,P>T #a3 ,BACKGR\ND1 ,*APT] #d3 ,! ,LIMITATIONS ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,9 ?IS SELECTION ,GA/ON ,LEVAL SKET*ES ! FRAME ( REF]5CE = AN 9TELLIG5T ASSESSM5T ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION3 ! PREVAIL+ CIRCUM/ANCES2 ! SPECIFIC OB/ACLES ?AT LIMIT$ ITS SCOPE2 AS WELL AS ! EXT5T TO :I* O!R IMPORTANT FACTORS %AP$ ITS *>ACT]4 ,LEVAL REM9DS ALL ( US NEV] TO LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! UNF9I%$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION 7ABORT$ BY \R 0FRI5DLY0 5EMIES71 WAS--TO USE HIS [N EXPRESSION--ACTUALLY A 0SEMI-REVOLUTION02 ?AT ?IS FACT1 F> FROM DETRACT+1 ONLY 5HANCES ITS SPECTACUL> A*IEVEM5TS4 

,LIKE O!R RESPONSIBLE HI/ORIANS1 ,LEVAL GRAPHICALLY PORTRAYS ! TRAGIC DILEMMA ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS HOPELESSLY TRAPP$ BETWE5 ! CRUEL *OICE ( COLLABORAT+ ) ITS ANTI-FASCI/ 5EMIES OR ( ACCEPT+--AT LEA/ P>TIALLY--! AWESOME HI/ORIC RESPONSIBILITY = ! FASCI/ VICTORY4 

,MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ! TRAG$Y ( ,SPA91 :AT ! AN>*I/S %\LD HAVE DONE UND] !SE CONDITIONS IS /ILL BE+ DEBAT$4 ,SO F>1 ! SO-CALL$ 0COLLABORATIONI/S0 :O APPROV$ ! P>TICIPATION ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 OR ! 0H>D-%ELL0 AN>*I/S :O /ILL CONDEMN ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP = DO+ SO1 HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO SUGGE/ A SATISFACTORY PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVE4 ,IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT ! AN>*I/S %\LD OR %\LD NOT HAVE DONE1 ONE FACT IS CLE>3 ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM & ) IT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS DOOM$ TO C]TA9 DEFEAT1 AS ,LEVAL HIMSELF =ESAW4 

,BUT ON ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! LIB]T>IAN AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES & URBAN SOCIALIZATION UND] WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 !RE IS NO CONTROV]SY4 ,! LESSONS TO BE LE>N$ FROM ! MI/AKES & ! TRIUMPHS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION >E ( P]MAN5T VALUE TO NEW G5]ATIONS SEEK+ NEW WAYS TO REJUV5ATE SOCIETY4 

,! ,LIMITATIONS ( ! ,REVOLUTION.<#b#g.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,IF ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION PASS$ ALMO/ UNNOTIC$1 IT WAS NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! TACIT CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE ( \R 5EMIES1 BUT EV5 MORE BECAUSE IT WAS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME A CIVIL & 9T]NATIONAL W> ON ! T]RITORY ( ,SPA94 ,EV]YONE WAS PREOCCUPI$ ) ! MA9 OV]RID+ PROBLEM--! W>4 

,BUT WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ?IS WAS ALSO ! ATTITUDE ( BO? ! REVOLUTIONI/S & ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,= ! WORK]S1 ! PEASANTS1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE--9 %ORT1 EV]YBODY--! PR9CIPAL ?+ WAS TO PREV5T ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO4 ,! AN>*I/S1 TOO1 FAC$ ) ! FASCI/ P]IL1 ! SUPPRESSION ( FREE SPEE* & ! RI<T TO ORGANIZE1 FAC$ ) ! 9EVITABLE P]SECUTIONS ( ALL ?OSE :O W\LD NOT SUBMIT TO DICTATOR%IP1 REALIZ$ ?AT EV]YONE MU/ UNITE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,PROBLEM ,NUMB] ,ONE WAS TO FI<T ! FASCI/S1 TO :OM EV5 ! MEAG] RE=MS ( ! ,REPUBLIC W]E MON/R\S & NOT TO BE TOL]AT$4 

,DURRUTI'S CELEBRAT$ PHRASE1 0,WE R5\NCE ALL EXCEPT VICTORY10 SUMM$ UP ! S5TIM5T ( A GREAT MANY MILITANTS4 ,! VICTORY HE S\<T WAS ! VICTORY OV] FASCISM4 ,BUT UN=TUNATELY ! ALL WAS ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF444 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD SUFF]$ MANY LONG YE>S ( REPRESSION4 ,P]SECUT$1 EXIL$1 \TLAW$ UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A AS WELL AS UND] ! MON>*Y & UND] ! ,REPUBLIC1 !Y KNEW ?AT UND] FASCISM IT W\LD BE EV5 WORSE4 ,!IR MOVEM5T1 :I* EV5 9 ! D>K YE>S WAS AT LEA/ TO SOME EXT5T ABLE TO FUNCTION1 W\LD BE ALTOGE!R SUPPRESS$4 ,! SYNDICATES W\LD BE OBLIT]AT$ & ! AN>*I/S W\LD AT BE/ BE =C$ TO CL+ TO ! SLIM POSSIBILITY ( COM+ TO LIFE UND] A LIB]AL OR MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5T4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ACUTE PROBLEMS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W\LD BE WORS5$ A HUNDR$FOLD 9 CASE ( A FASCI/ MILIT>Y VICTORY4 

,& IT WAS P>TLY1 BUT ONLY P>TLY1 = ?IS REASON ?AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 7SPOKESMAN = ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION7 ON ,JULY #b1 #a#i#c#f1 ACCEPT$ 79 MY OP9ION A LITTLE TOO EAG]LY7 ! (F] ( ! HEAD ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 ,COMPANYS1 TO ORGANIZE A SOLID ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT4 ,OLIV] >GU$ ?AT ?IS WAS NOT ! TIME = REVOLUTION & ?AT ! PRIME CONC]N ( ! AN>*I/S WAS TO HALT ! ADVANCE ( ! FASCI/ TROOPS T[>D ,CATALONIA BY FREE+ ,>AGON4 

,MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD A DI/ORT$ IDEA ( ! SITUATION ( ?AT TIME4 ,!Y SAID ?AT IT WAS NOT ! 0PEOPLE0 ( ,B>CELONA :O DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/S4 ,MORE ?AN ANY O!R CITY 9 ,SPA91 !Y SAID1 IT WAS PRIM>ILY ! AN>*I/S & ) !M ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT NUM]ICALLY1 & BY !IR EXAMPLE ( 9ITIATIVE & D>+1 ! AN>*I/S--POLITICALLY SPEAK+--W]E FROM ! BEG9N+ MA/]S ( ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y SEEM$ TO HAVE ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,EV]Y:]E WE HE>D ! CRY3 ,VIVA LA ,C,N,T6 ,VIVA LA ,F,A,I6 ,BUT TO :AT EXT5T DID ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! M]*ANTS1 ! BUREAUCRATS1 ! EMPLOYES ( ! BANKS & COMM]CIAL H\SES1 & ! :OLE ( ! P>ASITIC & SEMI-P>ASITIC CLASSES 7AS NUM]\S AS ! WORK]S7 REALLY SUPPORT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I8 ,IT IS ?IS QUE/ION ?AT MU/ BE ANSW]$4 

,!IR SUPPORT WAS PURELY FICTITI\S & SUP]FICIAL4 ,MO/ ( !SE ELEM5TS APPLAUD$ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I = ITS GREAT EXPLOITS4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT MEAN OR EV5 IMPLY ?AT !Y ALSO ACCEPT$ ! PR9CIPLES1 AIMS1 & SOCIAL CONCEPTIONS ( ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!RE WAS A S5TIM5T ( GRATITUDE4 ,BUT ! ,REPUBLICAN REMA9$ A ,REPUBLICAN2 ! ,CATALAN1 A SEP>ATI/2 ! LIB]AL1 A B\RGEOIS2 ! ,SOCIALI/ REMA9$ A ,SOCIALI/2 & ! ANTI-FASCI/ MON>*I/ CONT9U$ TO HOPE = A K+4 

,?IS IS A P]PLEX+ SITUATION :I* SEEMS MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN IT ACTUALLY IS4 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f1 ALL ?OSE AMONG ! AN>*I/S :O W]E PREOCCUPI$ PRIM>ILY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y QUE/ION OV]SIMPLIFI$ & UND]E/IMAT$ ! POLITICAL PROBLEM4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION W\LD SWEEP AWAY ! 5TR5*$ P[]S & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! POLITICAL P>TIES W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,! P>ASITIC CLASSES1 NO LONG] ABLE TO C\NT ON ! SUPPORT ( ! /ATE1 W\LD DIS9TEGRATE4 ,& ALL ?AT W\LD REMA9 TO BE DONE W\LD BE TO ORGANIZE ! NEW AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 

,BUT ! NECESSITY ( FI<T+ ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM COMPLETELY UPSET !SE EXPECTATIONS4 ,! /ATE CONT9U$ TO EXI/3 ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! REGIONAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,CATALONIA1 & ANO!R 9 ! ,BASQUE PROV9CES4 ,EA* ( !SE GOV]NM5TS /ILL HAD ITS [N POLICE & A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MILIT>Y UNITS4 ,! MUNICIPALITIES1 TOGE!R ) !IR LOCAL POLICE =CES & LEGAL AU?ORITY1 REMA9$4 ,! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E /ILL FIRMLY ROOT$4 ,& ! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E /ILL A P[] TO BE RECKON$ )4 ,ALL !SE PEOPLE W]E MORE OR LESS ANTI-FASCI/4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R !Y ADD$ UP TO MO/ ( ! POPULATION4 ,AS COMP>$ TO ANY S+LE GR\P+1 ! ,C,N,T & ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W]E ! MO/ P[]FUL 9 ,SPA94 ,YET ALL !SE O!R ELEM5TS1 TAK5 TOGE!R1 CON/ITUT$ AN 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] =CE4 

,FUR!RMORE1 A V]Y IMPORTANT SEGM5T ( ! PUBLIC WAS 9CL9$ TO BE 9DIFF]5T TO POLITICS1 BUT BE+ PROGRESSIVE & LIB]AL-M9D$ !Y SUPPORT$ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,TO !M ! GOV]NM5T WAS ! SYMBOL & GU>ANTEE ( LIB]TY--! ONLY =CE CAPABLE ( CREAT+ A SOLID FI<T+ BLOC AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,! AN>*I/S C\LD NOT !RE=E SWEEP AWAY ! POLITICAL P>TIES CONTROLL+ ! MUNICIPALITIES1 :O ) EQUAL F]VOR W]E FI<T+ ) !M AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,!Y C\LD NOT ATTACK ! P[] ( ! POLICE1 :O AS F> AS ! PEOPLE W]E CONC]N$ W]E JU/ AS ANTI-FASCI/ AS ! MILITIAM5 FI<T+ AT ! FRONT4 ,! G5]AL PREOCCUPATION BE+ TO DEFEAT ! FASCI/S1 444 ! AN>*I/S W\LD1 IF !Y CAME \T AGA9/ ! /ATE1 PROVOKE ! ANTAGONISM NOT ONLY ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES & O!R MORE OR LESS ORGANIZ$ =CES1 BUT EV5 ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 :O W\LD ACCUSE !M ( COLLABORAT+ ) ,FRANCO4.<#b#h.> 

