,APP5DIX #b 
,! ,AN>*I/ ,ME?OD3 ,AN ,EXP]IM5TAL ,APPROA* TO ,PO/-,CAPITALI/ ,ECONOMIES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABBEY ,VOLCANO 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>OL9E ,K4 ,KALTEFLEIT] 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,WAYNE ,PRICE 

,!RE >E V>I\S OP9IONS ON ! QUE/ION ( :AT A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ECONOMY W\LD LOOK LIKE4 ,BY 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM10 ,I 9CLUDE AN>*ISM & LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM1 AS WELL AS RELAT$ T5D5CIES SU* AS GUILD SOCIALISM & P>ECON--VIEWS :I* ADVOCATE A FREE1 COOP]ATIVE1 SELF-MANAG$1 NON/ATI/ ECONOMY ONCE CAPITALISM HAS BE5 OV]?R[N4 ,BE=E DIRECTLY DISCUSS+ !SE PROGRAMS1 ALT]NATE VISIONS ( COMMUNAL COMMONWEAL?S1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO DECIDE ON ! APPROPRIATE ME?OD4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 TWO ME?ODS HAVE PR$OM9AT$1 :I* ,I WILL CALL ! UTOPIAN-MORAL APPROA* & ! ,M>XI/-DET]M9I/ APPROA* 7NEI!R ( !SE T]MS IS MEANT TO BE PEJORATIVE74 ,I WILL PROPOSE A ?IRD APPROA*1 :I* HAS BE5 CALL$ ! 0ME?OD ( AN>*ISM0 7OR 0( AN>*Y074 

,! UTOPIAN-MORAL ME?OD GOES BACK TO ! E>LIE/ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM1 BE=E EI!R ,M>XISM OR ,BAKUN9I/ AN>*ISM DEVELOP$4 ,IT WAS ! ME?OD ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,ROB]T ,[51 ,F\RI]1 ,CABET1 & LAT] ( ,PR\DHON4 ,A ?9K] />TS ) A SET ( MORAL VALUES BY :I* ! PRES5T SOCIETY MAY BE CONDEMN$4 ,!N ! AU?OR MOVES ON TO 5VISION SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* C\LD EMBODY !SE VALUES4 7,!SE WRIT]S1 PIONE]S ( SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 & AN>*ISM1 DID NOT CALL !MSELVES 0UTOPIANS10 BUT SAW !MSELVES AS 0SCI5TIFIC0 ?9K]S47 

,A CURR5T EXAMPLE ( UTOPIAN-MORAL ME?ODS IS ! PROGRAM ( 0P>ECON0 7%ORT = 0P>TICIPATORY ECONOMICS071 ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ BY ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL4.<#d#a.> ,TYPICALLY1 9 ! FIR/ SECTION ( ,ALB]T'S BOOK1 ,P>ECON1 HE POSES ! KEY QUE/ION1 0,:AT >E \R PREF]R$ VALUES REG>D+ ECONOMIC \TCOMES & H[ DO P>TICUL> ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS FUR!R OR 9HIBIT !M80.<#d#a#a.> ,HE WORKS \T A SET ( DESIRABLE VALUES & !N CONSID]S H[ AN ECONOMY C\LD BE ORGANIZ$ TO C>RY !M \T4 

,! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS ME?OD %\LD BE APP>5T4 ,:AT ,ALB]T WANTS & :Y HE WANTS IT IS TRANSP>5T4 ,IT MAY BE FAIRLY >GU$ = OR AGA9/4 ,P>ECONI/S (F] A Y>D/ICK BY :I* TO JUDGE POT5TIAL ECONOMIES1 AS WELL AS REAL ONES1 SO ?AT RADICALS DO NOT CLAIM TO BE = FRE$OM BUT ACCEPT SOME TOTALIT>IAN MON/ROSITY4 

,H[EV]1 !RE >E ALSO PROBLEMS ) ! UTOPIAN-MORAL ME?OD4 ,V>I\S ?9K]S />T ) MORE OR LESS ! SAME VALUES 7E4G41 FRE$OM1 COOP]ATION1 EQUALITY1 DEMOCRACY_/SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( EA* P]SON'S POT5TIALITIES74 ,YET !Y PROPOSE QUITE DIFF]5T MODELS ( A NEW ECONOMY4 ,H[ TO DECIDE AMONG !SE MODELS8 

,ALSO IT C\LD BE >GU$ ?AT IT IS AU?ORIT>IAN = RADICALS TODAY TO MAKE DECISIONS AB\T H[ O!R PEOPLE WILL ORGANIZE !IR LIVES 9 ! FUTURE4 ,! MORE PRECISE & CONCRETE ! MODEL1 ! MORE ?IS IS A PROBLEM4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 QUITE A NUMB] ( HI/ORIC UTOPIAN MODELS W]E V]Y UNDEMOCRATIC 9 /RUCTURE 7SPEAK+ ( ,[51 ,F\RI]1 ,CABET1 & ,SA9T-,SIMON74 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE ( ! P>ECON MODEL1 BUT A MOD]N V]SION IS 9 ,B4,F4 ,SK9N]'S ,WALD5 ,TWO 7#a#i#g#f71 AN IMAG9$ SOCIALI/ COMMUNE ) A DICTATOR%IP BY BEHAVIORAL PSY*OLOGI/S4 

