,P>T #b 
,ANALYSIS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABBEY ,VOLCANO 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>OL9E ,K4 ,KALTEFLEIT] 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

0,OH1 ,MIS]Y1 ,I HAVE DRUNK ?Y CUP ( SORR[ TO ITS DREGS1 BUT ,I AM /ILL A REBEL40--,LUCY ,P>SONS 

,CAPITALISM 9 ! #bS3 ,SOME ,BROAD ,/ROKES = ,BEG9N]S 

,ABBEY ,VOLCANO & ,D]IC ,%ANNON 

,CAPITALISM1 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT WE LIVE UND]1 IS NOT 9 /ASIS4 ,IT IS NOT A MONOLI?1 EXHIBIT+ ! SAME FEATURES 9 ALL PLACES & TIMES4 ,RA!R1 OV] ! YE>S CAPITALISM HAS ASSUM$ DIFF]5T =MS 9 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL1 CULTURAL1 & GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS4 

,9DE$1 9 BROAD /ROKES1 ONE CAN SEE H[ ! FEATURES ( CAPITALISM HAVE HI/ORICALLY *ANG$--N[ 9 ITS CURR5T NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZ$ =M & P]HAPS MORPH+ 9TO SOME NEWLY EM]G+ =M PO/-CRISIS4 ,EV5 IF WE TOOK A FAIRLY SMALL SLICE ( HI/ORY1 ?IS IS NOT TOO DIFFICULT TO DEMON/RATE4 

,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 A S+LE B\ND$ REGION LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7?AT'S :]E WE'RE FROM1 SO IT'S A HI/ORY WE >E FAMILI> )7 BE=E ! ,FAIR ,LABOR ,/&>DS ,ACT MADE ! EI<T-H\R DAY ! LAW ?R\<\T ! NATION 7AS A PIECE ( ,NEW ,DEAL LEGISLATION74 ,CONSID] :AT LIFE WAS LIKE = MO/ WORK+ PEOPLE !N & H[ ! ECONOMY FUNCTION$4 ,?IS WAS WELL BE=E BLOAT$ BUREAUCRACIES LIKE ,O,%,A 7! ,OCCUPATIONAL ,SAFETY & ,HEAL? ,ADM9I/RATION7 GAVE WORK+ PEOPLE ! LIMIT$ SAFETY /&>DS WE HAVE HAD S9CE ! '#gS4 ,IT WAS ALSO BE=E ,NEW ,DEAL LEGISLATION ?AT GAVE WORK]S SOME LIMIT$ =MS ( SOCIAL ASSI/ANCE UND] O!R POORLY RUN /ATE BUREAUCRACIES4 

,WORK]S1 AT TIMES1 WORK$ T5-TO-TWELVE H\R WORKDAYS--SOMETIMES EV5 MORE4 ,! /ATE1 :ILE ALWAYS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ECONOMY UND] ANY =M ( CAPITALISM 79DE$1 CAPITALISM CANNOT EXI/ )\T A /ATE MANAG+ EXI/+ CLASS ANTAGONISMS71 DID NOT PROVIDE MANY ( ! B5EFITS WE'VE COME TO EXPECT 9 ! #bS4 ,IT WAS A TIME ( *ILD LABOR1 BLACK LUNG DISEASE1 & COMPANIES1 AT TIMES1 [N+ ! 5TIRE T[N ?AT A GIV5 SET ( WORK]S LIV$ 94 ,IT WAS A TIME :5 PRIVATE SECURITY FIRMS LIKE ! ,P9K]TONS MI<T BE BR\<T 9 TO PHYSICALLY ASSAULT OR 9 SOME CASES EV5 KILL1 /RIK+ WORK]S4 ,IT WAS A PA/ :]E RACI/ & SEXI/ ASSUMPTIONS AB\T 0WOR?Y0 WORK]S HAD EFFECTS ON :O MI<T BE UNIONIZ$1 :O MI<T BE HIR$ = C]TA9 JOBS 7OR HIR$ AT ALL71 & :O C\LD S]VE AS FLOAT+ POOLS ( *EAP LABOR = \R CAPITALI/ MA/]S 7NOT ?AT !SE PRACTICES DON'T /ILL EXI/--RA!R1 !Y TOO HAVE *ANG$ =M74 

,IT WAS UND] !SE CONDITIONS ?AT ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS EM]G$ &1 EV5TUALLY1 ,NEW ,DEAL POLICIES TOOK EFFECT ?AT *ANG$ ! NATURE ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM4 ,:AT EM]G$ WAS A ,KEYNESIAN.<#h.> =M ( CAPITALISM ?AT EMPHASIZ$ SOCIAL SP5D+ 9 WAYS UNIMAG9ABLE BE=E ! ,DEPRESSION4 ,/ILL1 AFT] ?IS 9ITIAL ,KEYNESIANISM1 WE SAW ! RISE ( A CAPITALISM ASSOCIAT$ ) ECONOMI/S FROM ! ,MONT ,PEL]9 ,SOCIETY1 :OSE MEMB]%IP 9CLUD$ ,LUDWIG VON ,MISES 7A P>TICUL>LY DY/OPIAN RI<T-W+ ECONOMI/7 & ,MILTON ,FRI$MAN 7ECONOMIC ADVIS] TO ,RONALD ,REAGAN74 ,9 ?IS %IFT1 WE CAN SEE ! RISE ( NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZATION &1 ESPECIALLY1 CRITICISMS ( ANY?+ /&+ 9 ! WAY ( PRIVATIZATION & PR(IT-SEEK+ AT ANY CO/4 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS NEOLIB]AL CONTEXT 9 :I* ! CURR5T 0CRISIS0 7MORE ON ! USE ( ?IS P>TICUL> WORD LAT]7 EM]G$4 ,& SO WE >E LEFT TO ANALYZE CAPITAL ON ! BR9K ( YET ANO!R HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 ,QUE/IONS AB\T :AT =M CAPITALISM MI<T TAKE NEXT &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 H[ BE/ MI<T AN>*I/S & O!R ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS ANALYZE1 FI<T1 & 5D CAPITALISM1 >E ! MOTIVAT+ =CE BEH9D ?IS ESSAY4 ,H]E WE GIVE AN>*I/ BEG9N]S TO ECONOMICS SEV5 IDEAS ?AT WE CONSID] IMPORTANT = ANALYZ+ CAPITALISM 9 ! #bS4 ,?IS IS NOT 9T5D$ AS A HI< & MI<TY ECONOMI/IC ANALYSIS = PEOPLE ) A GOOD H&LE ON ECONOMICS4 ,IT IS 9T5D$ = BEG9N]S4 ,NOR IS IT 9T5D$ AS A COMPLETE LI/ OR SET ( CONC]NS4 ,SU* A PROJECT W\LD REQUIRE AN 5TIRE BOOK4 

,RA!R1 WE GIVE SEV5 BROAD CATEGORIES = ?9K+ AB\T MOD]N CAPITALISM = AN>*I/S TO PUT TO USE 9 UND]/&+ H[ ! ECONOMY FUNCTIONS1 H[ WE MI<T TALK AB\T IT1 & H[ WE MI<T BE/ ORGANIZE TO SMA% CAPITALISM TO BITS4 ,:AT FOLL[S !N1 AGA9 9 BROAD /ROKES1 >E SOME SUGGE/IONS = AN>*I/S :5 LOOK+ AT CAPITALISM AT ?IS EM]G+ NEW /AGE--& :AT WE HOPE MI<T BE ! BEG9N+ ( ITS 5D4 

,GLOBALIZATION FROM ,ABOVE 

,! DOM9ANT N>RATIVE ( GLOBALIZATION IS ONE ( 9CREAS+ 9T]DEP5D5CE & COOP]ATION ?R\< TRADE4 ,SO ! /ORY GOES1 K9D & B5EVOL5T 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,WORLD ,BANK 7,W,B71 ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION 7,W,T,O71 & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND 7,I,M,F7 W\LD SEE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CO-CALL$ ,?IRD ,WORLD NATIONS ?R\< CAPITAL 9VE/M5T PROGRAMS4 ,?R\< L>GE-SCALE FREE TRADE AGREEM5TS LIKE ,N,A,F,T,A1 CAPITAL W\LD BE ABLE TO MOVE FREELY1 AID+ 9 DEVELOPM5T BY PROVID+ JOBS TO WORK]S 9 UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS ?AT DESP]ATELY NE$$ ! MONEY4 ,FUR!R1 ?IS PROCESS W\LD =CE /ATE 9DU/RIES 9TO ! PRIVATE SECTOR :]E WISE 5TREPR5EURS C\LD DEVELOP !M )\T ! 9T]F]5CE ( 9COMPET5T /ATE BUREAUCRATS4 ,?IS W\LD LEAD TO MORE EV5 DEVELOPM5T & PROSP]ITY = ! UND]DEVELOP$ WORLD4 

,&1 ( C\RSE1 :AT GOES UN/AT$ 9 ?IS DOM9ANT N>RATIVE IS ?AT ! OPPOSITE IS :AT IS ACTUALLY TAK+ PLACE--?AT IS1 POOR] NATIONS HAVE BE5 /EADILY BECOM+ POOR] AT ! EXP5SE ( 5RI*+ ALREADY 7OV]7DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 ,& ?IS PROCESS CONT9UES4 

,! ,I,M,F1 ,W,B1 & ,W,T,O 79 ITS ROLE 9 SUP]VIS+ 9T]NATIONAL TRADE7 REQUIRE /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T PROGRAMS TO ! C\NTRIES ?AT APPLY = !IR LOANS4 ,:AT !SE 0/RUCTURAL ADJU/M5TS0 MEAN >E PRIVATIZATION ( SOCIAL S]VICES & 9CREAS+ D]EGULATION ( !IR ECONOMIES4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 !N1 !SE NATIONS >E UND] ?REAT FROM !SE 9/ITUTIONS--EI!R IMPLEM5T MORE 0FREE0 M>KET POLICIES1 OR DON'T HAVE ACCESS TO !SE LOANS4 ,?US1 POOR] NATIONS >E BLACKMAIL$ 9TO OP5+ !IR M>KETS TO =EIGN 9VE/ORS :O HAVE A GREAT] /AKE 9 MAK+ A BUCK ?AN 9 SEE+ ! ECONOMIES ( !SE C\NTRIES DEVELOP4 ,RA!R ?AN DEVELOP+ !SE NATION'S ECONOMIES1 IT EVISC]ATES !M & MAKES LOADS ( MONEY = =EIGN 9VE/ORS1 MO/ TYPICALLY FROM 7OV]7DEVELOP$ NATIONS 7?\< ) PAY(FS & P]KS = LOCAL ELITES74 ,N[ SIMIL> DEM&S >E BE+ MADE ON 7OV]7DEVELOP$ NATIONS 9 ! =M ( 0AU/]ITY MEASURES0 9 ORD] TO RECEIVE AID = !IR AIL+ ECONOMIES 7SEE ,HAHNEL'S *APT] 9 ?IS COLLECTION7--9 SOME CASES LEAD+ TO 9CREAS$ RESI/ANCE TO CAPITAL 9 !SE NATIONS 7E4G41 ! G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA91 ! /UD5T OCCUPATION & PROTE/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,5GL& & ,ITALY1 & SO ON74 

,9 ADDITION1 CAPITAL MOBILITY H>DLY L$ TO A GLOBAL ECONOMIC >RANGEM5T :]E WORK]S W\LD COMPETE ON SOME 7NON-EXI/5T7 0LEVEL PLAY+ FIELD0 = JOBS1 LEAD+ TO GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY ?AT B5EFIT$ EV]YONE4 ,RA!R1 IT CAUS$ :AT MANY ECONOMI/S CALL A 0RACE TO ! BOTTOM10 :]E WORK]S 9 ! MO/ T5U\S ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES >E =C$ TO WORK = WAGES WELL BEL[ ! /&>DS SET BY UNION VICTORIES 9 7OV]7DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF A GIV5 UNION F\<T =1 & RECEIV$1 DEC5T WAGES 9 A FACTORY 9 AN 7OV]7DEVELOP$ NATION1 ! COMPANY C\LD SIMPLY PACK UP & MOVE ITS FACTORY TO AN UND]DEVELOP$ NATION )\T ! SAME HI/ORY ( UNION ORGANIZ+ & BATTLES 7&1 9 MANY CASES1 :]E ! GOV]NM5TS ( ?OSE NATIONS ACTIVELY ALL[ OR HELP UNION-BU/+ EF=TS74 ,9 ?IS WAY1 !Y'RE ABLE TO MAKE HUGE SUMS ( MONEY ?AT W\LD O!RWISE HAVE GONE TO PAY+ WORK]S A DEC5T WAGE--!REBY RAIS+ ! NET 9COMES ( SAVVY CAPITALI/S & FUR!R IMPOV]I%+ WORK]S )\T MANY *OICES4 

,:AT OCCURR$1 !N1 WAS SPECIFICALLY A GLOBALIZATION FROM ABOVE4 ,SURE1 CAPITAL & BUS9ESS C\LD MOVE >\ND FREELY4 ,BUT :]E WAS ! PROMISE ( 0GLOBALIZATION0 = WORK+ PEOPLE & ! POOR8 ,9DE$1 :5 WORK]S TRY TO HAVE ! SAME MOBILITY--P>TICUL>LY WORK]S ( COLOR FROM ! GLOBAL ,S\?--!Y >E LABEL$ 0ILLEGALS10 ETC41 & SUBJECT TO >RE/ & DEPORTATION4 ,ALSO1 ! ECONOMIES ( !SE UND]DEVELOP$ NATIONS BECAME SUBJECT TO ! :IMS ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL1 TYPICALLY LOCAT$ )9 7OV]7DEVELOP$ NATIONS4 ,?IS SET ! /AGE = ! SAME K9DS ( PAT]NALI/IC MANIPULATIONS ?AT W]E P>T & P>CEL ( ! COLONIAL PROJECT--N[ A PUR] ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM 7OR :AT HAS BE5 REF]R$ TO AS COLONIZATION BY PROXY74 

,AN>*I/S /ILL NE$ TO %IFT ! DISC\RSE FROM 0GLOBALIZATION0 TO SOME?+ ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T 7OR1 P]HAPS1 A 0GLOBALIZATION0 ( A DI/9CTIVE K9D7--:I* IS :AT ! ALT]GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T HAS BE5 TRY+ TO DO1 ) P]HAPS ITS MO/ SPECTACUL> EF=T AT ! ,BATTLE ( ,SEATTLE 9 #a#i#i#i4 ,:AT WAS NEW & UNIQUE 9 ?IS MOBILIZATION WAS ! BROAD SUPPORT ?AT WE HAD 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,W,T,O 9 P>TICUL>1 & GLOBALIZATION FROM ABOVE 9 G5]AL1 FROM 9DIG5\S GR\PS1 UNIONS & WORK]'S RI<TS ORGANIZATIONS1 FEM9I/S1 5VIRONM5TALI/S1 /UD5TS1 ETC4 7&1 ( C\RSE1 !SE GR\P+S 9CLUD$ AN>*I/S74 ,KEEP+ !SE NETWORKS ALIVE HAS BE5 A *ALL5GE = AN>*I/S1 AS HAS F9D+ ! BE/ WAYS TO >GUE = A CONFRONTATION1 RA!R ?AN A RECONCILIATION1 ) CAPITAL & ! /ATE )9 !M4 ,ONE ( ! IMPORTANT /RATEGIC DEBATES AMONG AN>*I/S TODAY CONT9UES TO BE \R ROLE 9 SU* MOVEM5TS & MOBILIZATIONS1 !IR IMPORTANCE1 & H[ WE MI<T ALSO MOBILIZE 9 \R WORKPLACES & COMMUNITIES AGA9/ !SE IMPOV]I%+ 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

0,I HAVE F\ND A FLAW0 

,9 LATE ,OCTOB] #b#h1 ,ALAN ,GRE5SPAN ADMITT$ TO A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE ?AT HE WAS P>TIALLY WRONG1 9 ! N[ FAM\S S5T5CE3 0,I HAVE F\ND A FLAW40.<#h#a.> ,GRE5SPAN1 *AIRMAN ( ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE FROM #aihg TO HIS RETIREM5T 9 #b#f1 IS KN[N AS A *E]LEAD] = D]EGULATION1 ONE ( ! MA9 COMPON5TS ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 ALSO KN[N AS ! 0,WA%+TON ,CONS5SUS0 7FUNNY *OICE ( WORDS S9CE 0CONS5SUS0 IS PRETTY MU* ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( H[ ?IS NEW =M ( ECONOMIC .<DIS.>ORGANIZATION CAME 9TO PLAY74 ,GRE5SPAN WAS C5SUR$ = ! SUBPRIME MORTGAGE & CR$IT CRISIS ( #b#g1 ) ,TIME MAGAZ9E PLAC+ HIM AS NUMB] ?REE 9 A LI/ ( TW5TY-FIVE PEOPLE TO BLAME4.<#h#b.> ,AL?\< ,GRE5SPAN DID ADMIT ?AT HE WAS WRONG 7SAY+ ?AT HE HAD 0PUT TOO MU* FAI? 9 ! SELF-CORRECT+ P[] ( FREE M>KETS & HAD FAIL$ TO ANTICIPATE ! SELF-DE/RUCTIVE P[] ( WANTON MORTGAGE L5D+071 HE REFUS$ TO TAKE P]SONAL BLAME = ! CRISIS4.<#h#c.> ,WE AGREE ) HIM H]E 7HE'S NOT P]SONALLY TO BLAME74 ,! 5TIRE GLOBAL ECONOMIC SY/EM1 AT ITS ROOTS1 IS HORRIDLY FLAW$ & BLAM+ ONE P]SON 7OR TW5TY-FIVE PEOPLE7 IS AN EASY WAY TO GET >\ND A BASIC CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM AS A SY/EM 7& :AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ITS CURR5T SAVIOR3 NEOLIB]ALISM74 

,AS AN ATTEMPT TO SAVE CAPITALISM1 ! PHILOSOPHY ?AT ,GRE5SPAN ADVANCES 7NEOLIB]ALISM7 ADVOCATES = EXP&+ 0FREE0 TRADE1 D]EGULAT+ M>KETS & ECONOMIES BY REMOV+ GOV]NM5T OV]SI<T1 & PRIVATIZ+ EV]Y?+ FROM WAT] TO S*OOLS & P>KS1 AS A PROCESS AIM$ AT REV]S+ ,KEYNESIAN ECONOMIC POLICY4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! 9FLU5CE ( NEOLIB]AL IDEAS1 ! RESPONSE TO ! CURR5T CRISIS ( CAPITALISM 9 ! 7OV]7DEVELOP$ WORLD 9 \R CURR5T P]IOD HAS BE5 AU/]ITY MEASURES4 ,! COMMON !MES H]E HAVE BE5 RAIS+ ! RETIREM5T AGE1 9CREAS+ S*OOL TUITION1 CUTT+ FUNDS AVAILABLE TO POT5TIAL /UD5TS1 & SO ON--9 %ORT1 CUTT+ SOCIAL SP5D+4 

,!SE AU/]ITY MEASURES AFFECT AN 5ORM\S P>T ( ! POPULATION--! WORK+ CLASSES >E TI<T5+ \R BELTS & WAT*+ :ATEV] IS LEFT ( WELF>E BECOME EV5 LESS AVAILABLE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 MORE & MORE PEOPLE >E SEE+ FLAWS 9 ! WAY \R ECONOMIES >E 7DIS7ORGANIZ$ & ?IS IS AN IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY = RADICAL MOVEM5TS1 AS !RE IS A SORT ( 0P]MAN5T WORK+ CLASS 9SECURITY0 N[4.<#h#d.> ,RADICAL CRITIQUE ( ! ECONOMY IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE PALATABLE TO HI!RTO 0HAPPY0 CITIZ5S4 ,AS ANTI-CAPITALI/S1 WE HAVE A BETT] *ANCE ( GETT+ \R IDEAS ACROSS TO O!R WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE S9CE NONE ( US CAN ANY LONG] RELY ON GOOD 7OR EV5 0ACCEPTABLE07 WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS = \RSELVES OR \R *ILDR54 ,WE NE$ TO MOVE BEYOND \R (T5 9SUL> & 9W>D FOCUS & TURN \TW>D TO ! WORK+ CLASS 7( :I* WE >E A P>T74 ,TODAY CLASS IS BECOM+ AN IMPORTANT TOPIC AGA9--& AS ANTI-CAPITALI/S WE NE$ TO HELP PUT CLASS & ANTI-CAPITALISM BACK ON ! AG5DA4 ,& WE NE$ TO BREAK ?R\< ! COMMONLY HELD ILLUSION ?AT SUPPOS$ 0EXP]TS0 LIKE ,GRE5SPAN >E DO+ ANY?+ MORE ?AN WEAV+ MY?S = \R AGE'S NEW RUL+ RELIGION4 

,DAVID ,GRAEB] SAID 9 HIS REC5T ,VOID NETWORK 9T]VIEW3 

,9 T]MS ( ! SPECIFICS1 YES1 ALL ?AT WE'RE SEE+ IS ! RUN-(F ( A HUGE H\S+ BUBBLE1 C5T]$ ON ! ,U,S1 BUT GLOBAL 9 ITS SCOPE1 ?AT OP5$ ! DOOR = AN ALMO/ UNIMAG9ABLE SUCCESSION ( F9ANCIAL SCAMS1 9 FACT1 ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y & ALL-5COMPASS+ SET ( F9ANCIAL SCAMS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD4 ,YET ! P]PETRATORS ( !SE SCAMS--! 9T]NATIONAL BANK+ CLASS-->E /ILL BE+ TREAT$ AS ! >BIT]S ( ECONOMIC MORALITY4 ,H[ DID WE 5D UP H]E8 ,:Y IS ANYONE TAK+ ! PRON\NCEM5TS ( !SE CROOKS 9 ANY WAY S]I\SLY8 ,?AT'S ! QUE/ION WE %\LD BE ASK+4.<#h#e.> 

,!SE >E ALSO QUE/IONS WE NE$ LEVEL$ AT WEAL?Y CLASS W>RIOR 0EXP]TS0 LIKE ,GRE5SPAN4 ,9 AN AGE :]E ,KEYNESIANISM IS 9CREAS+LY SE5 AS SOMEH[ 0LEFT-W+10 WE MU/ PO9T \T H[ MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS & ! SUP]-WEAL?Y FEW HAVE1 ?R\< NEOLIB]AL POLICIES1 AVOID$ ! K9DS ( TAX RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT C\LD EASILY FUND MU* MORE G5]\S SOCIAL PROGRAMS & PUBLIC SECTOR WORKS ?AN WE HAVE SE5 9 EV5 ! MO/ LIB]AL ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACIES4 ,&1 AS AN>*I/S1 WE NE$ TO PO9T \T H[ EV5 ?OSE SOCIAL DEMOCRACIES FALL %ORT ( PROVID+ ALT]NATIVES TO EXPLOITATION1 CRISIS1 W>1 POV]TY1 HUNG]1 & ALL ( ! ILL EFFECTS 9H]5T 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE CAN L9K \R ANALYSIS ( ! CURR5T SITUATION TO BROAD VISIONS ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ FUTURES4 

,POLLS ,%[ ,9CREAS$ ,9T]E/ 9 ,SOCIALI/ ,ALT]NATIVES 

,!RE HAVE BE5 A H&FUL ( SIGNIFICANT POLLS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CONDUCT$ REC5TLY ?AT HAVE %[N ?AT PEOPLE >E BECOM+ MORE 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVES1 ESPECIALLY Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,ONE POLL %[S ?AT Y\NG] ,AM]ICANS >E EV5LY DIVID$3 #cg P]C5T PREF] CAPITALISM1 #cc P]C5T SOCIALISM1 & #c P]C5T >E UNDECID$4.<#h#f.> ,?IS IS A FUNDAM5TAL IDEOLOGICAL %IFT ?AT'S TAK+ PLACE1 REPLAC+ ! ,COLD ,W> ANTI-COMMUNI/ HY/]IA ) PEOPLE OP5LY EXPRESS+ SUPPORT = SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVES4 ,?IS IS HUGE = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & %[S ?AT !RE IS AMPLE SPACE = AN>*I/S TO TELL PEOPLE AB\T \R [N V]SIONS ( SOCIALISM--LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVES--& P]HAPS MAKE SOME HEADWAY 9 PUTT+ =W>D AN>*I/ ECONOMIC VISIONS4 ,! POLITICAL CLIMATE PROBABLY HASN'T BE5 BETT] = US 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 7MANY (7 \R LIFETIMES4 