,! AN>*I/S W]E !RE=E OBLIG$ TO TOL]ATE ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! SMALL CAPITALI/S1 ! M]*ANTS1 ! G5]ALLY REACTION>Y L&LORDS1 & ALL ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOIS P>TIES BECAUSE ALL !SE ELEM5TS W]E OPPOS+ FASCISM4 

,ANO!R S]I\S PROBLEM WAS ?AT 9 ALL ( ,EA/]N ,SPA9 7,CATALONIA1 ! ,LEVANT1 ,>AGON1 HALF ( ,CA/ILE1 & P>T ( ,&ALUSIA7 !RE W]E NO >MS FACTORIES4 ,!RE WAS NO IRON1 NO COAL1 NO RAW MAT]IALS1 & NO MA*9]Y NECESS>Y = ! MAK+ ( RIFLES1 MA*9E GUNS1 TANKS1 & >TILL]Y4 ,! PR9CIPAL >MS FACTORIES W]E 9 ,A/URIAS OR SEP>AT$ FROM ! MA9 P>T ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 BY ! FASCI/ >MIES444 

,N[ SUPPOSE ?AT ! AN>*I/S C\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 OV]?R[+ ! ,C5TRAL1 ! ,CATALAN1 & ! ,BISCAY 7,BASQUE7 GOV]NM5TS 7:I* W\LD HAVE BE5 MO/ UNLIKELY BECAUSE ! ,BASQUE GOV]NM5T WAS COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ BY ! ,CA?OLICS & ANTI-AN>*I/ MON>*ICAL ANTI-FASCI/S74 ,SUPPOSE ! AN>*I/S C\LD HAVE1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY1 IMPOS$ AN AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,! RESULT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! 9/ANT CLOS+ ( ! FRONTI] & ! BLOCKADE BY SEA BY BO? ! FASCI/ & ! DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES4 ,! SUPPLY ( >MS W\LD BE COMPLETELY CUT (F1 & ! AN>*I/S W\LD RI<TFULLY BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = ! DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 EXTREMELY DIFFICULT1 IF NOT ALTOGE!R IMPOSSIBLE1 TO MAKE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,9 ! BEG9N+1 NOT TO ANTAGONIZE ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 ONLY =EIGN PROP]TY WAS EXPROPRIAT$444 ,IF LIB]T>IAN AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES W]E SUCCESSFULLY E/ABLI%$ ALL OV] ANTI-FASCI/ ,>AGON1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS 7MO/ NUM]\S 9 ,>AGON7 PROTECT$ !M FROM ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,EV5 !N ! ?REAT WAS NOT :OLLY REMOV$ & IT WAS /ILL NECESS>Y TO CREATE A SEMBLANCE ( GOV]NM5T1 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON1 HEAD$ BY \R COMRADES4 ,>AGON WAS ! ONLY >EA 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION CORRESPOND$ TO ! EXPECTATIONS ( ! AN>*I/S AS =MULAT$ 9 ! #a#h#gS4 ,BUT ,>AGON WAS ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ,SPA94 ,9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA9 IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO COLLABORATE LOYALLY ) \R ANTI-FASCI/ 5EMIES AGA9/ ! MU* MORE DANG]\S COMMON 5EMY4 

,AFT] ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T REJECT$ ! PROPOSAL ( ! ,C,N,T TO E/ABLI% A JO9T DEF5SE COMMITTEE TO CONDUCT ! W>1 TO BE COMPOS$ ( A MAJORITY ( DELEGATES REPRES5T+ ! ,U,G,T 7,SOCIALI/7 & ,C,N,T 7AN>*O-SYNDICALI/7 LABOR UNIONS & A M9ORITY ( POLITICAL P>TY REPRES5TATIVES1 ! ,C,N,T 9 ACCORD ) ! ,F,A,I DECID$ TO RE9=CE ! COALITION 7ON ! BASIS ( ,CABALL]O'S FALSE PROMISES1 SKILLFUL CAJOL]Y1 & BLACKMAIL7 & TO 5T] ! GOV]NM5T HEAD$ BY HIM4 ,ON BECOM+ GOV]NM5T ,M9I/]S OR (FICIALS 9 V>I\S GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS C]TA9 AN>*I/S SOON BECAME 9FECT$ & SUCCUMB$ TO ! VIRUS ( P[]4 

,=TUNATELY ! /R5G? ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T DID NOT DEP5D UPON ITS (FICIALS4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS SAV$ BY ! RANK & FILE1 ! ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( SEASON$ MILITANTS4 ,9 ALL OR ALMO/ ALL ! VILLAGES ( ,>AGON1 ! ,LEVANT1 & ,&ALUSIA \R ,C,N,T MILITANTS PROV$ TO BE EXP]I5C$ & CAPABLE ORGANIZ]S )9 !IR [N SYNDICATES OR 9 ! CONDUCT ( VILLAGE AFFAIRS4 ,!IR 9ITIATIVE & EXEMPL>Y CONDUCT E>N$ !M ! UNQUE/ION$ CONFID5CE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!SE COMRADES HAD = MANY YE>S BE5 PROMOT+ ! ,REVOLUTION SUFF]$ PRISON1 DEPORTATION1 TORTURE444 ,N[1 DESPITE ! W> & ! SABOTAGE ( ! POLITICIANS1 !Y /ILL CONT9U$ TO WORK = ! ,REVOLUTION & DID ! BE/ !Y C\LD4 

,BUT O!R MEMB]S ( ! ANTI-,FRANCO COALITION W]E 9 EFFECT REPRES5T+ ! 9T]E/S ( PROP]TY [N]S & EMPLOY]S & POS+ AS ANTI-FASCI/S4 ,BE IT DELIB]ATELY OR BECAUSE !Y W]E 9CAPABLE1 !Y TURN$ \T TO BE V]Y UNRELIABLE & V]Y POOR P>TN]S 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE4 ,9DU/RY 9 ,B>CELONA WAS P>ALYZ$1 BUT ! [N]S W]E NOT 9 ! LEA/ 9T]E/$ 9 RE/OR+ ! ECONOMY4 