,F9ALLY !RE IS A PROBLEM 9 ?AT ! UTOPIAN APPROA* />TS FROM VALUES RA!R ?AN FROM AN ANALYSIS ( H[ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY FUNCTIONS4 ,!RE IS REALLY NO NECESS>Y CONNECTION BETWE5 ANY P>TICUL> MODEL & ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITALISM 7BESIDES ! MORAL CRITIQUE74 ,! VISIONS ( ! POSSIBLE FUTURES DO NOT PO9T TO ANY /RATEGIES = GETT+ TO !SE FUTURES4 ,S9CE !Y PROPOSE A DRA/IC *ANGE 9 SOCIETY1 !Y MAY BE SE5 AS IMPLY+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT IT IS C]TA9LY POSSIBLE TO ADOPT SOME UTOPIAN MODEL & BELIEVE ?AT IT CAN BE REA*$ BY GRADUAL *ANGES1 SU* AS BUILD+ V>I\S ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS UNTIL CAPITALISM CAN BE PEACEFULLY REPLAC$--?AT IS1 BY FOLL[+ A GRADUAL1 PACIFI/IC1 & RE=MI/ /RATEGY4 ,A PROGRAM ?AT DOES NOT SAY :E!R TO BE REVOLUTION>Y OR RE=MI/ IS NOT MU* ( A GUIDE TO ACTION4 

,! MA9 ALT]NATE ME?OD HAS BE5 ?AT ( ,M>XI/-DET]M9ISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS VALU$ ! PREC$+ 0UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S0 = V>I\S ?+S1 SU* AS !IR CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM & SOME ( !IR PROPOSALS4 ,BUT ! ORIG9AL ,M>XI/S CLAIM$ ?AT ANO!R ME?OD WAS NE$$4 ,IT WAS1 !Y ?\<T1 NECESS>Y TO ANALYZE H[ CAPITALISM WAS DEVELOP+1 9CLUD+ ITS MA9 DRIVE ME*ANISM3 ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION%IP 9 PRODUCTION4 ,?IS PROVID$ ! BASIS ( A /RATEGY3 ! WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTION4 ,IT 9DICAT$ ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW SOCIETY \T ( ?AT REVOLUTION4 ,?IS RELATION%IP WAS !IR MA9 9T]E/4 ,M>X & ,5GELS ONLY M5TION$ ! NATURE ( ! NEW SOCIETY 9 PASS+ REM>KS1 SCATT]$ ?R\<\T !IR WRIT+S--SU* AS A FEW P>AGRAPHS 9 ,M>X'S 0,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM40.<#d#a#b.> 

,9 ?IS WORK1 ,M>X DISCUSS$ ! NATURE ( COMMUNISM1 9CLUD+ AT FIR/ PAY+ WORK]S ) LABOR CR$ITS & LAT] PROVID+ GOODS FREELY UPON NE$4 ,YET SU* IDEAS W]E NOT ADVOCAT$ NOR MADE AS SPECULATION1 BUT /AT$ AS FACTUAL PR$ICTIONS4 ,?IS IS :AT W\LD HAPP51 HE WAS SAY+2 HUMAN *OICE SEEM$ TO BE IRRELEVANT4 ,! GOAL ( ,M>X & ,5GELS WAS NOT TO IMPLEM5T A NEW SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,IT WAS TO SEE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS OV]?REW ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & TOOK P[] = ITSELF4 ,ONCE ?IS HAPP5$1 ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS W\LD TAKE C>E ( FUR!R SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 ,L59 REG>D$ HIMSELF AS PRAIS+ ,M>X :5 HE WROTE1 0,M>X TREAT$ ! QUE/ION ( COMMUNISM 9 ! SAME WAY AS A NATURALI/ W\LD TREAT ! QUE/ION ( ! DEVELOPM5T (1 SAY1 A NEW BIOLOGICAL V>IETY1 ONCE HE KNEW ?AT IT HAD ORIG9AT$ 9 SU* & SU* A WAY & WAS *ANG+ 9 SU* & SU* A DEF9ITE DIRECTION4444 ,IT HAS NEV] 5T]$ ! HEAD ( ANY SOCIALI/ TO 'PROMISE' ?AT ! HI<] PHASE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNISM WILL >RIVE2 444.<IT IS A.> =ECA/ ?AT IT WILL >RIVE40.<#d#a#c.> 

,! ,M>XI/-DET]M9I/ ME?OD ALSO HAS DI/9CT ADVANTAGES4 ,IT IS TI$ TO AN ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,IT HAS AN ANALYSIS ( :AT =CES >E MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( A NEW SOCIETY & :AT ONES >E BLOCK+ !M4 ,IT LEADS TO A /RATEGY ?AT ID5TIFIES A SPECIFIC *ANGE AG5T 7! WORK+ CLASS1 LEAD+ O!R OPPRESS$ GR\PS74 ,!RE >E /R&S ( AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM :I* 9T]PRET ,M>XISM 9 A LIB]T>IAN1 ANTI-/ATI/ FA%ION :I* OV]LAPS ) CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*ISM4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 LIKE A NATURALI/'S /UDY ( AN ORGANISM'S DEVELOPM5T1 !RE IS NO MORAL /&>D1 JU/ A 0=ECA/0 7EV5 ?\<1 9 FACT1 ,M>X'S WORK IS SATURAT$ ) MORAL PASSION2 BUT ?IS IS NOT ! SY/EM74 ,SO :5 ,M>XI/-L$ REVOLUTIONS PRODUCE /ATE-CAPITALI/ TOTALIT>IANISMS ?AT MURD] T5S ( MILLIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 V]Y MANY ,M>XI/S SUPPORT ?IS AS ! RESULT ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS :I* HAS CREAT$ 0ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM40 ,M>X & ,5GELS W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 HORRIFI$ BY :AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & O!R SO-CALL$ COMMUNI/ C\NTRIES4 ,BUT A ME?OD )\T A MORAL /&>D MADE IT DIFFICULT = ,M>XI/S TO NOT SUPPORT !SE /ATES4 

