNION4 ,AS ,NOH>A ,%IRO NOTES 3 0,SUBSEQU5TLY1 AT A JO9T PREP>ATORY MEET+ = ! ',MAY #c ,PETITION ,MOVEM5T0 ,HUANG CLA%$ BITT]LY ) ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,BEIJ+ ,/UD5TS' ,UNION ,ZHANG ,GUOTAO OV] ! ADVISABILITY ( SU* A MOVEM5T4 ,HE & HIS SUPPORT]S' POSITION -- ?AT EV5 ?\< IT W\LD NOT A*IEVE MU* 9 ITSELF SU* A MOVEM5T W\LD EFFECTIVELY EXPOSE ,PREMI] ,DUAN ,QIRUI'S COLLUSION ) ! ,JAPANESE1 PREV5T DIRECT ,S9O-,JAPANESE NEGOTIATIONS ON ! ,%&ONG QUE/ION1 & AWAK5 ! 5TIRE PEOPLE TO ! SITUATION -EV5TUALLY TRIUMPH$40 ,HUANG WAS !N KN[N AS ,HUANG ,ZH5GP94 ,HE >GU$ AT ! MEET+ ?AT ! PETITION M>* GO AHEAD 0REG>DLESS ( ! CONSEQU5CES04 ,HUANG WAS IMPRISON$ TWICE DUR+ ! WAVE ( AGITATION4 

,PANG ,R5QUAN WAS FROM ,XIANGTAN ALSO 9 ,HUNAN & HAD /UDI$ AT ! ,JIAZHONG ,S*OOL ALONGSIDE ,HUANG ,AI4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,PANG WAS BORN ONLY #c OR #d LI FROM ! BIR?PLACE ( ,MAO & IT WAS ?IS ?AT MAY HAVE 9ITIAT$ !IR FIR/ ACQUA9TANCE4 ,HE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,EXPEL ,ZHANG ,J+YAO MOVEM5T 9 SUMM] #aiai ?AT MOBILIZ$ AGA9/ ! MURD]\S W>LORD ,ZHANG ,J+YAO1 0,ZHANG ! ,V5OM\S04 ,ACCORD+ TO ! MY?-MAK] ,LI ,RUI HE 0HAD PLAC$ A GREAT DEAL ( TRU/ 9 ,MAO01 ALSO 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 

,9 E>LY #aib ,HUANG RETURN$ TO ,*ANG%A4 ,HE & ,PANG WORK$ 9 ! LOCAL FACTORIES :]E IT IS ASS]T$ ?AT !Y CAME 9 CONTACT ) LOCAL AN>*I/S1 AL?\< ,HUANG HAD ALREADY BE5 EXPOS$ TO AN>*I/ IDEAS :IL/ 9 ,TIANJ94 ,!Y SET UP A WORK]S' READ+ SOCIETY :I* !N ON ,NOVEMB] #b? ( ?AT YE> BECAME ! ,HUNAN LAOGON<UI 7,HUNAN ,WORK]'S ,UNION74 ,! F\ND+ MEET+ WAS ATT5D$ BY REPRES5TATIVES FROM ! GUILDS AMONG ! PR9T]S1 TAILORS1 ME*ANICS1 F\NDRY WORK]S1 DY]S1 M9]S1 SURVEYORS1 RATTAN & POTT]Y WORK]S4 ,H[EV] MO/ ( ! ORIG9AL MEMB]S W]E /UD5TS AT ! ,JIAZHONG ,S*OOL1 ! ,FIR/ ,VOCATIONAL ,S*OOL & ! ,*UYI ,9DU/RIAL ,S*OOL4 ,AT ITS />T ! UNION WAS V]Y MU* UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( LOCAL M]*ANTS VIA ! UNION EXECUTIVE & AS A RESULT A /RUGGLE = 9FLU5CE OV] ! UNION HAD TO BE F\<T BY ! AN>*I/S4 