,H[ DO WE TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS8 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT AN>*I/S NE$ TO EXPRESS CLASS /RUGGLE VALUES4 ,BY 0CLASS /RUGGLE0 WE DON'T MEAN 0CLASS FIR/0 OR 0CLASS-C5TRIC40 ,RA!R1 0CLASS /RUGGLE0 MEANS ?AT WE >E FI<T+ AGA9/ CLASS EXPLOITATION & WE >E EXPLICITLY ANTICAPITALI/4 ,FUR!R1 SOCIETY WILL BE *ANG$ BY ORD9>Y 7EXTRAORD9>Y87 WORK+ PEOPLE--NOT POLITICIANS1 NOT WEAL?Y CAPITALI/S1 & NOT T5UR$ PR(ESSORS & O!R 0EXP]TS0--IF WE >E TO HAVE A LIB]ATORY FUTURE4 ,AGA91 ?IS DOESN'T MEAN ?AT WE %\LD R$UCE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION TO CLASS4 ,WE DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ALL O!R HI]>*IES WILL AUTOMATICALLY DISSOLVE OR WI!R AWAY IF WE OV]?R[ CAPITALISM4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ALL OPPRESSIONS 9T]SECT 9 COMPLEX WAYS 7MORE ON ?IS LAT]7 & ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION >E UNIQUE4.<#h#g.> ,CLASS IS UNIQUE 9 ?AT WE ADVOCATE = A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CLASSES TO RESOLVE ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 7& ABOLI%7 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,TOO (T51 RADICALS =GET ?IS UNIQUE FEATURE ( CLASS & /RATEGIZE TO FI<T AGA9/ 0CLASSISM0 RA!R ?AN /RUGGL+ TO 5D CLASS SOCIETY ALTOGE!R 7AS IF WE JU/ WANT$ CAPITALI/S TO TREAT US NIC] UND] CAPITALISM74 

,) !SE POLLS WE CAN SEE ?AT Y\NG] FOLKS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E TURN+ T[>D A MORE POSITIVE VIEW ( SOCIALISM & ?AT MANY DON'T KN[ :AT !Y PREF]4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ?IS CONFUSION COMES BECAUSE !RE IS NOT 5\< $UCATION ( :AT1 EXACTLY1 SOCIALISM EV5 IS4 ,?US1 POPUL> $UCATION IS A /RATEGY ?AT WE NE$ TO />T HAV+ A L>G] /AKE 94 ,WE LIVE 9 A TIME :5 PEOPLE >E LOOK+ = ANSW]S1 PEOPLE >E EI!R PREC>I\SLY EMPLOY$ OR UND]- OR UNEMPLOY$1 & PEOPLE HAVE A DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 UND]/&+ ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM4 ,IF WE >5'T PROVID+ VISIONS ( !SE ALT]NATIVES1 WE CAN BE SURE ?AT PEOPLE ) WEAL? & P[] & !IR LACKEYS RUNN+ NEWS M$IA WILL HAPPILY PROVIDE READY-MADE 0EXPLANATIONS0 ?AT RE9=CE ! WIDESPREAD CONFUSION AB\T SOCIALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,A P>T ( ?IS TASK1 TOO1 MEANS UPDAT+ \R CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,WE NE$ TO AB&ON ! FETI%IZ$1 HI/ORICAL VIEW ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A GR\P ( RUGG$ 7USUALLY :ITE & MALE7 FACTORY WORK]S4 ,TOO (T5 WE RELY ON !SE IDEAS ( ! 0NORMAL1 AV]AGE WORK]0 ?AT FAIL TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WAYS ?AT CAPITALISM 7&1 BY EXT5SION1 ! WORK=CE7 HAS *ANG$ & ! WAYS ?AT FEM9I/S1 ANTI-RACI/S1 & O!RS HAVE 9T]V5$ TO UPDATE \R IDEAS ( :O IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! CLASS4 ,WE >5'T JU/ FACTORY WORK]S 79 L>GE PORTIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! FACTORIES HAVE BE5 MOV$ ELSE:]E74 ,WE >E S]VICE EMPLOYES1 L9E COOKS1 PEOPLE :O DO REPRODUCTIVE LABOR LIKE RAIS+ *ILDR5 & KEEP+ H\SE4 ,WE >E UNEMPLOY$ PEOPLE & /UD5TS :O >E WAIT+ = ! TIME WE >E PU%$ \T 9TO ! WORK=CE4 ,&1 YES1 WE >E ALSO ! HYP]-ALI5AT$ & LAZY ONES1 AVOID+ WORK AS WE CAN & ATTEMPT+ TO BUILD \R LIVES \TSIDE ( MONETIZ$ CAPITALI/ RELATIONS & ! BOR$OM & ALI5ATION 9H]5T 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE4 

,! ,MEAN+ ( 0,CRISIS0 

,AS ,ASIMAKOP\LOS EXPLA9S 9 ?IS COLLECTION1 CAPITALISM IS PRONE TO P]IODIC 0CRISES40 ,?IS ISN'T NECESS>ILY A NEW 9SI<T--A SY/EM BAS$ ON CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS CREATES 0BUBBLES0 9 EXP&+ 9DU/RIES 7I4E41 H\S+1 ! 0DOT COM BOOM10 ETC47 ?AT CANNOT LA/1 BUT ?AT 9VE/ORS WANT TO MAKE A QUICK BUCK (F 7OR A FEW MILLION1 = ?AT MATT]74 ,:5 !SE BUBBLES 0BUR/0 7:5 !Y >E NO LONG] PR(ITABLE71 9VE/ORS /OP RAK+ 9 PR(ITS & ?IS CAN LEAD TO ECONOMIC D[NTURNS--TO RECESSIONS OR1 9 ! CASE ( ! CURR5T CRISIS1 DEPRESSIONS4 

,BUT :AT DO WE MEAN ) ?IS DISC\RSE ( 0CRISIS80 ,A QUICK LOOK AT ! ULTRA-RI* DOESN'T %[ A DRA/IC R$UCTION 9 COM=T & LIFE/YLE4 ,& :ILE UNEMPLOYM5T1 POV]TY1 PREC>ITY1 & PRIVATION >E AFFECT+ L>G] SECTIONS ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 ?OSE PROBLEMS >E BUS9ESS AS USUAL = A SIGNIFICANT PORTION ( ! WORLD4 ,& YET WE DECL>E CAPITALISM 9 0CRISIS0 N[4 ,= *ILDR5 WORK+ 9 SWEAT%OPS1 = 5TIRE C\NTRIES /RUGGL+ ) FOOD 9SECURITY & HUNG]1 = CONT95TS GRAPPL+ ) AN ,A,I,D,S CRISIS ?AT DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTS \R MO/ M>G9ALIZ$ POPULATIONS1 = TRAFFICK$ WOM5 & *ILDR51 = QUE] Y\? /RUGGL+ TO OBTA9 BASIC RES\RCES & KICK$ \T ( !IR HOMES BY FUNDAM5TALI/ P>5TS1 = ?OSE PEOPLE LIV+ ) ! LEGACY ( COLONIZATION & SLAV]Y--= ! MAJORITY ( ! WORLD'S 9HABITANTS--CAPITALISM ,I,S ! CRISIS4 ,BUT ! DISC\RSE ( 0CRISIS0 ISN'T EMPLOY$ UNTIL IT />TS HURT+ ! COLLECTIVE BOTTOM L9E ( ! WEAL?Y4 

,?IS1 9 & ( ITSELF1 CAN BE US$ AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISCUSS ! NE$ = SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVES4 ,& ! TRU? IS ?AT CAPITALISM REQUIRES !SE 0CRISES0 TO FUNCTION4 ,PEOPLE TALK AB\T EV5TS LIKE ! #aihg /OCK M>KET CRA%1 ! ,ASIAN F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( #a#i#i#g1 & ! DOT-COM & H\S+ BUBBLES & BUR/S AS ?\< !Y >E ANOMALIES4 ,!SE ?+S >E REGUL> FEATURES ( CAPITALISM4 ,& ?OSE NOT AT ! TOP TI]S ( \R GLOBAL CLASS SY/EM 7AB\T #ie P]C5T ( ! WORLD7 >E EXP]I5C+ CRISIS EV]Y S+LE DAY--A CON/ANT CRISIS ( SORTS4 ,SO ! DISC\RSE SURR\ND+ CRISES !MSELVES SEEM TO UPHOLD ?AT CAPITALISM IS MORE OR LESS FUNCTION+ ! RE/ ( ! TIME4 ,MORE & MORE PEOPLE >E COM+ TO ! REALIZATION ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE--& WE NE$ TO BE PRESS+ ?IS PO9T AS WE BATTLE AGA9/ AU/]ITY4 ,IF WE WANT TO AVOID 0AU/]ITY10 WE NE$ TO SMA% CAPITALISM TO PIECES4 ,NO AM\NT ( GOOD-HE>T$ RE=M OR ,KEYNESIAN POLICY IS GO+ TO SUB/ANTIVELY ADDRESS ! SOCIAL CRISIS ?AT IS CAPITALISM4 

,! ,FEM9IZATION ( ,POV]TY 

,A USEFUL CONCEPT CO9$ BY FEM9I/S 9 REC5T YE>S IS ! 0FEM9IZATION ( POV]TY40 0,FEM9IZE0 IS A V]B2 IT IS A PROCESS BY :I* SOME?+ BECOMES MORE 0FEM99E40 ,! 0FEM9IZATION ( POV]TY0 REF]S TO ! FACT ?AT POV]TY IS BECOM+ MORE PREVAL5T AMONG WOM54 ,?IS IS A CLE> EXAMPLE ( HI]>*IES 9T]SECT+ & BECOM+ MORE ?AN A SUM ( !IR P>TS & %[S US ?AT FEM9I/ CONC]NS MU/ BE L9K$ TO AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ PRACTICE4 ,?IS CONCEPT ALSO HI<LI<TS H[ CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM AFFECTS ?OSE MO/ M>G9ALIZ$--P>TICUL>LY IF WE MOVE ?OSE M>G9S TO ! C5T] ( \R ANALYSIS4 ,SO WE MI<T 9VE/IGATE ! EXP]I5CES ( WOM5 ( COLOR :5 SPEAK+ ( ! FEM9IZATION ( POV]TY--OR ! RACIAL FEM9IZATION ( POV]TY4 

,ONE OBVI\S EXAMPLE W\LD BE ! MAQUILADORA WORK]S 9 ,MEXICO ALONG ! ,U,S BORD]4 ,UND] GLOBALIZATION FROM ABOVE1 ! LABOR ( WOM5 ( COLOR GU>ANTEES MAXIMUM PR(ITABILITY--MANY ( !SE WOM5 >E WORK+ 9 EI!R ! 9=MAL SECTOR OR 9 UNREGULAT$ ASSEMBLY PLANTS 9 EXPORT PROCESS+ ZONES :]E ! WORDS 0WORK]S' RI<TS0 >E NONEXI/5T4 ,AS WELL1 0:ILE WOM5 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( LABOR P[]1 !IR ACTIVE RECRUITM5T 9 L[-PAID LABOR1 MA9LY 9 ! S]VICE 9DU/RY1 IS A NEW FEATURE ( GLOBALIZATION40.<#h#h.> ,?IS RECRUITM5T IS L>GELY BAS$ ON COMPANIES SEE+ WOM5 ( COLOR 9 !SE PREC>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES AS A PLIABLE & EASILY CONTROLLABLE WORK=CE--ONE ?AT IS 9 NO DANG] ( =M+ UNIONS OR O!RWISE ACT+ COLLECTIVELY TO IMPROVE !IR CONDITION4 ,ANY /UDY ( AN>*I/ ECONOMICS NE$S TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT H[ DIFF]5T HI]>*IES 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R--9 ?IS CASE H[ COLONIZATION1 :ITE RACISM1 PATRI>*Y1 & CAPITALISM ACT TOGE!R4 

,A DI/9CTLY FEM9I/ AN>*ISM ALL[S US TO ACC\NT = !SE *ANGES 9 CAPITALISM &1 LIKEWISE1 TO BUILD ON FEM9I/ ANALYZES ( REPRODUCTIVE LABOR--! LABOR ?AT GOES 9TO DAY-TO-DAY TASKS LIKE COOK+1 CLEAN+1 *ILD-RE>+1 & SO ON & IS /ILL COMMONLY ! DOMA9 ( WOM54 ,(T5 ?IS LABOR IS UNPAID1 UN7D]7VALU$1 & 9VISIBLE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 YET IT IS NECESS>Y TO KEEP ! SY/EM GO+4 ,& P>T & P>CEL ( ! WAYS ?AT ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY 9SCRIBES WOM5 AS C>ETAK]S & MO!RS1 WE SEE HUGE ECONOMIC IMBALANCES BETWE5 S+LE FEMALE-HEAD$ H\SEHOLDS & S+LE MALE-HEAD$ H\SEHOLDS 7BY 0H\SEHOLD0 WE >E REF]R+ H]E TO FAMILIES ) *ILDR51 BUT WE WANT TO PO9T \T ?AT 0FAMILY0 IS A LOAD$ T]M & ?AT FOLKS %\LD BE FREE TO ASSOCIATE 9 :ATEV] FAMILIAL WAY !Y FANCY74 ,FUR!R1 POOR WOM5 7AGA91 MO/LY WOM5 ( COLOR71 :OSE PREC>ITY IS AN 9FLU5C+ FACTOR 9 ?IS P>T ( ! LABOR M>K]1 >E HIR$ TO P]=M REPRODUCTIVE LABOR = RI* :ITE WOM54 

,ADD TO ALL ( ?IS ! WAYS ?AT POOR WOM5 9 \R SOCIETY >E BLAM$ = AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( 0SOCIAL ILLS0--FROM BE+ TOO F]TILE1 TOO 0LAZY10 0WELF>E QUE5S10 & ! LIKE 7YET AGA91 ESPECIALLY WOM5 ( COLOR7 & WE GET A P>TICUL>LY VIRUL5T MIXTURE ( M>G9ALIZATION & LOA?+4.<#h#i.> ,:5 !ORIZ+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 AN>*I/S NE$ TO MAKE SURE WE DON'T FOLL[ 9 ! SAME /EPS ( CAPITALI/S & CONT9UE TO 9VISIBLIZE REPRODUCTIVE WORK & ! O!R ISSUES ?AT WOM5 SPECIFICALLY FACE 9 ?IS VIOL5T & CRUEL SY/EM4 ,= A CONSI/5T POLITICS1 AN>*ISM NE$S FEM9ISM 7& FEM9ISM NE$S AN>*ISM74 

,AN ,9T]SECTIONAL ,ANALYSIS 

,GLOBAL CAPITALISM S9CE #b HAS BORNE D[N H>DE/1 AS ALWAYS1 ON ! PEOPLE EXI/+ )9 ! 0DANG]\S 9T]SECTIONS0 ( \R 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS4 ,:ILE ?IS IS NO?+ NEW1 MANY RADICALS /ILL ?9K 9 T]MS ( A R$UCTIONI/ !ORY ?AT SEEKS A S+LE S\RCE = SOCIAL DOM9ATION4 ,LIKEWISE1 MANY >GUE = ! /RATEGIC PRIVILEG+ ( SOME =MS ( HI]>*IES OV] O!RS4 ,WE ?9K !SE APPROA*ES >E WRON<EAD$ & ULTIMATELY SELF-DEFEAT+ & ADVOCATE = AN>*I/S PUTT+ ! IDEA ( 9T]SECTIONALITY ?AT EM]G$ FROM BLACK FEM9ISM TO USE4 

,! !ORY ( 9T]SECTIONALITY >GUES ?AT =MS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DOM9ATION 9T]SECT & >E CONNECT$ 9TO A :OLE & ?AT !Y CANNOT BE TEAS$ AP>T !ORETICALLY OR /RATEGICALLY & ONE DECL>$ ! 0PRIM>Y CONTRADICTION40.<#i.> ,RA!R1 SOCIAL LIFE IS COMPLEX & :5 ?9K+ /RATEGICALLY1 ! =M7S7 ( DOM9ATION ?AT IS MO/ SALI5T WILL DEP5D ON CONTEXT 7E4G41 GEOGRAPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 ! SOCIAL LOCATIONS ( ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 9 A GIV5 /RUGGLE1 ETC474 ,?IS L5DS ITSELF NICELY TO AN>*I/ ANALYZES1 AS WE OPPOSE DOM9ATION 9 ALL ( ITS =MS & NE$ NOT BE LIMIT$ BY R$UCTIONI/ !ORIES ( DOM9ATION4 

,! USES ( ?IS K9D ( ANALYSIS %\LD BE OBVI\S4 ,IT OP5S UP NEW W9D[S = US TO FRAME \R POLITICAL PRACTICE1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT COMPLEXITY & ! 9T]ACTIONS ( V>I\S 7& UNIQUE BUT 9T]WOV57 =MS ( HI]>*Y & CONTROL4 ,YET :ILE WE ADVOCATE = BORR[+ ?IS ANALYSIS FROM FEM9ISM1 WE ALSO SUGGE/ SYN!SIZ+ IT ) 7& BUILD+ A CRITIQUE ( IT FROM7 AN>*ISM4 ,TOO (T5 AN 9T]SECTIONAL ANALYSIS IS UTILIZ$ 9 T]MS ( ID5TITY1 BUT IS LACK+ A COMMITM5T TO SMA%+ EXI/+ HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! /ATE & CAPITALISM4 ,LIKEWISE1 AN>*I/S CAN HI/ORICIZE 9T]SECTIONALITY TO DEMON/RATE H[ GEOGRAPHICALLY CONT+5T =MS ( DOM9ATION HAVE EM]G$ 9 A GIV5 LOCALE--& BY EXT5SION ! BE/ WAYS ?AT WE MI<T /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M4 

,:E!R IT'S MAQUILADORA WORK]S 9 ,JU>EZ OR SE$ ACTIVI/S 9 ,9DIA2 POOR & HOMELESS QUE] Y\? ( COLOR ALL OV] ! WORLD & ESPECIALLY 9 PLACES ) NEW DRACONIAN LEGISLATION DISCIPL9+ NON-NORMATIVE SEXUAL & G5D] PRACTICES1 LIKE ,UG&A2 OR 9DIG5\S POPULATIONS FI<T+ = AUTONOMY AGA9/ ! IMP]IAL PROJECT ( CAPITAL 79CLUD+ CAPITAL'S 9DIG5\S REPRES5TATIVES72 AN>*I/S CAN ONLY /R5G!N \R ANALYSIS BY RECOGNIZ+ ! 9T]SECTIONS ( ! HI]>*IES WE HAVE 9H]IT$ & ! TAPE/RY !Y WEAVE TOGE!R TO CREATE A TOTALITY4 ,BY MOV+ ! M>G9S TO ! C5T] ( \R !ORY & PRACTICE WE CAN /RUGGLE AGA9/ HI]>*IES 9 WAYS ?AT MOVE US ALL =W>D RA!R ?AN B5EFIT+ ! MO/ PRIVILEG$ AMONG US & LEAV+ O!RS BEH9D4 ,& :5 DEVELOP+ AN AN>*I/ ECONOMIC ANALYSIS WE CAN NOTE ! POLITICAL ECONOMY'S CONNECTIONS AT ! 9/ITUTIONAL LEVEL ) O!R HI]>*IES & >GUE = A HOLI/IC POLITICS ?AT REFUSES R$UCTION & DEM&S AN 5D TO ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION4 

,! ,N[ ,MORE-?AN-,OBVI\S ,UNSU/A9ABILITY ( ,CAPITALISM 

,WE'VE TRI$ ?R\<\T ?IS *APT] TO ?READ TOGE!R AN ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM 9 ! #bS ?AT TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ! WAYS ?AT ! ECONOMY 9T]ACTS ) O!R =MS ( DOM9ATION 9 \R GLOBAL SOCIETY4 ,BUT :]E WE'VE BE5 LACK+ SO F>1 & :]E AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVES MI<T MAKE IMPORTANT 9T]V5TIONS 9 T]MS ( VISION1 IS ! ECONOMY'S CONNECTION TO ECOLOGY4 ,EI<TY P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S =E/S >E GONE4.<#i#a.> ,HUMANS HAVE CONSUM$1 9 ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 MORE RES\RCES ?AN ! 5TIRETY ( HUMAN HI/ORY BE=E !M4.<#i#b.> ,!RE IS NE>-UNIV]SAL AGREEM5T AMONG CLIMATOLOGI/S ?AT OZONE DEPLETION IS DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES & ! CONSEQU5CES ( CONT9U+ !SE ACTIVITIES >E POT5TIALLY APOCALYPTIC 9 SCOPE4.<#i#c.> 

,P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ SALI5T CONTRIBUTIONS TO RADICAL !ORY 9 REC5T YE>S BY AN>*I/S HAS BE5 !IR %[+ ! WAYS ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION IS P>T & P>CEL ( CAPITAL'S GR[? ECONOMY4 ,GIV5 ?AT RES\RCE DEPLETION IS ONE AMONG MANY P>TS ( ?IS GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE1 H[ CAN WE EXPECT AN ECONOMIC SY/EM BAS$ ON TREAT+ ! 5TIRE NONHUMAN WORLD AS V>I\S GR\P+S ( COMMODITIES TO PR(IT FROM TO EFFECTIVELY ADDRESS ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS8 ,H[ CAN ! IMP]IAL & EXPANSIONI/ PROJECT ( CAPITAL ACCOMMODATE CONC]NS AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( \R HABITATS8 ,H[ CAN AN ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT BUTTRESSES 9DU/RIES LIKE FACTORY F>M+ & NONHUMAN ANIMAL H>VE/+ BE CONSI/5T ) R$UC+ OR ELIM9AT+ \R COLLECTIVE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPR9T8 

,( C\RSE1 WE BELIEVE ?AT CAPITALISM CAN 9 NO WAY BE COMPATIBLE ) BUILD+ AN 5VIRONM5TALLY SU/A9ABLE FUTURE1 NOR CAN IT BE US$ TO FIX ! PROBLEMS WE HAVE ALREADY CREAT$4 ,BUT !SE >E EXACTLY ! K9DS ( ATTEMPTS ?AT >E BE+ MADE UND] CAPITALISM 9 ! #bS4 ,9DE$1 RA!R ?AN TRY TO TACKLE ! WAYS ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ TO 5VIRONM5TAL DEVA/ATION1 \R RUL]S >E ATTEMPT+ TO CREATE ! ILLUSION ?AT WE CAN ADDRESS ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS :ILE MA9TA9+ 7& US+7 ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = 7!IR7 CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,SO WE >E SEE+ AN 9CREAS$ 9T]E/ 9 M>KET 0SOLUTIONS0 & CYNICAL ATTEMPTS AT 0GRE5+0 CAPITALISM4 

