,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #bi 
,! ,HI/ORICAL ,CONDITIONS ( ,ACCUMULATION3 ,! ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,PEASANT ,ECONOMY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,AN IMPORTANT F9AL PHASE 9 ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ NATURAL ECONOMY IS TO SEP>ATE 9DU/RY FROM AGRICULTURE1 TO ]ADICATE RURAL 9DU/RIES ALTOGE!R FROM PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,H&ICRAFT 9 ITS HI/ORICAL BEG9N+S WAS A SUBSIDI>Y OCCUPATION1 A M]E APP5DAGE TO AGRICULTURE 9 CIVILIZ$ & SETTL$ SOCIETIES4 ,9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE IT BECAME GRADUALLY 9DEP5D5T ( ! CORVEE F>M & AGRICULTURE1 IT DEVELOP$ 9TO SPECIALIZ$ OCCUPATIONS1 I4E4 PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES BY URBAN GUILDS4 ,9 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 PRODUCTION HAD PROGRESS$ FROM HOME CRAFT BY WAY ( PRIMITIVE MANUFACTURE TO ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY ( ! /APLE 9DU/RIES1 BUT 9 ! RURAL >EAS1 UND] PEASANT ECONOMY1 HOME CRAFTS P]SI/$ AS AN 9TR9SIC P>T ( AGRICULTURE4 ,EV]Y H\R ?AT C\LD BE SP>$ FROM CULTIVAT+ ! SOIL WAS DEVOT$ TO H&ICRAFTS :I*1 AS AN AUXILI>Y DOME/IC 9DU/RY1 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 PROVID+ = P]SONAL NE$S47#a7 

,IT IS A RECURR5T PH5OM5ON 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ?AT ONE BRAN* ( 9DU/RY AFT] ! O!R IS S+L$ \T1 ISOLAT$ FROM AGRICULTURE & CONC5TRAT$ 9 FACTORIES = MASS PRODUCTION4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY PROVIDES ! TEXTBOOK EXAMPLE1 BUT ! SAME ?+ HAS HAPP5$1 ?\< LESS OBVI\SLY1 9 ! CASE ( O!R RURAL 9DU/RIES4 ,CAPITAL MU/ GET ! PEASANTS TO BUY ITS COMMODITIES & WILL !RE=E BEG9 BY RE/RICT+ PEASANT ECONOMY TO A S+LE SPH]E - ?AT ( AGRICULTURE - :I* WILL NOT IMM$IATELY &1 UND] ,EUROPEAN CONDITIONS ( [N]%IP1 ONLY ) GREAT1 DIFFICULTY SUBMIT TO CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION47#b7 ,TO ALL \TW>D APPE>ANCE1 ?IS PROCESS IS QUITE PEACEFUL4 ,IT IS SC>CELY NOTICEABLE & SEEM+LY CAUS$ BY PURELY ECONOMIC FACTORS4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT MASS PRODUCTION 9 ! FACTORIES IS TE*NICALLY SUP]IOR TO PRIMITIVE PEASANT 9DU/RY1 [+ TO A HI<] DEGREE ( SPECIALIZATION1 SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS & MANAGEM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 IMPROV$ MA*9]Y1 & ACCESS TO 9T]NATIONAL RES\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 ! PROCESS ( SEP>AT+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY IS DET]M9$ BY FACTORS SU* AS OPPRESSIVE TAXATION1 W>1 OR SQU&]+ & MONOPOLIZATION ( ! NATION'S L&1 & ?US BELONGS TO ! SPH]ES ( POLITICAL P[] & CRIM9AL LAW NO1 LESS ?AN ) ECONOMICS4 

,NO:]E HAS ?IS PROCESS BE5 BR\<T TO SU* P]FECTION AS N ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ! WAKE ( ! RAILWAYS1 F9ANC$ BY ,EUROPEAN & 9 P>TICUL> ,BRITI% CAPITAL1 ! ,AM]ICAN F>M] CROSS$ ! ,UNION FROM ,EA/ TO ,WE/ & 9 HIS PROGRESS OV] VA/ >EAS KILL$ (F ! ,R$ ,9DIANS ) FIRE->MS & BLOODH\NDS1 LIQUOR & V5]EAL DISEASE1 PU%+ ! SURVIVORS TO ! ,WE/1 9 ORD] TO APPROPRIATE ! L& !Y HAD 'VACAT$'1 TO CLE> IT & BR+ IT UND] ! PL[4 ,! ,AM]ICAN F>M]1 ! 'BACKWOODSMAN' ( ! GOOD OLD TIMES BE=E ! ,W> ( ,SECESSION1 WAS V]Y DIFF]5T 9DE$ FROM HIS MOD]N C\NT]P>T4 ,!RE WAS H>DLY ANY?+ HE C\LD NOT DO1 & HE L$ A PRACTICALLY SELF-SUFFICI5T LIFE ON HIS ISOLAT$ F>M4 

,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETIES1 ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,F>M]S' ,ALLIANCE1 ,S5ATOR ,PEFF]1 WROTE AS FOLL[S3 

',! ,AM]ICAN F>M] ( TO-DAY IS ALTOGE!R A DIFF]5T SORT ( MAN FROM HIS ANCE/OR ( FIFTY OR A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,A GREAT MANY M5 & WOM5 N[ LIV+ REMEMB] :5 F>M]S W]E L>GELY MANUFACTUR]S2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y MADE A GREAT MANY IMPLEM5TS = !IR [N USE4 ,EV]Y F>M] HAD AN ASSORTM5T ( TOOLS ) :I* HE MADE WOOD5 IMPLEM5TS1 AS1 =KS & RAKES1 H&LES = HIS HOES & PL[S1 SPOKES = HIS WAGON1 & V>I\S O!R IMPLEM5TS MADE :OLLY \T ( WOOD4 ,!N ! F>M] PRODUC$ FLAX & HEMP & WOOL & COTTON4 ,!SE FIB]S W]E PREP>$ UPON ! F>M2 !Y W]E SPUN 9TO Y>N1 WOV5 9TO CLO?1 MADE 9TO G>M5TS1 & WORN AT HOME4 ,EV]Y F>M HAD UPON IT A LITTLE %OP = WOOD & IRON WORK1 & 9 ! DWELL+ W]E C>DS & LOOMS2 C>PETS W]E WOV51 B$-CLO?+ ( DIFF]5T SORTS WAS PREP>$2 UPON EV]Y F>M GEESE W]E KEPT1 !IR FEA!RS US$ = SUPPLY+ ! HOME DEM& ) B$S & PILL[S1 ! SURPLUS BE+ DISPOS$ ( AT ! NE>E/ M>KET T[N4 ,DUR+ ! W9T] SEASON :EAT & FL\R & CORN MEAL W]E C>RI$ 9 L>GE WAGONS DRAWN BY TEAMS ( SIX TO EI<T HORSES A HUNDR$ OR TWO HUNDR$ MILES TO M>KET1 & TRAD$ = F>M SUPPLIES = ! NEXT YE> - GROC]IES & DRY GOODS4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 ME*ANICS W]E SCATT]$ AMONG ! F>M]S4 ,! F>M WAGON WAS 9 PROCESS ( BUILD+ A YE> OR TWO2 ! MAT]IAL WAS F\ND NE> ! %OP2 ! *>ACT] ( ! TIMB] TO BE US$ WAS /AT$ 9 ! CONTRACT2 IT HAD TO BE PROCUR$ 9 A C]TA9 SEASON & KEPT 9 ! DRY+ PROCESS A L5G? ( TIME SPECIFI$1 SO ?AT :5 ! MAT]IAL WAS BR\<T TOGE!R 9 PROP] =M & ! WAGON MADE1 BO? P>TIES TO ! CONTRACT KNEW :]E EV]Y /ICK ( IT CAME FROM1 & H[ LONG IT HAD BE5 9 SEASON+4 ,DUR+ W9T] TIME ! NEI<BORHOOD C>P5T] PREP>$ SA%ES & BL9DS & DOORS & MOLD+ & CORNICES = ! NEXT SEASON'S BUILD+4 ,:5 ! FRO/S ( AUTUMN CAME ! %OEMAK] REPAIR$ TO ! DWELL+S ( ! F>M]S & !RE1 9 A CORN] SET AP>T TO HIM1 HE MADE UP %OES = ! FAMILY DUR+ ! W9T]4 ,ALL !SE ?+S W]E DONE AMONG ! F>M]S1 & A L>GE P>T ( ! EXP5SE WAS PAID ) PRODUCTS ( ! F>M4 ,:5 W9T] APPROA*$1 ! BUT*]+ SEASON WAS AT H&2 MEAT = FAMILY USE DUR+ ! NEXT YE> WAS PREP>$ & PRES]V$ 9 ! SMOKE H\SE4 ,! OR*>DS SUPPLI$ FRUIT = CID]1 = APPLE BUTT]1 & = PRES]VES ( DIFF]5T K9DS1 AMPLY SUFFICI5T TO SUPPLY ! WANTS ( ! FAMILY DUR+ ! YE>1 ) SOME TO SP>E4 ,:EAT WAS ?RE%$1 A LITTLE AT A TIME1 JU/ 5\< TO SUPPLY ! NE$S ( ! FAMILY = READY MONEY1 & NOT 5\< TO MAKE IT NECESS>Y TO WA/E ONE /ALK ( /RAW4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS SAV$ & PUT TO USE4 ,ONE ( ! RESULTS ( ?AT SORT ( ECONOMY WAS ?AT COMP>ATIVELY A V]Y SMALL AM\NT ( MONEY WAS REQUIR$ TO CONDUCT ! BUS9ESS ( F>M+4 ,A HUNDR$ DOLL>S AV]AGE PROBABLY WAS AS MU* AS ! L>GE/ F>M]S ( ?AT DAY NE$$ 9 ! WAY ( CA% TO MEET ! DEM&S ( !IR F>M WORK1 PAY+ = HIR$ HELP1 REPAIRS ( TOOLS1 & ALL O!R 9CID5TAL EXP5SES4'7#c7 