,MEMB]%IP WAS (F]$ TO 0ALL ?OSE :O WORK ) MA*9]Y OR 9 ! H&ICRAFT 9DU/RY OR ?OSE :O HAVE 9DU/RIAL TRA9+0 0:E!R !Y BE MALE OR FEMALE0 AFT] BE+ 9TRODUC$ BY TWO MEMB]S4 ,GRADUALLY 9FLU5CE BEGAN SPREAD+ FUR!R ?AN ! ORIG9AL CIRCLE ( /UD5TS ) WORK]S JO9+ FROM ! ,NO#a ,COTTON ,MILL1 ! GRAPHITE REF9+ PLANT1 ! LOCAL M9T1 MASONS & C>P5T]S1 & TAILORS & B>B]S4 ,?REE MEMB]S MADE UP A UNION CELL4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ! UNION DID NOT SET A SECTION UP 9 EA* 9DU/RY OR HOLD ANY CELL MEET+S BUT ?IS BEGAN TO *ANGE ) ! /RIKE AT ,NO#a ,COTTON ,MILL4 

,!IR PAP] ,LAOGONG 7,WORK]7 WAS SET UP1 RUNN+ FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#a4 ,IT DID NOT ADVOCATE G5]AL /RIKE ACTION & REFLECT$ MOD]ATE VIEWS BUT ITS SUCCESSOR FROM ,OCTOB] ,LAOGONG ZH\KAN 7,WORK]'S ,WEEKLY71 WAS N[ FIRMLY UND] AN>*I/ CONTROL & CALL$ = MU* /RONG] ACTION4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS RADICAL \TLOOK1 IT HAD TO BE DI/RIBUT$ SECRETLY4 ,AS ,LAOGONG ,ZH\KAN /AT$3 0,9 ! PA/1 ! 5EMY CALL$ = A CONDITIONAL COMPROMISE ) ?IS UNION1 BUT ?IS UNION DID NOT ACCEPT4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE WE KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT !RE IS NO ROOM = COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! CAPITALI/ CLASS04 

,! /RIKE MOVEM5T AT ! ,NO #a ,MILL GALVANIZ$ ! UNION4 ,AT FIR/ ! MILL-[N]S1 ORGANIZ$ AS ! ,*9A ,REALTY ,COMPANY1 HAD B\<T (F ! /RUGGLE4 ,!Y EV5 (F]$ ,HUANG & ,PANG A L>GE SUM ( MONEY TO DESI/1 BUT ?IS BRIBE WAS /]NLY REJECT$ BY !M4 ,! PAY & CONDITIONS AT ! MILL W]E APPALL+ ) T5 PEOPLE SLEEP+ TO A ROOM & A LACK ( TOILETS1 POOR FOOD & BEAT+S ( WORK]S4 ,SEV]AL WORK]S DI$ AT WORK BECAUSE !Y W]E TOO AFRAID TO ASK = SICK LEAVE4 

,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#a1 ! UNION MOBILIZ$ #b1 WORK]S AT ! MILL 9 A DEMON/RATION4 ,?IS =C$ ! BOSS ( ! ,REALTY ,COMPANY TO CROSS ! RIV] & NEGOTIATE4 ,HE WAS =C$ TO SIGN AN 0OA?0 ?AT HE W\LD NO LONG] LEASE \T ,NO #a TO LOCAL CAPITALI/S4 

,! ,REALTY ,CO4 CALL$ ON ! AID ( ! NEW LOCAL W>LORD ,ZHAO ,H5GTI1 :O HIMSELF HAD CONSID]ABLE %>ES 9 ! ,MILL4 ,HUANG WAS >RE/$ BY HIM & SP5T MORE ?AN A MON? 9 JAIL1 :]E HE BEGAN A HUNG] /RIKE4 ,ONLY LAT]1 AFT] ,ZHAO S5T 9 >M$ TROOPS WAS ! ,REALTY ,CO4 ABLE TO RE/>T OP]ATIONS AT ! ,MILL4 ,?\< FEW ( ! DEM&S W]E WON1 ?IS WAS PROBABLY ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ORGANIZ$ WORK]S 9 ,*9A HAD WON ANY SU* DEM&S4 ,AS A RESULT ! UNION GREW TO #d-#e1 MEMB]S4 ,IT WAS ! AN>*I/S :O L$ ! WAY ON ?IS1 & NO AM\NT ( REWRIT+ HI/ORY CAN CONCEAL ! FACT ?AT ,M>XI/S ALL OV] ,*9A W]E UP TO !N CONC]N$ ABOVE ALL ) $UCATION & !ORETICAL /UDY4 