,! LATE/ PROPOS$ M>KET-BAS$ SOLUTION BE+ AGGRESSIVELY ADVANC$ IS CREAT+ EMISSIONS M>KETS 7CALL$ 0CAP & TRADE074 ,! IDEA IS ?AT BUS9ESSES RESPONSIBLE = L>GE AM\NTS ( C>BON EMISSIONS W\LD BE GIV5 A SORT ( /OCK M>KET = ?OSE EMISSIONS4 ,?OSE BUS9ESSES W\LD BE GIV5 A 0CAP10 OR A LIMIT ON H[ MU* !Y CAN POLLUTE1 & ! /OCKS 7?AT REPRES5T C>BON EMISSIONS7 WILL BE ABLE TO BE B\<T & SOLD & TRAD$ 9 ORD] TO CREATE PR(ITABILITY = BE+ 5VIRONM5TALLY 0CONSCI\S40 ,?IS IS ! BRILLIANT S*EME ( ! SAME M>KET FUNDAM5TALI/S :O BR\<T US ! DOT-COM BUBBLE 7& BUR/7 & ! SUBPRIME MORTGAGE BUBBLE 7& BUR/74 ,GUESS :O /&S TO PR(IT BY ! MILLIONS FROM SU* AN >RANGEM5T8 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! PROBLEMS ?AT GOT US 9TO ?IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE 7! M>KET EXPANSIONISM 9H]5T 9 CAPITALISM1 ! RES\RCE DEPLETION 9 A SY/EM BAS$ ON PR(IT1 ETC47 >E BE+ (F]$ BACK TO US AS POSSIBLE 0SOLUTIONS40 ,& ?IS IS JU/ ! TIP ( ! ICEB]G ( NEW S*EMES ( SUPPOS$ 0CONSCI\S CONSUMPTION0--!SE ATTEMPTS AT TRY+ TO MAKE PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT WE CAN CONSUME AWAY ! PROBLEMS ?AT >E 5DEMIC 9 A CONSUM]-ORI5T$ SOCIETY 9 A CONSUMPTION-ORI5T$ SY/EM4 ,AN>*I/ VISIONS ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ FUTURE1 ( AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON POPUL> P>TICIPATION RA!R ?AN PR(IT1 & ( A SOCIAL ORD] FREE ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DOM9ATION GIVE US RESPONSES TO !SE K9DS ( POPUL> MY/IFICATIONS4 ,:5 ANALYZ+ CAPITALISM 9 ! #bS1 WE CAN & %\LD CRITIQUE ! CREATION ( ?IS NEW BUBBLE1 PO9T \T :OSE 9T]E/S IT S]VES1 & BE WILL+ TO PROVIDE POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVES TO ! SY/EM ( PR(IT1 [N]%IP1 & M>KETS ?AT GOT US 9TO ?IS POSITION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,T[>D A ,PO/-,CAPITALI/ #bS 

,WE'VE TRI$ H]E TO EXAM9E SOME MAJOR FACETS ( CAPITALISM 9 ! #bS ?AT WE ?9K >E IMPORTANT TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AS WELL AS SOME CONCEPTS ?AT WE BELIEVE CAN HELP ALONG ! WAY4 ,!RE'S LIKELY MU* MISS+ H]E--= EXAMPLE1 AN ANALYSIS ( ! ORIG9S ( ?IS CURR5T CRISIS1 ! EFFECTS ( 9CREAS$ DIGITIZATION ON CAPITAL MOBILITY & 9VE/M5T1 ! WAYS ?AT P]MAN5T PREC>ITY MI<T /RUCTURE CONTEMPOR>Y CLASS /RUGGLE1 & SO ON4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! CONTEXT ( A *APT]-L5G? PIECE 7& ! SMALL AM\NT ( SPACE = DEVELOP+ !SE IDEAS71 WE ?\<T ?AT !SE SEV5 W]E ! BE/ ?AT WE C\LD (F] 9 T]MS ( SPACE1 KN[L$GE1 & 9T]E/4 

,! RELEVANCE ( AN>*I/ ECONOMIC ANALYZES CAN BE MEASUR$ 9ASMU* AS !Y CAN BE US$ TO CREATE TANGIBLE RESI/ANCE TO DOM9ATION4 ,IT IS \R HOPE ?AT ?IS P>TICUL> PIECE CAN FUR!R /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITALISM & HI]>*IES ( ALL K9DS4 ,IT IS ?IS PO/-CAPITALI/ FUTURE ?AT MOTIVATES US TO WRITE1 /UDY1 & /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS ! P[] ( POSSIBILITY ?AT (T5 GIVES US ! DESIRE TO EV5 GET \T ( B$ 9 ! MORN+ 9 A WORLD LIKE \RS :]E POSSIBILITIES >E SO (T5 PU%$ TO ! M>G9S 9 FAVOR ( A BOR+1 VIOL5T1 & FUNDAM5TALI/ BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY & SUP]IORITY ( ! /ATUS QUO4 ,IT IS \R HOPE ?AT WE CAN ADD TO \R RESI/ANCE /RATEGIES AGA9/ CAPITAL1 BUT MORE SO ?AT WE CAN AID 9 TOPPL+ CAPITALISM ALTOGE!R & CREAT+ A LIVABLE FUTURE = \RSELVES1 EA* O!R1 & ! MANY 9HABITANTS ?AT WE %>E ?IS WORLD )4 ,AN>*I/ ECONOMICS1 TO BE WOR?Y ( ! NAME1 %\LD BE A P>T ( ?AT L>G] PROJECT4 

,FI<T TO ,W96 ,TOOLS = ,CONFRONT+ ,CAPITAL 

,D4 ,T4 ,CO*RANE & ,JEFF ,MONA<AN 

,CONTEXT3 ,H[ TO ,ASSESS ,SUCCESS OR ,FAILURE8 

,SOCIAL *ANGE DOES NOT JU/ HAPP51 IT MU/ BE CREAT$1 PROVOK$1 NECESSITAT$4 ,TRANS=M+ SY/EMS ?AT P]PETRATE 9JU/ICE CANNOT DEP5D UPON DET]M9$ =CES1 BUT RA!R REQUIRES ! =CES ?AT WE CREATE4 ,!RE IS A LONG HI/ORY ( GRASSROOTS MOVEM5TS UND]TAK+ CAMPAIGNS TO *ALL5GE ! POLITICAL & CORPORATE ELITE4 ,OP]AT+ ACCORD+ TO ,UTAH ,PHILLIPS' DICTUM--0,Y\'VE GOT TO MESS ) PEOPLE DAY & NI<T0--DIV]SE TACTICS HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ AGA9/ DIV]SE OPPON5TS1 ) A WIDE RANGE ( SUCCESSES & FAILURES4 

,EV5 :5 CAMPAIGNS OR MOVEM5TS >E NOT EXPLICITLY ORGANIZ$ UND] AN AN>*I/ BANN]1 !RE >E AN>*I/IC 9FLU5CES :]EV] PEOPLE COLLECTIVELY CONFRONT P[] 9 AN EF=T TO LEV]AGE CONTROL ( !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,DESPITE ! WELL-KN[N ANTAGONISM BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/ !ORY1 IDEOLOGY1 & IDEALS1 MANY AN>*I/S NONE!LESS RETA9 AN ADH]5CE 7(T5 UN9T5TIONAL7 TO ,M>X'S POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,YET MU* ( :AT AN>*I/S F9D OBJECTIONABLE 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY--! DET]M9ISM1 ! MIS9T]PRETATION ( /ATE P[]1 ! VANGU>DISM--WAS1 = BO? ! GREAT ?9K] & HIS FOLL[]S1 A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( HIS ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE IS ! VITAL COMPON5T ( ,M>X'S SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ?AT =ESEES ! NECESS>Y COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 ,M>X ASS]T$ ?AT 0M5 .<SIC.> MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY0 BUT HE FOLL[$ ?AT UP ) 0!Y DO NOT MAKE IT AS !Y PLEASE40.<#i#d.> ,HE S\<T TO DISCOV] ! LAWS ( HI/ORICAL MOTION1 & NO MATT] H[ HE WI%$ TO EMP[] 9DIVIDUALS1 HE BELIEV$ !Y REMA9$ ULTIMATELY CON/RA9$ BY ! MAT]IAL REALITIES ( BE+4 ,ALL ( ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS DEEPLY CONTR>Y TO AN>*I/S :O G5]ALLY RESPOND TO EXI/+ CONDITIONS 9 AN AD HOC & AMALGAMATIONI/ FA%ION RA!R ?AN BAS$ ON !ORETICAL PRESCRIPTIONS4 ,?IS MEANS AN ANT9OMY EXI/S BETWE5 A G5]AL AN>*I/IC ADH]5CE TO ,M>XI/ POLITICAL ECONOMY & !IR ADOPTION ( /RATEGIES & TACTICS ON ! FLY4 ,= AN>*I/S1 AS LONG AS !RE IS OPPRESSION1 ! ONLY NECESSITY IS /RUGGLE4 ,! =MS ( ?AT /RUGGLE1 ! %ORT-T]M AIMS & EV5 ! LONG] T]M GOALS1 >E NOT RIGID OR PR$ET]M9$4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE G5]ALLY REJECT$ ! IDEA ?AT !RE IS OR \<T TO BE A PURE OR 9H]5TLY REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY OR TACTIC4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! REASONS SELF-ID5TIFI$ AN>*I/S1 OR ?OSE :O ADH]E TO PR9CIPLES ?AT W\LD BE CONSID]$ AN>*I/IC--AUTONOMY1 EGALIT>IANISM1 SOLID>ITY1 & SO ON--CAN BE F\ND 9 DIV]SE SOCIAL JU/ICE ORGANIZATIONS & MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ?IS *APT] WE MAKE USE ( A NON-,M>XI/ !ORY ( VALUE & CAPITAL 9 A WAY ?AT 9=MS & SUPPORTS ! AD HOC P]SPECTIVE ON /RUGGLE & FI<T+ TO W94 ,H[EV]1 \R PRIM>Y PURPOSE IS TO PROPOSE A ME?OD BAS$ ON ?IS !ORY AS A MEANS = SOCIAL JU/ICE ACTIVI/S TO ASSESS !IR P>TICUL> CAMPAIGNS4 ,SU* ASSESSM5T IS1 WE BELIEVE1 IMPORTANT IF PEOPLE 9 P>TICUL> CAMPAIGNS >E TO UND]/& !IR [N EFFICACY & IF !Y >E TO BE P>T ( A L>G] MOVEM5T 9 PURSUIT ( A HUMANE PO/-CAPITALI/ WORLD4 

,FUR!R1 WE >GUE1 SU* AN ANALYSIS IS A NE$$ COMPON5T ( AN AN>*I/ ECONOMICS4 ,AL?\< ECONOMICS1 AS A SCI5CE1 IS TYPICALLY C5T]$ ON PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 & EX*ANGE1 AN>*I/S HAVE LONG REJECT$ ! DISCIPL9>Y R$UCTION ?AT TRIES TO SEP>ATE ECONOMICS FROM POLITICS4 ,PRODUCTION1 CULTURE1 DI/RIBUTION1 SEXUALITY1 COMMUNICATION1 EX*ANGE1 G5D]1 & RACE--AS JU/ A FEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS-->E IRR$UCIBLY 9T]MIX$4 ,\R ANALYSIS ATTEMPTS TO DEAL ) ?IS REALITY4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE SEEK TO !ORETICALLY CAT* UP TO PRACTICES ON ! GR\ND1 :]E AN>*I/S >E ATTEMPT+ TO *ANGE \R SOCIAL WORLDS & TAKE CONTROL ( \R LIVES ?R\< A PRAXIS ?AT DOES NOT ISOLATE ECONOMICS4 ,AN>*I/S 5GAGE ) PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 & EX*ANGE AS 9ALI5ABLE FACETS ( LIFE1 & !RE=E SUBJECT TO DEM&S ( EQUAL ACCESS = ALL1 ) NEI!R PRIVILEGE NOR EXCLUSION4 

,POLITICAL-ECONOMIC DISRUPTION CAMPAIGNS 7,P,$,CS7 >E AMONG ! MO/ COMMONLY ADOPT$ /RATEGIES ?AT ORGANIZ]S )9 SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5TS USE TO CONFRONT DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS1 P>TICUL>LY CORPORATIONS4 ,!SE CAMPAIGNS >E 9CR$IBLY DIV]SE4 ,SOME HAVE EXPLICITLY RADICAL GOALS4 ,O!RS HAVE CONCRETE & IMM$IATE AIMS4 ,SOME ALIGN !MSELVES ) BROAD] JU/ICE MOVEM5TS1 :ILE O!RS >E N>R[LY FOCUS$ ON LOCAL ISSUES4 ,SOME MAKE USE ( OLD & FAMILI> TACTICS4 ,O!RS >E TACTICALLY UNPR$ICTABLE & CREATIVE4 ,SOME ESP\SE AN ABSOLUTE COMMITM5T TO NONVIOL5CE4 ,O!RS 5GAGE 9 PROP]TY DE/RUCTION1 KIDNAPP+1 & ASSASS9ATION4 

,:E!R EMPLOY+ BOYCOTTS OR M>*ES1 COORD9AT$ PUBLIC ACTIONS OR AUTONOM\S CL&E/9E DISRUPTIONS1 PUBLIC \TREA* OR DIRECT ACTION1 !SE /RUGGLES HAVE %AP$ ! POLITICS1 IMAG9ATION1 & P>TICIPANTS ( ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T4 ,:E!R !SE CAMPAIGNS AIM TO RE=M OR NEGOTIATE C]TA9 CORPORATE ACTIVITIES1 EVICT !M FROM P>TICUL> SPACES1 OR AIM TO EXPLICITLY %UT D[N !IR OP]ATIONS1 !Y ALL T>GET ! POLITICAL-ECONOMIC BODY ( CORPORATE P[]3 CAPITAL4 

,H[EV] QUE/IONS EM]GE3 ,HAVE !SE CAMPAIGNS HAD AN IMPACT8 ,IF SO1 :AT K9D ( IMPACT8 ,H[ CAN ! SUCCESS OR FAILURE ( P>TICUL> CAMPAIGNS & TACTICS BE ASSESS$8 ,CAN !SE DISP>ATE CAMPAIGNS BE DRAWN TOGE!R TO 9=M & 9SPIRE ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLES8 

,A *ALL5GE POS$ TO ANY MOVEM5T ?AT CONFRONTS DOM9ANT POLITICAL ECONOMIC 5TITIES IS ! DIFFICULTY ( EVALUAT+ ! ACTUAL EFFECTS ( A CAMPAIGN4 ,WE >GUE ?AT ORGANIZ]S CAN RELY UPON A READILY AVAILABLE TOOL = 0EMPIRICIZ+0 POLITICAL-ECONOMIC DISRUPTION CAMPAIGNS3 ! CAPITALI/S' [N QUANTITATIVE REF]5CES4 ,EMPLOY+ ! CONCEPT ( 0DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION0 DEVELOP$ BY POLITICAL ECONOMI/S ,JONA?AN ,NITZAN & ,%IM%ON ,BI*L]1 WE EXAM9E ! F9ANCIAL =TUNES ( CORPORATIONS T>GET$ BY !SE DIV]SE CAMPAIGNS4.<#i#e.> ,AS WE DETAIL LAT] 9 ?IS *APT]1 DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION IS A FRAMEWORK = EVALUAT+ ! F9ANCIAL POSITION ( A CORPORATION--OR CORPORATE COALITION1 AGA9/ V>I\S B5*M>KS4 ,AL?\< !RE >E MANY TOOLS = EVALUAT+ F9ANCIAL POSITIONS1 WE >GUE ?AT ?IS MODEL IS USEFUL BECAUSE IT ALL[S US TO EVALUATE CAMPAIGNS FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( CAPITALI/S4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT PROVIDES US ) AN IDEA ( :AT !SE CORPORATIONS FEEL & FE>4 ,TO DEMON/RATE ?IS ME?OD1 WE WILL USE DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION TO 0EMPIRICIZE0 ?REE DIFF]5T CAMPAIGNS3 ! ANTI-SWEAT%OP MOVEM5T1 ! ,TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C-,LAVAL96 CAMPAIGN1 & ! ,/OP ,HUNT+DON ,ANIMAL ,CRUELTY 7,%,A,C7 CAMPAIGN4 ,WE WILL CONSID] ! DIV]SE ORGANIZ+ /RATEGIES EMPLOY$ BY !SE GR\PS_/MOVEM5TS )9 ! DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATORY CONTEXTS ( !IR T>GETS4 ,WE SUGGE/ ?AT AMONG ! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS P]SPECTIVE = ,P,$,CS >E ?AT IT3 A7 PROVIDES A MEANS ( BE=E-!-FACT ASSESS+ ACTIONS & TACTICS EMPLOY$ BY SIMIL> CAMPAIGNS2 B7 ALL[S = AN AFT]-!-FACT ASSESSM5T ( *OS5 ACTIONS & TACTICS2 C7 MAKES ORGANIZ]S COGNIZANT ( ! ACTUAL PROCESSES UND]LY+ CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 IMPROV+ !IR ABILITY TO DISRUPT 0BUS9ESS AS USUAL40 

,!SE CASES1 LIKE ANY O!R P>TS ( ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T1 >E COMPLEX & WE >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 CA/+ JUDGM5T ON 0SUCCESSES0 OR 0FAILURES0 9 G5]AL4 ,! MODEL & OP9IONS ?AT WE PRES5T >E NOT DEF9ITIVE & >E1 BY DESIGN1 (F]$ TO ILLU/RATE ONLY ! ECONOMIC DAMAGES FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! T>GET$ CAPITALI/S4 ,WE READILY ACKN[L$GE ?AT !RE >E MANY P]SPECTIVES FROM :I* TO VIEW VICTORIES OR DEFEATS4 ,:AT \R ANALYSIS (F]S IS A PRELIM9>Y QUANTITATIVE P]SPECTIVE ON DIV]SE TACTICS ( /RATEGICALLY ORGANIZ$ CAMPAIGNS AS A MEANS ( JUDG+ !IR IMPACT ON ! T>GETS4 ,?IS ALL[S US TO ASSESS ! CONTEXTS 9 :I* DIFF]5T /RATEGIES & ACTIONS HAVE *ALL5G$ ! ABILITY ( CORPORATIONS TO ACCUMULATE4 ,! CAMPAIGNS DISCUSS$ BEL[ ALSO DISPLAY WAYS ?AT ORGANIZ]S CAN CREATE SPACES & POSSIBILITIES = !MSELVES & BROAD] GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5TS4 

0,DIFF]5TIAL ,ACCUMULATION0 AS AN ,ANALYTICAL ,TOOL 

,! CONCEPT ( DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ,JONA?AN ,NITZAN & ,%IM%ON ,BI*L] OV] ! LA/ DECADE & WAS APPLI$ MO/ FULLY 9 !IR BOOK ,! ,GLOBAL ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( ,ISRAEL4 ,9 DEVELOP+ :AT !Y CALL ! 0P[] !ORY ( CAPITAL10 ,NITZAN & ,BI*L] >GUE ?AT CAPITAL IS A /RATEGIC P[] 9/ITUTION4.<#i#f.> ,!IR !ORY /&S 9 CONTRA/ ) BO? ! NEOCLASSICI/ 0UTILITY !ORY ( VALUE0 & ,M>XI/ 0LABOR !ORY ( VALUE40 ,PR(IT & ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO CAPITAL CANNOT BE UND]/OOD ON ! BASIS ( EI!R NEOCLASSICAL 0FACTORS ( PRODUCTION0 OR ,M>XI/ ACC\NTS ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BO? !ORIES EMPLOY R$UCTIONISM BAS$ ON 0IMPOSSIBLE 5TITIES0--0UTILS0 & SOCIALLY NECESS>Y1 SIMPLE1 AB/RACT LABOR1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! BOTTOM-UP CONCEPTIONS ( CAPITAL & ACCUMULATION1 ,NITZAN & ,BI*L] HOLD ?AT CAPITAL IS 0F9ANCE1 & ONLY F9ANCE40.<#i#g.> ,UND]/OOD AS AN 9/ITUTION ( P[]1 CAPITAL REPRES5TS ! COMPLEX ASSEMBLAGES ( ASSETS UND] ! CONTROL ( P>TICUL> CAPITALI/ 5TITIES1 9CLUD+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,CAPITALI/S >E ABLE TO MANIPULATE !SE ASSEMBLAGES 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE1 OR--MORE IMPORTANTLY1 AS ,NITZAN & ,BI*L] >GUE--TO SABOTAGE PRODUCTION 9 AN EF=T TO ACCUMULATE4 ,?IS PROCESS 9CLUDES MU* MORE ?AN ONGO+ IMMIS]ATION ( ! WORK]1 OR ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW1 MORE EFFICI5T ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES SU* AS LOBBY+ OR M>KET+1 BUT ALSO BROAD] SOCIAL REALITIES SU* AS RACISM OR NATIONALISM1 CAN BECOME P>T ( CAPITAL AS !Y PLAY A ROLE 9 PROCESSES ( ACCUMULATION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,NITZAN & ,BI*L]1 0! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL REPRES5TS NEI!R MAT]IAL WEAL?1 NOR A PRODUCTIVE AMALGAMATE ( 'DEAD LABOR'1 BUT RA!R ! COMMODIFICATION ( P[]40 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 0CAPITALIZ$ PR(IT REPRES5TS A CLAIM NOT = A %>E ( ! \TPUT1 BUT = A %>E ( CONTROL OV] ! SOCIAL PROCESS40.<#i#h.> ,CAPITAL IS ! TRANSLATION ( CONTROL OV] ! DIV]SE SOCIAL PROCESSES--9CLUD+ LABOR & PRODUCTION--9TO A DIVISIBLE1 V5DIBLE QUANTITATIVE REPRES5TATION :ILE ACCUMULATION IS ! AUGM5TATION ( ?AT CONTROL4 ,GIV5 ?AT P[] CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS A RELATION BETWE5 TWO 5TITIES1 CAPITALI/S JUDGE !IR ACCUMULATORY SUCCESS 9 RELATIVE T]MS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y ?9K DIFF]5TIALLY4 ,! MODEL ( DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION WAS DEVELOP$ TO COMP>E H[ CAPITALI/ ACTORS F>E 9 RELATION TO EA* O!R4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ABSOLUTE ACCUMULATION1 :I* HAS NO MEAN+ ONCE WE REJECT ! TRANSC5D5T 5TITIES ( NEOCLASSICAL OR ,M>XI/ VALUE !ORY1 ! GUID+ LOGIC ( CAPITAL IS TO 0BEAT ! AV]AGE .<&.> !IR 7CAPITALI/S'7 Y>D/ICK IS ! 'NORMAL RATE ( RETURN'1 !IR GOAL--TO EXCE$ IT40.<#i#i.> ,DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION CAN BE CALCULAT$ BY ! RATE ( GR[? ( CAPITALIZATION ( ONE CAPITALI/ 5TITY 7OR CAPITALI/ COALITION7 LESS ! RATE ( GR[? ( ! AV]AGE CAPITALIZATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS A CALCULATION ( H[ CORPORATIONS HAVE COMP>$ AGA9/ AN AV]AGE 7:E!R IT IS !IR 9DU/RY1 OR ! P>TICUL> M>KET1 OR ! M>KET AS A :OLE74 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF A FIRM ACCUMULATES AT A RATE ( #a P]C5T DUR+ A BOOM :5 !IR COMPETITION AV]AG$ #ae P]C5T GR[?1 ?AT FIRM'S DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION--DESPITE ITS GR[?--HAS BE5 NEGATIVE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y HAVE EXP]I5C$ RELATIVE DECCUMULATION & !IR %>E ( TOTAL SOCIAL PR(ITS HAS DECREAS$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ?AT SAME FIRM %R9KS BY #e P]C5T DUR+ A RECESSION :ILE !IR PE]S HAVE LO/ #a P]C5T1 ! DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION--DESPITE AN ABSOLUTE LOSS--IS POSITIVE4 ,!Y HAVE 9CREAS$ !IR %>E ( CAPITALIZATION &1 DESPITE ! APPE>ANCE ( LOSSES1 HAVE GR[N 9 RELATION TO !IR PE]S-COMPETITORS4 ,TO 9CREASE Y\R RELATIVE F9ANCIAL MAGNITUDES IS 0TO 9CREASE Y\R RELATIVE P[] TO %APE ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL *ANGE40.<#a.> ,?IS MEANS ?AT BO? GR[? & LOSS CAN S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( P>TICUL> FIRMS & MOM5TS ( CRISIS OR DEPRESSION >E NOT 9H]5TLY CONTR>Y TO ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL4 ,NITZAN & ,BI*L] /RESS ?AT CAPITAL 9COME DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY1 BUT 0ON ! /RATEGIC CONTROL ( 9DU/RY40.<#a#a.> 