,?R\< !IR SYNDICATES ! ,C,N,T & AN>*I/ MILITANTS REORGANIZ$ ! ECONOMY & GOT ?+S GO+ AGA94 ,9 ! METALLURGICAL WORK%OPS IT WAS !Y :O BUILT ! FIR/ AUTO TANKS4 ,IT WAS ! ,C,N,T :O1 TO /EP UP PRODUCTION1 REFUS$ TO ACCEPT A R$UCTION 9 WORK+ H\RS ORD]$ BY ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T4 ,9 A SY/EM SO DISORGANIZ$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* P>ALYZ$ ACTIVITY1 DISORI5T$ ! PEOPLE1 &1 AT FIR/1 PRODUC$ SO MU* *AOS1 ONE C\LD NOT EXPECT P]FECT RESULTS4 ,C]TA9LY MI/AKES W]E MADE--:AT REVOLUTION DID NOT DO SO8 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 ! FACT IS ?AT ONLY ! ,C,N,T HAD FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ TAK5 UPON ITSELF FULL RESPONSIBILITY TO RE/ORE S]VICES & RESUME PRODUCTION & ALL O!R ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES4 

,:]E ! ,C,N,T C\LD NOT IMM$IATELY EXPROPRIATE A FIRM1 IT EX]CIS$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( CONTROL OV] ! CONDUCT ( ! EMPLOY]S4 ,WILL+LY OR NOT1 ! EMPLOY]S ACCEPT$ ! SITUATION4 ,9DU/RIES & O!R E/ABLI%M5TS :I* W]E NOT IMM$IATELY EXPROPRIAT$ W]E !N OP]AT$ BY CONTROL COMMITTEES4 ,!Y =C$ ! EMPLOY] HIMSELF TO WORK & TO PAY HIS WORK]S4 ,BUT :5 ! E/ABLI%M5T W5T BANKRUPT1 :I* HAPP5$ (T51 ! BUS9ESS WAS EXPROPRIAT$ UND] ! FULL CONTROL ( ! WORK]S4 

,9 O!R CASES EXPROPRIATION TOOK PLACE MORE RAPIDLY4 ,ON V>I\S PRETEXTS ! WORK]S1 9SPIR$ & GUID$ BY \R COMRADES1 EXPROPRIAT$ 9DU/RIES FROM ! BOSSES BE=E !Y W5T BANKRUPT4 ,SO VA/ WAS ?IS MOVEM5T = EXPROPRIATION ?AT ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T 79 :I* WE HAD F\R M9I/]S1 CALL$ 0C\NCILORS07 NOT$ 9 #aicf ,! ,DECREE ( ,COLLECTIVIZATION LEGALIZ+ ! EXPROPRIATIONS ( ?OSE FACTORIES1 (FICES1 Y>DS1 & DOCKS EMPLOY+ MORE ?AN #a WORK]S ?AT W]E AB&ON$ BY ! FASCI/S OR O!R EMPLOY]S4 ,?IS DECREE LEGALIZ+ AN ALREADY ACCOMPLI%$ FACT /ABILIZ$ ! SITUATION4 

,! DECREE HAD ! BANEFUL EFFECT ( PREV5T+ ! WORK]S' SYNDICATES FROM EXT5D+ !IR GA9S4 ,IT SET BACK ! REVOLUTION 9 9DU/RY4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS FUR!R CURB$4 ,BE+ BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES COMPELL$ TO 5T] 9TO A SACR$ ANTI-FASCI/ UNION ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT HAD TO REPRESS ITS ANG] & TOL]ATE ! \TRAGE\S MANEUV]S ( \R UNFRI5DLY COLLABORATORS4 

,! NECESSITY ( TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! [N]S1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 & ! POLITICAL P>TIES L$ TO A P>ADOXICAL SITUATION4 ,BECAUSE ! WORK]S EXPROPRIAT$ & FULLY CONTROLL$ ! V>I\S 5T]PRISES1 !Y CAME TO LOOK UPON ! PLANTS AS !IR PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,!Y BEGAN TO ?9K & ACT LIKE !IR \/$ =M] EMPLOY]S4 ,! FACTORY COMMITTEES EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO GO 9TO BUS9ESS = !MSELVES1 (T5 9 COMPETITION ) SIMIL> COMMITTEES4 ,TO SOME EXT5T ! W> SITUATION CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS SITUATION4 7,?IS PRACTICE WAS QUICKLY /OPP$ & ! :OLE SY/EM DRA/ICALLY REORGANIZ$47 

,9 MANY CASES \R SYNDICATES SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ CONTROL BY APPLY+ D\BLE-PLAY TACTICS4 ,ON ! ONE H& ! ,C,N,T SEEM$ TO COLLABORATE ) ! NON-PROLET>IAN GR\P+S TO W9 ! W>1 BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ON ! PRETEXT ?AT W> PRODUCTION MU/ BE 9CREAS$ 7IT WAS ALREADY /RET*$ TO ! LIMIT71 ! ,C,N,T MOV$ 9TO & EX]CIS$ DE FACTO CONTROL OV] MANY O!R 9DU/RIES4 

,?IS CONTROL BECAME MORE & MORE NECESS>Y AS ! EMPLOY]S BECAME MORE & MORE PASSIVE4 ,FAC$ ) A SEMI-REVOLUTION1 !Y W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ ! VICTORY ( FASCISM4 ,& AT ! SAME TIME ! ,U,G,T BECAME 9CREAS+LY UNFRI5DLY 9 !IR RELATIONS ) US4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T DECRE$ OBLIGATORY UNIONIZATION4 ,ALL ?OSE LIV+ ON WAGES1 SAL>IES1 OR O!R REMUN]ATION HAD TO JO9 EI!R ! ,C,N,T OR ! ,U,G,T4 ,ALL ! C\NT]- & ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS RU%$ TO JO9 ! ,U,G,T ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION3 SMALL ,CATALAN PEASANT PROPRIETORS1 /ATE BUREAUCRATS 7EMPLOYES71 PRISON GU>DS1 ! POLICE1 UNEXPROPRIAT$ %OPKEEP]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & RE=MI/ OR CONS]VATIVE-M9D$ MANUAL WORK]S4 ,& ALL !SE ELEM5TS ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE TAK5 9 BY ! GR[+ ,/AL9I/ PROPAG&A4.<#b#i.> 