,MAO ,Z$ONG WAS ONE ( ?OSE :O N[ BEGAN TO RELATE TO ?IS NASC5T WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,HE WAS LOCAT$ 9 ,*ANG%A & HAD HELP$ SET UP A ,CULTURAL ,BOOK ,SOCIETY !RE4 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ! UNION W]E HI<LY CRITICAL ( ! ,M>XI/ ATTITUDE T[>DS GOV]NM5T1 REF]R+ TO !M AS 0LONG TAILS01 SAY+ ?AT S9CE !Y WANT$ GOV]NM5T !RE WAS LITTLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M & ! W>LORDS4 ,IT SEEMS RA!R DIS+5U\S ( ,LI ,RUI TO SAY ?AT 0,MAO 5C\RAG$ ,HUANG & ,PANG TO RESI/ ! CAPITALI/S1 TO RESI/ ,ZHAO ,H5GTI & TO LAUN* A LABOR MOVEM5T0 & ?AT 0HE CRITICIZ$ !M = TALK+ ONLY AB\T LABOR UNIONS & NOT /UDY+ ,M>XISM04 

,MAO WAS =C$ TO RELATE TO ?IS MOVEM5T1 & AS ,PANTSOV NOTES 0,UND]/&+ ?AT HE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY COMPETE ) SU* AN 9FLU5TIAL UNION1 ,MAO DID ! ONLY S5SIBLE ?+ UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES3 HE TRI$ TO W9 OV] ,HUANG & ,PANG TO HIS SIDE40 ,HE WROTE AN >TICLE = ,LAOGONG ,ZH\KAN AT ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a1 ,MY ,HOPES = ! ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 :]E HE SAID ?AT HE HAD SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! UNION = A YE> ALREADY1 F9I%+ BY SAY+ ?AT ! PURPOSE ( ! UNION WAS NOT JU/ BETT] PAY & %ORT] WORK+ H\RS1 BUT 0%\LD ALSO NURTURE CLASS CONSCI\SNESS SO AS TO UNITE ! :OLE CLASS & SEEK ! BASIC 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS04 ,! FACT ?AT ?IS WAS SOME?+ GL>+LY OBVI\S TO ,HUANG1 ,PANG & ! O!R AN>*I/S DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE 5T]$ HIS HEAD6 

,MAO ACCOMPANI$ ,HUANG & ,PANG TO ,ANYUAN 9 ,JIANGXI PROV9CE :]E !Y POS$ AS 0OBS]V]S0 & VISIT$ ! M9ES1 FACTORIES & ! RAILROAD MA*9E PLANT !RE & TALK$ ) WORK]S1 ) ! LONG T]M AIM ( ORGANIZ+ !RE4 

,AT ! 5D ( #aiba ! ,WORK]S' ,UNION WAS 9VOLV$ 9 AGITATION AB\T SECUR+ YE>-5D BONUSES = WORK]S 9 DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES TO (FSET WAGE R$UCTIONS & NONPAYM5T ( WAGES4 ,A /RIKE BROKE \T AT ,NO #a ,MILL 9 ,JANU>Y #aibb :]E WORK]S DEM&$ AN EXTRA MON?'S PAY4 ,! MILL [N]S CALL$ 9 !IR SECURITY ?UGS & TWO WORK]S W]E KILL$4 ,?IS DID NOT DET] ! /RIK]S & ONCE AGA9 ,ZHAO'S >M$ ?UGS W]E CALL$ 91 ) ,ZHAO RECEIV+ A BRIBE ( #e1 YUAN FROM ! ,REALTY ,COMPANY4 