,! BUS9ESS PRESS IS SUFFUS$ ) LANGUAGE ( 0BEAT+ ! AV]AGE40 ,BEAT+ ! AV]AGE MEANS GR[+ MORE P[]FUL4 ,IT IS TO ?IS 5D ?AT CAPITALI/S FUNCTION1 UND]TAK+ EX]CISES ( MASSIVE SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 9 AN EF=T TO \TP]=M !IR RIVALS4 ,?IS MEANS ! PRIM>Y /RUGGLE ( CAPITALISM IS ! 9TRA-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE4 ,AS ,NITZAN & ,BI*L] NOTE1 0,! V]Y ESS5CE ( DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION IS AN 9TRA-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE SIMULTANE\SLY TO RE/RUCTURE ! PATT]N ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION AS WELL AS ! GRID ( P[]40.<#a#b.> ,EV]Y O!R FACET ( SOCIETY BECOMES COLLAT]AL DAMAGE1 REW>D$ OR PUNI%$ AS P>T ( DIV]SE ACCUMULATORY 5DEAVORS4 

,AS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION WORKS AS AN ANALYTICAL TOOL1 WE (F] A DEMON/RATION CONC]N+ ! PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RY4 

,FIGURE #a4 ,BIG ,PH>MA ,ACCUMULATION3 ,DIFF]5TIAL OR ,ABSOLUTE8 

,FIGURE #a DISPLAYS TWO S]IES1 ONE ABSOLUTE--! AV]AGE CAPITALIZATION ( ,U,S PH>MACEUTICAL FIRMS ?AT >E AMONG ! L>GE/ #e FIRMS1 ! O!R DIFF]5TIAL--! RATIO ( PH>MA'S AV]AGE CAPITALIZATION TO ?AT ( ! #e L>GE/ FIRMS4.<#a#c.> ,! *OS5 BASIS ( COMP>ISON IS BAS$ ON ANO!R CONCEPT ( ,NITZAN & ,BI*L]'S--DOM9ANT CAPITAL4 ,!IR P]SPECTIVE MEANS CAPITAL %\LD NOT BE TREAT$ AS A S+UL> 5TITY ) UNIV]SALLY %>$ 9T]E/S4 ,RA!R1 EA* CORPORATION OR CORPORATE COALITION WILL HAVE P>TICUL> 9T]E/S DEP5D+ UPON :AT SORTS ( ASSETS !Y CONTROL & :AT MEANS >E AVAILABLE 9 !IR EF=TS TO AUGM5T !IR CONTROL4 ,)9 CAPITAL1 !Y ID5TIFY DOM9ANT CAPITAL AS 0! L>GE/ & MO/ PR(ITABLE CORPORATE COALITIONS AT ! CORE ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS40.<#a#d.> ,\R AGGREGATE ( ! #e L>GE/ ,U,S FIRMS1 AS MEASUR$ BY M>KET CAPITALIZATION1 IS A PROXY = DOM9ANT CAPITAL4 

,! ABSOLUTE S]IES1 MEASUR$ 9 MILLIONS ( DOLL>S1 ON ! RI<T H& AXIS1 %[S 9CR$IBLE GR[? FROM #aieb UNTIL #a#i#i#i4 ,FROM #aiii ON1 IT APPE>S TO /AGNATE AT ITS HI< LEVEL ( CAPITALIZATION4 ,! DIFF]5TIAL S]IES GIVES A DIFF]5T PICTURE ( :AT HAPP5$ TO ,BIG ,PH>MA AFT] #a#i#i#h4 ,9/EAD ( SIMPLY /AGNAT+1 WE CAN SEE ?AT PH>MA LO/ GR\ND TO O!R DOM9ANT FIRMS 9 ! ACCUMULATORY /RUGGLE4 ,9 #a#i#e#b1 ! AV]AGE MEMB] ( ,BIG ,PH>MA WAS SMALL] ?AN ! AV]AGE MEMB] ( DOM9ANT CAPITAL 7! RATIO IS LESS ?AN ONE71 :ILE BY #a#i#i#h1 ! AV]AGE PH>MA FIRM IS ?REE TIMES L>G]4 ,!IR RATE ( DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION WAS #b4#e P]C5T P] YE>1 A /UNN+ P]=MANCE AGA9/ ! L>GE/1 MO/ P[]FUL FIRMS4 ,BY #b#g1 H[EV]1 !Y HAD FALL5 TO LESS ?AN TWICE AS L>GE1 DIFF]5TIALLY DECCUMULAT+ #e P]C5T P] YE>4 ,! DIFF]5TIAL P]SPECTIVE MOTIVATES DIFF]5T QUE/IONS ?AN ! ABSOLUTE4 ,9 FACT1 ONCE WE DISMISS AS RIDICUL\S &_/OR UNWORKABLE ! TRANSC5D5T 5TITIES ( ABSOLUTE ACCUMULATION1 ! ABSOLUTE CAN PROVOKE NO QUE/IONS4 ,9 ORD] TO ANSW] ! QUE/IONS ?AT EM]GE FROM ! DIFF]5TIAL PICTURE1 WE NE$ TO LOOK AT ! 5TIRE FIELD ( SOCIAL PROCESSES ?AT BE> ON ACCUMULATION1 & NOT SOLELY TO LABOR & PRODUCTION4 ,! PH>MACEUTICAL 9DU/RY IS HEAVILY DEP5D5T UPON 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY RI<TS & M>KET+4 ,IT WORKS TO =GE P]SONAL RELATION%IPS ) PHYSICIANS4 ,MU* ( ! RESE>* ?AT GOES 9TO ITS MO/ PR(ITABLE DRUGS EM]GES FROM GOV]NM5T OR UNIV]SITY LABS4 ,A LOT ( MONEY IS SP5T DEVELOP+ 0COPYCAT DRUGS40 ,ALL ( ?IS & MU* MORE NE$S TO BE CONSID]$ 9 TRY+ TO EXPLA9 H[ ,BIG ,PH>MA GREW1 & :Y IT HAS FALL54 ,= ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 ,P,$,CS1 ?IS DEP5D5CE ( CAPITAL UPON COMPLEX SOCIAL PROCESSES MEANS DISRUPTION ( PRODUCTION IS NOT /RICTLY NECESS>Y TO DISRUPT ACCUMULATION4 ,RA!R1 T>GET+ ANY ( ! PROCESSES UPON :I* ! FIRM DEP5DS MAY HAVE AN IMPACT4 ,?IS CONFIRMS ! /REET-LEVEL ADOPTION ( /RATEGIES & TACTICS ?AT HAVE ALWAYS BE5 AN>*I/S' MODUS OP]&I1 OV] ! ATTEMPT BY ,M>XI/S TO ADH]E TO /RATEGIES 9=M$ BY !IR PET !ORY4 

,GIV5 ! IMPORTANCE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION = ! CAPITALI/S' UND]/&+ ( !IR [N SUCCESS1 IT PROVIDES US ) A MEANS ( JUDG+ ! SUCCESS ( ,P,$,CS ?AT T>GET 9DIVIDUAL CORPORATIONS4 ,AL?\< ! DIFF]5TIAL P]SPECTIVE IS NOT ! ONLY MEANS TO JUDGE SUCCESS1 IT DOES ALL[ AN ASSESSM5T FROM ! CAPITALI/S' [N P]SPECTIVE3 DID ! ,P,$,C HURT ITS T>GETS8 ,IF A CAMPAIGN'S ACTIONS >E ASSOCIAT$ ) P>TICUL> MOM5TS ( DIFF]5TIAL DECCUMULATION1 OR1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 AN 5TIRE CAMPAIGN IS ASSOCIAT$ ) A TR5D ( DIFF]5TIAL DECUMULATION1 !N IT SEEMS1 ALL ELSE EQUAL1 FAIR TO JUDGE ! CAMPAIGN A SUCCESS1 EV5 IF SPECIFIC GOALS & \TCOMES HAVE NOT BE5 A*IEV$4 ,( C\RSE1 CAUTION IS ALWAYS REQUIR$ :5 TRY+ TO TIE ACCUMULATORY MOVEM5TS TO A SPECIFIC CAUSE1 GIV5 ! COMPLEX MULTITUDE ( =CES ACT+ UPON & BE+ 5ACT$ BY ANY GIV5 CORPORATION4 ,NONE!LESS1 IF DUE CAUTION IS TAK51 CAMPAIGNS %\LD NOT HESITATE TO DECL>E VICTORY :5 SU* DECUMULATORY TR5DS >E ASSOCIAT$ ) ! CAMPAIGN4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T1 :]E CONFRONTATIONAL ACTION IS A P]MAN5T PRACTICE ( ADDRESS+ DIV]SE 9JU/ICES1 WE CAN USE ?IS MODEL AS A ME?OD TO EVALUATE CAMPAIGNS ?AT *ALL5GE CAPITALI/S1 L>GE & SMALL4 

,US+ CASE /UDIES ( ?REE DISP>ATE CAMPAIGNS1 ALL ( :I* 9CLUD$ P>TICIPANTS :O EXPRESSLY ID5TIFI$ AS AN>*I/S1 WE HOPE TO DRAW SOME EXAMPLES & LESSONS AB\T :AT ACTIONS HAVE WORK$ AGA9/ :AT SORTS ( CORPORATIONS4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 WE WILL FIR/ CONSID] ! ANTI-SWEAT%OP MOVEM5T'S T>GET+ ( ,NIKE4 ,A WIDESPREAD CAMPAIGN ?AT 9CLUD$ A RANGE ( POLITICAL P]SPECTIVES1 FROM LIB]AL TO ANTI-CAPITALI/1 ! CAMPAIGN WAS ONE ( ! PRECURSORS TO ! ,NOR!RN ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4 ,SECONDLY1 WE WILL EXAM9E ! ',TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C-,LAVAL96' CAMPAIGN4 ,UND\BT$LY UNFAMILI> TO MO/1 IT WAS A SMALL1 %ORT-LIV$ CAMPAIGN ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 EA/]N ,CANADA & ,QUEBEC4 ,DESPITE ITS LOCAL *>ACT]1 IT NONE!LESS MANAG$ TO EXACT A TOLL ON ITS T>GET1 A LEAD+ GLOBAL 5G9E]+ CORPORATION4 ,F9ALLY1 WE WILL ANALYZE ! ,%,A,C CAMPAIGN ?AT HAS REC5TLY BE5 ! SUBJECT ( AN 9T5SE GOV]NM5TAL CRACKD[N ON SO-CALL$ 0ECO-T]RORISM10 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! HUGE IMPACT IT WAS HAV+ ON ITS T>GET4 ,! CONCLUSIONS WE DRAW >E T5TATIVE BUT WE HOPE !Y 5C\RAGE DISCUSSION AB\T POSSIBILITIES & /RATEGIES_/TACTICS = FI<T+ 7& BEAT+7 CAPITALI/S4 ,WE ESPECIALLY HOPE TO %[ ?AT IF CAMPAIGNS >E KN[L$GEABLE AB\T !IR T>GETS & WILL+ TO BE FLEXIBLE 9 T]MS ( TACTICS1 !Y CAN EXACT A SIZABLE TOLL ON ! F9ANCIAL =TUNES ( T>GET$ CORPORATIONS4 ,?IS IS TRUE BO? = WELL-ORGANIZ$1 BROAD-SCALE CAMPAIGNS AS WELL AS ?OSE ?AT CONSI/ ( JU/ SMALL GR\PS ( DISCIPL9$ & D$ICAT$ ORGANIZ]S4 

,CASE ,/UDY #a3 ,ANTI-,SWEAT%OP ,T>GET+ ( ,NIKE 

,9 ! MID-#a#i#iS1 ,NIKE BECAME ! P>AGON ( CORPORATE EXPLOITATION4 ,! SWEAT%OP EM]G$ AS ! SYMBOL ( GLOBAL CORPORATIONS' VALUATION ( PR(ITS OV] WORK]S1 ! 5VIRONM5T1 & HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,AL?\<1 ! *>GE HAD BE5 LEVEL$ AGA9/ ! COMPANY S9CE ! LATE #a#i#hS1 IT WAS ONLY 9 #aiif ?AT IT BEGAN TO /ICK4 ,! CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 ! %OE DESIGN]-M>KET]--IT CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ A %OEMAK]--& SWEAT%OPS EM]G$ FROM A MORE G5]AL CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! USE ( *ILD LABOR BY ,AM]ICAN CORPORATIONS ?AT BEGAN TO BUILD MOM5TUM DUR+ ! E>LY #a#i#iS4 ,9 #a#i#i#f1 ! ,APP>EL ,9DU/RY ,P>TN]%IP1 A PRESID5TIAL TASK=CE ) BO? 9DU/RY & NON-9DU/RY P>TICIPANTS1 CONV5$ TO DRAFT AN AGREEM5T ON JOB CONDITIONS4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#i#g1 ! GR\P REA*$ AN AGREEM5T ?AT1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 SET M9IMUM AGE & MAXIMUM H\R REQUIREM5TS4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS TOO LATE = ,NIKE1 AS ! 0SWOO%0 EM]G$ FROM TI<T COMPETITION ) ,KA?Y ,LEE ,GIF=D AS ! FACE ( SWEAT%OPS4 

,NIKE HAD BE5 A CORPORATE WOND]K9D4 ,JU/ ONE ( MANY %OE COMPANIES ( ! #a#i#hS1 ITS 9NOVATIVE BR&+ ALL[$ IT TO RISE ABOVE ! PACK4 ,IT HIT*$ ITS WAGON TO ,MI*AEL ,JORDAN1 :OM IT !N M>KET$ AS NO O!R A?LETE HAD EV] BE5 BE=E4 ,AIR ,JORDANS BECAME A MU/-HAVE ITEM1 P>TICUL>LY = 9N]-CITY Y\?4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 FOLL[+ ! LOGIC ( ACCUMULATION1 IT S\<T TO BOO/ E>N+S BY PU%+ D[N CO/S4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 IT BEGAN TO %IP JOBS TO L[-WAGE ZONES 9 ,ASIA4 ,IT WAS H>DLY UNIQUE 9 ?IS4 ,H[EV]1 ITS [N SUCCESS W\LD BR+ BL[BACK AS ITS HI< PR(ILE L$ ANTI-SWEAT%OP ACTIVI/S TO FOCUS !IR ATT5TION ON ! SPORTSWE> COMPANY ?AT CLAIM$ TO BE AB\T MORE ?AN %OES4 

,! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,NIKE WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY FOCUS$ ON PUBLIC $UCATION1 AL?\< P>TICIPANTS ALSO S\<T TO %AME BO? ,C,E,O ,PHIL ,KNI<T & ,JORDAN P]SONALLY4 ,ACTIONS W]E USUALLY LITTLE MORE ?AN PUBLIC SPECTACLES1 PICKET+ & FLY]+4 ,AT ! TIME ( PUBLI%+ ,NO ,LOGO1 ,NAOMI ,KLE9 C\LD F9D ONLY ONE 9CID5CE ( V&ALISM AGA9/ A ,NIKE ,T[N \TLET4.<#a#e.> 

,FIGURE #b4 ,ANTI-SWEAT%OP ,CAMPAIGN3 ,TAK+ A ,TOLL ON ,NIKE 

,YET1 AS CAN BE SE5 9 ,FIGURE #b1 BETWE5 #aiif & #aiig ! ACTIONS TAK5 AGA9/ ,NIKE HAD A HUGE IMPACT ON ITS ACCUMULATION4 ,! COMPANY DIFF]5TIALLY ACCUMULAT$ #a#c4#e P]C5T P] YE> FROM #aiha TO #a#i#i#f1 !N FROM #aiif TO #aiii IT DIFF]5TIALLY DECCUMULAT$ AT A /UNN+ #bh P]C5T P] YE>4 ,SIMIL> TO ! GRAPH = ,BIG ,PH>MA1 ?IS GRAPH *>TS ,NIKE AGA9/ DOM9ANT CAPITAL4 ,9 #a#i#h#f1 ,NIKE WAS B>ELY #a P]C5T ! SIZE ( AN AV]AGE MEMB] ( ?IS GR\P4 ,BY #a#i#i#f1 IT WAS #ba P]C5T L>G] ?AN ! AV]AGE MEMB]4 ,!N1 9 #a#i#i#i1 IT'S JU/ HALF ! SIZE4 ,S9CE #a#i#i#i1 DESPITE ! CONT9U$ PRESSURE ON ! COMPANY1 ACCUMULATION HAS RESUM$4 ,NIKE MAY HAVE1 P>ADOXICALLY1 B5EFIT$ FROM ! GR[? ( ! 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION0 MOVEM5T AS IT MOV$ FROM A CRITICISM ( SPECIFIC COMPANIES TO CORPORATIONS & CAPITALISM MORE G5]ALLY4 ,NIKE BECAME JU/ ANO!R CORPORATE MISCREANT AMONG MANY4 

,NIKE WAS SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! TACTICS ADOPT$ BY ! ANTI-SWEAT%OP MOVEM5T BECAUSE ( ITS DEP5D5CE ON PUBLIC IMAGE4 ,IT WAS A PIONE] ( ADV]TIS+ ?AT DID NOT DIRECTLY PIT* ITS PRODUCT4 ,9/EAD1 IT T\T$ A 0LIFE/YLE0 & !N ASSOCIAT$ ITSELF ) ?AT LIFE/YLE4 ,IT *AMPION$ WOM5'S RI<T TO P>TICIPATE EQUALLY 9 SPORTS4 ,IT HAD ADS ) ,TIG] ,WOODS OBS]V+ ?AT !RE >E /ILL SOME C\RSES FROM :I* HE IS BANN$ BECAUSE ( ! COLOR ( HIS SK94 ,ITS PHILAN?ROPIC 5DEAVORS PROVID$ SPORTS EQUIPM5T TO IMPOV]I%$ *ILDR54 ,?IS C>EFULLY CON/RUCT$ IMAGE WAS SO ?OR\<LY AT ODDS ) ! REALITIES ( SWEAT%OPS ?AT SIMPLY EXPOS+ !IR 9VOLVEM5T T>NI%$ IT4 ,AS ONE ( ! WORLD'S BE/-KN[N BR&S1 !Y W]E ALSO SUSCEPTIBLE TO 0CULTURE JAMM+03 DEFAC+ BILLBO>DS1 US+ CORPORATE LOGOS & SLOGANS 9 S>CA/IC & SUBV]SIVE C\NT]ATTACKS4 ,ONCE ,NIKE'S USE ( OV]SEAS SWEAT%OPS BECAME G5]AL KN[L$GE1 ANY DEFAC$ BILLBO>D OR ADV]TISEM5T S]V$ AS AN 9/ANT REM9D]4 ,AL?\< ,NIKE HAD POSITION$ ITSELF HEAD & %\LD]S ABOVE ITS COMPETITION 9 T]MS ( ! SOCIAL APPEAL ( ITS %OES1 IT NONE!LESS FAC$ 9T5SE COMPETITION4 ,IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT = CONSUM]S TO SWIT* TO ANO!R BR&4 ,CULTURE JAMM+ HAS BE5 RI<TLY CRITICIZ$ AS A LIMIT$ & NON-REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC4 ,H[EV]1 AS WE NOT$ ABOVE1 !RE IS NO PURE OR REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC4 ,AL?\< TACTICS MU/ ACCORD ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ORGANIZ]S1 !IR ONLY O!R CRIT]ION IS EFFECTIV5ESS & = ?IS CAMPAIGN1 IT APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 EFFECTIVE4 ,( C\RSE CULTURE JAMM+ WILL NOT1 9 & ( ITSELF1 FOM5T REVOLUTION1 BUT NEI!R WILL ANY O!R TACTIC4 ,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( CULTURE JAMM+ IS LIMIT$ TO CORPORATIONS DEP5D5T UPON !IR IMAGE4 ,! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,NIKE WAS SO EFFECTIVE ?AT IT EV5 W>RANT$ A M5TION 9 ITS ANNUAL REPORT TO 9VE/ORS4 ,=C$ TO EXPLA9 ,NIKE'S POOR P]=MANCE 9 #a#i#i#g1 ,KNI<T CIT$ 0LABOR PRACTICES0 & ! 0AL>M$0 CONSUM]4 ,AL?\< ,KNI<T PROMIS$ ?AT BO? M$IA & CONSUM]S W]E BE+ 09=M$10 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! MESSAGE TOOK A FEW YE>S TO GET ?R\<4 ,9 FACT1 AL?\< ,NIKE BEGAN TO RECOV] 9 #a#i#i#i1 IT WASN'T UNTIL #b#a--! YE> RESI/ANT MOVEM5TS REFOCUS$ ON ANTIW> EF=TS & AWAY FROM CORPORATE MISDE$S--?AT IT RESUM$ ITS E>LY GR[? LEVELS4 

,AL?\< ,NIKE MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! ACCUMULATORY PURGATORY 9TO :I* IT WAS RELEGAT$1 ! ANTI-SWEAT%OP CAMPAIGN MANAG$ TO 9FLICT SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE4 ,KLE9 DEMON/RATES H[ COMMON ! DIFF]5TIAL P]SPECTIVE IS1 AL?\< LACK+ ANY !ORETICAL COMPON5T1 :5 %E COMP>ES ,NIKE'S P]=MANCE TO ?AT ( ,ADIDAS4.<#a#f.> ,DUR+ ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,NIKE1 ,ADIDAS MANAG$ TO OV]TAKE !M & HAS REMA9$ L>G]1 IF ONLY JU/1 EV] S9CE4 ,?IS HI<LI<TS ONE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ,P,$,CS3 !Y MAY B5EFIT O!RS4 ,ADIDAS IS JU/ AS IMPLICAT$ 9 ! USE ( SWEAT%OP LABOR AS ,NIKE1 YET IT AVOID$ ! SAME SORT ( SCRUT9Y & HAS BE5 ! DIFF]5TIAL B5EFACTOR ( ,NIKE'S DECL9E4 ,H[EV]1 AS LONG AS CAPITALISM REMA9S1 !RE WILL NECESS>ILY BE ?OSE :O B5EFIT FROM ONE CORPORATION'S DIFF]5TIAL DECL9E4 ,AS ) ! P>TICUL> TACTICS ( POLITICAL ECONOMIC DISRUPTION1 ,P,$,CS !MSELVES >E NOT 9H]5TLY ANTI-CAPITALI/4 ,RA!R1 !IR PURPOSE IS TO 9S]T US 9TO ! ACCUMULATORY PROCESS1 TO BECOME RISK FACTORS ?AT MU/ BE ACC\NT$ =4 

,CASE ,/UDY #b3 ,TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C-,LAVAL96 

,ORGANIZ$ UND] ! EXPLICITLY ANTI-CAPITALI/ HALLM>KS ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,GLOBAL ,ACTION1 ! ,TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C-,LAVAL96 CAMPAIGN WAS A COLLABORATION BETWE5 ,OTTAWA'S ,CATAPULT6 ,COLLECTIVE1 ,JUNE #c? 9 ,TORONTO1 & ,BLOCK ! ,EMPIRE 9 ,MONTREAL4 ,! T>GET1 ,S,N,C-,LAVAL91 WAS A PROVID]--?R\< SUBSIDI>Y ,S,N,C ,T,E,C--( AMMUNITION TO ! ,U,S OCCUPATION 9 ,IRAQ4 ,! CAMPAIGN FEATUR$ V>I\S TACTICS1 9CLUD+ PUBLIC $UCATION1 CONFRONTATIONAL M>*ES1 COV]T 9=MATION GA!R+ FROM ,S,N,C WORK]S1 PUBLIC SPECTACLES & SYMBOLIC ACTIONS1 & CALLS = AUTONOM\S DIRECT ACTIONS4 