,BO? ! UTOPIAN-MORAL & ,M>XI/-DET]M9I/ ME?ODS HAVE ADVANTAGES & WEAKNESSES4 ,LET ME SUGGE/ AN ALT]NATE APPROA* TO PO/-CAPITALI/1 PO/-REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMIC MODELS4 ,?IS HAS BE5 RAIS$ BY AN>*I/S 9 ! PA/4 ,IT />TS FROM ! D\BT ?AT EV]Y REGION & NATIONAL CULTURE WILL *OOSE ! SAME V]SION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT EV]Y 9DU/RY1 FROM ! PRODUCTION ( /EEL TO ! $UCATION ( *ILDR51 C\LD BE MANAG$ 9 PRECISELY ! SAME MANN]4 

,KROPOTK9 PROPOS$ A FLEXIBLE SOCIETY BAS$ ON VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!SE W\LD CREATE 0AN 9T]WOV5 NETWORK1 COMPOS$ ( AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( GR\PS & F$]ATIONS ( ALL SIZES & DEGREES1 LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL--TEMPOR>Y OR MORE OR LESS P]MAN5T--= ALL POSSIBLE PURPOSES3 PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION & EX*ANGE1 COMMUNICATIONS1 SANIT>Y >RANGEM5TS444& SO ON40.<#d#a#d.> 

,P]HAPS ! CLE>E/ /ATEM5T ( ?IS FLEXIBLE & EXP]IM5TAL AN>*I/ ME?OD WAS MADE BY ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! GREAT ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i#c#b74 ,TO ,MALATE/A1 AFT] A REVOLUTION1 0PROBABLY EV]Y POSSIBLE =M ( POSSESSION & UTILIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ALL WAYS ( DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCE WILL BE TRI$ \T AT ! SAME TIME 9 ONE OR MANY REGIONS1 & !Y WILL COMB9E & BE MODIFI$ 9 V>I\S WAYS UNTIL EXP]I5CE WILL 9DICATE :I* =M1 OR =MS1 IS OR >E1 ! MO/ SUITABLE444 ,SO LONG AS ONE PREV5TS ! CON/ITUTION & CONSOLIDATION ( NEW PRIVILEGE1 !RE WILL BE TIME TO F9D ! BE/ SOLUTIONS40.<#d#a#e.> ,MALATE/A CONT9U$1 0,= MY P>T1 ,I DO NOT BELIEVE !RE IS 'ONE SOLUTION' TO ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 BUT A ?\S& DIFF]5T & *ANG+ SOLUTIONS 9 ! SAME WAY AS SOCIAL EXI/5CE IS DIFF]5T & V>I$ 9 TIME & SPACE40.<#d#a#f.> 

,WE CANNOT ASSUME1 HE >GU$1 ?AT1 EV5 :5 ! WORK]S HAVE AGRE$ TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM1 !Y W\LD AGREE TO CREATE IMM$IATELY A FULLY AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,:AT IF SMALL F>M]S 9SI/ ON BE+ PAID = !IR CROPS 9 MONEY8 ,!Y MAY GIVE UP ?IS OP9ION ONCE IT IS OBVI\S ?AT 9DU/RY WILL PROVIDE !M ) GOODS1 BUT FIR/ !Y MU/ NOT BE CO]C$ 9TO GIV+ UP !IR CROPS UND] CONDITIONS !Y REJECT4 ,9 ANY CASE A COMPULSORY LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 AS HE PO9T$ \T4 

0,AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! EXI/+ P[]S & ! OV]:ELM+ VICTORY ( ! =CES ( 9SURRECTION1 :AT !N8 ,IT IS !N ?AT GRADUALISM REALLY COMES 9TO OP]ATION4 ,WE %ALL HAVE TO /UDY ALL ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( LIFE3 PRODUCTION1 EX*ANGE1 ! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 RELATIONS BETWE5 AN>*I/ GR\P+S & ?OSE LIV+ UND] SOME K9D ( AU?ORITY444 ,& 9 EV]Y PROBLEM .<AN>*I/S.> %\LD PREF] ! SOLUTIONS :I* NOT ONLY >E ECONOMICALLY SUP]IOR BUT :I* SATISFY ! NE$ = JU/ICE & FRE$OM & LEAVE ! WAY OP5 = FUTURE IMPROVEM5TS40.<#d#a#g.> 

,:ATEV] SOLUTIONS >E TRI$1 HE IS SAY+1 !Y MU/ BE NONEXPLOITATIVE & NONOPPRESSIVE4 ,!Y MU/ 0PREV5T ! CON/ITUTION & CONSOLIDATION ( NEW PRIVILEGE0 & 0LEAVE ! WAY OP5 = FUTURE IMPROVEM5TS40 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS FLEXIBILITY1 PLURALISM1 & EXP]IM5TALISM :I* *>ACT]IZES AN>*ISM 9 ,MALATE/A'S VIEW & MAKES IT A SUP]IOR APPROA* TO ! PROBLEMS ( LIFE AFT] CAPITALISM4 