,?IS ,>CADIAN LIFE WAS TO COME TO A SUDD5 5D AFT] ! ,W> ( ,SECESSION4 ,! W> HAD BURD5$ ! ,UNION ) AN 5ORM\S ,NATIONAL ,DEBT1 AM\NT+ TO ,G,B,P#a1#b11 & 9 CONSEQU5CE ! TAXES W]E CONSID]ABLY 9CREAS$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A FEV]I% DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N TRAFFIC & 9DU/RY1 MA*9E-BUILD+ 9 P>TICUL>1 WAS 5C\RAG$ BY ! IMPOSITION ( HI<] PROTECTIVE T>IFFS4 ,! RAILWAY COMPANIES W]E 5D[$ ) PUBLIC L&S ON AN IMPOS+ SCALE1 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE RAILROAD CON/RUCTION & F>M-SETTLEM5TS3 9 #ahfg ALONE1 !Y W]E GIV5 MORE ?AN #a#i#b1#e1 ACRES1 & SO ! P]MAN5T WAY GREW AT AN UNPREC$5T$ RATE3 ,9 #ahf IT AM\NT$ TO LESS ?AN #c#a1 MILES1 9 #ahg IT HAD GR[N TO MORE ?AN #e#c1 MILES & 9 #ahh TO MORE ?AN #i#c1 MILES4 7,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD - #a#h#g-#a#h#h - ! P]MAN5T WAY 9 ,EUROPE HAD GR[N FROM #h1 MILES TO #a1 MILES47 ,! RAILWAYS & SPECULATIONS 9 L& MADE = MASS EMIGRATION FROM ,EUROPE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & MORE ?AN #d #a_/#b  MILLION PEOPLE IMMIGRAT$ 9 ! TW5TY-?REE YE>S FROM #ahfi TO #a#h#i#b4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! ,UNION GRADUALLY BECAME EMANCIPAT$ FROM ,EUROPEAN1 & 9 P>TICUL> FROM ,BRITI% 9DU/RY2 FACTORIES WE SET UP 9 ! ,/ATES & HOME 9DU/RIES DEVELOP$ = ! PRODUCTION ( TEXTILES1 IRON1 /EEL & MA*9]Y4 ,! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION WAS MO/ RAPID 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! SLAVES HAD COMPELL$ ! ,S\!RN PLANT]S TO 9TRODUCE ! /EAM PL[ %ORTLY AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 & NEW F>MS HAD SPRUNG UP 9 ! ,WE/ 9 ! WAKE ( ! RAILWAYS1 :I* FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ EMPLOY$ ! MO/ MOD]N MA*9]Y & TE*NIQUE4 

',! IMPROVEM5TS >E RAPIDLY REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! AGRICULTURE ( ! ,WE/1 & R$UC+ TO ! L[E/ M9IMUM EV] ATTA9$1 ! PROPORTION ( MANUAL LABOR EMPLOY$ 9 ITS OP]ATIONS 444 ,CO9CID5T ) ?IS APPLICATION ( ME*ANICS TO AGRICULTURE1 SY/EMATIC & 5L>G$ BUS9ESS APTITUDES HAVE ALSO S\<T ALLIANCE ) ?IS NOBLE >T4 ,F>MS ( ?\S&S ( ACRES HAVE BE5 MANAG$ ) GREAT] SKILL1 A MORE ECONOMICAL ADAPTATION ( MEANS TO 5DS1 & ) A L>G] M>G9 ( REAL PR(IT ?AN MANY O!RS ( #h ACRES4'7#d7 

,DUR+ ?IS TIME1 DIRECT & 9DIRECT TAXATION HAD 9CREAS$ 5ORM\SLY4 ,ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#h#f#d1 DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 A NEW F9ANCE BILL WAS PASS$ :I* IS ! BASIS ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( TAXATION1 & :I* RAIS$ TAXES ON CONSUMPTION & 9COME TO A /AGG]+ DEGREE4 ,?IS HEAVY W> LEVY S]V$ AS A PRETEXT = A REAL ORGY ( PROTECTIVE T>IFFS 9 ORD] TO (FSET ! TAX ON HOME PRODUCTION BY CU/OMS DUTIES47#e7 ,MESSRS4 ,MORRILL1 ,/EV5S & ! O!R G5TLEM5 :O ADVANC$ ! W> AS A LEV] = 5=C+ !IR PROTECTIONI/ PROGRAM1 9ITIAT$ ! PRACTICE ( WIELD+ ! IMPLEM5T ( A CU/OMS POLICY QUITE OP5LY & CYNICALLY TO FUR!R PRIVATE PR(ITE]+ 9T]E/S ( ALL DESCRIPTIONS4 ,ANY HOME PRODUC] :O APPE>$ BE=E ! LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ) A REQUE/ = ANY K9D ( SPECIAL T>IFF TO FILL HIS [N POCKET SAW HIS DEM&S READILY GRANT$1 & ! T>IFF RATES W]E MADE AS HI< AS ANY 9T]E/$ P>TY MI<T WI%4 

',! W>'1 WRITES ! ,AM]ICAN ,TAUSSIG1 'HAD 9 MANY WAYS A BRAC+ & 5NOBL+ 9FLU5CE ON \R NATIONAL LIFE2 BUT ITS IMM$IATE EFFECT ON BUS9ESS AFFAIRS1 & ON ALL LEGISLATION AFFECT+ MONEY$ 9T]E/S1 WAS DEMORALIZ+4 ,! L9E BETWE5 PUBLIC DUTY & PRIVATE 9T]E/S WAS (T5 LO/ SI<T ( BY LEGISLATORS4 ,GREAT =TUNES W]E MADE BY *ANGES 9 LEGISLATION URG$ & BR\<T AB\T BY ?OSE :O W]E B5EFIT$ BY !M1 & ! C\NTRY HAS SE5 ) SORR[ ?AT ! HONOR & HONE/Y ( PUBLIC M5 DID NOT REMA9 UNDEFIL$4'7#f7 

,?IS CU/OMS BILL :I* COMPLETELY REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC LIFE1 & REMA9$ 9 =CE UN*ANG$ = TW5TY YE>S1 WAS LIT]ALLY PU%$ ?R\< ,CONGRESS 9 ?REE DAYS1 & ?R\< ! ,S5ATE 9 TWO1 )\T CRITICISM1 )\T DEBATE1 )\T ANY OPPOSITION :ATEV]47#g7 ,D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY IT =MS ! BASIS ( ,U,S CU/OMS LEGISLATION4 

,?IS %IFT 9 ,U,S FISCAL POLICY U%]$ 9 AN ]A ( ! MO/ BRAZ5 P>LIAM5T>Y LOG-ROLL+ & ( UNDISGUIS$ & UNRE/RA9$ CORRUPTION ( ELECTIONS1 ( ! LEGISLATURE & ! PRESS TO SATISFY ! GRE$ ( ,BIG ,BUS9ESS4 ',5RI*ISSEZ-V\S' BECAME ! CAT*WORD ( PUBLIC LIFE AFT] ! 'NOBLE W>' TO LIB]ATE MANK9D FROM ! 'BLOT ( SLAV]Y'4 ,ON ! /OCK EX*ANGE1 ! ,YANKEE NEGRO-LIB]ATOR S\<T HIS =TUNES 9 ORGIES ( SPECULATION2 9 ,CONGRESS1 HE 5D[$ HIMSELF ) PUBLIC L&S1 5RI*$ HIMSELF BY CU/OMS & TAXES1 BY MONOPOLIES1 FRAUDUL5T %>E & !FT ( PUBLIC FUNDS4 ,9DU/RY PROSP]$4 ,GONE W]E ! TIMES :5 ! SMALL OR M$IUM F>M] REQUIR$ H>DLY ANY MONEY1 :5 HE C\LD ?RE% & TURN 9TO CA% HIS :EAT RES]VES AS ! NE$ >OSE4 ,N[ HE WAS *RONICALLY 9 NE$ ( MONEY1 A LOT ( MONEY1 TO PAY HIS TAXES4 ,SOON HE WAS =C$ TO SELL ALL HIS PRODUCE & TO BUY HIS REQUIREM5TS FROM ! MANUFACTUR]S 9 ! =M ( READY-MADE GOODS4 ,AS ,PEFF] PUTS IT3 

',COM+ FROM ?AT TIME TO ! PRES5T1 WE F9D ?AT EV]Y?+ NE>LY HAS BE5 *ANG$4 ,ALL OV] ! ,WE/ P>TICUL>LY ! F>M] ?RE%ES HIS :EAT ALL AT ONE TIME1 HE DISPOSES ( IT ALL AT ONE TIME1 & 9 A GREAT MANY 9/ANCES ! /RAW IS WA/$4 ,HE SELLS HIS HOGS1 & BUYS BACON & PORK2 HE SELLS HIS CATTLE1 & BUYS FRE% BEEF & CANN$ BEEF OR1 DOM$ BEEF2 AS ! CASE MAY BE2 HE SELLS HIS FRUIT1 & BUYS IT BACK 9 CANS4 ,IF HE RAISES FLAX AT ALL1 9/EAD ( PUTT+ IT 9TO Y>N & MAK+ G[NS = HIS *ILDR51 AS HE DID FIFTY YE>S OR MORE AGO1 HE ?RE%ES HIS FLAX1 SELLS ! SE$1 & BURNS ! /RAW4 ,NOT MORE ?AN ONE F>M] 9 FIFTY N[ KEEPS %EEP AT ALL2 HE RELIES UPON ! L>GE %EEP F>M] = ! WOOL1 :I* IS PUT 9TO CLO? OR CLO?+ READY = HIS USE4 ,9/EAD ( HAT+ CLO?+ MADE UP ON ! F>M 9 HIS [N H\SE OR BY A NEI<BOR WOMAN OR C\NTRY TAILOR A MILE AWAY1 HE EI!R PUR*ASES HIS CLO?+ READY MADE AT ! NE>E/ T[N1 OR HE BUYS ! CLO? & HAS A CITY TAILOR MAKE IT UP = HIM4 ,9/EAD ( MAK+ IMPLEM5TS :I* HE USES AB\T ! F>M - =KS1 RAKES1 ETC4 - HE GOES TO T[N TO PUR*ASE EV5 A H&LE = HIS AX OR HIS MALLET2 HE PUR*ASES TW9E & ROPE & ALL SORTS ( NE$$ MAT]IAL MADE ( FIB]S2 HE BUYS HIS CLO? & HIS CLO?+2 HE BUYS HIS CANN$ FRUIT & PRES]V$ FRUIT2 HE BUYS HAMS & %\LD]S & MESS PORK & MESS BEEF2 9DE$1 HE BUYS NE>LY EV]Y?+ N[ ?AT HE PRODUC$ AT ONE TIME HIMSELF1 & !SE ?+S ALL CO/ MONEY4 ,BESIDES ALL ?IS1 & :AT SEEMS /RANG] ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 :]EAS 9 ! E>LI] TIME ! ,AM]ICAN HOME WAS A FREE HOME1 UN5CUMB]$1 NOT ONE CASE 9 A ?\S& :]E A HOME WAS MORTGAG$ TO SECURE ! PAYM5T ( BORR[$ MONEY1 & :]EAS BUT A SMALL AM\NT ( MONEY WAS !N NE$$ = ACTUAL USE 9 CONDUCT+ ! BUS9ESS ( F>M+1 !RE WAS ALWAYS 5\< ( IT AMONG ! F>M]S TO SUPPLY ! DEM&4 ,N[1 :5 AT LEA/ T5 TIMES AS MU* IS NE$$1 !RE IS LITTLE OR NONE TO BE OBTA9$1 NE>LY HALF ! F>MS >E MORTGAG$ = AS MU* AS !Y >E WOR?1 & 9T]E/ RATES >E EXORBITANT4 ,AS TO ! CAUSE ( SU* WOND]FUL *ANGES 444 ! MANUFACTUR] CAME ) HIS WOOL5 MILL1 HIS C>D+ MILL1 HIS BROOM FACTORY1 HIS ROPE FACTORY1 HIS WOOD5-W>E FACTORY1 HIS COTTON FACTORY1 HIS PORK-PACK+ E/ABLI%M5T1 HIS CANN+ FACTORY & FRUIT PRES]V+ H\SES2 ! LITTLE %OP ON ! F>M HAS GIV5 PLACE TO ! L>GE %OP 9 T[N2 ! WAGON-MAK]'S %OP 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD HAS GIV5 WAY TO ! L>GE E/ABLI%M5T 9 ! CITY :]E 444 A HUNDR$ OR TWO HUNDR$ WAGONS >E MADE 9 A WEEK2 ! %OEMAK]'S %OP HAS GIV5 WAY TO L>GE E/ABLI%M5TS 9 ! CITIES :]E MO/ ( ! WORK IS DONE BY MA*9ES4'7#h7 