,9 ,OTTAWA1 SEV]AL M>*ES T>GET$ ! ,S,N,C (FICE BUILD+ AS P>T ( A CAMPAIGN ?AT HI<LI<T$ W> PR(ITE]+ 9 G5]AL4 ,! HI<-PR(ILE 0SNAKE M>*ES0 TOOK PLACE 9 ! D[NT[N CORE1 & DISRUPT$ TRAFFIC & BUS9ESS >\ND ! BUILD+S H\S+ ,U,S DEF5SE CORPORATIONS1 9CLUD+ ,RAY!ON & ,G5]AL ,DYNAMICS4 ,ON ! 9T]NATIONAL DAY ( SOLID>ITY ) ,IRAQ 9 #b#e1 ,CATAPULT6 MEMB]S SCAL$ ! FACADE ( ,S,N,C'S ,OTTAWA (FICE BUILD+ TO CALL ATT5TION TO ALL MANN] ( EXPLOITIVE PRACTICES1 9CLUD+ ! PRODUCTION ( MUNITIONS1 ! DEGRADATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 & !IR DE/RUCTIVE M9+ & BIOTE* PROJECTS >\ND ! WORLD4 ,9 ,MONTREAL1 MEMB]S ( ,BLOCK ! ,EMPIRE TRI$ TO 9/ALL A PHOTO EXHIBIT FEATUR+ IMAGES ( OCCUPI$ ,IRAQ 5TITL$ 0,Y\R ,BULLETS1 ,IRAQI ,LIVES10 9 ! LOBBY ( ,S,N,C'S CORPORATE HEADQU>T]S1 A BUILD+ ?AT ! COMPANY %>ES ) ! ,U,S CONSULATE4 ,9 ,TORONTO1 ORGANIZ]S CRA%$ A BANQUET HO/$ BY ,S,N,C-,LAVAL94 ,A DIV]SE COLLECTION ( ACTIVI/ ORGANIZATIONS P>TICIPAT$ 9 A PROTE/ \TSIDE ,S,N,C'S #be ,ANNUAL ,G5]AL ,MEET+1 :I* DREW NATIONAL M$IA ATT5TION4 ,AS NEWS /ORIES NOT$1 ! PROTE/ OV]%AD[$ ! COMPANY'S O!RWISE 0PROMIS+ \TLOOK40 

,WE HAVE *>T$ ! DIFF]5TIAL /ATUS ( ,S,N,C RELATIVE TO ! ,S@&,P #e.<#a#g.>--AS A PROXY = DOM9ANT CAPITAL--FROM #bb UNTIL #b#f4 ,! CAMPAIGN LA/$ FROM E>LY #be UNTIL E>LY #b#f4 ,\R DATA 9DICATES ?AT ,S,N,C EXP]I5C$ A SIGNIFICANT *ANGE 9 ITS ACCUMULATORY TR5D OV] ?IS P]IOD4 

,FIGURE #c4 ,TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C-,LAVAL963 ,RELATIVE TO ! ,S@&,P #e 

,AS CAN BE SE5 9 ,FIGURE #c1 ,S,N,C 5JOY$ SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ! CAMPAIGN BEGAN4 ,9 ! YE> PRIOR TO ! FIR/ WEEK ( ,APRIL #b#e1 ,S,N,C GA9$ #e#c4#e P]C5T RELATIVE TO ! ,S@&,P #e4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! CAMPAIGN !IR ACCUMULATION /AGNAT$4 ,EV5TUALLY ! CAMPAIGN LO/ ITS MOM5TUM & /OPP$ MOBILIZ+ :5 IT REALIZ$ ONE ( ITS GOALS3 ,S,N,C'S DIVE/M5T FROM ITS >MS-PRODUC+ 5TITY ,S,N,C ,T,E,C4 ,AT ?AT PO9T ,S,N,C RESUM$ ITS UPW>D ACCUMULATORY TR5D4 ,AS NOT$ ABOVE1 !RE IS NO ABSOLUTE 0AV]AGE0 AGA9/ :I* CAPITALI/S JUDGE !IR SUCCESS1 ?IS TOO IS CONT+5T4 ,AS SU*1 WE ALSO *>T$ ,S,N,C'S P]=MANCE AGA9/ AN 9DEX COMPOS$ ( TWO ( ITS SECTORAL COMPETITORS--FELL[ ,CANADIAN 5G9E]+ FIRM ,AECON & A ,U,S FIRM ( R\<LY ! SAME SIZE1 ,JACOBS ,5G9E]+4 

,FIGURE #d4 ,TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9E63 ,RELATIVE TO ,COMPETITORS 

,?IS %[S EV5 MORE CLE>LY ,S,N,C'S DIFF]5TIAL FATE OV] ! DURATION ( ! CAMPAIGN4 ,FROM ITS APEX1 ! WEEK ( ,APRIL #b#e1 #b#e1 TO ITS NADIR1 ! WEEK ( ,JANU>Y #b#c1 #b#f1 ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 DIFF]5TIALLY DECUMULAT$ #cd P]C5T4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ,S,N,C'S GLOBAL REA*1 ITS 5GAGEM5T 9 SEV]AL SECTORS1 & ITS POLITICAL CONNECTIONS1 ?IS FROZ5 7OR DECL9+7 P]IOD IS ( SIGNIFICANT 9T]E/4 ,:Y DID ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9'S TR5D ( ACCUMULATION /ALL8 ,W]E 9VE/ORS FRI<T5$ BY PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS ) W> PR(ITE]+8 ,DID !Y PREF] ! RELATIVE ANONYMITY ( O!R POT5TIAL 9VE/M5T OPPORTUNITIES8 ,DID !Y FE> ! CONFRONTATIONAL /YLE ( ! ,TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C ORGANIZ]S8 ,DID !Y WORRY ?AT MORE DISRUPTIVE DIRECT ACTIONS W]E TO COME8 ,!SE >E ALL POSSIBILITIES ?AT REQUIRE FUR!R CONSID]ATION4 

,BO? GRAPHS DEMON/RATE ?AT ACCUMULATION CONT9U$ BEYOND ! />T ( ! CAMPAIGN1 & RESUM$ BE=E :AT WE'VE ID5TIFI$ AS ! 5D--! A=EM5TION$ SALE ( ,S,N,C ,T,E,C4 ,! CONT9UATION ( ACCUMULATION BEYOND ! />T ( ! CAMPAIGN IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,A S+LE M>* CRITICIZ+ ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 WAS UNLIKELY TO BE CONSID]$ A ?REAT TO ACCUMULATION4 ,H[EV]1 ! BEG9N+ ( ! CAMPAIGN WAS P>TICUL>LY 9T5SE4 ,) ACTIONS 9 ! ?REE A=EM5TION$ CITIES ! CAMPAIGN APPE>$ TO BE WIDESPREAD4 ,ACTIVI/S 9 ,HALIFAX & ,VANC\V] ALSO 9CORPORAT$ CRITICISM ( ,S,N,C 9TO !IR ANTIW> EF=TS4 ,! RESUMPTION ( ACCUMULATION BE=E :AT WE'VE ID5TIFI$ AS ! 5D ( ! CAMPAIGN IS ALSO UNSURPRIS+4 ,= V>I\S REASONS1 ! CAMPAIGN LO/ /EAM & BEGAN TO PET] \T4 ,! RESUMPTION ( ACCUMULATION %[S ?AT M>KET P>TICIPANTS FELT ! ,P,$,C AGA9/ ,S,N,C WAS NO LONG] A ?REAT4 ,P]HAPS ?IS OCCURR$ BECAUSE A =?COM+ SALE ( ,S,N,C ,T,E,C WAS SUSPECT$ :I* W\LD DEFUZE CRITICISM ( ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 AS A 0W> PR(ITE]40 ,! M>KET LET ! CAMPAIGN KN[ IT WAS OV]4 ,NONE!LESS1 WE CONCLUDE ?AT ! CAMPAIGN HAD AN IMPACT & MANAG$ TO HIT ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 :]E IT HURT & %\LD BE CONSID]$ A FACTOR 9 ! COMPANY'S DECISION TO SELL ITS MUNITIONS PRODUCTION4 

,TWO FEATURES ( ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 ALL[$ ! *OS5 TACTICS ( ! ,TAKE ,D[N CAMPAIGN TO BE SUCCESSFUL4 ,FIR/1 ,S,N,C ,T,E,C WAS A RELATIVELY M9OR PRODUCTION SEGM5T AS A P]C5TAGE ( ,S,N,C'S E>N+S4 ,S,N,C'S PRIM>Y BUS9ESS IS 5G9E]+-RELAT$4 ,AL?\< ITS 5G9E]+ & O!R ACTIVITIES ALSO PROVIDE GR\NDS = CRITICISM1 !Y >E NOT DIRECTLY IMPLICAT$ 9 W>4 ,SECOND1 AL?\< ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 IS ONE ( ,CANADA'S L>GE/ CORPORATIONS1 ) OP]ATIONS & POLITICAL CONNECTIONS ALL OV] ! WORLD1 ! CORPORATION IS LITTLE KN[N4 ,?IS MADE !M SUSCEPTIBLE TO A PUBLIC $UCATION CAMPAIGN ?AT BR\<T BO? ! PUBLIC & M$IA SPOTLI<T TO BE> UPON !M1 P>TICUL>LY :5 IT FOCUS$ ON ! COMPANY AS A 0W> PR(ITE]40 ,! RELATIVE UNIMPORTANCE ( ,S,N,C ,T,E,C = E>N+S MADE IT MORE LIKELY ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 W\LD JUDGE ! GA9S ( DIV]T+ ! PUBLIC GL>E TO \TWEI< ANY DECL9E DUE TO ! LOSS ( ,S,N,C ,T,E,C'S PR(ITS4 

,S,N,C ,T,E,C WAS SOLD TO ,G5]AL ,DYNAMICS1 :OSE BUS9ESS IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY MILIT>Y-RELAT$4 ,NOTABLY1 WE DO NOT BELIEVE A SIMIL> NAM+ & %AM+ CAMPAIGN AIM$ AT !M IS LIKELY TO SUCCE$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,:ILE ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 & ITS 9VE/ORS W]E NOT PREP>$ TO BE DECRI$ AS 0W> PR(ITE]S10 ,G5]AL ,DYNAMICS UND\BT$LY IS4 ,ANY 9VE/ORS ) MORAL OR PRACTICAL OBJECTIONS TO 0W> PR(ITE]+0 HAVE ALREADY PLAC$ !IR CAPITAL ELSE:]E4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,DYNAMICS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 JU/ ?AT IT C\LD NOT RELY ON ! SAME TACTICS4 ,! FACT ?AT ,S,N,C ,T,E,C WAS SOLD TO ,G5]AL ,DYNAMICS & CONT9UES TO PRODUCE BULLETS SOLD TO ! ,U,S MILIT>Y MEANS ?AT ! SUCCESS ( ! ,TAKE ,D[N6 ,P,$,C WAS C]TA9LY LIMIT$4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT A %ORT CAMPAIGN ORGANIZ$ BY A C\PLE DOZ5 PEOPLE SPREAD ?R\<\T ?REE CITIES MANAG$ TO HAVE ?IS IMPACT ON A MULTI-BILLION-DOLL> CORPORATION4 ,TAKE ,D[N ,S,N,C-,LAVAL96 SUCCE$$ 9 9JECT+ ITSELF 9TO ! ACCUMULATORY EF=TS ( ,S,N,C-,LAVAL9 & ITS SUCCESS REQUIR$ !IR CAPITULATION1 H[EV] LIMIT$4 

,CASE ,/UDY #c3 ,/OP ,HUNT+DON ,ANIMAL ,CRUELTY 7,%,A,C7 

,! ,%,A,C CAMPAIGN (FICIALLY BEGAN 9 #aiii & HAS DEVELOP$ 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL CAMPAIGN1 COMPRIS$ ( SEV]AL DOZ5 ACTIVE GR\PS4 ,AL?\< MANY ORGANIZ]S >E ASSOCIAT$ ) O!R ELEM5TS ( ! ANIMAL RI<TS & ANIMAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 ! ,%,A,C CAMPAIGN IS ORGANIZ$ ) ! EXCLUSIVE OBJECTIVE ( %UTT+ D[N ! VIVISECTION FIRM ,HUNT+DON ,LIFE ,SCI5CES 7,H,L,S74 

,S9CE ! BEG9N+S ( ! ,%,A,C CAMPAIGN1 ORGANIZ]S HAVE SCOR$ NUM]\S VICTORIES AGA9/ ,H,L,S4 ,?R\< !IR REL5TLESS ANTAGONISM !Y PROVOK$ SEV]AL BANKS & F9ANCI]S TO PULL LOANS & SC>$ HUNDR$S ( BUS9ESS P>TN]S 9TO T]M9AT+ CONTRACTS & SEV]+ BUS9ESS RELATIONS4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,H,L,S ,*AIRMAN ,&REW ,BAK] !Y 5G5D]$ A WIDESPREAD VIEW ( ,H,L,S AS 0A P>IAH0 ( ! BUS9ESS WORLD4 ,/RATEGICALLY1 ,%,A,C HAS ID5TIFI$ SECOND>Y & T]TI>Y T>GETS & TAK5 DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ !M AS WELL4 ,SECOND>Y T>GETS 9CLUDE ! BANKS ?AT HAVE GIV5 F9ANCIAL SUPPORT TO ,H,L,S1 :ILE T]TI>Y T>GETS 9CLUDE ! CU/OM]S ( SECOND>Y T>GETS4 ,! 9T5TION HAS BE5 TO PROVOKE A DECUMULATORY FE> 9 ! F9ANCI]S SO !Y W\LD SEV] TIES ) ,H,L,S1 RA!R ?AN RISK LOS+ O!R CU/OM]S4 ,%,A,C /RESSES ?AT !IR EF=TS FOCUS ON PUBLI%+ MAT]IAL AB\T ANIMAL ABUSE & ISSU+ ACTION AL]TS ?R\< !IR WEBSITES & MAIL LI/S4 ,!IR WEBSITES & PUBLICATIONS PUBLICIZE ?IS MAT]IAL & P>TICIPAT+ GR\PS1 TO V>Y+ DEGREES1 5C\RAGE 9DIVIDUALS TO UND]TAKE A BROAD >RAY ( TACTICS TO CONFRONT !SE T>GETS4 ,!SE HAVE 9CLUD$ BUS9ESS DISRUPTIONS1 5C\RAGEM5T ( AUTONOM\S ACTIONS1 L>GE & SMALL RALLY DEMON/RATIONS1 PROP]TY DE/RUCTION1 LETT]-WRIT+ CAMPAIGNS1 E?ICAL 9VE/M5T /RATEGIES1 BOYCOTT ORGANIZ+1 & SO ON4 

,! MO/ WELL-KN[N TACTIC ASSOCIAT$ ) ,%,A,C IS ! 0HOME DEMON/RATION40 ,!SE 9VOLVE ACTIVI/S CONFRONT+ VIVISECTORS1 F9ANCI]S1 & CORPORATE EXECUTIVES AT !IR RESID5CES4 ,!SE NONVIOL5T BUT HI<LY CONFRONTATIONAL TACTICS >E MEANT TO BR+ ATT5TION & %AME UPON !IR T>GETS 7& !IR FAMILIES7 9 AN ATTEMPT TO UNDO ! PRIVACY & SECRECY ?AT >E IMPORTANT COMPON5TS ( ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! VIVISECTION 9DU/RY4 ,! WIDE RANGE ( DIRECT ACTION T>GETS WAS A C5TRAL MOTIVE UND]LY+ ! CORPORATE-/ATE SUPPRESSION CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,%,A,C4 ,9 FACT1 \R RESE>* 9DICATES ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ! SUCCESS ( !IR TACTIC ?AT PROVOK$ ! GOV]NM5T'S HEAVY-H&$ SUPPRESSION4 

,! PUBLIC VISIBILITY ( ORGANIZ]S 9VOLV$ 9 ,%,A,C MADE !M A SCAPEGOAT UPON :I* ! GOV]NM5T C\LD HANG EV]Y DIRECT ACTION COMMITT$ BY 5VIRONM5TAL & ANIMAL LIB]ATION GR\PS & AUTONOM\S CELLS4 ,POLITICIANS1 M$IA1 & PROSECUTORS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM HAVE FREQU5TLY MADE ! ASSOCIATION BETWE5 GR\PS AFFILIAT$ UND] ,%,A,C & ACTIONS UND]TAK5 7& CLAIM$7 BY AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 SU* AS ! ,ANIMAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT 7,A,L,F74 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS CLAIM$ ?AT BECAUSE ,%,A,C AFFILIAT$ GR\PS PROVIDE 9=MATION AB\T ANIMAL ABUS]S1 !Y >E FACILITAT+ OR EV5 9T]*ANGEABLE ) ! ,A,L,F4 

,CIT+ 0ECO-T]RORISM10 ! CORPORATE-/ATE SUPPRESSION CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,%,A,C DEVELOP$ OV] SEV]AL YE>S4 ,\R GRAPH DEPICT+ ! DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION ( ,H,L,S HAS M>K$ F\R NOTABLE MOM5TS 9 ! /ATE-CORPORATE SUPPRESSION CAMPAIGN T>GET+ ,%,A,C4 ,!SE DATES >E3 0,A0--! 9DICTM5T ( ! ,U,S ,%,A,C #g2 0,B0--! CONVICTION ( ! ,U,S ,%,A,C #g2 0,C0--! SIGN+ ( ! 5HANC$ ,U,S ,ANIMAL ,5T]PRISE ,T]RORISM ,ACT 7,A,E,T,A71 AN AMPLIFI$ V]SION ( ! ,ANIMAL ,5T]PRISE ,PROTECTION ,ACT UND] :I* ! ,%,A,C #g W]E *>G$2 & 0,D0--,OP]ATION ,A*ILLES ?AT T>GET$ ORGANIZ]S ( ,%,A,C & ! G5]AL ANIMAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM & O!R ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 

,\R GRAPH BEG9S 9 #bb AFT] ,H,L,S MOV$ !IR HEADQU>T]S TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES UND] ! %ELL COMPANY ,LIFE ,SCI5CE ,RESE>*4 ,AFT] ,%,A,C ,U,K SUCCESSFULLY PREV5T$ ,H,L,S FROM ACCESS+ CAPITAL M>KETS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 BY T>GET+ BO? ! BANKS ?AT PROVID$ LOANS & ! 0M>KET MAK]S0 NE$$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 EQUITY M>KETS1 ! CORPORATION MOV$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 AN ATTEMPT TO ACCESS NEW POOLS ( 9VE/ORS & CAPITAL4 ,H,L,S ALSO HOP$ TO B5EFIT FROM /RONG] PRIVACY PROTECTIONS ACCORD$ TO ,U,S 9VE/ORS COMP>$ TO !IR ,U,K C\NT]P>TS TO PREV5T ,%,A,C FROM T>GET+ !IR CAPITAL S\RCES4 

,FIGURE #e ,%,A,C ,CRACKD[N3 ',ECO-T]RORISM' & ,ACCUMULATION 

,AS SE5 9 ,FIGURE #e1 FROM #bb TO #b#c1 ,H,L,S ACCUMULATION WAS /AGNANT4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT FOLL[+ ! ,H,L,S MOVE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,%,A,C CAMPAIGN WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 HALT+ ! CORPORATION'S DIFF]5TIAL GR[?4 ,H[EV]1 9 LATE #b#c1 CO9CID5T ) ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T'S 9CREAS+ CRIM9ALIZATION ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ,%,A,C ,U,S,A ORGANIZ]S1 ,H,L,S BEGAN TO ACCUMULATE4 ,) ! 9DICTM5T ( ! ,%,A,C #g1 ,H,L,S EXP]I5C$ A %>P RISE 9 DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION4 ,?IS ACCUMULATORY TR5D BECAME MORE TURBUL5T 9 E>LY #b#e1 P]HAPS OV] UNC]TA9TY CONC]N+ ! V]DICT 9 ! ,%,A,C #g TRIAL1 AL?\< ,%,A,C ,U,K WAS ALSO /ILL ACTIVE4 ,A R5EWAL ( ACCUMULATORY GR[? WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,%,A,C #g'S CONVICTION4 ,AFT] ! CONVICTION1 ,H,L,S'S ACCUMULATION WAS UPW>D1 BUT /ILL TURBUL5T4 ,UND\BT$LY ?IS WAS BECAUSE ,%,A,C'S 9T]NATIONAL PRES5CE MEANT ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T'S LEGAL MANEUV]S HAD NOT COMPLETELY NEUTRALIZ$ ,%,A,C4 ,! PASSAGE ( ! ,A,E,T,A M>KS AN 9T5SIFICATION ( ! UPW>D TR5D1 9DICAT+ AN EXPECTATION ?AT ?IS WAS ANO!R NAIL 9 ! C(F9 ( ,%,A,C4 ,) ! 9ITIATION ( ,OP]ATION ,A*ILLES1 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM ALIGN$ ITS CRIM9ALIZATION ( 5VIRONM5TAL & ANIMAL LIB]ATION ) ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,?IS RELEAS$ ,H,L,S FROM MO/ ( ! P]CEIV$ RISK ( ,%,A,C'S DIRECT ACTION & ! CORPORATION'S DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION SKYROCKET$4 

,ASIDE FROM ! DEBATE AB\T :E!R OR NOT !SE CRIM9AL PROCE$+S HAD A NEUTRALIZ+ EFFECT ON ! CAMPAIGN1 \R DATA SUGGE/S ?AT ! CORPORATE-/ATE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,%,A,C & ! IMPRISONM5T ( ACTIVI/S WAS P]CEIV$ AS A VICTORY = ,H,L,S BY M>KET P>TICIPANTS4 ,! ACCUMULATORY TR5D ILLU/RATES ! LOGIC BEH9D ! CORPORATE-/ATE C\NT]-CAMPAIGN T>GET+ ,%,A,C4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! E>LY P]IOD ( ! GRAPH--:]E ,%,A,C WAS 9FLICT+ SIGNIFICANT DISRUPTION AGA9/ ,H,L,S & ITS ALLIES1 PREV5T+ ANY DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION--! F9AL PORTION ( ! GRAPH 9DICATES ?AT ! SURGE 9 CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CO9CID$ ) ! CORPORATE-/ATE SUPPRESSION CAMPAIGN ( SO-CALL$ 0ECO-T]RORI/S40 ,FRE$ FROM ! ?REAT ( DISRUPTION1 ,H,L,S A*IEV$ SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5TIAL SUCCESS FOLL[+ ! /ATE'S EF=TS TO NEUTRALIZE & DEMOBILIZE ! ,%,A,C CAMPAIGN4 ,?IS EVID5CES ! E>LI] SUCCESS ( ! ,%,A,C CAMPAIGN TO S]I\SLY IMPACT ! ACCUMULATORY EF=TS ( ITS T>GET4 ,FUR!R1 IT 9DICATES H[ F> CAPITAL CAN & WILL GO TO REMOVE A ?REAT ?AT IS TRULY HITT+ IT :]E IT HURTS4 

,! SUCCESS ( ,%,A,C'S ,P,$,C S]I\SLY ?REAT5$ ! FUTURE ( ,H,L,S4 ,! ,U,K GOV]NM5T HAD TO 9T]V5E ) LOANS & SPECIAL DISP5SATIONS :5 BANKS & O!R BUS9ESS S]VICE FIRMS REFUS$ TO DO BUS9ESS ) ! VIVISECTION FIRM4 ,?IS SPECIAL CONSID]ATION WAS VITAL = ,H,L,S'S CONT9U$ VIABILITY & %\LD BE CONSID]$ AS AN IMPORTANT & VALU$ P>T ( ,H,L,S'S CAPITAL4 ,!SE 9T]V5TIONS >E EVID5CE ( ,%,A,C'S DET]M9ATION1 COMBATIV5ESS1 & 9NOVATIVE TACTICS4 