,! ,/AL9I/S 9 ,CATALONIA ORGANIZ$ ! ,P,S,U,C 7,CATALAN ,P>TY ( ,SOCIALI/ ,UNITY74 ,MANY WORK]S & O!RS :O DID NOT KN[ ITS TRUE NATURE JO9$ ! P>TY 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,& MO/ ( !M W]E 9DUC$ TO JO9 ! ,U,G,T ( ,CATALONIA 7:I* ! ,/AL9I/S SUCCE$$ 9 COLONIZ+74 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ?OSE SOCIALI/S :O /ILL CONTROLL$ !IR UNIONS W]E 9VET]ATE RE=MI/S :O OPPOS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y AIMS & MEASURES ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,MANY ( ! UNION LEAD]S PREF]R$ A ,FRANCO VICTORY TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! SEMI-REVOLUTION4 ,MANY RANK & FILE ,U,G,T WORK]S CONT9U$1 AS ALWAYS1 TO COOP]ATE ) US4 ,O!RS W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO DO SO BUT LACK$ ! C\RAGE TO ANTAGONIZE !IR LEAD]S4 ,!Y W]E IMMOBILIZ$ BY !IR LEAD]S4 

,?IS BECAME ALL TOO EVID5T 9 ! 0UNIONIZATION ( PRODUCTION0 DECREE--P>TICUL>LY 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 7! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ,SPA9 & 9 ,CATALONIA :]E IT WAS C5T]$74 ,! DECREE /IPULAT$ ?AT COLLECTIVIZATION1 EXPROPRIATION1 & CONTROL ( AN 5T]PRISE BY ! WORK]S MU/ BE UNANIM\SLY APPROV$ BY ! UNION MEMB]S4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY WAS P>TLY ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,U,G,T4 ,:ILE 9 SU* CASES ! ,U,G,T ALMO/ ALWAYS VOT$ = JO9T ,U,G,T-,C,N,T CONTROL & SOCIALIZATION1 AT ! G5]AL MEMB]%IP MEET+ ( ! UNIONS CALL$ TO DECIDE ON SOCIALIZATION ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY ! ,U,G,T WORK]S REV]S$ !MSELVES4 ,?IS TIME ! MEMB]%IP1 UND] PRESSURE FROM !IR LEAD]S1 VOT$ AGA9/ SOCIALIZATION4 ,AL?\< MO/ ( ! MEMB]S FAVOR$ P>TN]%IP ) ! ,C,N,T1 !Y W]E TOO FA9!>T$ & C\LD NOT OV]COME ! HABIT ( OB$I5CE TO ! COMM&S ( !IR PHONY LEAD]S4 ,! PRETEXT = ?IS BETRAYAL8 0,! TIME WAS NOT RIPE = SOCIALIZATION10 0,IT MI<T PROVOKE =EIGN 9T]V5TION TO PROTECT ! 9VE/M5TS ( =EIGN CAPITALI/S10 & SIMIL> EXCUSES4 ,9 9DU/RIES :]E ,U,G,T1 SOCIALI/1 & ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE WAS WEAK1 IT WAS EASI] TO C>RY ?R\< AN>*I/ MEASURES444 

,:ILE ! /ATE WAS SEV]ELY CRIPPL$ IMM$IATELY AFT] ! FASCI/ ATTACK ( ,JULY #ai 7#a#i#c#f7 IT WAS BY NO MEANS AS IMPOT5T AS IS G5]ALLY ASSUM$4 ,ALL ! MA*9]Y ( ! /ATE WAS /ILL 9TACT2 M9I/RIES & !IR (FICIALS1 A POLICE =CE 9 ALL ITS RAMIFICATIONS1 AN >MY1 ?\< WEAK5$1 & AN 5TR5*$ BUREAUCRACY /ILL SURVIV$4 ,NOT)/&+ ! OV] OPTIMISM ( ! REVOLUTION>IES1 ! /ATE /ILL CON/ITUT$ AN EFFECTIVE =CE 9 MANY PROV9CES & CITIES4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 ?REE OR F\R CITIES 7,B>CELONA WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT7 ?AT ! AN>*I/S DOM9AT$ ! SITUATION1 & !N ONLY = ?REE OR F\R WEEKS4 ,EV5 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E \R SITUATION WAS P>TICUL>LY FAVORABLE1 ! SUPPORT ( ! PUBLIC 7ASIDE FROM \R MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S7 W5T NO FUR!R ?AN A VAGUE S5TIM5T ( GRATITUDE4 

,9 ?REE O!R PROV9CIAL CAPITALS 9 ,CATALONIA1 NAMELY ,T>RAGONA1 ,G]ONA1 & ,L]IDA1 7AL?\< \R =CES PATROLL$ ! /REETS7 WE W]E NOT 9 CONTROL4 ,& 9 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 ,VAL5CIA1 & ,MURCIA ! REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES1 SUPPORT$ BY ! MUNICIPAL POLICE & A P>T ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 TOGE!R ) AG5CIES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T1 W]E FIRMLY 9 CONTROL & ACCEPT$ ! COLLABORATION ( \R COMRADES ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS NOT TO !IR ADVANTAGE TO REFUSE IT4.<#c.> ,?IS WAS ALSO ! CASE 9 ,ALBACETE1 ,ALM]IA1 & 9 ALL EA/]N & NOR!A/]N PROV9CIAL CAPITALS 7,SAN ,SEBA/IAN1 ,BILBAO1 & ,SANT&]7 & 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,A/URIAS4 