,F9ALLY1 ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR ( ! F>M] HIMSELF HAS BECOME MA*9E WORK3 

',HE PL[S & S[S & REAPS ) MA*9ES4 ,A MA*9E CUTS HIS :EAT & PUTS IT 9 A %EAF2 & /EAM DRIVES HIS ?RE%]S4 ,HE MAY READ ! MORN+ PAP] :ILE HE PL[S & SIT UND] AN AWN+ :ILE HE REAPS4'7#i7 

,S]+ E/IMAT$ 9 ! MIDDLE EI<TIES ?AT ! NECESS>Y CA% '= A V]Y MODE/ BEG9N+' ( ! SMALLE/ F>M 9 ! ,NOR? ,WE/ IS ,G,B,P#b#d TO ,G,B,P#b#h47#a7 

,?IS REVOLUTION ( ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE AFT] ! ',GREAT ,W>' WAS NOT ! 5D4 ,IT WAS ONLY ! BEG9N+ ( ! :IRLPOOL 9 :I* ! F>M] WAS CAU<T4 ,HIS HI/ORY BR+S US AUTOMATICALLY TO ! SECOND PHASE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION ( :I* IT IS AN EXCELL5T ILLU/RATION4 - ,NATURAL ECONOMY1 ! PRODUCTION = P]SONAL NE$S & ! CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE MU/ BE \/$ & A SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY SUB/ITUT$ = !M4 ,CAPITALISM NE$S ! M$IUM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION = ITS DEVELOPM5T1 AS A M>KET = ITS SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT AS SOON AS SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION HAS SUP]S$$ NATURAL ECONOMY1 CAPITAL MU/ TURN AGA9/ IT4 ,NO SOON] HAS CAPITAL CALL$ IT TO LIFE1 ?AN ! TWO MU/ COMPETE = MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 LABOR P[]1 & M>KETS4 ,! FIR/ AIM ( CAPITALISM IS TO ISOLATE ! PRODUC]1 TO SEV] ! COMMUNITY TIES :I* PROTECT HIM1 & ! NEXT TASK IS TO TAKE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AWAY FROM ! SMALL MANUFACTUR]4 

,9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ',GREAT ,W>' 9AUGURAT$ AN ]A ( L>GE-SCALE SEIZURE ( PUBLIC L&S BY MONOPOLI/ CAPITALI/ COMPANIES & 9DIVIDUAL SPECULATORS4 ,FEV]I% RAILROAD BUILD+ & EV] MORE SPECULATION 9 RAILWAY %>ES L$ TO A MAD GAMBLE 9 L&1 :]E 9DIVIDUAL SOLDI]S ( =TUNE & COMPANIES NETT$ IMM5SE =TUNES & EV5 5TIRE C\NTIES4 ,9 ADDITION A V]ITABLE SW>M ( AG5TS LUR$ ! VA/ FL[ ( EMIGRANTS FROM ,EUROPE TO ! ,U,S,A BY BLATANT & UNSCRUPUL\S ADV]TIS+1 DECEPTIONS & PRET5SES ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION4 ,!SE IMMIGRANTS FIR/ SETTL$ 9 ! ,EA/]N ,/ATES ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC SEABO>D1 &1 ) ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY 9 !SE /ATES1 AGRICULTURE WAS DRIV5 WE/W>D4 ,! ':EAT C5T]' :I* HAD BE5 NE> ,COLUMBUS1 ,OHIO1 9 #a#h#e1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! SUBSEQU5T FIFTY YE>S %IFT$ TO A POSITION #ii MILES FUR!R ,NOR? & #fh MILES FUR!R ,WE/4 ,:]EAS 9 #ahe #e#a4#d P] C5T ( ! TOTAL :EAT CROP HAD BE5 SUPPLI$ BY ! ,EA/]N ,/ATES1 9 #ahh !Y PRODUC$ ONLY #a#c4#f P] C5T1 #g#a4#g P] C5T BE+ SUPPLI$ BY ! ,NOR!RN ,C5TRAL & #i P] C5T BY ! ,WE/]N ,/ATES4 

,9 #a#h#b#e1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,UNION UND] ,MONROE HAD DECID$ TO TRANSPLANT ! ,R$ ,9DIANS FROM ! ,EA/ TO ! ,WE/ ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI4 ,! R$SK9S PUT UP A DESP]ATE RESI/ANCE2 BUT ALL :O SURVIV$ ! SLAU<T] ( =TY ,R$ ,9DIAN CAMPAIGNS W]E SWEPT AWAY LIKE SO MU* RUBBI% & DRIV5 LIKE CATTLE TO ! ,WE/ TO BE FOLD$ 9 RES]VATIONS LIKE SO MANY %EEP4 ,! ,R$ ,9DIAN HAD BE5 =C$ TO MAKE ROOM = ! F>M] - & N[ ! F>M] 9 HIS TURN WAS DRIV5 BEYOND ! ,MISSISSIPPI TO MAKE WAY = CAPITAL4 

,FOLL[+ ! RAILWAY TRACKS1 ! ,AM]ICAN F>M] MOV$ ,WE/ & ,NOR?-,WE/ 9TO ! L& ( PROMISE :I* ! GREAT L& SPECULATORS' AG5TS HAD PA9T$ = HIM 9 GL[+ COLORS4 ,YET ! MO/ F]TILE & MO/ FAVORABLY SITUAT$ L&S W]E RETA9$ BY ! COMPANIES :O F>M$ !M EXT5SIVELY ON COMPLETELY CAPITALI/IC L9ES4 ,ALL >\ND ! F>M] :O HAD BE5 EXIL$ 9TO ! WILD]NESS1 A DANG]\S COMPETITOR & DEADLY 5EMY SPRANG UP - ! 'BONANZA F>MS'1 ! GREAT CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURAL CONC]NS :I* NEI!R ! ,OLD ,WORLD NOR ! ,NEW HAD KN[N BE=E4 ,H]E SURPLUS VALUE WAS PRODUC$ ) ! APPLICATION ( ALL ! RES\RCES KN[N TO MOD]N SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY4 

',AS ! =EMO/ REPRES5TATIVE ( F9ANCIAL AGRICULTURE WE MAY CONSID] ,OLIV] ,DALRYMPLE1 :OSE NAME IS TO-DAY KN[N ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,ATLANTIC4 ,S9CE #ahgd HE HAS SIMULTANE\SLY MANAG$ A L9E ( /EAM]S ON ! ,R$ ,RIV] & SIX F>MS [N$ BY A COMPANY ( F9ANCI]S & COMPRIS+ SOME #g#e1 ACRES4 ,EA* ONE IS DIVID$ 9TO DEP>TM5TS ( #b1 ACRES1 & EV]Y DEP>TM5T IS AGA9 SUBDIVID$ 9TO ?REE SECTIONS ( #ffg ACRES :I* >E RUN BY =EM5 & GANG LEAD]S4 ,B>RACKS TO %ELT] #e M5 & /ABLE AS MANY HORSES & MULES1 >E BUILT ON EA* SECTION1 & SIMIL>LY KIT*5S1 MA*9E %$S & WORK%OPS = BLACKSMI?S & LOCKSMI?S4 ,EA* SECTION IS COMPLETELY EQUIPP$ ) #b PAIRS ( HORSES1 #h D\BLE PL[S1 #ab HORSE-DRAWN DRILL-PL[S1 #ab /EEL-TOO!D H>R[S1 #ab CUTT]S & B9D]S1 #b ?RE%]S & #af WAGONS4 ,EV]Y?+ IS DONE TO 5SURE ?AT ! MA*9ES & ! LIV+ LABOR 7M51 HORSES & MULES7 >E 9 GOOD CONDITION & ABLE TO DO ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( WORK4 ,!RE IS A TELEPHONE L9E CONNECT+ ALL SECTIONS & ! C5TRAL MANAGEM5T4 

',! SIX F>MS ( #g#e1 ACRES >E CULTIVAT$ BY AN >MY ( #f WORK]S1 ORGANIZ$ ON MILIT>Y L9ES4 ,DUR+ ! H>VE/1 ! MANAGEM5T HIRES ANO!R #e TO #f AUXILI>Y WORK]S1 ASSIGN+ !M TO ! V>I\S SECTIONS4 ,AFT] ! WORK IS COMPLET$ 9 ! FALL1 ! WORK]S >E DISMISS$ ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! =EMAN & #a M5 P] SECTION4 ,9 SOME F>MS 9 ,DAKOTA & ,M9NESOTA1 HORSES & MULES DO NOT SP5D ! W9T] AT ! PLACE ( WORK4 ,AS SOON AS ! /UBBLE HAS BE5 PL[$ 91 !Y >E DRIV5 9 TEAMS ( A HUNDR$ OR TWO HUNDR$ PAIRS #i MILES TO ! ,S\?1 TO RETURN ONLY ! FOLL[+ SPR+4 

',ME*ANICS ON HORSEBACK FOLL[ ! PL[+1 S[+ & H>VE/+ MA*9ES :5 !Y >E AT WORK4 ,IF ANY?+ GOES WRONG1 !Y GALLOP TO ! MA*9E 9 QUE/ION1 REPAIR IT & GET IT MOV+ AGA9 )\T DELAY4 ,! H>VE/$ CORN IS C>RI$ TO ! ?RE%+ MA*9ES :I* WORK DAY & NI<T )\T 9T]RUPTION4 ,!Y >E /OK$ ) BUNDLES ( /RAW F$ 9TO ! /OKE HOLD ?R\< PIPES ( %EET-IRON4 ,! CORN IS ?RE%$1 W9N[$1 WEI<$ & FILL$ 9TO SACKS BY MA*9]Y1 !N IT IS PUT 9TO RAILWAY TRUCKS :I* RUN ALONGSIDE ! F>M1 & GOES TO ,DULU? OR ,BUFFALO4 ,EV]Y YE>1 ,DALRYMPLE 9CREASES HIS L& UND] SE$ BY #e1#h ACRES4 ,9 #ahh IT AM\NT$ TO #b#e1 ACRES4'7#a#a7 