,%,A,C HAS PROVID$ ORGANIZ]S ) IMPORTANT LESSONS ON H[ ,P,$,CS PROVOKE ! ANXIETIES ( CAPITAL4 ,9VE/ORS HAVE A TW(OLD FE>3 #a7 FE> ( BE+ P]SONALLY T>GET$2 #b7 FE> ?AT ! FE> ( O!RS WILL DRIVE D[N ! VALUE ( ! /OCK4 ,) !IR SUCCESS 9 ISOLAT+ ,H,L,S )9 ! BUS9ESS 0COMMUNITY10 ,%,A,C DEMON/RAT$ H[ ACTIVI/S CAN LEV]AGE ! NAK$ COMMITM5T ( CAPITAL TO ACCUMULATION4 ,AL?\< ! BANKS' MANAG]S :O SWORE NOT TO DO BUS9ESS ) ,H,L,S ALMO/ C]TA9LY P]SONALLY DESPIS$ BE+ =C$ TO CAPITULATE1 ?AT WAS ( NO CONSEQU5CE2 ONE SEGM5T ( CAPITAL WILL NOT MAKE A PR9CIPL$ /ANCE 9 DEF5SE ( O!R SEGM5TS4 ,%ORT ( A ?REAT TO CAPITALISM ITSELF1 ! ACCUMULATORY PROCESS MEANS CAPITALI/S >E MORE ?AN WILL+ TO SACRIFICE !IR COMPATRIOTS IF DO+ O!RWISE RISKS !IR [N ACCUMULATION4 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,ASIDE FROM DAMAG+ ?AT :I* CAPITALI/S COVET MO/--PR(ITS6--,P,$,CS >E ALSO 9TEGRAL TO MOVEM5T BUILD+4 ,:E!R WE SUCCE$ 9 CLOS+ SWEAT%OPS1 PUT A /OP TO ! MANUFACTUR+ ( WEAPONS1 OR HALT ! DE/RUCTION ( NONHUMAN LIFE1 WE >E ACTIVELY *ALL5G+ ?OSE ACCUMULAT+ REW>DS AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS' SUFF]+4 ,:ILE CONFRONT+ \R 5EMIES1 AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S MU/ ALSO CONSID] ! =MS1 /RUCTURES1 & PRACTICES ?AT WE UND]TAKE TO PREFIGURE A RADICALLY DIFF]5T SOCIETY4 ,NEI!R CONCRETE ,P,$,C GOALS NOR PREFIGURATIVE PRACTICES CAN TAKE PREC$5CE1 & FI<T+ TO W9 IS AB\T BO?4 

,M>XI/S & ! TRADITIONAL LEFT HAVE = TOO LONG FIXAT$ ON SECT>IAN ID5TITIES & DOGMATIC PROGRAMS AT ! EXP5SE ( *ALL5G+ DOM9ANT =CES ?AT1 ESPECIALLY = ?OSE ( US FROM PRIVILEG$ BACKGR\NDS1 LIVE NEXT DOOR4 ,WE MU/ ACKN[L$GE ?AT RESI/ANCE TO CORPORATE GLOBALIZATION TAKES 9F9ITE =MS & /RUGGLES1 & NOT ALL ANTI-CORPORATE CAMPAIGNS >E ANTI-CAPITALI/4 ,ONE ( ! LEAD+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,NIKE1 & SWEAT%OPS 9 G5]AL1 WAS ,UNIT$ ,/UD5TS ,AGA9/ ,SWEAT%OPS 7,U,S,A,S74 ,NOT ONLY W]E !Y NOT ANTI-CAPITALI/--AL?\< ACTIVE MEMB]S C]TA9LY W]E--!Y 9T5TIONALLY MIMICK$ ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ( ! CORPORATIONS !Y T>GET$4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 A LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE ?AT PRIVILEG$ ! TYPE ( MALE-DOM9AT$1 COMPETITIVE1 & NON-P>TICIPATORY 5VIRONM5TS ?AT AN>*I/S >E COMMITT$ TO ELIM9AT+4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ANIMAL RI<TS ACTIVISM1 9CLUD+ ,%,A,C1 HAS BE5 CRITICIZ$ = NOT MAK+ CONNECTIONS ) O!R =MS ( VIOL5CE & OPPRESSION4 ,DESPITE SU* LEGITIMATE CRITIQUES1 >E COMMITT$ AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S TO =SAKE !SE 7& SIMIL>7 MOVEM5TS8 

,WE ?9K NOT4 ,CAPITALISM HAS EVID5C$ A REM>KABLE RESILI5CE4 ,! DIFF]5TIAL PROCESS RESULTS 9 PLA/ICITY ?AT DEM&S ANTI-CAPITALI/S WORK ) 7OR AT LEA/ SUPPORT7 ALLIES :O MAY NOT %>E \R ORGANIZ+ PR9CIPLES OR PREFIGURATIVE IDEALS4 ,?IS DOES NOT REQUIRE COMPROMIS+ \R PR9CIPLES4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO BALANCE VIGILANCE T[>DS C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES ?AT REPRODUCE HI]>*ICAL & NON-P>TICIPATORY P[] /RUCTURES1 AVOID ! EXCLUSION>Y & REACTION>Y DIVISIV5ESS ?AT LIMITS MOVEM5T BUILD+1 & WORK %ORT-T]M ) ALLIES :O %>E ! LIMIT$ GOALS ( A ,P,$,C4 ,AN>*I/S1 NOT HAMP]$ BY EXCESSIVE !ORETICAL PRESCRIPTION1 CAN WORK T[>D %ORT-T]M \TCOMES ?AT WILL HAVE REAL & DESIRABLE CONSEQU5CES1 EV5 IF JU/ TO SET CAPITAL BACK ON ITS HEELS = A MOM5T4 ,FI<T+ TO W9 IS A TW(OLD PROCESS ( BO? DAMAG+ ! EXI/+ P[] /RUCTURE & PREFIGUR+ A HUMANE PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,P>TICIPANTS 9 ,P,$,CS NE$ TO RECOGNIZE ! LIMITATIONS ( SU* 5DEAVORS 9 T]MS ( *ALL5G+ CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,GIV5 ! DIFF]5TIAL NATURE ( ACCUMULATION1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE CAPITALI/ B5EFICI>IES ( ,P,$,CS4 ,CAPITAL ALWAYS FLEES TO ANO!R1 :O WELCOMES ITS >RIVAL4 ,WE BELIEVE ,NITZAN & ,BI*L]'S !ORY ( DIFF]5TIAL ACCUMULATION (F]S ! BE/ MEANS ( UND]/&+ PRECISELY H[ ANTI-CAPITALI/S CAN EFFECT *ANGE )9 CAPITALISM ?R\< ! CONFRONTATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! !ORY DRAWS ATT5TION TO ! QUALITATIVELY COMPLEX /RUCTURES & PROCESSES ?AT CON/ITUTE ACCUMULATION4 ,IT ALSO MAKES US AW>E ( H[ F> \R 9T]JECTIONS 9TO ! ACCUMULATORY PROCESS CAN GO4 ,ANY VICTORY ?AT FAILS TO TOPPLE ! E?ICAL JU/IFICATION & JURIDICAL APP>ATUS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ?AT MAKE POSSIBLE CAPITAL & ACCUMULATION WILL ALWAYS BE A P>TIAL VICTORY4 ,?AT MEANS NO P>TICUL> CAMPAIGN NE$ BE CRITICIZ$ AS SU*1 = WE >E ALWAYS AW>E ?AT IT IS4 

,IF WE UND]/& CAPITAL AS ! QUANTIFICATION ( CLAIMS OV] QUALITATIVELY COMPLEX SOCIAL PROCESSES1 WE CANNOT TREAT ALL CORPORATIONS AS ! SAME4 ,! HI< DIV]SITY ( SOCIAL ASSETS ?AT >E DRAWN UPON TO MAKE PR(ITS MEANS EA* CORPORATION WILL HAVE DIFF]5T VULN]ABILITIES4 ,! SAME TACTICS CANNOT BE REFLEXIVELY US$ AGA9/ DIFF]5T T>GETS4 ,DIV]SITY ( TACTICS BECOMES NOT AN E?ICAL POSITION1 BUT A TACTICAL NECESSITY4 ,:ILE PUBLIC AW>5ESS MAY BE SUFFICI5T AGA9/ SOME T>GETS1 O!RS MAY REQUIRE DIRECT ACTION4 

,P>T ( ANY TRANSITION WILL BE A TRANS=MATION ( ! POLITICAL ECONOMIC HI]>*Y4 ,! VE/$ 9T]E/S WILL NOT SIMPLY DISAPPE> UND] ! WEI<T ( !IR [N CONTRADICTIONS4 ,WE CAN MESS ) !M ALL WE WANT1 BUT IF WE CANNOT AFFECT !IR ABILITY TO ACCUMULATE & AUGM5T CONTROL OV] SOCIAL PROCESSES1 !N WE HAVE NO HOPE ( MOV+ BEYOND ! CAPITALI/ /ATUS QUO4 

,ESCAP+ ,CAPITALI/ ,HEGEMONY3 ,R]EAD+ ,WE/]N ,ECONOMIES 

,RI*>D ,J4 ,:ITE & ,COL9 ,C4 ,WILLIAMS 

0.<,O.>N ! LEFT1 WE GET UP 9 ! MORN+ OPPOS+ CAPITALISM1 NOT IMAG9+ PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT IS P>TLY \R [N SUBJECTION--SUCCESSFUL OR FAIL$1 ACCOMMODAT+ OR OPPOSITIONAL--?AT CON/RUCTS A 'CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4'0.<#a#h.>--,J4,K4 ,GIBSON-,GRAHAM 

0,TO RE-READ A L&SCAPE WE HAVE ALWAYS READ AS CAPITALI/1 TO READ IT AS A L&SCAPE ( DIFF]5CE1 POPULAT$ BY V>I\S CAPITALI/ & NONCAPITALI/ ECONOMIC PRACTICES & 9/ITUTIONS--?AT IS A DIFFICULT TASK4 ,IT REQUIRES US TO CONT5D NOT ONLY ) \R COLONIZ$ IMAG9ATIONS1 BUT ) \R BELIEFS AB\T POLITICS1 UND]/&+S ( P[]1 CONCEPTIONS ( ECONOMY1 & /RUCTURES ( DESIRE40.<#a#i.>--,C4,C4 ,WILLIAMS 

,9TRODUCTION 

,?IS *APT] CONTE/S ! WIDELY HELD BELIEF ?AT WE EXI/ 9 A 0CAPITALI/0 WORLD1 ONE 9 :I* GOODS & S]VICES >E PRODUC$1 DI/RIBUT$1 & ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! UNADULT]AT$ PURSUIT ( PR(IT 9 ! M>KETPLACE4 ,?AT ?IS BELIEF IS BO? MISGUID$ & MI/AK5 IS TE/AM5T TO ! P[]FUL ECONOMIC DISC\RSE :I* COLONIZES ! M9D & IMAG9ATION 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT CAPITALISM IS OMNIPRES5T1 P>TICUL>LY SO 9 ! ,WE/]N ECONOMIES4 ,9 #a#h#i#h1 ,KROPOTK9 OBS]V$3 

.<,I.>T IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 PROPORTION AS ! HUMAN M9D FREES ITSELF FROM IDEAS 9CULCAT$ BY M9ORITIES ( PRIE/S1 MILIT>Y *IEFS & JUDGES1 ALL /RIV+ TO E/ABLI% !IR DOM9ATION1 & ( SCI5TI/S PAID TO P]PETUATE IT1 A CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY >ISES1 9 :I* CONCEPTION !RE IS NO LONG] ROOM = ?OSE DOM9AT+ M9ORITIES4.<#a#a.> 

,IT IS ! DESIRE TO FREE ! M9D FROM ! IDEAS 9CULCAT$ BY A DOM9ANT M9ORITY )9 ECONOMICS ?AT 9=MS ! P>TICUL> FOCUS ( ?IS *APT]4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! *APT] WILL DEVELOP A CRITICAL *ALL5GE TO A C5TRAL ECONOMIC DISC\RSE--! COMMODIFICATION !SIS--ON TWO IMPORTANT GR\NDS4 ,! FIR/ IS RELAT$ TO QUE/ION+ ! EMPIRICAL DATA ?AT CLAIMS TO (F] SUPPORT TO SU* A DOM9ANT !SIS4 ,! SECOND 9VOLVES CRITICALLY UNPACK+ ! REGIME ( REPRES5TATION & DISCURSIVE CON/RUCTION ?AT EFFECTIVELY S]VES TO LEGITIMATE ! VE/$ 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL & CON/RA9 ! ACTIONS ( AN>*I/ 7& O!R7 ECONOMIC AG5TS & POLICY MAK]S :O DESIRE TO 5GAGE ) & H>NESS MEAN+FUL ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC PRACTICES4 

,FROM A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE1 RE?9K+ 0! ECONOMIC0 IS TO 5GAGE 9 A PROCESS ?AT IS HI<LY SUBV]SIVE & LONG OV]DUE4 ,AS ?IS *APT] >GUES1 SU* A COMMITM5T ALL[S GREAT] FOCUS & CL>ITY TO EM]GE ON A HET]ODOX RANGE ( ALT]NATIVE_/PO/-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC PRACTICES1 PRACTICES ?AT >E FIRMLY EMB$D$ 9 ! ECONOMIC FABRIC ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 & P>TICUL>LY SO 9 ! 0ADVANC$0 ECONOMIES ( ! ,WE/4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 ! V]Y ACT ( ID5TIFY+ DYNAMIC1 R\T9E1 NON-CAPITALI/ PRACTICES AS EXI/+ 9 ! H]E & N[ (F]S A PRACTICAL & TANGIBLE OPPORTUNITY TO AB&ON ! M>KET )\T ! NE$ TO 5VISAGE1 DESIGN1 OR AGITATE = A COMPLETELY NEW ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC SY/EM TO CAPITALISM4 ,! *APT] CONCLUDES BY DRAW+ ON SOME KEY IMPLICATIONS ?AT A R]EAD+ ( ECONOMIC PRACTICES HAS = TRANS=M+ ! WAY 9 :I* WE %\LD ?9K AB\T \R ECONOMIC FUTURES4 

,A ,CAPITALI/ ,HEGEMONY8 

,ONE MODE ( WORK1 ?AT 9 :I* 0GOODS & S]VICES >E PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ FIRMS = A PR(IT UND] CONDITIONS ( M>KET EX*ANGE0.<#a#a#a.> CAN CLAIM TO HAVE HEGEMONIC /ATUS )9 ! POPUL> IMAG9>Y ( 0! ECONOMIC40 ,9 CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMICS1 CAPITALISM ALONE1 AS ,GIBSON & ,GRAHAM >GUE1 HAS BE5 CON/ITUT$ AS3 

L>GE1 P[]FUL1 P]SI/5T1 ACTIVE1 EXPANSIVE1 PROGRESSIVE1 DYNAMIC1 TRANS=MATIVE2 EMBRAC+1 P5ETRAT+1 DISCIPL9+1 COLONIZ+1 CON/RA9+2 SY/EMIC1 SELF-REPRODUC+1 RATIONAL1 PLAYFUL1 SELF-RECTIFY+12 ORGANIZ$ & ORGANIZ+1 C5T]$ & C5T]+2 ORIG9AT+1 CREATIVE1 PROTEAN2 VICTORI\S & ASC5DANT2 SELF-ID5TICAL1 SELF-EXPRESSIVE1 FULL1 DEF9ITIVE1 REAL1 POSITIVE1 & CAPABLE ( CONF]R+ ID5TITY & MEAN+4.<#a#a#b.> 

,?IS N>R[ ECONOMIC DISC\RSE IS MA9TA9$ /ILL FUR!R BY ! POPUL> REPRES5TATION ( ?IS CAPITALI/ SPH]E ?AT P]CEIVES ! M>KET AS 9CREAS+ ITS DOM9ANT /ATUS )9 ! ECONOMY4 ,! M>KET1 IT IS >GU$1 IS EXP&+ 9EXORABLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R TWO PR9CIPAL MODES ( PRODUC+ & DELIV]+ S]VICES & GOODS 9 SOCIETY1 NAMELY ! 0COMMUNITY0 & ! 0/ATE40 ,AS ,CA/REE ET AL4 >GUE3 0?AT ?IS IS A PR$OM9ANTLY CAPITALI/ WORLD SEEMS TO US 9DISPUTABLE444!RE'S SC>CELY A PLACE ON ! PLANET :]E ?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION DOES NOT HAVE SOME PUR*ASE444?IS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION >GUABLY N[ HAS FEW1 IF ANY1 S]I\S ECONOMIC RIVALS40.<#a#a#c.> ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 SU* A READ+ IS NOT ONLY WIDELY HELD BY ?OSE ( A NEOLIB]AL B5T1 & :O W\LD OP5LY WELCOME SU* ECONOMIC TOTALIT>IANISM1 BUT IT IS ALSO EVID5T 9 ! V]Y LANGUAGE ( ?OSE :O ACTIVELY RESI/ IT4.<#a#a#d.> ,= ONE ILLU/RATION ( ?IS1 CONSID] ,BUCK'S READ+ ( 0! ECONOMIC0 :5 HE >GUES ?AT3 

,! NEO-LIB]AL ECONOMIC SY/EM 9 :I* LIFE 7AN>*IC OR O!RWISE7 TAKES PLACE1 HAS MU* TO DO ) ! SETT+ ( LIFE4 ,IT IS ) & 9 ?IS SY/EM ?AT AN>*I/S MU/ VIE = LIV+ ROOM4 ,H5CE1 ! NE$ = ECONOMIC ?\<T AMONG AN>*I/S4.<#a#a#e.> 

,TO BEG9 TO ADDRESS ?IS ECONOMIC SC5>IO CRITICALLY1 IT IS CON/RUCTIVE TO VISUALIZE ?IS CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY 9 CONTEXT ) 0ALT]NATIVE0 SPH]ES ( WORK 7?OSE 0ALT]NATIVE0 SPH]ES :I* >E BELIEV$ TO BE WA%$ OV] & 9CREAS+LY ]OD$ AWAY BY A REL5TLESS SEA ( CAPITALISM74 

,9 ,FIGURE #a1 ! %AD$ >EA REPRES5TS ?OSE GOODS & S]VICES ?AT CONTA9 TWO 9TR9SIC QUALITIES1 NAMELY ?AT !Y >E 7#a7 PRODUC$ = EX*ANGE1 & 7#b7 ?AT ?IS EX*ANGE IS MONETIZ$ & IMBU$ ) ! PR(IT MOTIVE 7I4E4 TO MAKE OR TO SAVE MONEY74 ,IT IS ?IS =M ( EX*ANGE ?AT IS 9T]PRET$ BY A CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY !SIS TO BE CONT9UALLY EXP&+ AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R =MS ( WORK & EX*ANGE4 ,! ALT]NATIVE SPH]ES ( WORK >E DEF9$ BY ! QUALITIES ?AT !Y LACK 9 COMP>ISON TO ! CAPITALI/ =M ( EX*ANGE4 ,SO ALT]NATIVE =MS ( WORK W\LD BE SE5 :]E ! WORK IS NON-EX*ANG$1 NON-MONETIZ$1 &_/OR :]E ! WORK IS MONETIZ$ & NOT UND]TAK5 PRIM>ILY = PR(IT-MOTIVAT$ RATIONALES4 

,SU* A DOM9ANT READ+ ( ! ECONOMY ?R\< ?IS CAPITALI/ L5S HAS TR\BL+ IMPLICATIONS ON MANY LEVELS4 ,>GUABLY ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ( !SE IS ?AT ?IS READ+ IS SO P[]FUL ?AT IT EFFECTIVELY *ANNELS ?\<T & VISIONS ( POSSIBLE =MS & MODES ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AS TAK+ PLACE )9 & NOT BEYOND1 OR \TSIDE (1 A CAPITALI/ FRAMEWORK ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T & ORGANIZATION4 ,?US ANY CRITICAL PROJECT :I* SEEKS TO 5VISION ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( H>NESS+ TRULY ALT]NATIVE NON-CAPITALI/ FUTURES ( WORK & EX*ANGE TO DISPLACE ?IS CAPITALI/ SPH]E >E DISMISS$ \T ( H& AS NAIVE1 IMPLAUSIBLE 7NOT TO SAY IMPOSSIBLE71 MISGUID$1 YET ANO!R EXAMPLE ( PU]ILE UTOPIA4 ,?\< !RE MAY BE ALT]NATIVE APPROA*ES ?AT RE>RANGE ! ECONOMIC DECK *AIRS ON ! CAPITALI/ %IP1 !RE >E NO REAL ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,! SOB]+ \TCOME ( ?IS IS ?AT1 AS ,FR$]IC ,JAMESON WRITES1 

.<I.>T SEEMS TO BE EASI] = US TODAY TO IMAG9E ! ?OR\<GO+ DET]IORATION ( ! E>? & ( NATURE ?AN ! BREAKD[N ( LATE CAPITALISM2 P]HAPS ?AT IS DUE TO SOME WEAKNESS 9 \R IMAG9ATIONS4.<#a#a#f.> 

,A ,CALL TO ,UNLEA% ,\R ,ECONOMIC ,IMAG9ATIONS 

,TO IMAG9E CAPITALISM'S SUP]SESSION IS NEI!R UTOPIAN NOR IMPRACTICAL4 ,AN 9CREAS+ GLOBAL BODY ( AN>*I/1 CRITICAL1 PO/-CAPITALI/1 & PO/-DEVELOPM5T ACADEMICS & ACTIVI/S HAVE SUCCESSFULLY BEGUN TO PROBLEMATIZE ! META-N>RATIVE ( CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY & EXPOS$ ! SPURI\S EMPIRICAL GR\NDS ?AT ?IS HEGEMONIC /ATUS IS EMB$D$ 94 ,REG>D+ ! LATT]1 ,WILLIAMS OBS]V$3 

,GIV5 ! OV]:ELM+ DOM9ANCE ( ?IS BELIEF ?AT A COMMODIFICATION ( ! ADVANC$ ECONOMIES IS TAK+ PLACE1 ONE MI<T ?9K ?AT !RE W\LD BE M\NTA9S ( EVID5CE TO SUPPORT SU* A /ANCE4 ,YET ONE ( ! MO/ WORRY+ & DI/URB+ F9D+S ONCE ONE />TS TO RESE>* MUS+S ON ?IS SUBJECT IS ?AT H>DLY ANY EVID5CE IS EV] BR\<T TO ! =E BY ITS ADH]5TS EI!R TO %[ ?AT A PROCESS ( COMMODIFICATION IS TAK+ PLACE OR EV5 TO DISPLAY ! EXT5T1 PACE OR UNEV5NESS ( ITS P5ETRATION4.<#a#a#g.> 

,:ILE APPRECIAT+ ! DIFF]5CE & DIV]SITY )9 & BETWE5 !SE APPROA*ES1 COLLECTIVELY MANY HAVE ALSO S\<T TO RECOGNIZE1 VALUE1 & H>NESS HET]ODOX ECONOMIC PRACTICES ?AT >E ALREADY P>T ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,?IS HAS BE5 CRUCIAL 9 ALL[+ A MEAN+FUL SPACE = ?9K+ CRITICALLY AB\T H[ TO BETT] IMAG9E1 CREATE1 & CON/RUCT !SE NON-CAPITALI/ =MS ( WORK & ORGANIZATION 9 ! FUTURE4.<#a#a#h.> 

,TWO KEY /RATEGIES HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ TO UPSET ! !ORETICAL & SYMBOLIC SIGNS ?AT CON/RUCT CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY AS BO? 0NATURAL0 & 09EVITABLE40 ,! USE ( DISC\RSE ANALYSIS HAS BE5 EMPLOY$ TO CRITIQUE ! NOTIONS ?AT OBJECTS_/ID5TITIES >E 9H]5TLY /ABLE & FIX$4.<#a#a#i.> ,SU* A SUBV]SIVE & RADICAL FOCUS HAS BE5 EMPLOY$ TO DE/ABILIZE ! B9>Y OPPOSITION :I* IS EMPLOY$ BY MOD]N SOCIETIES TO E/ABLI% & DIFF]5TIATE 0ORD]0 7I4E41 CAPITALI/ WORK PRACTICES7 & 0DISORD]0 7I4E4 NON-CAPITALI/ WORK PRACTICES74 ,! B9>Y OPPOSITION WORKS TO EFFECTIVELY CONT9UALLY SUPPRESS ! LATT] CATEGORY 7NON-CAPITALI/7 & PROMOTE ! =M] 7CAPITALI/74 ,H[EV]1 TO ATTEMPT TO *ALL5GE ?IS B9>Y OPPOSITION ON ITS [N T]MS 7PROMOTE NON-CAPITALI/ WORK PRACTICES BY ATTA*+ MONET>Y VALUE TO DOME/IC WORK1 = EXAMPLE7 IS EXTREMELY PROBLEMATIC GIV5 ! P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONAL COMPLEXITY )9 ?IS B9>Y HI]>*Y4 ,?IS IS APP>5T :5 A WID] FRAMEWORK ( UND]/&+ IS S\<T1 :]E ONE CAN P]CEIVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! MULTIPLE WAYS ?AT ! B9>Y OPPOSITION L9KS =MAL WORK ) ! MASCUL9E1 ! RATIONAL1 ! OBJECTIVE1 ! PRODUCTIVE1 & 9=MAL WORK TO ! 0O!R0 79CLUD+1 BUT NOT LIMIT$ TO1 ! FEM99E1 ! EMOTIONAL1 ! SUBJECTIVE1 ! NONPRODUCTIVE74 