0,ONLY AN>*Y PO9TS ! WAY ALONG :I* !Y CAN F9D1 BY TRIAL & ]ROR1 ?AT SOLUTION :I* BE/ SATISFIES ! DICTATES ( SCI5CE AS WELL AS ! NE$S & WI%ES ( EV]YBODY4 ,H[ WILL *ILDR5 BE $UCAT$8 ,WE DON'T KN[4 ,SO :AT WILL HAPP58 ,P>5TS1 P$AGOGUES & ALL :O >E CONC]N$ ) ! FUTURE ( ! Y\NG G5]ATION WILL COME TOGE!R1 WILL DISCUSS1 WILL AGREE OR DIVIDE ACCORD+ TO ! VIEWS !Y HOLD1 & WILL PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! ME?ODS :I* !Y ?9K >E ! BE/4 ,& ) PRACTICE ?AT ME?OD :I* 9 FACT IS ! BE/ WILL 9 ! 5D BE ADOPT$4 ,& SIMIL>LY ) ALL PROBLEMS :I* PRES5T !MSELVES40.<#d#a#h.> 

,O!RS HAVE PO9T$ TO ! EXP]IM5TAL APPROA* AS C5TRAL TO ! AN>*I/ PROGRAM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ! MO/ PROM95T AN>*I/ ( ! '#fS1 WROTE3 0,I AM NOT PROPOS+ A SY/EM4444 ,IT IS IMPROBABLE ?AT !RE C\LD BE A S+LE APPROPRIATE /YLE ( ORGANIZATION OR ECONOMY TO FIT ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( SOCIETY4440.<#d#a#i.> ,OR1 AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT1 AN AN>*I/ 0SOCIETY W\LD REPRES5T NO?+ IMMUTABLE4444 ,H>MONY W\LD444RESULT FROM AN EV]-*ANG+ ADJU/M5T & READJU/M5T ( EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! MULTITUDES ( =CES & 9FLU5CES1 & ?IS ADJU/M5T W\LD BE ! EASI] TO OBTA9 AS NONE ( ! =CES W\LD 5JOY A SPECIAL PROTECTION FROM ! /ATE40.<#d#b.> 

,ISSUES ,RAIS$ BY ,DIFF]+ ,MODELS ( ,PO/-,CAPITALISM 

,!RE >E A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS ?AT PO/-CAPITALI/ VISIONS HAVE TO ADDRESS & ! WAYS ?AT !Y ADDRESS !SE ISSUES >E :AT DIFF]5TIATE !M4 ,! APPROA* ,I HAVE RAIS$ DOES NOT 9SI/ ON ANY ONE ANSW] TO EA* ISSUE1 BUT SUGGE/S ?AT DIFF]5T ANSW]S MAY BE TRI$ 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,H[EV]1 ! ANSW]S PROPOS$ BY DIFF]5T MODELS PROVIDE US ) IDEAS ( POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO !SE PROBLEMS4 ,?AT IS1 ! UTOPIAN-MORAL & ,M>XI/-DET]M9I/ MODELS MAY BE TREAT$ AS 0?\<T EXP]IM5TS10 PROVID+ SUGGE/IONS ?AT MAY BE EXP]IM5T$ )4 

,A KEY PROBLEM IS ! ME?OD ( COORD9ATION 9 ! PO/-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,?REE ANSW]S HAVE BE5 PROPOS$3 A M>KET1 C5TRAL PLANN+1 & SOME SORT ( NONC5TRALIZ$ PLANN+4 

,FIR/1 !RE HAS BE5 PROPOS$ :AT MI<T BE CALL$ 0DEC5TRALIZ$ M>KET SOCIALISM40 ,IT W\LD BE = AN ECONOMY ( DEMOCRATICALLY MANAG$ PRODUC] 7WORK]-RUN7 COOP]ATIVES1 CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES1 FAMILY F>MS1 MUNICIPAL 5T]PRISES1 & V]Y SMALL BUS9ESSES ?AT W\LD COMPETE 9 A M>KET4 ,SU* A MODEL HAS BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY V>I\S RE=M SOCIALI/S :O >E CONC]N$ ) ! FAILURES ( /ATE-MANAG$ ECONOMIES4.<#d#b#a.> ,IT HAS BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY ,RI<T ,GRE5S1 ,CA?OLIC DI/RIBUTIONI/S1 NONSOCIALI/ DEC5TRALI/S1 & O!RS4.<#d#b#b.> ,! ,YUGOSLAVIAN ECONOMY UND] ,TITO HAD SOME?+ LIKE ?IS 7UND] ! OV]ALL DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY74 

,9 !ORY SU* A SY/EM W\LD NOT BE CAPITALI/1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO CAPITALI/ CLASS ?AT [NS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & !RE IS NO PROLET>IAT ?AT SELLS ITS ABILITY TO WORK TO A SEP>ATE CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,BUT1 H[EV] DEMOCRATIC EA* 5T]PRISE1 ! POPULATION CANNOT BE SAID TO ACTUALLY MANAGE ! OV]ALL ECONOMY 9 A DEMOCRATIC WAY4 ,IT W\LD REALLY BE RUN BY ! UNCONTROLLABLE =CES ( ! M>KET4 ,!RE >E B\ND TO BE BUS9ESS CYCLES1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 & A DI/9CTION BETWE5 MORE PROSP]\S & POOR] 5T]PRISES & REGIONS 7EFFECTS :I* W]E SE5 9 0COMMUNI/0 ,YUGOSLAVIA74 