,9 ! LATE SEV5TIES1 !RE W]E ALREADY 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S & COMPANIES :O [N$ #c#e1-#d#e1 ACRES ( :EAT L&4 ,S9CE ! TIME ( ,LAF>GUE'S WRIT+1 EXT5SIVE CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE 9 ,AM]ICA HAS MADE GREAT /RIDES 9 TE*NIQUE & ! EMPLOYM5T ( MA*9]Y47#i7 

,! ,AM]ICAN F>M] C\LD NOT SUCCESSFULLY COMPETE ) SU* CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! G5]AL REVOLUTION 9 ! CONDITIONS ( F9ANCE1 PRODUCTION & TRANSPORT COMPELL$ HIM TO GIVE UP PRODUCTION = P]SONAL NE$S & TO PRODUCE EXCLUSIVELY = ! M>KET1 ! GREAT SPREAD+ ( AGRICULTURE CAUS$ A HEAVY FALL 9 ! PRICES ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,& AT ! PRECISE MOM5T :5 F>M+ BECAME DEP5D5T ON ! M>KET1 ! AGRICULTURAL M>KET ( ! ,UNION WAS SUDD5LY TURN$ FROM A LOCAL ONE 9TO A WORLD M>KET1 & BECAME A PREY TO ! WILD SPECULATIONS ( A FEW CAPITALI/ MAMMO? CONC]NS4 

,9 #a#h#g#i1 A NOTABLE YE> = ! HI/ORY ( AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS 9 ,EUROPE AS WELL AS 9 ,AM]ICA1 !RE BEGAN ! MASS EXPORT ( :EAT FROM ! ,U,S,A TO ,EUROPE47#a#c7 

,BIG ,BUS9ESS WAS ( C\RSE ! ONLY ONE TO PR(IT FROM ?IS EXP&+ M>KET4 ,! SMALL F>M] WAS CRU%$ BY ! COMPETITION ( AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( EXT5SIVE F>MS & BECAME ! PREY ( SPECULATORS :O B\<T UP HIS CORN TO EX]T PRESSURE ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,HELPLESS 9 ! FACE ( ! IMM5SE CAPITALI/ P[]S1 ! F>M] GOT 9TO DEBT - A PH5OM5ON TYPICAL = A DECL9+ PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,9 #a#h#i1 ,SECRET>Y ,RUSK ( ! ,U,S ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE S5T \T A CIRCUL> LETT] ) REF]5CE TO ! DESP]ATE POSITION ( ! F>M]S1 SAY+3 

',! BURD5 ( MORTGAGES UPON F>MS1 HOMES1 & L&1 IS UNQUE/IONABLY DISC\RAG+ 9 ! EXTREME1 & :ILE 9 SOME CASES NO D\BT ?IS LOAD MAY HAVE BE5 TOO READILY ASSUM$1 /ILL 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES ! MORTGAGE HAS BE5 ! RESULT ( NECESSITY 444 ,!SE MORTGAGES 444 DRAW+ HI< RATES ( 9T]E/ 444 HAVE TO-DAY1 9 ! FACE ( CONT9U$ DEPRESSION ( ! PRICES ( /APLE PRODUCTS1 BECOME V]Y IRKSOME1 & 9 MANY CASES ?REAT5 ! F>M] ) LOSS ( HOME & L&4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( GRAVE DIFFICULTY TO ALL ?OSE :O SEEK TO REM$Y ! ILLS FROM :I* \R F>M]S >E SUFF]+4 ,AT PRES5T PRICES ! F>M] F9DS ?AT IT TAKES MORE ( HIS PRODUCTS TO GET A DOLL> :]E) TO BUY BACK ! DOLL> :I* HE BORR[$ ?AN IT DID :5 HE BORR[$ IT4 ,! 9T]E/ ACCUMULATES1 :ILE ! PAYM5T ( ! PR9CIPAL SEEMS UTT]LY HOPELESS1 & ! V]Y DEPRESSION :I* WE >E DISCUSS+ MAKES ! R5EWAL ( ! MORTGAGE MO/ DIFFICULT4'7#a#d7 

,ACCORD+ TO ! C5SUS ( ,MAY #b#i1 #a#h#i#a1 #be MILLION F>MS W]E DEEP 9 DEBT2 TWO-?IRDS ( !M W]E MANAG$ BY ! [N]S :OSE OBLIGATIONS AM\NT$ TO NE>LY ,G,B,P#d#d14 

',! SITUATION IS ?IS3 F>M]S >E PASS+ ?R\< ! 0VALLEY & %AD[ ( DEA?02 F>M+ AS A BUS9ESS IS PR(ITLESS2 VALUES ( F>M PRODUCTS HAVE FALL5 #e P] C5T S9CE ! GREAT W>1 & F>M VALUES HAVE DEPRECIAT$ #be TO #e P] C5T DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S2 F>M]S >E OV]:ELM$ ) DEBTS SECUR$ BY MORTGAGES ON !IR HOMES1 UNABLE 9 MANY 9/ANCES TO PAY EV5 ! 9T]E/ AS IT FALLS DUE1 & UNABLE TO R5EW ! LOANS BECAUSE SECURITIES >E WEAK5+ BY REASON ( ! G5]AL DEPRESSION2 MANY F>M]S >E LOS+ !IR HOMES UND] ?IS DREADFUL BLI<T1 & ! MORTGAGE MILL /ILL GR9DS4 ,WE >E 9 ! H&S ( A M]CILESS P[]2 ! PEOPLE'S HOMES >E AT /AKE4'7#a#e7 

,5CUMB]$ ) DEBTS & CLOSE TO RU91 ! F>M] HAD NO OPTION BUT TO SUPPLEM5T HIS E>N+S BY WORK+ = A WAGE1 OR ELSE TO AB&ON HIS F>M ALTOGE!R4 ,PROVID$ IT HAD NOT YET FALL5 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( HIS CR$ITORS LIKE SO MANY ?\S&S ( F>MS1 HE C\LD %AKE FROM (F HIS FEET ! DU/ ( ! 'L& ( PROMISE' ?AT HAD BECOME AN 9F]NO = HIM4 ,9 ! MIDDLE EI<TIES1 AB&ON$ & DECAY+ F>MS C\LD BE SE5 EV]Y:]E4 ,9 #a#h#h#g1 ,S]+ WROTE3 

',IF ! F>M] CANNOT PAY HIS DEBTS TO DATE1 ! 9T]E/ HE HAS TO PAY IS 9CREAS$ TO #a#b1 #ae OR EV5 #b P] C5T4 ,HE IS PRESS$ BY ! BANK]1 ! MA*9E SALESMAN & ! GROC] :O ROB HIM ( ! FRUITS ( HIS H>D WORK 444 ,HE CAN EI!R REMA9 ON ! F>M AS A T5ANT OR MOVE FUR!R ,WE/1 TO TRY HIS =TUNES ELSE:]E4 ,NO:]E 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAVE ,I F\ND SO MANY 9DEBT$1 DISAPPO9T$ & DEPRESS$ F>M]S AS 9 ! :EAT REGIONS ( ! ,NOR? ,WE/]N PRAIRIES4 ,I HAVE NOT SPOK5 TO A S+LE F>M] 9 ,DAKOTA :O W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 PREP>$ TO SELL HIS F>M4'7#a#f7 

',! ,COMMISSION] ( ,AGRICULTURE ( ,V]MONT 9 #ahhi REPORT$ A WIDE-SPREAD DES]TION ( F>M-L&S ( ?AT /ATE4 ,HE WROTE3 0444 !RE APPE>S TO BE NO D\BT AB\T !RE BE+ 9 ?IS /ATE L>GE TRACTS ( TILLABLE UNOCCUPI$ L&S1 :I* CAN BE B\<T AT A PRICE APPROXIMAT+ ! PRICE ( ,WE/]N L&S1 SITUAT$ NE> S*OOL & *UR*1 & NOT F> FROM RAILROAD FACILITIES4 ,! ,COMMISSION] HAS NOT VISIT$ ALL ( ! C\NTIES 9 ! ,/ATE :]E !SE L&S >E REPORT$1 BUT HE HAS VISIT$ 5\< TO SATISFY HIM ?AT1 :ILE MU* ( ! UNOCCUPI$ & =M]LY CULTIVAT$ L& IS N[ PRACTICALLY WOR?LESS = CULTIVATION1 YET V]Y MU* ( IT CAN BE MADE TO YIELD A LIB]AL REW>D TO 9TELLIG5T LABOR40'7#a#g7 

,! ,COMMISSION] ( ! ,/ATE ( ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE ISSU$ A PAMPHLET 9 #a#h#i1 DEVOT+ #fg PAGES TO ! DESCRIPTION ( F>MS = SALE AT ! L[E/ FIGURES4 ,HE DESCRIBES #addb F>MS ) T5ANTABLE BUILD+S1 AB&ON$ ONLY REC5TLY4 ,! SAME HAS HAPP5$ 9 O!R DI/RICTS4 ,?\S&S ( ACRES ONCE RAIS+ CORN & :EAT >E LEFT UNFILL$ & RUN TO BRU% & WOOD4 

,9 ORD] TO RESETTLE ! DES]T$ L&1 SPECULATORS 5GAG$ 9 ADV]TIS+ CAMPAIGNS & ATTRACT$ CR[DS ( NEW IMMIGRANTS - NEW VICTIMS :O W]E TO SUFF] !IR PR$ECESSORS' FATE EV5 MORE SPE$ILY4 