,ANO!R /RATEGY H>NESS$ TO EXPOSE ! UN/ABLE & FUZZY NATURE ( ECONOMIC EX*ANGE HAS BE5 TO 9DICATE WAYS 9 :I* =MAL & 9=MAL ECONOMIC SPACES >E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE OR NECESS>ILY OPPOSITIONAL 9 NATURE4 ,GIBSON & ,GRAHAM1 = EXAMPLE1 >GUE ?AT ! H\SEHOLD CAN BE 9T]PRET$ AS A PLACE :]E GOODS & S]VICES CAN BE PRODUC$1 JU/ AS A FACTORY SETT+ CAN ALSO ACT AS A REPRODUCTIVE SPACE4.<#a#b.> ,A FUR!R RELAT$ SIGNIFICANT APPROA* HAS BE5 TO %[ H[ =MAL & 9=MAL ECONOMIC SPACES >E 9TIMATELY CONNECT$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 RESE>* HAS %[N H[ NON-COMMODIFI$ WORK IS (T5 UND]TAK5 9 A MORE CREATIVE1 EMP[]+1 & NON-R\T9E NATURE )9 H\SEHOLDS ?AT >E RELATIVELY M>KET-ORI5TAT$4 ,TO RECAP1 SOME ( ! MORE SE>+ CRITIQUES ?AT HAVE *ALL5G$ & SUBV]T$ ! HI]>*ICAL ECONOMIC B9>IES 9 MOD]N ?\<T HAVE EM]G$ FROM ATTEMPTS TO 7A7 REVALUE ! SUBORD9ATE CATEGORY1 7B7 RE9T]PRET$ ! SITES ( PRODUCTION_/CONSUMPTION_/REPRODUCTION1 & 7C7 HI<LI<T ! 9T]CONNECT$NESS ( ! B9>Y OPPOSITION4 

,ACADEMICS LOOK+ TO PROMOTE NON-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC FUTURES HAVE ALSO EMBRAC$ A MORE ,F\CAULDIAN APPROA* TO *ALL5G+ & DECON/RUCT+ COMMODIFICATION IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS IS EVID5C$ 9 TWO WAYS1 FIR/LY BY ?OSE :O ADOPT A G5EALOGICAL ANALYSIS ( ! PROCESSES & 7DIS7CONT9UITIES BY :I* A P>TICUL> DISC\RSE IS CON/RUCT$1 & SECONDLY BY CRITICALLY ANALYZ+ ! WAY !ORIES1 SY/EMS ( MEAN+S1 & UNWRITT5 RULES EFFECTIVELY EXCLUDE1 C5SOR1 & RE/RICT1 & !REBY CAN BE US$ EFFECTIVELY TO P]PETUATE 9JU/ICE & VIOL5CE4.<#a#b#a.> ,TO (F] A MORE DETAIL$ LOOK AT ?IS1 9 HIS PROVOCATIVE PO/-/RUCTUALI/ WORK ,5C\NT]+ ,DEVELOPM5T3 ,! ,MAK+ & ,UNMAK+ ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 ,ESCOB> EMBRACES SU* A ,F\CAULDIAN APPROA* :5 FOCUS+ ON 7DECON/RUCT+7 ! PO/W> DISC\RSE ON DEVELOPM5T4.<#a#b#b.> ,9 HIS [N WORDS3 

,TO SPEAK DEVELOPM5T1 ONE MU/ ADH]E TO C]TA9 RULES ( /ATEM5T ?AT GO BACK TO ! BASIC SY/EM ( CATEGORIES & RELATIONS4 ,?IS SY/EM DEF9ES ! HEGEMONIC WORLDVIEW ( DEVELOPM5T1 A WORLDVIEW ?AT 9CREAS+LY P]MEATES & TRANS=MS ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL FABRIC ( ,?IRD ,WORLD CITIES & VILLAGES1 EV5 IF ! LANGUAGES ( DEVELOPM5T >E ALWAYS ADAPT$ & REWORK$ SIGNIFICANTLY AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4.<#a#b#c.> 

,?R\< H>NESS+ A HI/ORICAL N>RATIVE1 HE DEMON/RAT$ H[ PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I SOCIETIES 9 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA BECAME SYNONYM\S ) T]MS SU* AS 0BACKW>D10 0POOR10 0ILLIT]ATE10 0UND]-N\RI%$10 & 0UND]-EMPLOY$10 & ?US BECAME SE5 TO BE 9 NE$ ( ,WE/]N ASSI/ANCE4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD UND] SU* A ,WE/]N DIAGNOSIS1 IT IS >GU$1 C\LD ONLY BE REM$I$ BY A DOSE ( 9DU/RIALIZ$ ,FIR/ ,WORLD ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US ! DEVELOPM5T POLICIES ?AT BECAME P[]FUL & EFFECTIVE PO/COLONIAL ME*ANISMS ( CONTROL W]E1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 CREAT$ & 5=C$ PR9CIPALLY TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 ?OSE DISADVANTAG$ ! MO/ BY ?IS ,WE/]N HEGEMONIC DISC\RSE 7E4G41 PEASANTS1 WOM57 W]E ALSO--ON ! FACE ( IT-->GUABLY ! LEA/ ABLE TO TRANSC5D & ?9K BEYOND ! GR& N>RATIVES & /RUCTURES PRODUC$ BY ?IS DISC\RSE4 ,H[EV]1 5C\RAG+LY1 ,ESCOB> DRAWS ON EXAMPLES ( 9DIVIDUALS & 0HYBRID CULTURES0 ?AT HAVE TRANS=M$ ! DEVELOPM5T REGIME ( REPRES5TATION4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS & CULTURES HAVE EFFECTIVELY REPOSITION$ !MSELVES AS ACTIVE AG5TS 7( RESI/ANCE7 9 ! FACE ( ?IS PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( DEVELOPM5T1 & HAVE SUCCESSFULLY CREAT$ ALT]NATIVES 9 ! FACE ( MOD]NITY'S CRISIS4 ,ONE ( ! C5TRAL CONCLUSIONS HE MAKES IS AB\T H[ BE/ TO MOVE BEYOND ?IS APP>5TLY HEGEMONIC DISC\RSE3 

9/EAD ( SE>*+ = GR& ALT]NATIVE MODELS OR /RATEGIES1 :AT IS NE$$ IS ! 9VE/IGATION ( ALT]NATIVE REPRES5TATIONS & PRACTICES 9 CONCRETE LOCAL SETT+S1 P>TICUL>LY AS !Y EXI/ 9 CONTEXT ( HYBRIDIZATION1 COLLECTIVE ACTION & POLITICAL MOBILIZATION4.<#a#b#d.> 

,A P[]FUL CALL TO MOVE AWAY FROM CAPITALOC5TRIC READ+S ( ! ECONOMIC & 5VISAGE A RI* & DYNAMIC ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC SPECTRUM COMES ?R\< ! WORK ( JO9T AU?ORS ,GIBSON & ,GRAHAM4.<#a#b#e.> ,ADOPT+ A SIMIL> APPROA* TO ,ESCOB> BY H>NESS+ A ,F\CAULDIAN CRITIQUE1 ,GIBSON-,GRAHAM'S WORK HAS ALSO CONSI/5TLY H>NESS$ A ,D]RIDAN FRAMEWORK ( DECON/RUCTION4 ,?IS HAS MADE A DEEP & P[]FUL IMPACT ON RE?9K+ 7& 5C\RAG+ O!RS TO RE?9K7 CONV5TIONAL REPRES5TATIONS ( CAPITALISM AS ! NATURALLY DOM9ANT =M ( ECONOMY & ?US CONTRIBUTES TO AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ POLITICS ( ECONOMIC 9V5TION4 ,! AU?OR7S7 5GAGE ) A PROCESS ( 0UNE>?+10 0( BR++ TO LI<T IMAGES & HABITS ( UND]/&+ ?AT CON/ITUTE 0HEGEMONIC CAPITALISM0 AT ! 9T]SECTION ( A SET ( REPRES5TATIONS40.<#a#b#f.> ,ONE ONLY HAS TO ?9K1 = EXAMPLE1 ( H[ PEOPLE & NATIONS >E CATEGORIZ$ & POSITION$ )9 L9E> REPRES5TATIONS ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM TO SEE ! 7IMPOS$7 CONFIGURATIONS ( P[] 9 ! WORLD4 ,?IS E/ABLI%$ CONFIGURATION 9T]PRETS ! MO/ =MALIZ$ ECONOMIES AS BE+ ! MO/ 0ADVANC$ & PROGRESSIVE10 & ! MO/ 9=MAL_/NON-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES AS ?OSE ?AT >E BY REF]5CE 0BACKW>D1 UND]-DEVELOP$40 

,TO REIMAG9E & RE?9K ! CAPITALOC5TRIC ECONOMIC L&SCAPES ( ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES ?R\< A PLURALI/IC ECONOMIC L5S ?AT ALL[S = ! RECOGNITION ( DIV]SITY & DIFF]5CE 9 COMMODIFI$ & NON-COMMODIFI$ SPH]ES ( WORK1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS TWO KEY IMPLICATIONS4 ,9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE IT OP5LY ALL[S = ! POSSIBILITY ( FUTURE ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC WORK PRACTICES4 ,SECONDLY1 IT OP5LY SUGGE/S ?AT ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC WORK PRACTICES >E V]Y MU* SITUAT$ 9 ! PRES5T & ?US REPRES5TS ALT]NATIVE NON-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SPACES AS BO? EXI/+ & EM]G+4 

,! P$AGOGICAL-9SPIR$ ECONOMIC 0ICEB]G MODEL0 7FIGURE #b7 ?AT !Y EMPLOY IS P>TICUL>LY EFFECTIVE 9 DEMON/RAT+ ! PLURALITY ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ?AT >E SITUAT$ )9 SOCIETY4 ,! MODEL MAKES VISIBLE ?OSE RI* & DIV]SE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ?AT1 )9 ! CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY !SIS >E EFFECTIVELY 0.<R.>$UC$ TO444ANO!R %AD[Y ZONE1 (T5 H>D TO SEE = LACK ( ADEQUATE HI/ORICAL DOCUM5TS1 LY+ UND]NEA? ! M>KET ECONOMY2 ?IS444ELEM5T>Y BASIC ACTIVITY :I* W5T ON EV]Y:]E & ! VOLUME ( :I* IS TRULY FANTA/IC444A LAY] COV]+ ! E>?40.<#a#b#g.> 

,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ?IS MODEL CAN BE DISC]N$ ON MANY LEVELS1 NOT LEA/ AS ,GIBSON & ,GRAHAM !MSELVES >GUE1 9 ?AT ! MODEL 

OP5S UP CONCEPTIONS ( ECONOMY & PLACES ! REPUTATION ( ECONOMICS AS A COMPREH5SIVE & SCI5TIFIC BODY ( KN[L$GE UND] CRITICAL SUSPICION = ITS N>R[ & MY/IFY+ EFFECTS4.<#a#b#h.> 

,! PREVAL5CE ( ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY C]TA9LY ILLU/RATES AN IMPRESSIVE RANGE ( POSSIBILITIES TO EXIT & AB&ON ! M>KET3 ALT]NATIVE MODELS >E BE+ PRACTIC$ & 5ABL$ )9 ! CURR5T ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK4 ,MOREOV]1 AS WE WILL >GUE LAT]1 !SE ALT]NATIVE WORK PRACTICES >E EXP&+ 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD RELATIVE TO EX*ANG$ & MONETIZ$ WORK4 

,A CRITICISM ( ?IS >GUM5T MAY BE ?AT IT IS TOO IDEALI/IC--H[ CAN !SE DISP>ATE ECONOMIC PRACTICES =M A COH]5T & ROBU/ *ALL5GE TO CAPITALISM8 ,TO TAKE ONE EXAMPLE3 H[ CAN REGUL>1 R\T9E1 H\SEHOLD WORK PROVIDE US ) ! TOOLS TO TAKE ON ! GR& FACADE ( CAPITALISM8 ,BYRNE ET AL4 MAKE A /RONG CASE = >GU+ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE3 

,WE CAN VIEW ! H\SEHOLD AS HOPELESSLY LOCAL1 ATOMIZ$1 A SET ( DIS>TICULAT$ & ISOLAT$ UNITS1 5TW9$ & 5SN>$ 9 CAPITALISM'S GLOBAL ORD]1 9CAPABLE ( S]V+ AS A SITE ( CLASS POLITICS & RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,OR WE CAN AVOID CONFLAT+ ! MICRO LOGICAL ) ! M]ELY LOCAL & RECOGNIZE ?AT ! H\SEHOLD IS EV]Y:]E2 & :ILE IT IS RELAT$ 9 V>I\S WAYS TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 IT IS NOT SIMPLY CONSUM$ OR NEGAT$ BY IT4 ,UND]/&+ ! H\SEHOLD AS A SITE ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 ONE 9 :I* PEOPLE NEGOTIATE & *ANGE !IR RELATIONS ( EXPLOITATION & DI/RIBUTION 9 RESPONSE TO A WIDE V>IETY ( 9FLU5CES1 MAY HELP TO FREE US FROM ! GLOOM ?AT DESC5DS :5 A VISION ( SOCIALI/ 9NOVATION IS CONSIGN$ TO ! :OLESALE TRANS=MATION ( ! 0CAPITALI/0 TOTALITY4.<#a#b#i.> 

,:5 ONE IS 5C\RAG$ TO P]CEIVE ! M>KET FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 :I* REMOVES CAPITALISM FROM ITS CORE POSITION AT ! C5T] ( ! ,WE/]N IMAG9>Y1 !N ?IS RE-SIGNIFICATION BR+S TO ! =EGR\ND ! POSSIBILITY ( PO/-CAPITALI/ FUTURES4 ,! M>KET AS CONCEIV$ BY ,BYRNE & REPRES5T$ SO EFFECTIVELY 9 ,GIBSON-,GRAHAM'S ECONOMIC ICEB]G MODEL BECOMES ONE ( MANY TYPES ( ECONOMIC PRACTICE4 ,IT IS DIVE/$ ( ITS 09H]5T0 & NATURALIZ$ DOM9ANT /ATUS ?AT IT HAS 5JOY$4 ,IMPORTANTLY1 SU* A R]EAD+ ( CAPITALISM HEGEMONY IS ALSO FIRMLY SUPPORT$ BY ! EMPIRICAL WORK ?AT HAS FOCUS$ ON ! EM]G+ DIV]SITY ( ECONOMIC TRAJECTORIES4 ,?IS DISCUSSION BECOMES ! FOCUS ( ! NEXT SECTION4 

,UND]/&+ ,DOM9ANT ,ECONOMIC ,TRAJECTORY3 ,ONE ( ,PLURALITY & ,DIFF]5CE 

,TWO C5TRAL >GUM5TS CAN BE DISC]N$ )9 ! CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY !SIS3 FIR/1 ?AT NON-EX*ANG$ WORK IS CONTRACT+ RELATIVE TO MONETIZ$ EX*ANGES & SECOND ?AT1 MONETIZ$ EX*ANGES >E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY COMMODIFI$3 I4E41 UND]TAK5 = PR(IT-MOTIVAT$ PURPOSES4 ,ANY CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ( ?IS !SIS !N %\LD RI<TLY BE EXPECT$ TO F9D ROBU/ EVID5CE 9 SUPPORT ( !SE TWO >GUM5TS4 

,A ,CRITICAL ,FOCUS ON ,NON-,EX*ANG$ ,WORK 9 ,WE/]N ,ECONOMIES 

,TIME-BUDGET /UDIES HAVE BECOME AN IMPORTANT WAY ( MAK+ DETAIL$ RECORDS ( H[ PEOPLE ALLOCAT$ !IR TIME4 ,FROM ?IS IT IS POSSIBLE TO HI<LI<T ! COMP>ATIVE PROPORTION ( TIME 9DIVIDUALS ALLOCATE TO PAID WORK & NON-EX*ANG$ WORK4 ,GIV5 ! CLAIMS ( ! CAPITALI/ HEGEMONIC !SIS1 ONE C\LD RI<TFULLY EXPECT PAID WORK TO TAKE UP A 7SIGNIFICANT7 MAJORITY ( TIME 9 ! ,WE/]N 0ADVANC$0 ECONOMIES4 

"4 ,TABLE #a4 ,ALLOCATION ( ,WORK+ ,TIME 9 ,WE/]N ,ECONOMIES "4 
    
    
  
    
    
 ,C\NTRY  
    
    
 ,PAID WORK 
7M9_/DAY7  
    
    
 ,NON-EX*ANG$ WORK 
7M9_/DAY7  
    
    
 ,TIME SP5T ON NON-EX*ANG$ WORK AS .0 ( ALL WORK  
    
   
 ,CANADA  
    
    
 #bic  
    
    
 #bd  
    
    
 #d#a4  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 ,D5M>K  
    
    
 #bhc  
    
    
 #aee  
    
    
 #c#e4#c  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 ,FRANCE  
    
    
 #big  
    
    
 #bdf  
    
    
 #d#e4#c  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 ,NE!RL&S  
    
    
 #bfe  
    
    
 #bi  
    
    
 #d#d4#a  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 ,NORWAY  
    
    
 #bfe  
    
    
 #bcb  
    
    
 #d#f4#g  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 ,U,K  
    
    
 #bhb  
    
    
 #bf  
    
    
 #d#b4#b  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 ,U,S,A  
    
    
 #cd  
    
    
 #bca  
    
    
 #d#c4#b  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 ,F9L&  
    
    
 #bfh  
    
    
 #baf  
    
    
 #d#d4#f  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
 #b C\NTRIES 7AVG47  
    
    
 #big  
    
    
 #bc  
    
    
 #d#c4#f  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   

,TABLE #a H[EV] ILLU/RATES A V]Y DIFF]5T SC5>IO4 ,:5 FOCUS+ ON ! ALLOCATION ( WORK+ TIME ACROSS TW5TY DIFF]5T ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 TIME SP5T 9 UNPAID DOME/IC WORK 7I4E4 NON-EX*ANG$ WORK7 ACC\NTS = #d#c4#f P]C5T4 ,9DE$1 ! PROPORTION ( TIME SP5T ON NON-EX*ANG$ WORK EXCE$S ?IS FIGURE 9 ,FRANCE 7#d#e4#c P]C5T71 ,NORWAY 7#d#f4#g P]C5T71 & ,F9L& 7#d#d4#f P]C5T74 ,:AT TO CONCLUDE FROM ?IS3 IT APPE>S ?AT LIMITS ( ! M>KET TO A CLAIM ON TIME >E F> MORE RE/RICT$ & UNEV5 ?AN ALL[$ = BY M>KET ADVOCATES OR ?OSE :O HAVE OPPOS$ ITS 5CROA*M5T BUT /ILL SEE ! COMMODIFICATION PROCESS AS 9EVITABLE & UN/OPPABLE4 ,9 LI<T ( ?IS EVID5CE1 H[ CAN WE RECONCILE SU* A /ATEM5T AS 0! P]VASIVE REA* ( EX*ANGE-VALUE SOCIETY MAKES IT EV] MORE DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E & LEGITIMATE NON-M>KET =MS ( ORGANIZATION & PROVISION08.<#a#c.> ,OR1 EQUALLY1 ! PRON\NCEM5T BY ,CA/REE ET AL4 

?AT ?IS IS A PR$OM9ANTLY CAPITALI/ WORLD SEEMS TO US 9DISPUTABLE444!RE'S SC>CELY A PLACE ON ! PLANET :]E ?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION DOES NOT HAVE SOME PUR*ASE444?IS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION >GUABLY N[ HAS FEW1 IF1 ANY1 S]I\S ECONOMIC RIVALS4.<#a#c#a.> 

,?IS F9D+1 ?\<1 IS NOT UNEXPECT$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 CONSID] ,POLANYI :5 HE SPOKE ( ! 0GREAT TRANS=MATION10.<#a#c#b.> ONE :I* HAD SE5 ECONOMIC LIFE BECOM+ 0PROGRESSIVELY DISEMB$D$ FROM ITS SOCIETAL & CULTURAL MATRIX40.<#a#c#c.> ,POLANYI WAS QUITE C>EFUL--& WELL JU/IFI$--NOT TO EXAGG]ATE ! EXT5T ( ! %IFT 9 BALANCE FROM ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TAK+ PLACE 9 ! NON-M>KET SPH]E & ! M>KET4.<#a#c#d.> 

,H[EV]1 :5 ! O!R P[]FUL META-N>RATIVE ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION--?AT ( BECOM+ EV] MORE EXPANSIVE1 TOTALIZ+1 & HEGEMONIC--IS CONSID]$ 9 REF]5CE TO ! EVID5CE1 !N EV5 SU* NOTIONS ( A 0GREAT TRANS=MATION0 SEEM TO BE EXAGG]AT$4 ,AGA9 DRAW+ ON LONGITUD9AL DATA PRODUC$ BAS$ ON ! TIME-USE SURVEY1 !RE APPE>S TO BE LITTLE EVID5CE ?AT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY HAS MOV$ FROM NON-WAG$ WORK & 9TO PAID WORK4 ,9 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,FRANCE1 ,F9L&1 & ,D5M>K1 PAID WORK N[ OCCUPIES A L[] %>E ( PEOPLE'S TOTAL WORK+ TIME ?AN IT DID =TY YE>S AGO 7SEE ,TABLE #b74 

"4 ,TABLE #b3 ,SUBSI/5CE WORK AS A P]C5T ( TOTAL WORK TIME ACROSS #b C\NTRIES1 #aif TO PRES5T4 ,S\RCE3 ,G]%UNY 7#b1 ,TABLE #g4#a7 "4 
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
    
 #a#i#f-#g#c  
    
    
 #a#i#g#d-#h#d  
    
    
 #a#i#h#e-PRES5T  
    
    
  
    
   
  
    
    
 ,M9S P] DAY  
    
    
 .0 ( ALL WORK  
    
    
 ,M9S P] DAY  
    
    
 .0 ( ALL WORK  
    
    
 ,M9S P] DAY  
    
    
 .0 ( ALL WORK  
    
   
 ,PAID ,WORK  
    
    
 #ci  
    
    
 #e#f4#f  
    
    
 #bhe  
    
    
 #e#g4#c  
    
    
 #bic  
    
    
 #e#e4#d  
    
   
 ,SUBSI/5CE ,WORK  
    
    
 #bcg  
    
    
 #d#c4#d  
    
    
 #bab  
    
    
 #d#b4#g  
    
    
 #bce  
    
    
 #d#d4#f  
    
   
 ,TOTAL  
    
    
 #$f  
    
    
 #a4  
    
    
 #dig  
    
    
 #a4  
    
    
 #ebh  
    
    
 #a4  
    
   

,NON-MONETIZ$ ,EX*ANGE 

,FUR!R SUSPICION AB\T ! LEGITIMACY ( ! CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY !SIS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! PROBLEMATIC FACT ?AT NON-EX*ANG$ WORK IS EXTREMELY PREVAL5T 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,! BELIEF ?AT NON-MONETIZ$ EX*ANGE IS BE+ SY/EMATICALLY OV]COME BY M>KET-BAS$ TRANSACTIONS EMBODI$ 9 ,H>VEY'S /ATEM5T ?AT 0.<M.>ONET>Y RELATIONS HAVE P5ETRAT$ 9TO EV]Y NOOK & CRANNY ( ! WORLD & 9TO ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL1 EV5 PRIVATE LIFE0.<#a#c#e.> AGA9 BEGS ! OBVI\S QUE/ION3 :]E IS ! EVID5CE8 