,AN ALT]NATIVE W\LD BE SOME DEGREE ( C5TRAL PLANN+1 AS ,M>X SEEMS TO HAVE ASSUM$4 ,9 A NON/ATI/ SOCIETY1 ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY W\LD BE ANSW]ABLE TO AN ASSOCIATION ( POPUL> C\NCILS & ASSEMBLIES4.<#d#b#c.> ,CA/ORIADIS IMAG9$ ?AT !RE C\LD BE A C5TRAL 0PLAN FACTORY10 :I* W\LD CREATE AN OV]ALL PLAN4.<#d#b#d.> ,SOMEH[1 HE BELIEV$1 ?IS C\LD BE CONSI/5T ) LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ( SELF-MANAG+ WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & GUILD SOCIALI/S HAVE ALSO T5D$ T[>D A C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY1 MANAG$ BY DEMOCRATIC UNIONS4 ,ALL SORTS ( REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS CAN BE PROPOS$ = DEMOCRATIC C5TRAL PLANN+1 AL?\< !Y ALL HAVE ! DIFFICULTY ( IMPORTANT DECISIONS BE+ MADE \TSIDE ( ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! WORK+ POPULATION4 

,! ?IRD SUGGE/ION IS ?AT ( A DEMOCRATICALLY PLANN$1 BUT NOT C5TRALIZ$1 COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY1 0! IDEA ?AT PRODUCTION C\LD BE DIRECTLY C\PL$ TO 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL NE$ ?R\< DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES 7OR CYB]NETIC NETWORKS7 ( WORK]S & CONSUM]S40.<#d#b#e.> ,P>ECON IS A MODEL ( SU* A NONM>KET1 NONC5TRALIZ$ SY/EM4 ,PLANN+ W\LD BE C>RI$ \T ?R\< CYCLES ( BACK-&-=? NEGOTIATIONS AMONG PRODUC] & CONSUM] C\NCILS US+ ! ,9T]NET4 

,9 A PLURALI/1 EXP]IM5TAL1 PO/-CAPITALI/ WORLD1 DIFF]5T REGIONS MI<T EXP]IM5T ) DIFF]5T TYPES ( ECONOMIC COORD9ATION4 ,REGIONS MI<T TRY \T MIXTURES ( DIFF]5T MODELS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 EV5 9 ! P>ECON MODEL !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( C5TRAL PLANN+ 9 ! 0FACILITATION BO>DS10 :I* HELP TO SMOO? ALONG ! PLANN+ PROCESS4 ,EV5 9 DEC5TRALIZ$ M>KET SOCIALISM1 PRESUMABLY !RE W\LD BE SOME SORT ( OV]ALL REGULATION1 AS !RE IS UND] CAPITALISM1 IF NOT BY A /ATE !N BY SOME COMMUNAL AG5CY4 ,TAKIS ,FOTOP\LIS PROPOSES 0A /ATELESS1 MONEYLESS1 & M>KETLESS ECONOMY0 BUT ONE :I* 9CLUDES 0AN >TIFICIAL M>KET0 = A 0NON-BASIC NE$S SECTOR444?AT BALANCES DEM& & SUPPLY40.<#d#b#f.> 

,A RELAT$ ISSUE IS ! SIZE ( ! ECONOMIC UNIT4 ,:ILE ECONOMIC PLANN+ BY CAPITALI/ /ATES IS ON A NATIONAL BASIS1 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/-AN>*I/S G5]ALLY REG>D ?IS AS 9APPROPRIATE TO A PO/-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,AS 9T]NATIONALI/S1 WE >E AW>E ?AT ! WORLD IS BE+ KNIT TOGE!R BY IMP]IALI/ GLOBALIZATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME WE KN[ ?AT MU* ( ?IS WORLDWIDE C5TRALIZATION IS NOT DUE TO TE*NICAL NE$S BUT TO ! NE$ ( CAPITALI/S TO CONTROL NATURAL RES\RCES1 TO DOM9ATE WORLD M>KETS1 & TO EXPLOIT ! POORE/ WORK]S 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! BIGGE/ PR(ITS4 ,TO 5D ! RULE ( /ATES & BUREAUCRACIES1 AN>*I/S WANT AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ( LOCAL1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS REQUIRES A DEGREE ( ECONOMIC DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,9DE$1 ANY SORT ( ECONOMIC PLANN+ W\LD BE EASI]1 & EASI] TO MAKE DEMOCRATIC1 ! SMALL] ! UNITS4 ,F9ALLY IT W\LD ALSO BE EASI] TO KEEP PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 BALANCE ) NATURE1 ! SMALL] ! UNITS >E4.<#d#b#g.> 