,A PRIVATE LETT] SAYS3 

',9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( RAILROADS & M>KETS1 !RE REMA9S NO COMMON L&4 ,IT IS ALL 9 ! H&S ( ! SPECULATORS4 ,A SETTL] TAKES OV] VACANT L& & C\NTS = A F>M]2 BUT ! MANAGEM5T ( HIS F>M H>DLY ASSURES HIS LIVELIHOOD1 & HE CANNOT POSSIBLY COMPETE ) ! BIG F>M]4 ,HE TILLS AS MU* ( HIS L& AS ! LAW COMPELS HIM TO DO1 BUT TO MAKE A COM=TABLE LIV+1 HE MU/ LOOK = ADDITIONAL1 S\RCES ( 9COME \TSIDE AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ,OREGON1 = 9/ANCE1 ,I HAVE MET A SETTL] :O [N$ #af ACRES = FIVE YE>S1 BUT EV]Y SUMM]1 UNTIL ! 5D ( ,JULY1 HE WORK$ TWELVE H\RS A DAY = A DOLL> A DAY AT ROAD-MAK+4 ,?IS MAN1 ( C\RSE1 ALSO C\NTS AS ONE ( ! FIVE MILLION F>M]S 9 ! #ahi C5SUS4 ,AGA91 9 ! ,C\NTY ( ,EL ,DORADO1 ,I SAW MANY F>M]S :O CULTIVAT$ !IR L& ONLY TO FE$ !IR CATTLE & !MSELVES4 ,!RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO PR(IT 9 PRODUC+ = ! M>KET1 & !IR *IEF 9COME D]IVES FROM GOLD-DIGG+1 ! FELL+ & SELL+ ( TIMB]1 ETC4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E PROSP]\S1 BUT IT IS NOT AGRICULTURE :I* MAKES !M SO4 ,TWO YE>S AGO1 WE WORK$ 9 ,LONG ,CANON1 ,EL ,DORADO ,C\NTY1 LIV+ 9 A CAB9 ON AN ALLOTM5T4 ,! [N] ( ?IS ALLOTM5T CAME HOME ONLY ONCE A YE> = A C\PLE ( DAYS1 & WORK$ ! RE/ ( ! TIME ON ! RAILWAY 9 ,SACRAM5TO4 ,SOME YE>S AGO1 A SMALL P>T ( ! ALLOTM5T WAS CULTIVAT$1 TO COMPLY ) ! LAW1 BUT N[ IT IS LEFT COMPLETELY UNTILL$4 ,A FEW ACRES >E F5C$ (F ) WIRE1 & !RE IS A LOG CAB9 & A %$4 ,BUT DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S ALL ?IS /&S EMPTY2 A NEI<BOR HAS ! KEY & HE MADE US FREE ( ! HUT4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( \R J\RNEY1 WE SAW MANY DES]T$ ALLOTM5TS1 :]E ATTEMPTS AT F>M+ HAD BE5 MADE4 ,?REE YE>S AGO ,I WAS (F]$ A F>M ) DWELL+ H\SE = A HUNDR$ DOLL>S1 BUT 9 A %ORT TIME ! UNOCCUPI$ H\SE COLLAPS$ UND] ! SN[4 ,9 ,OREGON1 WE SAW MANY D]ELICT F>MS ) SMALL DWELL+ H\SES & VEGETABLE G>D5S4 ,ONE WE VISIT$ WAS BEAUTIFULLY MADE3 A /URDY BLOCK H\SE1 FA%ION$ BY A MA/]-BUILD]1 & SOME EQUIPM5T2 BUT ! F>M] HAD AB&ON$ IT ALL4 ,Y\ W]E WELCOME TO TAKE IT ALL )\T *>GE4'7#a#h7 

,:]E C\LD ! RU9$ ,AM]ICAN F>M] TURN8 ,HE SET \T ON A PILGRIMAGE TO FOLL[ ! :EAT C5T] & ! RAILWAYS4 ,! =M] HAD %IFT$ 9 ! MA9 TO ,CANADA1 ! ,SASKAT*EWAN & ! ,MACK5ZIE ,RIV] :]E :EAT CAN /ILL ?RIVE ON ! #f#bND P>ALLEL4 ,A NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN F>M]S FOLL[$ - & AFT] SOME TIME 9 ,CANADA1 !Y SUFF]$ ! OLD FATE47#a#i7 ,DUR+ REC5T YE>S1 ,CANADA HAS 5T]$ ! WORLD M>KET AS A :EAT-EXPORT+ C\NTRY1 BUT H] AGRICULTURE IS DOM9AT$ TO AN EV5 GREAT] EXT5T BY BIG CAPITAL ?AN ELSE:]E47#b7 

,9 ,CANADA1 PUBLIC L&S W]E LAVI%$ UPON PRIVATE CAPITALI/ COMPANIES ON AN EV5 MORE MON/R\S SCALE ?AN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,UND] ! ,*>T] ( ! ,CANADIAN ,PACIFIC ,RAILWAY ,COMPANY ) ITS GRANT ( L&1 PRIVATE CAPITAL P]PETRAT$ AN UNPREC$5T$ ACT ( ROBB+ ! PUBLIC4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT ! COMPANY WAS GU>ANTE$ A TW5TY YE>S' MONOPOLY ( RAILWAY BUILD+1 NOT ONLY ?AT IT GOT A BUILD+ SITE ( AB\T #gac MILES FREE ( *>GE1 NOT ONLY ?AT IT GOT A #a YE>S' /ATE GU>ANTEE ( ! #c P] C5T 9T]E/ ON ! %>E CAPITAL ( ,G,B,PM4 #b - TO CR[N IT ALL1 ! COMPANY WAS GIV5 ! *OICE ( #be MILLION ACRES \T ( ! MO/ F]TILE & FAVORABLY SITUAT$ L&S1 NOT NECESS>ILY 9 ! IMM$IATE VIC9ITY ( ! P]MAN5T WAY1 AS A FREE GIFT4 ,ALL FUTURE SETTL]S ON ?IS VA/ >EA W]E ?US AT ! M]CY ( RAILWAY CAPITAL FROM ! V]Y \TSET4 ,! RAILWAY COMPANY1 9 ITS TURN1 IMM$IATELY PROCE$$ TO SELL (F #e MILLION ACRES = READY CA% TO ! ,NOR?-,WE/ ,L& ,COMPANY1 AN ASSOCIATION ( ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S UND] ! *AIRMAN%IP ( ! ,DUKE ( ,MAN*E/]4 ,! SECOND GR\P ( CAPITALI/S :I* WAS LIB]ALLY 5D[$ ) PUBLIC L&S WAS ! ,HUDSON ,BAY ,COMPANY1 :I* WAS GIV5 A TITLE TO NO LESS ?AN ONE-TW5TIE? ( ALL ! L&S BETWE5 ,LAKE ,W9NIPEG1 ! ,U,S4 BORD]1 ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S1 & ,NOR!RN ,SASKAT*EWAN1 = R5\NC+ !IR PRIVILEGES 9 ! ,NOR?-,WE/4 ,BETWE5 !M1 !SE TWO CAPITALI/ GR\PS HAD GA9$ POSSESSION ( FIVE-N9?S ( ALL ! L& ?AT C\LD BE SETTL$4 ,A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! O!R L&S WAS ASSIGN$ BY ! ,/ATE TO #bf CAPITALI/ 'COLONIZ+ COMPANIES'47#b#a7 ,?US ! ,CANADIAN F>M] WAS PRACTICALLY EV]Y:]E 5SN>$ BY CAPITAL & CAPITALI/ SPECULATION4 ,& /ILL MASS IMMIGRATION CONT9U$ - NOT ONLY FROM ,EUROPE1 BUT ALSO FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES6 

,!SE >E ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,HAV+ EVICT$ ! PEASANT FROM HIS SOIL1 IT DRIVES HIM FROM ,5GL& TO ! ,EA/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & FROM !RE TO ! ,WE/1 & ON ! RU9S ( ! ,R$ ,9DIANS' ECONOMY IT TRANS=MS HIM BACK 9TO A SMALL COMMODITY PRODUC]4 ,!N1 :5 HE IS RU9$ ONCE MORE1 HE IS DRIV5 FROM ! ,WE/ TO ! ,NOR?4 ,) ! RAILWAYS 9 ! VAN1 & RU9 9 ! RE> - CAPITAL LEADS ! WAY1 ITS PASSAGE IS M>K$ ) UNIV]SAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! GREAT FALL ( PRICES 9 ! N9ETIES IS AGA9 SUCCE$$ BY HI<] PRICES = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 BUT ?IS IS ( NO MORE AVAIL TO ! SMALL ,AM]ICAN F>M] ?AN TO ! ,EUROPEAN PEASANT4 

,YET ! NUMB]S ( F>M]S >E CON/ANTLY SWELL+4 ,9 ! LA/ DECADE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !Y HAD GR[N FROM #d1#f1 TO #e1#g11 & ! FOLL[+ T5 YE>S /ILL SAW AN ABSOLUTE 9CREASE4 ,! AGGREGATE VALUE ( F>MS HAD DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD RIS5 FROM ,G,B,P#a#e1#b#d1 TO ,G,B,P#c#c1#c#f147#b#b7 ,WE MI<T HAVE EXPECT$ ! G5]AL 9CREASE 9 ! PRICE ( F>M PRODUCE TO HAVE HELP$ ! F>M] TO COME 9TO HIS [N4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT SO2 WE SEE ?AT ! GR[+ NUMB]S ( T5ANT F>M]S \T/RIP ! 9CREASE 9 ! F>M+ POPULATION AS A :OLE4 ,9 #a#h#h1 ! PROPORTION ( T5ANT F>M]S AM\NT$ TO #b#e4#e P] C5T ( ! TOTAL NUMB] ( F>M]S 9 ! ,UNION1 9 #ahi IT WAS #b#h4#d P] C5T1 9 #ai #c#e4#c P] C5T1 & 9 #aia #c#g4#b P] C5T4 

,?\< PRICES = F>M PRODUCE W]E RIS+1 ! T5ANT F>M] WAS MORE & MORE RAPIDLY /EPP+ 9TO ! %OES ( ! 9DEP5D5T F>M]4 ,& AL?\< MU* MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD ( ALL F>M]S 9 ! ,UNION >E N[ T5ANT F>M]S1 !IR SOCIAL /ATUS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ?AT ( ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR] 9 ,EUROPE4 ,CON/ANTLY FLUCTUAT+1 !Y >E 9DE$ WAGE-SLAVES ( CAPITAL2 !Y WORK V]Y H>D TO CREATE WEAL? = CAPITAL1 GETT+ NO?+ 9 RETURN BUT A MIS]ABLE & PREC>I\S EXI/5CE4 

,9 QUITE A DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL SETT+1 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ! SAME PROCESS %[S UP EV5 MORE CLE>LY ! 'PEACEFUL ME?ODS' BY :I* CAPITAL COMPETES ) ! SMALL COMMODITY PRODUC]4 