,:5 A CONC]T$ ATTEMPT IS MADE TO GA!R ROBU/ EMPIRICAL DATA TO SUPPORT SU* A C5TRAL T5ET ?IS PROVES EXTREMELY DIFFICULT4 ,9 MANY ,WE/]N C\NTRIES !RE IS A SIGNIFICANT AM\NT ( WORK ?AT TAKES PLACE ON AN UNPAID BASIS1 :E!R ?R\< MORE =MAL1 VOLUNT>Y-BAS$ GR\PS OR ORGANIZATIONS1 OR ?R\< 9=MAL NETWORKS ( RECIPROCAL SUPPORT1 SU* AS MUTUAL AID OR UNPAID COMMUNITY EX*ANGE4 ,9 #b#a1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,HOME ,(FICE ,ACTIVE ,CITIZ5%IP ,SURVEY ID5TIFI$ ?AT )9 ! PREVI\S TWELVE MON?S >\ND #c4#g BILLION H\RS ( VOLUNTE]+ HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,GIV5 ?AT TW5TY-SEV5 MILLION PEOPLE WORK FULL-TIME = AN AV]AGE ( ?IRTY-FIVE H\RS P] WEEK1 ?IS #c4#g BILLION H\RS ( VOLUNTE]+ EQUATES TO JU/ OV] TWO MILLION PEOPLE BE+ 9 WORK ON A FULL-TIME BASIS4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 IT 9DICATES ?AT 9 ! ,U,K UP TO ONE H\R IS SP5T WORK+ ON A NON-MONETIZ$ BASIS = EV]Y F\RTE5 H\RS SP5T WORK+ 9 =MAL EMPLOYM5T4 

,!SE /ATI/ICS QUITE CLE>LY 9DICATE ?AT ! CAPITALI/ HEGEMONIC BELIEF ?AT >GUES ?AT !SE ECONOMIC SPACES >E M>G9AL1 RESIDUAL1 & DISAPPE>+ IS AT BE/ GROSSLY EXAGG]AT$4 ,! REALITY IS ?AT NON-MONETIZ$ EX*ANGE 7?AT IS TO SAY UNPAID COMMUNITY WORK1 MUTUAL AID1 OR MORE =MAL VOLUNT>Y WORK7 CONT9UES TO OCCUPY PREVAL5T & IMPORTANT SPACES )9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMIC L&SCAPES 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY4 

,NOT-,=-,PR(IT ,MONET>Y ,TRANSACTIONS 

,ZELIZ] OBS]V$ ?AT 0A P[]FUL IDEOLOGY ( \R TIME .<IS.> ?AT MONEY IS A S+LE1 9T]*ANGEABLE1 ABSOLUTELY IMP]SONAL 9/RUM5T--! V]Y ESS5CE ( \R RATIONALIZ+ MOD]N CIVILIZATION40.<#a#c#f.> ,C]TA9LY1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT MONET>Y EX*ANGE IS PR9CIPALLY PR(IT-MOTIVAT$ CUTS DEEP ACROSS ECONOMIC DISC\RSES RANG+ FROM AN>*ISM TO NEO-CLASSICALISM4 

,?IS CRUDE VIEW ( MONETIZ$ EX*ANGE IS (T5 PROMOT$ ACROSS ?IS RANGE TOO1 & IS COMMON TO ?OSE :O WELCOME SU* A 7NATURAL7 DEVELOPM5T1 & ?OSE :O CITE ?IS AS ANO!R REASON TO RESI/ & PU% AGA9/ ANY FUR!R CAPITALI/ ADVANCES BE+ MADE 9 SOCIETY4 ,YET !RE >E MANY 0ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC SPACES0 ?AT EXI/ AS SITES :]E NOT-=-PR(IT MONET>Y TRANSACTIONS >E COMMONPLACE 9CLUD+1 BUT NOT LIMIT$ TO1 G>AGE SALES1.<#a#c#g.> C> BOOT SALES1.<#a#c#h.> *>ITY %OPS1.<#a#c#i.> & LOCAL CURR5CY EXP]IM5TS SU* AS ,LOCAL ,EX*ANGE & ,TRAD+ ,S*EME4.<#a#d.> ,:AT QUICKLY BECOMES APP>5T :5 LOOK+ AT ! COMPLEXITY ( MONETIZ$ EX*ANGE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY IS ?AT 0MONEY IS NEI!R CULTURALLY NEUTRAL NOR SOCIALLY ANONYM\S0.<#a#d#a.> & ?US AS ,ZELIZ] WRITES1 

,! CLASSICAL ECONOMIC 9V5TORY ( MONEY'S FUNCTIONS' & ATTRIBUTES1 BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ( A S+LE G5]AL-PURPOSE TYPE ( MONEY1 IS UNSUITABLY N>R[4 ,BY FOCUS+ EXCLUSIVELY ON MONEY AS A M>KET PH5OM5ON1 IT FAILS TO CAPTURE ! V]Y COMPLEX RANGE ( *>ACT]I/ICS ( MONEY AS A SOCIAL M$IUM444C]TA9 MONIES CAN BE 9DIVISIBLE 7OR DIVISIBLE BUT NOT 9 MA!MATICALLY PR$ICTABLE PROPORTIONS71 NONFUNGIBLE1 NONPORTABLE1 DEEPLY SUBJECTIVE & QUALITATIVELY HET]OG5E\S4.<#a#d#b.> 

,IT IS ALSO WOR?:ILE REFLECT+ ON ! PUBLIC SECTOR1 A SECTOR :I* IS NOT ORI5T$ T[>DS PR(IT & /ILL ACC\NTS = AB\T #c-#e P]C5T ( ,G,D,P 9 ,WE/]N ECONOMIES4.<#a#d#c.> ,EV5 IF ! PUBLIC SECTOR IS NO LONG] AS SIGNIFICANT AS IT HAS BE5 9 T]MS ( BE+ A PROVID] ( GOODS & S]VICES1 IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO MAKE ! MI/AKE ( ASSUM+ ?AT ! PROVISIONS = !SE GOODS & S]VICES HAVE BE5 TAK5 UP BY ! CAPITALI/ SECTOR4 ,! GR[? ( ! NOT-=-PR(IT SECTOR HAS BE5 SE5 9 MANY ,WE/]N ECONOMIES1 :I* REPRES5TS >\ND FIVE P]C5T ,G,D,P4 ,DRAW+ ON DATA GA!R$ BY ! ,JOHNS ,HOPK9S ,COMP>ATIVE ,NONPR(IT ,SECTOR ,PROJECT 7,C,N,P71 ,SALAMON & ,SOKOL[SKI EXAM9$ ! NOT-=-PR(IT SECTOR 9 TW5TY-F\R C\NTRIES4.<#a#d#d.> ,9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC IMPACT ?IS IS A 0@s#a4#a TRILLION 9DU/RY ?AT EMPLOYS #a#i4#e MILLION FULL-TIME EQUIVAL5T 7,F,T,E7 PAID WORK]S 9 ! TW5TY-F\R C\NTRIES ON :I* DATA >E SO F> AVAILABLE40.<#a#d#e.> ,AS ,TABLE #c %[S1 ON AV]AGE ! NONPR(IT SECTOR GREW BY #bd P]C5T BETWE5 #a#i#i-#a#i#i#e1 COMP>$ TO JU/ AN #h P]C5T RISE 9 EMPLOYM5T4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! GR[? 9 EMPLOYM5T /OOD AT #h P]C5T DUR+ ?IS TIME1 :]EAS ! GR[? 9 EMPLOYM5T 9 ! NONPR(IT SECTOR WAS #b P]C5T4 ,9 ,EUROPE 7,U,K1 ,NE!RL&S1 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE71 :]EAS GR[? 9 ! TOTAL ECONOMY GREW BY #c P]C5T1 ! NONPR(IT SECTOR 9CREAS$ BY #bd P]C5T4 ,GIV5 SU* TR5DS--F> FROM RE9=C+ ! L9K BETWE5 ! PR(IT-MOTIVAT$ & MONET>Y EX*ANGE--IT C\LD BE MORE PROP]LY SUGGE/$ ?AT ?IS RELATION%IP IS DIM9I%+4 

,)9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR1 IT IS UNQUE/ION+LY ASSUM$ BY ! SUPREME REPRES5TATION ( 5T]PRISES 7!MSELVES ASSUM$ TO BE COH]5T1 PR$ICTABLE1 ORD]$1 ORGANIZ$ SITES7 ?AT ANY MONET>Y TRANSACTIONS >E ALWAYS & NECESS>ILY M>KET-LIKE1 & !RE=E DRIV5 PR9CIPALLY BY PR(IT-MOTIVE RATIONALES4 ,YET ?IS RELATION%IP HAS ALSO COME UND] ! CRITICAL SPOTLI<T1 ) /UDIES DEMON/RAT+ ?AT SU* AN ASSUMPTION IS NOT 5TIRELY ROBU/1 & !RE >E EXAMPLES ( PRIVATE-SECTOR 5T]PRISES ?AT >E NOT ALWAYS DRIV5 BY ! NECESSITY TO MAKE PR(IT & DO RETA9 SUB-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC CON/RUCTIONS & PRACTICES4.<#a#d#f.> ,TO TAKE ONE EXAMPLE1 9 SEEK+ TO OP5 A CONV]SATION AB\T :AT A CORPORATION IS1 ,O',NEILL & ,GIBSON-,GRAHAM ANALYZ$ ! ,AU/RALIAN-BAS$ MULT9ATIONAL ,B,H,P4.<#a#d#g.> ,! RESE>* QUE/ION$ ! CAPITALI/ NOTIONS ( 0! COMPANY0 9 A WAY ?AT ULTIMATELY 0.<P.>RODUCE.<D.> A DEC5T]$1 'DISORGANIZ$' REPRES5TATION ( ! 5T]PRISE40 ,! RESE>*]S HI<LI<T$ ! UNPR$ICTABLE1 SOCIAL & OP5 NATURE ( ! 5T]PRISE--& DEC\PL$ ! ESS5TIALI/ >GUM5TS ( !SE 5TITIES1 9CLUD+ ! LOGIC ?AT !Y >E ONLY DRIV5 BY PR(IT-MOTIVAT$ CONC]NS4 ,?IS ITSELF WAS SE5 TO BE SIGNIFICANT NOT ONLY 9 UND]M9+ POPUL> REPRES5TATIONS ( 5T]PRISE DISC\RSES1 BUT 9 ! ACT ( PRODUC+ A MORE NUANC$ READ+ ?AT HAS 0! POT5TIAL TO LIB]ATE ! POLITICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL IMAG9ATION1 & TO PROLIF]ATE ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITIES = REGIONAL FUTURES & CORPORATE-COMMUNITY RELATION%IPS40.<#a#d#h.> 

,TABLE #c4 ,*ANGES 9 ,NONPR(IT ,SECTOR ,F,T,E ,EMPLOYM5T1 BY ,C\NTRY1 #a#i#i-#a#i#i#e 
  
 ,C\NTRY  
    
    
 ,NONPR(IT ,SECTOR #a#i#i-#i#e ,*ANGE  
    
    
 ,TOTAL ,ECONOMY"9 #a#i#i-#i#e ,*ANGE  
    
    
  
    
    
  
    
   
  
    
    
 ,NET  
    
    
 ,AS .0 ( #aii LEVEL  
    
    
 ,NET  
    
    
 ,AS .0 ( #aii LEVEL  
    
   
 ,FRANCE  
    
    
 #a#e#g1#b#b  
    
    
 #b.0  
    
    
 -#c#b#i1  
    
    
 -#b.0  
    
   
 ,G]MANY  
    
    
 #d#b#b1#i#f  
    
    
 #d#b.0  
    
    
 #b1#a#f#c1#h#g#e  
    
    
 #h.0  
    
   
 ,HUNG>Y  
    
    
 #a#b1#b  
    
    
 #c#g.0  
    
    
 -#b#e4#f#d#a  
    
    
 -#a.0  
    
   
 ,ISRAEL  
    
    
 #a#i1#a#h#b  
    
    
 #a#e.0  
    
    
 #c#i#e1#b#c#g  
    
    
 #c#c.0  
    
   
 ,JAPAN  
    
    
 #d#e1#f#e#b  
    
    
 #b#g.0  
    
    
 #g#e#b#e1#f#h  
    
    
 #a#d.0  
    
   
 ,NE!RL&S  
    
    
 #d#a1#f#b#c  
    
    
 #g.0  
    
    
 #b#d1  
    
    
 #e.0  
    
   
 ,U,K"9"9  
    
    
 #a#a#i1#f#h  
    
    
 #b#h.0  
    
    
 -#b#b1#e#h  
    
    
 -#a.0  
    
   
 ,U,S"9  
    
    
 #a1#c#f1#h#i#c  
    
    
 #b.0  
    
    
 #a1#h#g#b1#h#a#g  
    
    
 #c.0  
    
   
 ,E,U ,TOTAL_/,AVG4 7#d ,C\NTRIES7  
    
    
 #g#d1#h  
    
    
 #b#d.0  
    
    
 #a1#h#g#b1#h#a#g  
    
    
 #c.0  
    
   
 ,O!R ,TOTAL_/,AVG4 7#d ,C\NTRIES7  
    
    
 #a1#h#d#b1#i#b#g  
    
    
 #b#e.0  
    
    
 #a#e1#i#g#f1#f#i  
    
    
 #a#d.0  
    
   
 ,TOTAL_/,AV]AGE  
    
    
 #b1#e#h#c1#g#b#g  
    
    
 #b#d.0  
    
    
 #a#g1#h#d#h1#h#h#f  
    
    
 #h.0  
    
   

"97 ,TOTAL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYM5T1 UPDAT$3 ,JANU>Y #b1 #b4 

"9"97 ,EXCLUD+ SPORT & RECREATION1 UNIONS1 & P>TS ( $UCATION4 

,N,O,T,E3 ,EXCEPT = ,ISRAEL & ! ,NE!RL&S1 ALL #aii FIGURES COME FROM ,JOHNS ,HOPK9S ,COMP>ATIVE ,NONPR(IT ,SECTOR ,PROJECT1 ,PHASE ,I1 & HAVE BE5 ADJU/$ :]E NECESS>Y TO MAKE !M COMP>ABLE ) ! #aiie FIGURES4 

,! RESULT ( ?IS CRITIQUE IS ONE ?AT >GUES ?AT IT IS SIMPLY NOT ! CASE1 DESPITE ALL ! POPUL> ASSUMPTIONS TO ! CONTR>Y1 TO SAY ?AT WE LIVE 9 A CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,:5 ALL ! E/IMATES >E TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 SIGNIFICANTLY LESS ?AN HALF ( ! ,WE/]N ECONOMIES CAN BE PROP]LY SAID TO BE ALIGN$ ) COMMODITY PRODUCTION DRIV5 BY CAPITALI/ PR(IT-MOTIVAT$ MONET>Y RATIONALES & RELATION%IPS 7SEE ,FIGURE #c74 

,NON-MONITIZ$ EX*ANGE 

,COMMODITY ,PRODUCTION 

,NON-EX*ANG$ ,ACTIVITY 

,NONPR(IT MOTIVAT$ MONET>Y EX*ANGE 

,FIGURE #c3 ,DI/RIBUTION ( ,WORK 9 ,WE/]N ,SOCIETIES 

,EXPLA9+ ! ,P]SI/5CE ( ,ALT]NATIVE ,ECONOMIC ,PRACTICES 

,!RE >E SEV]AL APPROA*ES :I* HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ TO EXPLA9 ! P]SI/5CE ( ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC PRACTICES 9 ,WE/]N ECONOMIES4 ,ONE VIEW >GUES ?AT ! GR[? ( !SE NON-CAPITALI/ PRACTICES IS A RESULT ( A NEW EM]G5T /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 :I* DISC>DS SOCIAL REPRODUCTION FUNCTIONS BACK 9TO ! NON-CAPITALI/ REALM4.<#a#d#i.> ,DE-COMMODIFICATION1 9 ?IS APPROA*1 IS ! RESULT ( ! FLEXIBILIZATION & D]EGULATION ( PRODUCTION1 A TR5D ?AT HAS RESULT$ 9 ! BREAKD[N ( ! PO/W> WELF>E /ATES & ECONOMIC REGULATIONS4 

,BUT TO EXPLA9 ! PRES5CE ( ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC PRACTICES 9 SU* />K /RUCTURAL ECONOMIC T]MS IS1 WE >GUE1 EXTREMELY PROBLEMATIC4 ,ONCE ! EXT5T ( ! NON-CAPITALI/ SPH]E HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$1 & ! HET]OG5E\S RATIONALES ?AT UND]P9 IT HAVE BE5 EXPLOR$1 !N SU* AN EXPLANATION IS F\ND 9ADEQUATE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,U,K-BAS$ RESE>* US+ ,H\SEHOLD ,WORK ,PRACTICE SURVEYS HAS %[N ?AT AL?\< HI<]-9COME H\SEHOLDS LEAD MORE M>KETIZ$ LIVES1 !Y 5GAGE 9 A HI<] LEVEL ( ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC PRACTICES4.<#a#e.> ,9 CONTRA/ TO L[]-9COME H\SEHOLDS1 ! TYPE ( 9=MAL WORK PRACTICES ?AT !Y 5GAGE 9 >E MORE CREATIVE1 REW>D+1 FULFILL+1 & NON-R\T9E4 ,MOREOV]1 ANO!R PR9CIPAL F9D+ IS ?AT ! MAJORITY ( HI<]-9COME POPULATIONS *OOSE TO 5GAGE 9 SU* WORK1 COMP>$ TO L[]-9COME POPULATIONS1 :I* UND]TAKE SU* WORK \T ( ECONOMIC NECESSITY4 ,SU* F9D+S SUGGE/ ! NE$ = ANY EXPLANATIONS ( ! P]SI/5CE ( ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC PRACTICES TO 9CORPORATE AG5CY-ORI5TAT$ N>RATIVES 9 ADDITION TO ECONOMI/IC DISC\RSES1 IF MORE ACCURATE & ROBU/ READ+S >E TO BE =?COM+4 

,= ,CAHILL1 0! AN>*I/ LOOKS AB\T HIM OR H] & SEES PROTE/ & RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT ECONOMIC SY/EM40.<#a#e#a.> ,A MORE AG5CY-ORI5TAT$ READ+ ( ! CONT9U$ PRES5CE_/RELEVANCE ( ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC PRACTICES W\LD FOCUS ON !M AS BE+ PRES]V$ BY SUCCESSFUL CULTURES ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! FACE ( 9CREAS+ DISILLUSIONM5T & DISSATISFACTION ) CAPITALISM & ITS HEGEMONY4.<#a#e#b.> 

,FROM ?IS READ+1 NON-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC PRACTICES HAVE BE5 9T]PRET$ AS 0SPACES ( HOPE0.<#a#e#c.> ?AT CONTA9 9TR9SIC VALUES SU* AS PLEASURE & SATISFACTION ?AT >E ABS5T FROM COMMODIFI$ =MAL SPACES4.<#a#e#d.> ,C]TA9LY1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT NOT ONLY IS CAPITALISM F> FROM COMPLETE1 BUT IT IS /RUGGL+ TO DEF5D ITS GR\ND 9 :AT IS1 & CONT9UES TO BE1 A DEEPLY CONTE/$ PROCESS4 

,CONCLUSION 

,! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,H[>D ,EHRLI* >GU$1 0,WE MU/ ACT AS IF ! FUTURE IS TODAY40.<#a#e#e.> ,:AT WE HAVE HOP$ TO DEMON/RATE H]E IS ?AT NON-CAPITALI/ SPACES >E PRES5T & EVID5T 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES4 ,WE DO NOT NE$ TO IMAG9E & CREATE FROM SCRAT* NEW ECONOMIC ALT]NATIVES ?AT WILL SUCCESSFULLY CONFRONT ! CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY !SIS1 OR MORE PROP]LY ! CAPITALI/ HEGEMONY MY?4 ,RA!R ?AN CAPITALISM BE+ ! ALL P[]FUL1 ALL CONQU]+1 ECONOMIC JUGG]NAUT1 ! GREAT] TRU? IS ?AT ! 0O!R0 NON-CAPITALI/ SPACES HAVE GR[N 9 PROPORTION RELATIVE 9 SIZE TO ! CAPITALISM REALM4 

,?IS %\LD GIVE MANY ( US GREAT COM=T & HOPE 9 MOV+ =W>D PURPOSEFULLY =1 AS ,*OMSKY OBS]V$3 0.<A.>LT]NATIVES HAVE TO BE CON/RUCT$ )9 ! EXI/+ ECONOMY1 & )9 ! M9DS ( WORK+ PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES40.<#a#e#f.> ,9 ?IS REG>D1 ! ROOTS ( ! HET]ODOX ECONOMIC FUTURES ?AT WE DESIRE DO EXI/ 9 ! PRES5T4 ,F> FROM %UTT+ D[N FUTURE ECONOMIC POSSIBILITIES1 A MORE ACCURATE READ+ ( 0! ECONOMIC0 7:I* DEC5T]S CAPITALISM71 C\PL$ ) ! GLOBAL CRISIS ?AT CAPITALISM F9DS ITSELF 91 %\LD GIVE US ADDITIONAL C\RAGE & RESOLVE TO UNLEA% \R ECONOMIC IMAG9ATIONS1 EMBRACE ! *ALL5GE ( CREAT+ 0FULLY 5GAG$0 ECONOMIES4 ,!SE MU/ ALSO TAKE GREAT] ACC\NT ( ! DISA/R\S SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL CO/S ( CAPITALISM & ITS 9H]5T E?IC ( COMPETITION4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 WROTE3 

,DON'T COMPETE6--COMPETITION IS ALWAYS 9JURI\S TO ! SPECIES1 & Y\ HAVE PL5TY ( RES\RCES TO AVOID IT6 ,!RE=E COMB9E--PRACTICE MUTUAL AID6 ,?AT IS ! SURE/ MEANS = GIV+ TO EA* & ALL TO ! GREATE/ SAFETY1 ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ( EXI/5CE & PROGRESS1 BODILY1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL4444,?AT IS :AT ,NATURE TEA*ES US2 & ?AT IS :AT ALL ?OSE ANIMALS :I* HAVE ATTA9$ ! HI<E/ POSITION 9 ! RESPECTIVE CLASSES HAVE DONE4 ,?AT IS ALSO :AT MAN .<SIC.>--! MO/ PRIMITIVE MAN--HAS BE5 DO+2 & ?AT IS :Y MAN HAS REA*$ ! POSITION UPON :I* WE /& N[4.<#a#e#g.> 

,A MORE DETAIL$ & CONSID]$ DISCUSSION ( ! FUTURES ( WORK1 H[EV]1 IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS *APT]4 ,:AT WE HAVE HOP$ TO DEMON/RATE IS ?AT 9 REIMAG9+ ! ECONOMIC1 & RECOGNIZ+ & VALU+ ! NON-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC PRACTICES ?AT >E ALREADY H]E1 WE MI<T SP>K R5EW$ 5?USIASM1 OPTIMISM1 9SI<T1 & CRITICAL DISCUSSION )9 & AMONG AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES4 ,! AMBITION H]E IS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,GIBSON-,GRAHAM1 9 >GU+ ?AT3 

,! OBJECTIVE IS NOT TO PRODUCE A F9I%$ & COH]5T TEMPLATE ?AT MAPS ! ECONOMY 0AS IT REALLY IS0 & PRES5TS444 A READY MADE 0ALT]NATIVE ECONOMY40 ,RA!R1 \R HOPE IS TO DIS>M & DISLOCATE ! NATURALIZ$ DOM9ANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & MAKE A SPACE = NEW ECONOMIC BECOM+S--ONES ?AT WE WILL NE$ TO WORK TO PRODUCE4 ,IF WE CAN RECOGNIZE A DIV]SE ECONOMY1 WE CAN BEG9 TO IMAG9E & CREATE DIV]SE ORGANIZATIONS & PRACTICES AS P[]FUL CON/ITU5TS ( AN 5LIV5$ NONCAPITALI/ POLICIES ( PLACE4.<#a#e#h.> 

,IF ! *APT] HAS SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ ?IS !N IT WILL HAVE A*IEV$ ITS PR9CIPAL OBJECTIVE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #a#c1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/