,DUR+ ! NI<T ( ,JANU>Y #a#f?1 ,HUANG & ,PANG W]E AT A UNION MEET+ TO DISCUSS H[ TO DEAL ) ! ,REALTY ,COMPANY1 :5 ,ZHAO'S TROOPS BUR/ 9 & >RE/$ !M4 

,!Y W]E SECRETLY TAK5 TO ! ,LIU-YANG ,GATE ON ! MORN+ ( ! #a#g? ,JANU>Y & BEHEAD$4 0,FRE% BLOOD DY$ ! FRE%LY FALL5 SN[04 ,ZHAO SUBSEQU5TLY CLOS$ D[N BO? ! UNION & ITS PAP]4 ,AFT] !IR MURD] ,ZHAO COOK$ UP *>GES AGA9/ !M ( 0BUY+ FIRE>MS1 COLLUD+ ) B&ITS1 & AGITAT+ = A /RIKE AT ! M9T AT ! 5D ( ! YE> :5 ANY /OPPAGE ( WORK WAS SIMPLY \T ( ! QUE/ION1 AS ! COPP] MONEY TO BE CO9$ 9 ! M9T WAS REQUIR$ = ! SOLDI]S' PAY & RATIONS04 ,9 ! AFT]NOON !RE WAS A WORK /OPPAGE 9 ! V>I\S ,*ANG%A WORKPLACES & VILLAGE AFT] VILLAGE WAS FILL$ ) PEOPLE COM+ \T ON ! /REETS4 ,! ,DOME/IC ,AFFAIRS ,COMMISSION & ! ,F9ANCE ,COMMISSION W]E BROK5 9TO4 ,TWO PROTE/ MEET+S 70UND] ! P]SONAL SPONSOR%IP ( ,MAO0- DOES ?IS MEAN HE ORGANIZ$ !SE OR RA!R ?AT HE ATT5D$ ! MEET+S87 W]E HELD AT ! ,WANG ,FUZHI ,/UDY ,SOCIETY 7:I* ALSO PUT \T A SPECIAL MEMORIAL PUBLICATION7 & ON ,JANU>Y #b#g? A PUBLIC BURIAL ( ,HUANG & ,PANG TOOK PLACE4 ,?\< ! BONUS WAS WON1 CONDITIONS REMA9$ APPALL+ AT ! ,MILL & ,ZHAO & ! MILL-[N]S HAD SMA%$ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S4 

,AFT] ! MURD]S1 MANY ( ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! UNION FL$4 ,! AN>*I/ LABOR ORGANIZ] ,ZH\ ,DUNHU1 A CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,HUANG & ,PANG1 FL$ TO ,%AN<AI1 :]E %E BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION !RE4 ,O!R IMPORTANT MEMB]S ( ! UNION APPE> TO HAVE LAT] JO9$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 AMONG !M ,JIAN ,*UP+ 7MURD]$ #a#i#b#h7 & ,PANG ,R5QIAN1 ! OLD] BRO!R ( ,PANG ,R5QUAN 7MURD]$ #a#i#b#g74 

,9T]VIEW$ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#f#c1 ! OLD W>LORD ,ZHAO ,H5GTI 0RECALL$ ) CONSID]ABLE GLEE0 ?AT HE HAD 0KILL$ A C\PLE ( FELL[S CALL$ ,HUANG & ,PANG04 