,9 ! ,CAPE ,COLONY & ! ,BO] ,REPUBLICS1 PURE PEASANT ECONOMY PREVAIL$ UNTIL ! SIXTIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,= A LONG TIME ! ,BO]S HAD L$ ! LIFE ( ANIMAL-T5D+ NOMADS2 !Y HAD KILL$ (F OR DRIV5 \T ! ,HOTT5TOTS & ,KAFFIRS ) A WILL 9 ORD] TO DEPRIVE !M ( !IR MO/ VALUABLE PA/URES4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY !Y W]E GIV5 9VALUABLE ASSI/ANCE BY ! PLAGUE1 IMPORT$ BY %IPS ( ! ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY1 :I* FREQU5TLY DID AWAY ) 5TIRE ,HOTT5TOT TRIBES :OSE L&S !N FELL TO ! ,DUT* IMMIGRANTS4 ,:5 ! ,BO]S SPREAD FUR!R ,EA/1 !Y CAME 9 CONFLICT ) ! ,BANTU TRIBES & 9ITIAT$ ! LONG P]IOD ( ! T]RIBLE ,KAFFIR W>S4 ,!SE GOD FE>+ ,DUT*M5 REG>D$ !MSELVES AS ! ,*OS5 ,PEOPLE & TOOK NO SMALL PRIDE 9 !IR OLD-FA%ION$ ,PURITAN MORALS & !IR 9TIMATE KN[L$GE ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T2 YET1 NOT CONT5T ) ROBB+ ! NATIVES ( !IR L&1 !Y BUILT !IR PEASANT ECONOMY LIKE P>ASITES ON ! BACKS ( ! ,NEGROES1 COMPELL+ !M TO DO SLAVE-LABOR = !M & CORRUPT+ & 5]VAT+ !M DELIB]ATELY & SY/EMATICALLY4 ,LIQUOR PLAY$ SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ?IS PROCESS1 ?AT ! PROHIBITION ( SPIRITS 9 ! ,CAPE ,COLONY C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ ?R\< BY ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T BECAUSE ( ,PURITAN OPPOSITION4 ,!RE W]E NO RAILWAYS UNTIL #a#h#e#i1 & ,BO] ECONOMY 9 G5]AL & ON ! :OLE REMA9$ PATRI>*AL & BAS$ ON NATURAL ECONOMY UNTIL ! SIXTIES4 ,BUT !IR PATRI>*AL ATTITUDE DID NOT DET] ! ,BO]S FROM EXTREME BRUTALITY & H>%NESS4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ,LIV+/ONE COMPLA9$ MU* MORE AB\T ! ,BO]S ?AN AB\T ! ,KAFFIRS4 ,! ,BO]S CONSID]$ ! ,NEGROES AN OBJECT1 DE/9$ BY ,GOD & ,NATURE TO SLAVE = !M1 & AS SU* AN 9DISP5SABLE F\NDATION ( !IR PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT !IR ANSW] TO ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y 9 ! ,5GLI% COLONIES 9 #ahcf WAS ! ',GREAT ,TREK'1 AL?\< !RE ! [N]S HAD BE5 COMP5SAT$ ) ,G,B,P#c114 ,BY WAY ( ! ,ORANGE ,RIV] & ,VAAL1 ! ,BO]S EMIGRAT$ FROM ! ,CAPE ,COLONY1 & 9 ! PROCESS !Y DROVE ! ,MATABELE TO ! ,NOR?1 ACROSS ! ,LIMPOPO1 SETT+ !M AGA9/ ! ,MAKALAKAS JU/ AS ! ,AM]ICAN F>M] HAD DRIV5 ! ,R$ ,9DIAN ,WE/ BE=E HIM UND] ! IMPACT ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 SO ! ,BO] DROVE ! ,NEGRO TO ! ,NOR?4 ,! ',FREE ,REPUBLICS' BETWE5 ! ,ORANGE ,RIV] & ! ,LIMPOPO ?US W]E CREAT$ AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! DESIGNS ( ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE ON ! SACR$ RI<T ( SLAV]Y4 ,! T9Y PEASANT REPUBLICS W]E 9 CON/ANT GU]RILLA W>F>E AGA9/ ! ,BANTU ,NEGROES ,& IT WAS ON ! BACKS ( ! ,NEGROES ?AT ! BATTLE BETWE5 ! ,BO]S & ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T1 :I* W5T ON = DECADES1 WAS F\<T4 ,! ,NEGRO QUE/ION1 I4E4 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,NEGROES1 O/5SIBLY AIM$ AT BY ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE1 S]V$ AS A PRETEXT = ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,5GL& & ! REPUBLICS4 ,9 FACT1 PEASANT ECONOMY & GREAT CAPITALI/ COLONIAL POLICY W]E H]E COMPET+ = ! ,HOTT5TOTS & ,KAFFIRS1 ?AT IS TO SAY = !IR L& & !IR LABOR P[]4 ,BO? COMPETITORS HAD PRECISELY ! SAME AIM3 TO SUBJECT1 EXPEL OR DE/ROY ! COLOR$ PEOPLES1 TO APPROPRIATE !IR L& & PRESS !M 9TO S]VICE BY ! ABOLITION ( !IR SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ONLY !IR ME?ODS ( EXPLOITATION W]E FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T4 ,:ILE ! ,BO]S /OOD = \T-DAT$ SLAV]Y ON A PETTY SCALE1 ON :I* !IR PATRI>*AL PEASANT ECONOMY WAS F\ND$1 ! ,BRITI% B\RGEOISIE REPRES5T$ MOD]N L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ( ! L& & ! NATIVES4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,TRANSVAAL 7,S\? ,AFRICAN7 ,REPUBLIC DECL>$ ) CRUDE PREJUDICE3 ',! ,PEOPLE %ALL NOT P]MIT ANY EQUALITY ( COLOR$ P]SONS ) :ITE 9HABITANTS1 NEI!R 9 ! ,*UR* NOR 9 ! ,/ATE4' 7#b#c7 

,9 ! ,ORANGE ,FREE ,/ATE & 9 ! ,TRANSVAAL NO ,NEGRO WAS ALL[$ TO [N L&1 TO TRAVEL )\T PAP]S OR TO WALK ABROAD AFT] SUNSET4 ,BRYCE TELLS US ( A CASE :]E A F>M]1 AN ,5GLI%MAN AS IT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,EA/]N ,CAPE ,COLONY HAD FLOGG$ HIS ,KAFFIR SLAVE TO DEA?4 ,:5 HE WAS ACQUITT$ 9 OP5 C\RT1 HIS NEI<BORS ESCORT$ HIM HOME TO ! /RA9S ( MUSIC4 ,! :ITE MAN FREQU5TLY MALTREAT$ HIS FREE NATIVE LABOR]S AFT] !Y HAD DONE !IR WORK - TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !Y W\LD TAKE TO FLI<T1 ?US SAV+ ! MA/] !IR WAGES4 

,! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T EMPLOY$ PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE TACTICS4 ,= A LONG TIME IT APPE>$ AS PROTECTOR ( ! NATIVES2 FLATT]+ ! *IEFTA9S 9 P>TICUL>1 IT SUPPORT$ !IR AU?ORITY & TRI$ TO MAKE !M CLAIM A RI<T ( DISPOSAL OV] !IR L&4 ,:]EV] IT WAS POSSIBLE1 IT GAVE !M [N]%IP ( TRIBAL L&1 ACCORD+ TO WELL-TRI$ ME?ODS1 AL?\< ?IS FLEW 9 ! FACE ( TRADITION & ( ! ACTUAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,NEGROES4 ,ALL TRIBES 9 FACT HELD !IR L& COMMUNALLY1 & EV5 ! MO/ CRUEL & DESPOTIC RUL]S SU* AS ! ,MATABELE ,*IEFTA9 ,LOB5GULA M]ELY HAD ! RI<T AS WELL AS ! DUTY TO ALLOT EV]Y FAMILY A PIECE ( L& :I* !Y C\LD ONLY RETA9 SO LONG AS !Y CULTIVAT$ IT4 ,! ULTIMATE PURPOSE ( ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T WAS CLE>3 LONG 9 ADVANCE IT WAS PREP>+ = L& ROBB]Y ON A GR& SCALE1 US+ ! NATIVE *IEFTA9S !MSELVES AS TOOLS4 ,BUT 9 ! BEG9N+ IT WAS CONT5T ) ! 'PACIFICATION' ( ! ,NEGROES BY EXT5SIVE MILIT>Y ACTIONS4 ,UP TO #ahgi W]E F\<T #i BLOODY ,KAFFIR W>S TO BREAK ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,BANTUS4 

,BRITI% CAPITAL REVEAL$ ITS REAL 9T5TIONS ONLY AFT] TWO IMPORTANT EV5TS HAD TAK5 PLACE3 ! DISCOV]Y ( ! ,KIMB]LEY DIAMOND FIELDS 9 #a#h#f#i-#g1 & ! DISCOV]Y ( ! GOLD M9ES 9 ! ,TRANSVAAL 9 #a#h#h#b-#e1 :I* 9ITIAT$ A NEW EPO* 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,!N ! ,BRITI% ,S\? ,AFRICA ,COMPANY1 ?AT IS TO SAY ,CECIL ,RHODES1 W5T 9TO ACTION4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ,5GL& RAPIDLY SWUNG OV]1 & ! GRE$ = ! TREASURES ( ,S\? ,AFRICA URG$ ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T ON TO DRA/IC MEASURES4 ,S\? ,AFRICA WAS SUDD5LY FLOOD$ ) IMMIGRANTS :O HAD HI!RTO ONLY APPE>$ 9 SMALL NUMB]S - IMMIGRATION HAV+ BE5 DEFLECT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BUT ) ! DISCOV]Y ( ! DIAMOND & GOLD FIELDS1 ! NUMB]S ( :ITE PEOPLE 9 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN COLONIES GREW BY LEAPS & B\NDS3 BETWE5 #ahhe & #a#h#i#e1 #a1 ,BRITI% HAD IMMIGRAT$ 9TO ,WITWAT]SR& ALONE4 ,! MODE/ PEASANT ECONOMY WAS =?) PU%$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND - ! M9ES1 & ?US ! M9+ CAPITAL1 COM+ TO ! =E4 ,! POLICY ( ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T VE]$ R\ND ABRUPTLY4 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 HAD RECOGNIZ$ ! ,BO] ,REPUBLICS BY ! ,S& ,RIV] ,AGREEM5T & ! ,TREATY ( ,BLOEMFONTE9 9 ! FIFTIES4 ,N[ H] POLITICAL MI<T ADVANC$ UPON ! T9Y REPUBLIC FROM EV]Y SIDE1 OCCUPY+ ALL NEI<BOR+ DI/RICTS & CUTT+ (F ALL POSSIBILITY ( EXPANSION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,NEGROES1 NO LONG] PROTECT$ FAVORITES1 W]E SACRIFIC$4 ,BRITI% CAPITAL WAS /EADILY =G+ AHEAD4 ,9 #a#h#f#h1 ,BRITA9 TOOK OV] ! RULE ( ,BASUTOL& - ONLY1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE ! NATIVES HAD 'REPEAT$LY IMPLOR$' H] TO DO SO47#b#d7 ,9 #a#h#g#a1 ! ,WITWAT]SR& DIAMOND FIELDS1 OR ,WE/ ,GRIQUAL&1 W]E SEIZ$ FROM ! ,ORANGE ,FREE ,/ATE & TURN$ 9TO A ,CR[N ,COLONY4 ,9 #a#h#g#i1 ,ZULUL& WAS SUBJECT$1 LAT] TO BECOME P>T ( ! ,NATAL ,COLONY2 9 #ahhe FOLL[$ ! SUBJECTION ( ,BE*UANAL&1 TO BE JO9$ TO ! ,CAPE ,COLONY4 ,9 #ahhh ,BRITA9 TOOK OV] ,MATABELE & ,MA%ONAL&1 & 9 #ahhi ! ,BRITI% ,S\? ,AFRICA ,COMPANY WAS GIV5 A ,*>T] = BO? !SE DI/RICTS1 AGA91 ( C\RSE1 ONLY TO OBLIGE ! NATIVES & AT !IR REQUE/47#b#e7 ,BETWE5 #ahhd & #a#h#h#g1 ,BRITA9 ANNEX$ ,/4 ,LUCIA ,BAY & ! 5TIRE ,EA/ ,COA/ AS F> AS ! ,PORTUGUESE POSSESSIONS4 ,9 #a#h#i#d1 %E SUBJECT$ ,TONGAL&4 ,) !IR LA/ /R5G?1 ! ,MATABELE & ,MA%ONA F\<T ONE MORE DESP]ATE BATTLE1 BUT ! ,COMPANY1 ) ,RHODES AT ! HEAD1 FIR/ LIQUIDAT$ ! RIS+ 9 BLOOD & AT ONCE PROCE$$ TO ! WELL TRI$ MEASURE = CIVILIZ+ & PACIFY+ ! NATIVES3 TWO L>GE RAILWAYS W]E BUILT 9 ! REBELLI\S DI/RICT4 