,TRADITIONALLY AN>*I/S HAVE S\<T TO BALANCE NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ) ! NE$ = LOCAL COMMUNITY BY ADVOCAT+ F$]ATIONS & NETWORKS4 ,!RE CAN BE NO H>D-&-FA/ RULE AB\T H[ C5TRALIZ$ OR DEC5TRALIZ$ AN ECONOMY HAS TO BE4 ,AS ,PAUL ,GOODMAN PUT IT1 0,WE >E 9 A P]IOD ( EXCESSIVE C5TRALIZATION4444 ,9 MANY FUNCTIONS ?IS /YLE IS ECONOMICALLY 9EFFICI5T1 TE*NOLOGICALLY UNNECESS>Y1 & HUMANLY DAMAG+4 ,!RE=E WE MI<T ADOPT A POLITICAL MAXIM3 TO DEC5TRALIZE :]E1 H[1 & H[ MU* .<AS.> IS EXP$I5T4 ,BUT :]E1 H[1 & H[ MU* >E EMPIRICAL QUE/IONS4 ,!Y REQUIRE RESE>* & EXP]IM5T40.<#d#b#h.> 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ADVOCAT$ AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON COMMUNI/ COMMUNES SIMIL> TO ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM4 ,?IS WAS P>T ( HIS 0LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/0 MODEL4.<#d#b#i.> ,ANO!R V]SION IS RAIS$ BY ,FOTOP\LOS.<#d#c.> & IT IS ALSO DISCUSS$ AS 0,S*EME ,I,I0 9 ,GOODMAN & ,GOODMAN4.<#d#c#a.> ,! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE W\LD BE AN 5T]PRISE &1 ?R\< ITS T[N MEET+S1 W\LD MAKE DECISIONS AB\T ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,?IS W\LD NOT PREV5T COMMUNITIES FROM =M+ F$]ATIONS ON A REGIONAL1 NATIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,!Y C\LD COORD9ATE !IR PLANS & EX*ANGE GOODS1 S]VICES1 & IDEAS4 

,P>ECON HAS ITS [N TWI/ ON ?IS ISSUE4 ,WORKPLACES W\LD BE MANAG$ BY WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,CONSUMPTION W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ?R\< CONSUM]S' COMMUNITY C\NCILS4 ,!SE >E RELATIVELY SMALL1 FACE-TO-FACE GR\P+S4 ,BUT ! UNIT :I* IS COV]$ BY ! F9AL PLAN IS PRIM>ILY ! NATION 7:I*1 9 ! CASE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IF IT /ILL EXI/$1 W\LD BE MU* ( A CONT95T74 ,9 FACT1 ,ALB]T SPECIFICALLY REJECTS 0GRE5 BIOREGIONALISM0 & ANY NOTION ( PRIORITIZ+ SMALL 9/ITUTIONS OR LOCAL 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY40.<#d#c#b.> 7,ACTUALLY DEC5TRALI/S DO NOT ADVOCATE COMPLETE COMMUNITY SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 BUT 5\< DEP5D5CE ON LOCAL & REGIONAL RES\RCES TO BE RELATIVELY SELF-RELIANT1 )9 BROAD] F$]ATIONS & NETWORKS74 

,! ISSUE ( SIZE IS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ?AT ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,JU/ AS IS TRUE ( ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS1 SO PRODUCTIVE TE*NOLOGY W\LD HAVE TO BE FLEXIBLE1 PLURALI/IC1 & EXP]IM5TAL4 ,MA*9]Y & ! ME?ODOLOGY ( PRODUCTION HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY ! PROCESSES ( CAPITALISM 7& MILIT>ISM7 TO S]VE ITS 9T]E/S4 ,TE*NOLOGY W\LD HAVE TO BE COMPLETELY REORGANIZ$ & R$EVELOP$ OV] TIME TO MEET ! NE$S ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] A REVOLUTION1 ! WORK]S WILL NE$ TO BEG9 TO REWORK ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION 7MA*9]Y 9CLUD$7 TO DO AWAY ) ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ORD] GIV]S & ORD] TAK]S1 TO PRODUCE USEFUL GOODS1 TO BE 9 BALANCE ) ! ECOLOGY1 & TO MAKE A DEC5TRALIZ$ BUT PRODUCTIVE ECONOMY POSSIBLE4.<#d#c#c.> 

,JU/ H[ !SE WILL BE DONE W\LD REQUIRE A GREAT DEAL ( RE?9K+ & TRIAL & ]ROR4.<#d#c#d.> ,! P>ECON MODEL DOES NOT 9CLUDE ANY RECONSID]ATION ( TE*NOLOGY1 BUT DOES CALL = ! REORGANIZATION ( WORK TO CREATE 0BALANC$ JOB COMPLEXES40 ,OCCUPATIONS W\LD BE BROK5 D[N & RECONFIGUR$ SO ?AT 9DIVIDUAL JOBS W\LD 9CLUDE BO? 9T]E/+ & BOR+ TASKS1 BO? DECISION-MAK+ & T$I\S ASPECTS4 7,?IS HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ BY ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S AS ! ABOLITION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR74 

,?IS APPROA* IS DI/9CT FROM EI!R ! TE*NOPHOBES1 :O WANT TO REJECT ALL TE*NOLOGY BEYOND ?AT ( HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETY1 & ?OSE :O ACCEPT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY AS CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ IT4 ,BO? !SE VIEWS OV]LOOK H[ FLEXIBLE TE*NOLOGY MI<T BE 9 A TOTALLY DIFF]5T SOCIETY4 