,IT IS !RE=E ALTOGE!R FALLACI\S TO ASSUME ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E MA/]S ( ! SITUATION4 ,:5 SOME ( \R COMRADES /ILL 9SI/ ?AT WE W]E 9 FULL CONTROL1 !Y BASE !MSELVES ONLY ON ! EUPHORIC ATMOSPH]E ?AT PREVAIL$ = A FEW WEEKS 9 ,B>CELONA & TWO OR ?REE SMALL] CITIES4 ,H[EV]1 UND] MORE PEACEFUL CIRCUM/ANCES WE EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE4 ,9 ! /REETS PATROLL$ BY US TRAFFIC FL[$ SMOO?LY4 ,! R$ & BLACK FLAG FLEW FROM MANY BUILD+S1 9/ALLATIONS1 & PUBLIC PLACES4 ,WE OCCUPI$ ! FACTORIES & ! (FICES4 ,AL?\< HAMP]$ BY 9SUFFICI5T PREP>ATION & ! NECESSITY ( COEXI/+ ) \R UNFRI5DLY ALLIES :O DID EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD TO SABOTAGE \R EF=TS1 WE SUCCE$$ 9 ADM9I/RAT+ & COORD9AT+ ECONOMIC & COMM]CIAL OP]ATIONS & B5EFIT+ FROM ! ADVICE ( EXP]I5C$ =M] ADM9I/RATORS :O COOP]AT$ & JO9$ ! COMMITTEES ?AT MANAG$ \R COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISES4 

,! POLITICAL P>TIES1 M5 ( ! /ATE :O C\LD NOT TOL]ATE SO BOLD A VIOLATION ( !IR *]I%$ CONCEPTIONS & PR9CIPLES1 C\LD ONLY LOOK ) DISFAVOR ON :AT TO US WAS AN 9SUFFICI5T & UNCOMPLET$ REVOLUTION4 ,!Y C\LD NOT BE> TO SEE !IR AU?ORITY QUE/ION$ & !IR 9/ITUTIONS FL\T$1 R$UC$ TO 9F]IOR /ATUS4 

,BUT \R 5EMIES C\LD NOT AT ?AT TIME COME \T PREMATURELY AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,IT WAS ! H\R ( SACR$ UNION & CONC5TRATION AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,NEI!R WE NOR !Y C\LD RISK A CIVIL W> BETWE5 ANTI-FASCI/S :I* C\LD B5EFIT ONLY ,FRANCO1 :O 9 REPRESS+ & OBLIT]AT+ ALL OPPOSITION W\LD MAKE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 REPUBLICAN OR AN>*I/ 0LEAD]S40 ,TO REGA9 LO/ GR\ND1 SU* AN (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION NE$$ TIME = ! SECRET REORGANIZATION ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,IT HAD TO BE DONE C>EFULLY & SKILLFULLY4 ,:ILE WE C\LD NOT BE ALTOGE!R C]TA9 IF ! COLLECTIVIZATION DECREE ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T WAS DELIB]ATELY 5ACT$ = ?AT PURPOSE1 IT NEV]!LESS CON/ITUT$ A FIR/ /EP 9 ! CAMPAIGN TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION4 ,! FACT IS ?AT 9 ! PROCESS ( LEGALIZ+ COLLECTIVIZATION 7:I* WAS ALREADY AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT HOPE TO REV]SE7 ! /ATE1 9 >ROGAT+ TO ITSELF ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO 5=CE ! DECREE1 W\LD SOON] OR LAT] 9EVITABLY ABUSE & BROAD5 ITS P[]S = ITS [N S9I/] PURPOSES4 

,AS USUAL1 ! GOV]NM5T BEGAN BY REORGANIZ+ & AUGM5T+ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ITS POLICE =CE4 ,F\R MON?S AFT] ! #a#i? ( ,JULY1 M\NT$ MUNICIPAL GU>DS PATROLL$ ! /REETS1 O/5SIBLY TO HELP \R COMRADES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 BUT GRADUALLY TO RETAKE FROM \R COMRADES--:O KEPT P]FECT ORD]--! CONTROL ( ! /REETS4 ,IT WAS ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,VAL5CIA 7MOV$ FROM ,MADRID7 :O CAME TO ,B>CELONA PURPOSELY TO REE/ABLI% ! POLICE & 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( ,ASSAULT & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS4 ,!SE =CES W]E SUPPOS$ TO RE9=CE ! FI<T+ TROOPS AT ! FRONT1 BUT ACTUALLY !Y REMA9$ 9 ! RE>4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! POLICE1 & ,ASSAULT & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 ! BE/ >M$ & DISCIPL9$ RE>GU>D ELITE MILIT>Y CORPS WAS ! ,C>AB9]OS4 ,& ?IS =CE1 (T5 9 COLLUSION ) UNSCRUPUL\S 9DIVIDUALS & POLITICAL P>TIES1 MANIFE/$ A GR[+ HO/ILITY T[>DS US4 

,9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#g1 :ILE ON A TRIP TO ,FRANCE1 ,I WAS AMAZ$ TO SEE ! ROAD FROM ,B>CELONA TO ! FRONTI] CR[D$ ) LONG L9ES ( AMBULANCES & SMALL C>S BE>+ 9 BIG LETT]S ! 9SIGNIA ,C>AB9]OS3 EI<T MON?S AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 !RE W]E ALREADY TW5TY ?\S& ,C>AB9]OS 9 ,CATALONIA1 TE/IMONY TO ! GR[+ P[] ( ! /ATE4 