,! ,BO] ,REPUBLICS W]E FEEL+ 9CREAS+LY UNCOM=TABLE 9 ?IS SUDD5 /RANGLEHOLD1 & !IR 9T]NAL AFFAIRS AS WELL W]E BECOM+ COMPLETELY DISORGANIZ$4 ,! OV]:ELM+ 9FLUX ( IMMIGRANTS & ! RIS+ TIDES ( ! FR5ZI$ NEW CAPITALI/ ECONOMY N[ ?REAT5$ TO BUR/ ! B>RI]S ( ! SMALL PEASANT /ATES4 ,!RE WAS 9DE$ A BLATANT CONFLICT BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL & POLITICAL PEASANT ECONOMY ON ! ONE H&1 & ! DEM&S & REQUIREM5TS ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL ON ! O!R4 ,9 ALL RESPECTS1 ! REPUBLICS W]E QUITE UNABLE TO COPE ) !SE NEW PROBLEMS4 ,! CON/ANT DANG] FROM ! ,KAFFIRS1 NO D\BT REG>D$ FAVORABLY BY ! ,BRITI%1 ! UNWIELDY1 PRIMITIVE ADM9I/RATION1 ! GRADUAL CORRUPTION ( ! VOLKSRAAD 9 :I* ! GREAT CAPITALI/S GOT !IR WAY BY BRIB]Y1 LACK ( A POLICE =CE TO KEEP ! UNDISCIPL9$ CR[DS ( ADV5TUR]S 9 SOME SEMBLANCE ( ORD]1 ! ABS5CE ( LABOR LEGISLATION = REGULAT+ & SECUR+ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! ,NEGROES 9 ! M9ES1 LACK ( WAT] SUPPLIES & TRANSPORT TO PROVIDE = ! COLONY ( #a1 IMMIGRANTS ?AT HAD SUDD5LY SPRUNG UP1 HI< PROTECTIVE T>IFFS :I* 9CREAS$ ! CO/ ( LABOR = ! CAPITALI/S1 & HI< FREI<TS = COAL - ALL !SE FACTORS COMB9$ T[>DS ! SUDD5 & /UNN+ BANKRUPTCY ( ! PEASANT REPUBLICS4 

,!Y TRI$1 OB/9ATELY & UNIMAG9ATIVELY1 TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ! SUDD5 ]UPTION ( CAPITALISM :I* 5GULF$ !M1 ) AN 9CR$IBLY CRUDE MEASURE1 SU* AS ONLY A /UBBORN & HIDE-B\ND PEASANT BRA9 C\LD HAVE DEVIS$3 !Y D5I$ ALL CIVIC RI<TS TO ! UITL&]S :O \TNUMB]$ !M BY F> & :O /OOD = CAPITAL1 P[]1 & ! TR5D ( ! TIME4 ,9 ?OSE CRITICAL TIMES IT WAS AN ILL-OM5$ TRICK4 ,! MISMANAGEM5T ( ! PEASANT REPUBLICS CAUS$ A CONSID]ABLE R$UCTION ( DIVID5DS1 ON NO ACC\NT TO BE PUT UP )4 ,M9+ CAPITAL HAD COME TO ! 5D ( ITS TE!R4 ,! ,BRITI% ,S\? ,AFRICA ,COMPANY BUILT RAILROADS1 PUT D[N ! ,KAFFIRS1 ORGANIZ$ REVOLTS ( ! UITL&]S & F9ALLY PROVOK$ ! ,BO] ,W>4 ,! BELL HAD TOLL$ = PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION HAD BEGUN ) A W>1 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA W> PUT ! P]IOD TO ?IS *APT]4 ,YET 9 BO? 9/ANCES1 ! \TCOME WAS ! SAME3 CAPITAL TRIUMPH$ OV] ! SMALL PEASANT ECONOMY :I* HAD 9 ITS TURN COME 9TO BE+ ON ! RU9S ( NATURAL ECONOMY1 REPRES5T$ BY ! NATIVES' PRIMITIVE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL WAS A =EGONE CONCLUSION1 & IT WAS JU/ AS HOPELESS = ! ,BO] ,REPUBLICS TO RESI/ AS IT HAD BE5 = ! ,AM]ICAN F>M]4 ,CAPITAL (FICIALLY TOOK OV] ! RE9S 9 ! NEW ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,UNION :I* REPLAC$ ! SMALL PEASANT REPUBLICS BY A GREAT MOD]N /ATE1 AS 5VISAG$ BY ,CECIL ,RHODES' IMP]IALI/ PROGRAM4 ,! NEW CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR HAD SUP]S$$ ! OLD ONE BETWE5 ,BRITI% & ,DUT*4 ,ONE MILLION :ITE EXPLOIT]S ( BO? NATIONS SEAL$ !IR T\*+ FRAT]NAL ALLIANCE )9 ! ,UNION ) ! CIVIL & POLITICAL DISFRAN*ISEM5T ( FIVE MILLION COLOR$ WORK]S4 ,NOT ONLY ! ,NEGROES ( ! ,BO] ,REPUBLICS CAME AWAY EMPTY H&$1 BUT ! NATIVES ( ! ,CAPE ,COLONY1 :OM ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T HAD AT ONE TIME GRANT$ POLITICAL EQUALITY1 W]E ALSO DEPRIV$ ( SOME ( !IR RI<TS4 ,& ?IS NOBLE WORK1 CULM9AT+ UND] ! IMP]IALI/ POLICY ( ! ,CONS]VATIVES 9 OP5 OPPRESSION1 WAS ACTUALLY TO BE F9I%$ BY ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY ITSELF1 AMID FR5ZI$ APPLAUSE FROM ! LIB]AL CRET9S ( ,EUROPE :O ) S5TIM5TAL PRIDE TOOK AS PRO( ( ! /ILL CONT9U+ CREATIVE VIGOR & GREATNESS ( ,5GLI% LIB]ALISM ! FACT ?AT ,BRITA9 HAD GRANT$ COMPLETE SELF-GOV]NM5T & FRE$OM TO A H&FUL ( :ITES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

,! RU9 ( 9DEP5D5T CRAFTSMAN%IP BY CAPITALI/ COMPETITION1 NO LESS PA9FUL = BE+ S(T-P$AL$1 DES]VES BY RI<TS A *APT] TO ITSELF4 ,! MO/ S9I/] P>T ( SU* A *APT] W\LD BE \T-WORK UND] CAPITALISM2 - BUT WE NE$ NOT DWELL ON !SE PH5OM5A H]E4 

,! G5]AL RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION IS ?IS3 AFT] SUB/ITUT+ COMMODITY ECONOMY = NATURAL ECONOMY1 CAPITAL TAKES ! PLACE ( SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY4 ,NON-CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDE A F]TILE SOIL = CAPITALISM2 MORE /RICTLY3 CAPITAL FE$S ON ! RU9S ( SU* ORGANIZATIONS1 &1 AL?\< ?IS NON-CAPITALI/ MILIEU IS 9DISP5SABLE = ACCUMULATION1 ! LATT] PROCE$S1 AT ! CO/ ( ?IS M$IUM NEV]!LESS1 BY EAT+ IT UP4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS A K9D ( METABOLISM BETWE5 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ?OSE PRE-CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION )\T :I* IT CANNOT GO ON & :I*1 9 ?IS LI<T1 IT CORRODES & ASSIMILATES4 ,?US CAPITAL CANNOT ACCUMULATE )\T ! AID ( NON-CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 NOR1 ON ! O!R H&1 CAN IT TOL]ATE !IR CONT9U$ EXI/5CE SIDE BY SIDE ) ITSELF4 ,ONLY ! CONT9U\S & PROGRESSIVE DIS9TEGRATION ( NON-CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATIONS MAKES ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL POSSIBLE4 

,! PREMISES :I* >E PO/ULAT$ 9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( ACCUMULATION ACCORD+LY REPRES5T NO MORE ?AN ! HI/ORICAL T5D5CY ( ! MOVEM5T ( ACCUMULATION & ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,! ACCUMULATIVE PROCESS 5DEAVORS EV]Y:]E TO SUB/ITUTE SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY = NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,ITS ULTIMATE AIM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IS TO E/ABLI% ! EXCLUSIVE & UNIV]SAL DOM9ATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ALL C\NTRIES & = ALL BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 

,YET ?IS >GUM5T DOES NOT LEAD ANY:]E4 ,AS SOON AS ?IS F9AL RESULT IS A*IEV$ - 9 !ORY1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE IT CAN NEV] ACTUALLY HAPP5 - ACCUMULATION MU/ COME TO A /OP4 ,! REALIZATION & CAPITALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCOMPLI%4 ,JU/ AS SOON AS REALITY BEG9S TO CORRESPOND TO ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 ! 5D ( ACCUMULATION IS 9 SI<T1 IT HAS REA*$ ITS LIMITS1 & CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS 9 EXTREMIS4 ,= CAPITAL1 ! /&/ILL ( ACCUMULATION MEANS ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES IS >RE/$1 & ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM FOLL[S 9EVITABLY1 AS AN OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL NECESSITY4 ,?IS IS ! REASON = ! CONTRADICTORY BEHAVIOR ( CAPITALISM 9 ! F9AL /AGE ( ITS HI/ORICAL C>E]3 IMP]IALISM4 