,ANO!R KEY QUE/ION FAC+ A PO/-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ECONOMY IS ?AT ( REW>D = WORK4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 PROPOSALS = PAY+ WORK]S = !IR WORK 9 SOME SORT ( MONEY OR CR$IT1 :I* IS US$ TO ACQUIRE GOODS & S]VICES4 ,P>ECONI/S PROPOSE PAY+ WORK]S = ! 09T5SITY0 & 0DURATION0 ( !IR LABOR1 ?AT IS1 H[ H>D & H[ LONG !Y WORK1 AS JUDG$ BY C[ORK]S4 ,9 ,WALD5 ,TWO1 ! RUL+ PSY*OLOGI/S W]E ABLE TO 9CREASE OR DECREASE ! AM\NT ( CR$ITS E>N$ = ANY P>TICUL> JOB TO MOTIVATE MEMB]S TO DO UNPLEASANT TASKS4.<#d#c#e.> 

,BY CONTRA/1 9 A FULLY COMMUNI/ ECONOMY1 WORK W\LD BE DONE ONLY = ! PLEASURE ( DO+ IT1 OR BECAUSE PEOPLE FEEL A DUTY1 OR BECAUSE ( SOCIAL PRESSURE 7PEOPLE DO NOT WANT !IR NEI<BORS TO CALL !M 0LAZY BUMS074 ,CONSUMPTION WILL BE A RI<T1 BAS$ ONLY ON HUMAN NE$ & UNRELAT$ TO EF=T4 ,KROPOTK9 IS USUALLY UND]/OOD AS ADVOCAT+ SU* A COMMUNI/ SY/EM AFT] A REVOLUTION4 ,BOOK*9 ALSO PROPOS$ GO+ /RAI<T TO A FREE COMMUNI/ ECONOMY4 

,V>I\S ?9K]S HAVE PROPOS$ A SPLIT SY/EM4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 9CLUD+ P>ECON1 PROVIDES FREE GOODS = *ILDR51 ! ILL1 & RETIR$ OLD] ADULTS4 ,FOTOP\LOS ADVOCATES A BASIC NE$S SECTOR & A NON-BASIC NE$S SECTOR1 ! FIR/ TO BE TREAT$ AS FREE COMMUNISM & ! SECOND AS HAV+ GOODS TO BE E>N$ ?R\< WORK4.<#d#c#f.> ,SIMIL>LY ,PAUL & ,P]CIVAL ,GOODMAN PROPOSE DIVID+ ! ECONOMY 9TO A BASIC ECONOMY1 :I* PROVIDES A GU>ANTE$ M9IMUM SUBSI/5CE 7FOOD1 CLO?+1 %ELT]1 M$ICAL C>E1 & TRANSPORTATION71 & A SEP>ATE ECONOMY TO TAKE C>E ( EV]Y?+ ELSE4.<#d#c#g.> ,EV5 IF ! NON-BASIC NE$S SECTOR WAS M>KET-LIKE1 !RE W\LD BE NO RES]VE >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$1 S9CE EV]YONE W\LD HAVE AT LEA/ ! GU>ANTE$ M9IMUM TO LIVE ON4 

,?IS TOO IS AN >EA :]E DIFF]5T REGIONS MI<T TRY \T DIFF]5T ME?ODS4 

,?IS LEADS TO ! QUE/ION ( :E!R TO PLAN = A TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY1 :E!R TO EXPECT TWO OR MORE /AGES ( PO/-CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 HIS 0,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM10 ,M>X WROTE1 0,WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 NOT AS IT HAS DEVELOP$ ON ITS [N F\NDATIONS1 BUT AS IT EM]GES FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY444/ILL /AMP$ ) ! BIR?M>KS ( ! OLD SOCIETY40.<#d#c#h.> ,HE DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ?IS 0FIR/ PHASE ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY0 & 0A MORE ADVANC$ PHASE ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY40.<#d#c#i.> ,!SE >E BO? COMMUNISM1 TO ,M>X1 BECAUSE EV5 ! FIR/ PHASE IS A 0COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY BAS$ ON COMMON [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION40.<#d#d.> 7,= SOME REASON1 ,L59 R5AM$ ! FIR/ PHASE 0SOCIALISM0 & ONLY ! F9AL PHASE 0COMMUNISM074 

,9 ,M>X'S FIR/ PHASE1 PEOPLE W\LD BE REW>D$ = ! NUMB] ( H\RS WORK$ ) LABOR-TIME C]TIFICATES :I* !Y C\LD EX*ANGE = GOODS ACCORD+ TO H[ MANY H\RS W5T 9TO MAK+ EA* GOOD4 ,:ILE VA/LY MORE JU/ & EQUAL ?AN CAPITALISM1 ?IS /ILL HAS B\RGEOIS LIMITATIONS S9CE WORK]S HAVE UNEQUAL CAPACITIES & UNEQUAL NE$S4 ,:5 PRODUCTIVITY HAS VA/LY EXP&$ & HUMAN ABILITIES >E FUR!R DEVELOP$1 IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO ADVANCE TO ! HI<] /AGE ( COMMUNISM1 :I* WILL FUNCTION ACCORD+ TO ! /&>D1 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S40 