,BUT ,CATALONIA WAS MU* LESS /ATIFI$ ?AN WAS C5TRAL ,SPA94 ,& :ILE \R COMRADES W]E BATTL+ )\T >MS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 ! TW5TY ?\S& >MS & RIFLES ( ! ,C>AB9]OS W\LD HAVE BE5 SUFFICI5T TO DISRUPT & PI]CE ! FASCI/ FRONT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T CONT9U$ TO CONSOLIDATE ITS P[] = A TW(OLD PURPOSE3 FI<T AT ! FRONT AGA9/ ,FRANCO1 & 9 ! RE> AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION 7D\BTLESSLY MORE TO CRU% ! ,REVOLUTION ?AN TO DEFEAT ,FRANCO74 ,C>EFULLY WEI<+ EV]Y WORD1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT IF HALF ! 9TELLIG5CE US$ TO COMBAT ! ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 TURN$ AGA9/ ,FRANCO1 ! ,CAUDILLO W\LD NEV] HAVE TRIUMPH$4.<#c#a.> 

,BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO /RESS ?IS CONCLUSION3 NOT ONLY WAS ! P[] ( ! /ATE & AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS RE/OR$ ?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! GOV]NM5T 7MADE EASI] BY W> CIRCUM/ANCES71 BUT ALSO BY ! PRESSURE ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES & ! POLITICAL P>TIES 7BO? RE=MI/ & CONS]VATIVE71 :O C\LD UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES ACCEPT ! IDEA ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 AS WELL AS ?OSE :O = O!R REASONS FE>$ ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 MANY 9DIVIDUALS COOP]AT$ ) US EV5 ?\< !Y DID NOT AGREE ) \R IDEAS4 ,WE MEAN NOT ONLY MANUAL WORK]S BUT EV5 PR(ESSIONALS1 9TELLECTUALS1 & SMALL L& [N]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ALMO/ ALL ! DOCTORS 9 ,B>CELONA SAW 9 ! ,C,N,T ! ONLY ORGANIZATION S]I\SLY CONC]N$ ) CREAT+ NEW & BETT] HEAL? S]VICES4 ,ALMO/ ALL NON-EXPLOIT+ PR(ESSIONALS REFUS$ TO JO9 ! ,U,G,T1 :I* WAS ! REFUGE = ALL ! CONS]VATIVES & ?OSE MORE OR LESS SYMPA!TIC TO FASCISM4 ,!RE >E MANY O!R EXAMPLES4 ,BUT !RE W]E ALSO O!RS1 AMONG !M NOT ONLY ?OSE :O HAD ALWAYS BE5 ANTI-AN>*I/S1 BUT O/5SIBLY 0RADICAL0 NEUTRALS :O1 :5 FAC$ ) NEW EV5TS1 BECAME VIRUL5T \TRI<T C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S4 

,AS A CONCESSION TO ! PROGRESSIVE REVOLUTION>Y S5TIM5TS ( A SECTION ( !IR MEMB]%IP1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES MODIFI$ !IR POLICIES TO SOME EXT5T4 ,BUT !Y DID ALL !Y C\LD TO SAVE ! /ATE4 ,O!RS1 BECAUSE IT C\LD SUPPLY >MS & AID FROM ,RUSSIA1 WORK$ ) OR JO9$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,TO FI<T ! ,C,N,T ON ! LABOR FRONT !Y JO9$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,U,G,T4 

,IF ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA 7EMBRAC+ F\R ( ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ PROV9CES 9 ,SPA97 AGA9/ ITS [N PR9CIPLES WAS =C$ TO LEGALIZE ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 IT DID SO ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS ALREADY A FACT & ! GOV]NM5T HAD AT ?AT TIME NO O!R ALT]NATIVE4 ,BUT ! ,C5TRAL ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T DID NOT DO SO4 ,IT REFUS$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS BECAUSE IT WAS CONFID5T ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD EV5TUALLY LEGALLY 9T]V5E & RE/ORE ! COLLECTIVIZ$ PROP]TY TO ! =M] [N]S4 ,IF ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T WAS = ! TIME BE+ OBLIG$ TO TOL]ATE COLLECTIVIZATION1 IT DID SO ONLY BECAUSE ! EMPLOY]S1 :O SECRETLY ADMIR$ ,FRANCO1 W]E NOT AT ALL 9CL9$ TO COOP]ATE 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ W> AGA9/ ,FRANCO4 

,!RE WAS YET ANO!R /ATI/ OPPOSITION TO ! ,REVOLUTION3 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS P>TY1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 HAD V]Y LITTLE 9FLU5CE4 ,AFT]W>DS1 9 SOME CITIES 9 ! W> ZONE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S EX]T$ A PREPOND]5T 9FLU5CE4 ,! >RIVAL ( ,RUSSIAN >MS E>N$ ! SYMPA?Y ( ! PEOPLE1 :O SAW ,FRANCO TROOPS AT ! GATES ( ,MADRID4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S SKILLFULLY EXPLOIT$ ?IS FAVORABLE SITUATION TO ! LIMIT4 ,9TELLIG5TLY DIRECT$ BY A SELECT G5]AL /AFF ( SKILL$ & UNSCRUPUL\S CONNIV]S1 !Y CON/ITUT$ A MAJOR POLITICAL P[] :I* NO O!R P>TY C\LD RIVAL4 ,!Y ACTUALLY COMM&$ ALL MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS 7TO HIS CR$IT ,G5]AL ,MIAJA1 A BRAVE BUT 9CAPABLE (FIC]1 REFUS$ TO KNUCKLE UND]74 ,! PRE/IGE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E IGNOBLY SACRIFIC$ TO ! PROPAG&A L9E ( ! P>TY1 HEI<T5$ !IR POPUL>ITY4 ,!SE SKILLFUL TACTICS SUCCE$$444.<#c#b.> 