,DEP5D+ ON ! P>TICUL> P]IOD ,HUANG & ,PANG >E EI!R PRAIS$ AS BRAVE BUT MISGUID$ OR AS OP5LY RI<T W+4 ,SO 9 ,! ,RISE ( ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7#a#i#g#a7 BY ,GUO ,TAOZHANG WE CAN READ ?AT 0,!Y BELIEV$ VAGUELY 9 AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM & HAD ONLY A SUP]FICIAL UND]/&+ ( ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T2 NEV]!LESS !Y W]E H>D WORK]S04 ,ZH\ ,5LAI1 :O HAD KN[N ,HUANG 9 ,TIANJ91 WROTE A POEM TO !IR MEMORY :IL/ ANO!R LEAD+ ,COMMUNI/ ,LI ,DAZHAO CALL$ !M 0PIONE]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 ,LI ,RUI REF]S TO !M AS 0PURE1 UPRI<T1 & C\RAGE\S Y\?S :O HAD A DEF9ITE ANTI -IMP]IALI/1 ANTIFEUDAL1 REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK04 ,AS = ,MAO HIMSELF ,HUANG & ,PANG SEEM TO HAVE METAMORPHOS$ FROM ALLIES TO RI<T-W+]S AS WITNESS HIS TE/IMONY FROM HIS FAM\S #aicf 9T]VIEW ) ,$G> ,SN[3 0,HUANG ,AI1 ONE ( ! TWO WORK]S KILL$1 WAS A LEAD] ( ! RI<TW+ LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD ITS BASE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL S*OOL /UD5TS & WAS OPPOS$ TO US1 BUT WE SUPPORT$ !M 9 ?IS CASE & 9 MANY O!R /RUGGLES4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ALSO 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 :I* W]E !N ORGANIZ$ 9 AN ,ALL-,HUNAN ,LABOR ,SYNDICATE1 BUT WE COMPROMIS$ & ?R\< NEGOTIATION PREV5T$ MANY HA/Y & USELESS ACTIONS BY !M40 

,AFT] !IR MURD] IT WAS CLAIM$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ?AT ,HUANG & ,PANG HAD JO9$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? ,CORPS JU/ TWO MON?S BE=E !IR DEA?S1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRATION ( ,MAO4 ,/U>T ,R4 ,S*RAM1 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,LI ,RUI BOOK IS V]Y SKEPTICAL AB\T ?IS1 FUR!R CIT+ ! ,FR5* HI/ORIAN ,JEAN ,*ESNEAUX :O HE SAYS 09 HIS PA?BREAK+ WORK ON ! ,*9ESE LABOR MOVEM5T %[S CONSID]ABLE SKEPTICISM AB\T ?IS04 ,MAO HAD ORGANIZ$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? ,CORPS 9 ,HUNAN S9CE #aib BUT ?IS WAS F> FROM BE+ AN OR?ODOX APP5DAGE ( ! ,P>TY1 & CONTA9$ DISP>ATE ELEM5TS4 ,9DE$1 ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DI NOT AS A :OLE FULLY TAKE ON BO>D ! ,L59I/ IDEA ( ORGANIZATION UNTIL #aibb & 0DID NOT UND]/& IT FULLY & IMPLEM5T IT EFFECTIVELY UNTIL WELL AFT] ?AT0 7,S*RAM74 

,WAS IT REALLY TRUE1 ACCORD+ TO ,LI ,RUI1 ?AT 0,! *ANGE 9 ATTITUDE ( ,HUANG ,AI1 ,PANG ,R5QUAN & BY ! MASSES ( ! LABOR UNION AFT] HAV+ BE5 $UCAT$ & WON OV] BY ,COMRADE ,MAO ,Z$ONG WAS ! VICTORY ( ,M>XISM OV] AN>*ISM08 

,S\RCES3 

,LI ,RUI4 7#a#i#g#g7,! E>LY REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES ( ,COMRADE ,MAO ,TSE-,TUNG 7ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,*9ESE BY ! ,*9A ,Y\? ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE1 ,BEIJ+1 #a#i#e#g7 

,NOH>A ,%IRO 4,HUANG ,AI & ,PANG ,R5QUAN -- AN>*I/S & LABOR M>TYRS3 WWW4AN>KISMO4NET 

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,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,! AN>*I/ M>TYRS ( ,*ANG%A -- ,ADD$4 
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