,WE CAN ADD ?AT 9 POOR]1 LESS-9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS1 A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO EV5 REA* ! L[] PHASE ( COMMUNISM 7SOCIALISM7 BY ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD1 H[EV]1 BE ABLE TO TAKE /EPS T[>D SOCIALISM BY SU* MEANS AS REPLAC+ ! /ATE ) A C\NCIL SY/EM & REPLAC+ CORPORATIONS ) SELF-MANAG$ COOP]ATIVES4 ,YET IT MI<T BE UNABLE TO ABOLI% MONEY OR IT MAY HAVE TO MAKE O!R COMPROMISES ) CAPITALISM4 ,MEAN:ILE IT W\LD DO ALL IT C\LD TO HELP ! REVOLUTION TO SPREAD 9T]NATIONALLY1 ESPECIALLY TO ! 9DU/RIALIZ$1 RI*] NATIONS1 9 ORD] TO GET ECONOMIC AID = 9DU/RIALIZ+ 9 ITS [N WAY4 7,?IS CONCEPT WAS RAIS$ BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY2.<#d#d#a.> ,I HAVE 0TRANSLAT$0 IT 9TO LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 SO TO SPEAK47 

,:ILE ,M>X'S VIEWS >E WELL-KN[N1 LESS WELL-KN[N >E ! SIMIL> VIEWS ( ,BAKUN94 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS CLOSE COMRADE1 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$1 0,WE %\LD1 TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE1 9/ITUTE & BE GUID$ BY ! PR9CIPLE1 ,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS .<SIC.> ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$4 ,:5 ?ANKS TO ! PROGRESS ( SCI5TIFIC 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 PRODUCTION COMES TO \T/RIP CONSUMPTION444EV]YONE WILL DRAW :AT HE NE$S FROM ! ABUNDANT SOCIAL RES]VE ( COMMODITIES4 ,9 ! MEANTIME EA* COMMUNITY WILL DECIDE = ITSELF DUR+ ! TRANSITION P]IOD ! ME?OD !Y DEEM BE/ = ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS ( ASSOCIAT$ LABOR40.<#d#d#b.> 

,EV5 ,KROPOTK91 AU?OR ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 BELIEV$ ?AT RI<T AFT] A REVOLUTION GOODS W\LD NOT BE FREE TO ALL ABLE-BODI$ ADULTS BUT W\LD ONLY BE GU>ANTE$ TO ?OSE :O W]E WILL+ TO WORK = A SET AM\NT ( TIME4 ,ONLY AS PRODUCTIVITY 9CREAS$ W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE GOODS AVAILABLE TO ALL REG>DLESS ( LABOR4.<#d#d#c.> 

,! REALISM ( A TRANSITIONAL APPROA* %\LD BE OBVI\S GIV5 ?AT WE W\LD 9DE$ BE GO+ 9TO A COOP]ATIVE1 NONPR(IT ECONOMY /RAI<T FROM CAPITALISM4 ,MOD]N TE*NOLOGY IS POT5TIALLY MORE PRODUCTIVE ?AN EI!R ,M>X OR ,BAKUN9 C\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 ,YET A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y G5]ATION W\LD /ILL HAVE TO DEVELOP ! POOR] MAJORITY ( ! WORLD 9 A HUMANE & ECOLOGICAL FA%ION4 ,ALSO1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO REBUILD ! TE*NOLOGY & CITIES ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES 9 A SELF-MANAG$ & SU/A9ABLE WAY4 ,!RE=E1 ,I D\BT ?AT !RE C\LD BE AN IMM$IATE LEAP 9TO FULL COMMUNISM4 

,H[EV]1 ! 0TRANSITIONAL /AGE0 CONCEPT HAS BE5 US$ BY ,M>XI/S TO JU/IFY ALL SORTS ( HORRORS1 MAK+ EXCUSES = ,/AL9I/ TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,?IS IS NOT :AT ,BAKUN91 OR EV5 ,M>X1 HAD 9 M9D4 ,IT %[S ! NE$ = A VISION ) MORAL VALUES TO JUDGE A NEW SOCIETY4 

,NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,BAKUN9_/,GUILLAUME PROPOS$ A ME*ANISM = GO+ FROM A TRANSITIONAL PHASE TO FULL COMMUNISM4 ,ONE POSSIBILITY MI<T BE TO USE ! IDEA ( A SPLIT ECONOMY 7A BASIC COMMUNISM & A NON-BASIC NE$S SECTOR74 ,AS PRODUCTIVITY GR[S1 ! FREE COMMUNI/ SECTOR MI<T BE DELIB]ATELY EXP&$1 UNTIL IT GRADUALLY 9CLUDES ALL 7OR MO/7 ( ! ECONOMY4 

,RA!R ?AN A S]IES ( TRANSITIONAL P]IODS1 IT MAY BE MO/ PRODUCTIVE TO ?9K 9 T]MS ( AN EXP]IM5TAL1 PLURALI/1 & DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 9 :I* DIFF]5T P>TS FACE ! PROBLEMS CAUS$ BY ! TRANSITION \T ( CAPITALISM & DEAL ) !M 9 DIFF]+ WAYS4 ,A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD ALWAYS BE 0TRANSITIONAL0 9 ?AT IT W\LD ALWAYS BE *ANG+1 ALWAYS 9 TRANSITION TO A MORE H>MONI\S1 FRE]1 & MORE EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,IT W\LD NEV] REA* P]FECTION1 S9CE ?AT IS NOT A HUMAN GOAL1 BUT IT W\LD CONT9UALLY BE *ANG+1 REF9+ ITSELF1 READAPT+ TO NEW CIRCUM/ANCES 9 A NEV]-5D+ SPIRAL ( EXP]IM5TAL IMPROVEM5T4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,DECEMB] #a#c1 #bba 3 ,APP5DIX #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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