,EV5 ! ,P,\,M 7,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION71 :OM ! ,/AL9I/S HAT$ EV5 MORE ?AN !Y DID ! AN>*I/S1 OPPOS$ \R CON/RUCTIVE REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS 79 ,>AGON ,I SAW & READ !IR PUBLICATIONS AGA9/ COLLECTIVES71 NOT ON PR9CIPL$ GR\NDS 444 BUT ?AT ! TIME WAS NOT RIPE = SOCIALIZATION4 ,9 RESPECT TO ! NECESSITY = A P>TY & ! /ATE !Y DID NOT DIFF] FUNDAM5TALLY FROM ! O!R AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,! ,P,\,M C\LD NOT UND]/& H[ SOCIALIZATION WAS POSSIBLE )\T ! EXCLUSIVE OR PREPOND]5T DIRECTION ( ! /ATE4 ,9 DIFF]5T WAYS ! /ATE ALWAYS 9T]F]$4 ,! POLITICAL P>TIES & GR\PLETS 7B\RGEOIS1 PROLET>IAN1 DICTATORIAL1 & DEMOCRATIC71 9 SPITE ( ALL !IR QU>RELS & !IR DIFF]+ IDEAS1 ALL AGRE$ ON ONE ?+3 ! NECESSITY = ! /ATE4 ,= ?AT REASON ALONE !Y OPPOS$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALIZATION4 

,EV5 SOME ( \R [N COMRADES1 BEWILD]$ BY ! COMPLEXITY ( ! SITUATION AS WELL AS ! PAUCITY ( !IR CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS1 LO/ !IR BE>+S &1 SEE+ NO O!R ALT]NATIVE1 JO9$ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,& ONCE AGA9 HI/ORY HAS DECISIVELY DEMON/RAT$ ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ?AT ! EX]CISE ( P[] 7P>TICUL>LY ! P[] ( ! /ATE7 EX]TS TO ALT] ! *>ACT] ( M54 ,MO/ ( \R COMRADES OCCUPY+ (FICIAL POSITIONS CAME TO SEE \R PROBLEMS ONLY FROM ! ANGLE ( ! /ATE & LO/ SI<T ( ! ANTI- OR NON-/ATE ORGANIZATIONAL ALT]NATIVES & MEASURES4 ,& (T5 ! SPIRIT ( GOV]NM5TAL COLLABORATION & COMPROMISE PROV$ TO BE /RONG] ?AN ! NE$ = COMMON1 DIRECT ACTION1 LEAD+ !M TO ACT LIKE OPPON5TS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALIZATION4 ,F9ALLY 9 ,CATALONIA ! AB\T-FACE ( ,COMPANYS.<#c#c.> 9DICAT$ ?AT ! LONG BREW+ %[D[N BETWE5 ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T & ! AN>*I/S WAS IMM95T4 ,! GOV]NM5T C\LD NO LONG] TOL]ATE A SITUATION 9 :I* IT HAD TO %>E P[] ) ANYONE4 ,! AN>*I/S HAD TO BE DUMP$ & CONFLICT WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! DECISIVE /RUGGLE TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! TRAGIC DAYS ( ,MAY1 #a#i#c#g1 AFT] :I* WE W]E PRACTICALLY EXCLUD$ FROM P[]4 ,! PRETEXT8 ,! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T WANT$ TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE :I* HAD BE5 9 ! H&S ( \R COMRADES S9CE ! 5D ( ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f4 ,BUT ! CONFLICT W\LD HAVE BROK5 \T ANYH[1 :ATEV] ! PRETEXT4 ,AL?\< \R COMRADES1 AID$ BY ! ,P,\,M1 9 ?REE DAYS ( FI<T+ COMPLETELY CONTROLL$ F\R-FIF?S ( ,B>CELONA1 ! CONFLICT WAS HALT$ BY ! /UPID 9T]V5TION ( \R GOV]NM5T M9I/]S1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y4 

,BUT =TUNATELY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS V]Y /RONG4 ,IT HAD A S5SE ( REALITY1 EXCELL5T ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY1 &1 DESPITE SEV]E SETBACKS1 ! MOVEM5T CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION4 ,AN ORATOR C\LD /AMP$E A PL5UM 9TO ACCEPT+ COLLABORATION ) ! /ATE1 BUT AFT] ?9K+ IT OV] ! RANK & FILE ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I MEMB]S W\LD REAFFIRM !IR DEEPLY FELT CONVICTIONS & CONT9UE TO WORK = ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE MILITANTS W]E ABLE TO ADM9I/] A COLLECTIVE1 WORK ON ! L&1 USE A HAMM]1 OR GUIDE A LOCAL ASSEMBLY OR SYNDICATE ) !IR S5SIBLE IDEAS ON H[ TO SOLVE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS4 

,IT IS BECAUSE ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS BAS$ ON ?IS K9D ( CONCRETE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 7P>TICUL>LY ! MILITANTS :O HAD ACQUIR$ 9 ! ,C,N,T ?R\< LONG YE>S ( /RUGGLE ! EXP]I5CE & KN[-H[7 ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS W]E ABLE TO FL\RI% 9 SPITE ( ! 9CREAS+ P[] ( ! /ATE & ! GR[? ( GOV]NM5TAL POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,EV5 :5 ,CAMOR]A1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ECONOMIC M9I/] ( ,CATALONIA1 SABOTAG$ 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVIZATION 444 \R 9FLU5CE CONT9U$ TO GR[4 ,IT GREW BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ MA*9E WAS HALF P>ALYZ$1 ! /ATE PROV$ 9CAPABLE ( ADM9I/]+ PRODUCTION1 & ! ,U,G,T SYNDICATES LACK$ AUDACITY & 9ITIATIVE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigc 3 ,P>T #a3 ,BACKGR\ND1 ,*APT] #d3 ,! ,LIMITATIONS ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#a1 #bai 3 ,P>T #a3 ,BACKGR\ND1 ,*APT] #d3 ,! ,LIMITATIONS ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/