,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ?US DOES NOT CON=M TO ! CONDITIONS ( AN ACCUMULATION 9 ACTUAL PROGRESS4 ,PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO /ATIC 9T]RELATIONS & 9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT DEP>TM5TS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION 7! DEP>TM5TS ( PRODUC] & CONSUM] GOODS71 AS ! DIAGRAM W\LD HAVE IT4 ,ACCUMULATION IS MORE ?AN AN 9T]NAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! BRAN*ES ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY2 IT IS PRIM>ILY A RELATION%IP BETWE5 CAPITAL & A NON-CAPITALI/ 5VIRONM5T1 :]E ! TWO GREAT DEP>TM5TS ( PRODUCTION SOMETIMES P]=M ! ACCUMULATIVE PROCESS ON !IR [N1 9DEP5D5TLY ( EA* O!R1 BUT EV5 !N AT EV]Y /EP ! MOVEM5TS OV]LAP & 9T]SECT4 ,FROM ?IS WE GET MO/ COMPLICAT$ RELATIONS1 DIV]G5CES 9 ! SPE$ & DIRECTION ( ACCUMULATION = ! TWO DEP>TM5TS1 DIFF]5T RELATIONS ) NON-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION AS REG>DS BO? MAT]IAL ELEM5TS & ELEM5TS ( VALUE1 :I* WE CANNOT POSSIBLY LAY D[N 9 RIGID =MULA4 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( ACCUMULATION IS ONLY ! !ORETICAL REFLECTION ( ! PRECISE MOM5T :5 ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL HAS REA*$ ITS LIMITS1 & ?US IT IS NO LESS A FICTION ?AN HIS DIAGRAM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 :I* GIVES ! !ORETICAL =MULATION = ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,! PRECISE DEF9ITION ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION & ITS LAWS LIES SOME:]E 9 BETWE5 !SE TWO FICTIONS4 

@> 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 9 ,*9A ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES W]E WIDELY PRACTIC$ EV5 BY ! B\RGEOISIE & 9 SU* L>GE & ANCI5T T[NS AS ,N+PO ) ITS #c1 9HABITANTS4 

',ONLY A G5]ATION AGO1 ! FAMILY'S %OES1 HATS1 %IRTS1 ETC41 W]E MADE BY ! WOM5 !MSELVES4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 IT WAS PRACTICALLY UNHE>D-( = A Y\NG WOMAN TO BUY FROM A M]*ANT :AT %E C\LD HAVE MADE ) ! LABOR ( H] [N H&S' 7,DR4 ,NYOK-,*+ ,TSUR1 ,=MS ( ,9DU/RY 9 ! ,T[N ( ,N+PO 7,DIE GEW]BLI*5 ,BETRIEBS=M5 D] ,/ADT ,N+PO71 ,TUB+5 #a#i#i1 P4#e#a74 

7#b7 ,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS RELATION IS REV]S$ 9 ! LA/ /AGES ( ! HI/ORY ( PEASANT ECONOMY :5 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS MADE ITS FULL IMPACT4 ,ONCE ! SMALL PEASANTS >E RU9$1 ! 5TIRE WORK ( F>M+ FREQU5TLY DEVOLVES ON ! WOM51 OLD PEOPLE & *ILDR51 :ILE ! M5 >E MADE TO WORK = !IR LIV+ = CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EURS 9 ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES OR AT WAGE-SLAVES 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,A TYPICAL 9/ANCE IS ! SMALL PEASANT 9 ,WURTTEMB]G4 

7#c7 ,W4,A4 ,PEFF]1 ,! ,F>M]'S ,SIDE4 ,HIS ,TR\BLES & ,!IR ,REM$Y 7,NEW ,YORK #a#h#i#a71 ,P>T II1 ,H[ ,WE ,GOT ,H]E1 *AP4I1 ,*ANG$ ,CONDITIONS ( ! ,F>M]1 PP4#e#f-#g4 ,CF4 ALSO ,A4,M4 ,SIMMONS1 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F>M] 7#bND $ITION1 ,*ICAGO #a#i#f71 PP4#g#dFF4 

7#d7,REPORT ( ! ,U,S,A ,COMMISSION] ( ,AGRICULTURE = ! YE> #ahfg 7,WA%+TON #a#h#f#h74 ,QUOT$ BY ,LAF>GUE3 ,GETREIDEBAU UND ,GETREIDEH&EL 9 D5 ,V]E9IGT5 ,/AAT5 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT 7#a#h#h#e71 P4#c#d#d4 ,?IS ESSAY ON GRA9 CULTIVATION & ! GRA9 TRADE 9 ! ,U,S,A WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 A ,RUSSIAN P]IODICAL 9 #a#h#h#c4 

7#e7 ',! ?REE ,REV5UE ,ACTS ( ,JUNE #c1 #a#h#f#d1 PRACTICALLY =M$ ONE MEASURE1 & ?AT PROBABLY ! GREATE/ MEASURE ( TAXATION :I* ! WORLD HAS SE5 444 ,! ,9T]NAL ,REV5UE ,ACT WAS >RANG$1 AS ,MR4 ,DAVID ,A4 ,WELLS HAS SAID1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ,IRI%MAN AT ,DONNYBROOK ,FAIR3 0:5EV] Y\ SEE A HEAD1 HIT IT1 :5EV] Y\ SEE A COMMODITY1 TAX IT0' 7,F4,W4 ,TAUSSIG1 ,! ,T>IFF ,HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,NEW ,YORK-,LONDON #a#h#h#h1 PP4#a#f#c-#d74 

7#f7,IBID41 PP4#a#f#f-#g4 

7#g7 ',! NECESSITY ( ! SITUATION1 ! CRITICAL /ATE ( ! C\NTRY1 ! URG5T NE$ ( REV5UE1 MAY HAVE JU/IFI$ ?IS HA/E1 :I*1 IT IS SAFE TO SAY1 IS UNEXAMPL$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES' 7,TAUSSIG1 OP4 CIT41 P4#a#f#h74 

7#h7 ,PEVF]1 OP4 CIT41 PP4#e#hFF4 

7#i7,IBID41 P4#f4 

7#a7,AGRICULTURAL ,COMPETITION 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 7,DIE L&WIRTS*AFTLI*E ,KONKURR5Z ,NORDAM]IKAS71 ,LEIPZIG #a#h#h#g1 P4#d#c#a4 

7#a#a7 ,LAF>GUE1 OP4 CIT41 P4#c#d#e4 

7#a#b7,! ,?IRTE5? ,ANNUAL ,REPORT ( ! ,COMMISSION] ( ,LABOR 7,WA%+TON #a#h#i#i7 TABLES ! ADVANTAGES ( MA*9]Y ME?ODS OV] H& ME?ODS SO F> A*IEV$ AS FOLL[S3 

  

7#a#c7 ,:EAT EXPORTS FROM ! ,UNION TO ,EUROPE3 

  

7#a#d7 ,PEFF]1 OP4 CIT41 P>T I1 ,:]E ,WE ,>E1 *AP4II1 ,PROGRESS ( ,AGRICULTURE1 PP4#c-#a4 

7#a#e7,IBID41 P4#d4 

7#a#f7 ,S]+1 OP4 CIT41 P4#d#c#c4 

7#a#g7 ,PEFF]1 OP4 CIT41 P4#c#dF4 

7#a#h7 ,QUOT$ BY ,NIKOLAYON1 OP4 CIT41 P4#b#b#d4 

7#a#i7 #d#i1#a#i#i PEOPLE IMMIGRAT$ TO ,CANADA 9 #a#i#b4 ,9 #a#i#a#b1 ! NUMB] ( IMMIGRANTS WAS MORE ?AN #d1 - #a#c#h1 ( !M ,BRITI%1 & #a#c#d1 ,AM]ICAN4 ,ACCORD+ TO A REPORT FROM ,MONTREAL1 ! 9FLUX ( ,AM]ICAN F>M]S CONT9U$ 9TO ! SPR+ ( ! PRES5T YE> .<#a#i#a#b.>4 

7#b7 ',TRAVEL+ 9 ! ,WE/ ( ,CANADA1 ,I HAVE VISIT$ ONLY ONE F>M ( LESS ?AN A ?\S& ACRES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! C5SUS ( ! ,DOM9ION ( ,CANADA1 9 #a#h#h#a1 :5 ! C5SUS WAS TAK51 NO MORE ?AN #i1#g#g F>M]S OCCUPI$ #b1#c#h#d1#c#c#g ACRES ( L& BETWE5 !M2 ACCORD+LY1 ! %>E ( AN 9DIVIDUAL 7F>M]7 AM\NT$ TO NO LESS ?AN #b1#d#g ACRES - 9 NO /ATE ( ! ,UNION IS ! AV]AGE ANY:]E NE> ?AT' 7,S]+1 OP4 CIT41 P4#c#g#f74 ,9 ! E>LY EI<TIES1 F>M+ ON A L>GE SCALE WAS ADMITT$LY NOT V]Y WIDELY SPREAD 9 ,CANADA4 ,BUT ALREADY 9 #a#h#h#g1 ,S]+ DESCRIBES ! ',BELL ,F>M'1 [N$ BY A LIMIT$ COMPANY1 :I* COMPRIS$ NO FEW] ?AN #e#f1#g ACRES1 & WAS OBVI\SLY MODEL$ ON ! PATT]N ( ! ,DALRYMPLE F>M4 ,9 ! EI<TIES1 ,S]+1 :O REG>D$ ! PROSPECTS ( ,CANADIAN COMPETITION ) SOME SKEPTICISM1 PUT ! 'F]TILE BELT' ( ,WE/]N ,CANADA AT ?REE-FIF?S ( ! 5TIRE ACREAGE ( ,G]MANY1 & E/IMAT$ ?AT ACTUALLY ONLY #c#h1#d1 ACRES ( ?IS W]E >ABLE L&1 & NO MORE ?AN #e#e11 ACRES AT BE/ W]E PROSPECTIVE :EAT L& 7,S]+1 OP4 CIT41 PP4#c#c#g-#h74 ,! ,MANITOBA ,FREE ,PRESS 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#b1 WORK$ \T ?AT 9 SUMM]1 #a#i#a#b1 #a#a1#b1 ACRES W]E S[N ) SPR+ :EAT 9 ,CANADA1 AS AGA9/ #a#i1#b1 ACRES UND] SPR+ :EAT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 7,CF4 ,B]L9] ,TAGEBLATT1 ,H&ELSZEITUNG1 ,NO4#c#e1 ,JUNE #a#h1 #a#i#a#b47 

7#b#a7 ,S]+1 OP4 CIT41 PP4#c#f#aFF4 

7#b#b7 ,]N/ ,S*ULTZE1 ,DAS ,WIRTS*AFTSLEB5 D] ,V]E9IGT5 ,/AAT51 ,JAHRB F4 ,GESETZG41 ,V]W4 U4 ,VOLKSWIRTS*AFT #a#i#a#b1 NO4#b#g1 P4#a#g#b#d4 

7#b#c7 ,>TICLE #i4 

7#b#d7 ',MO%E%1 ! GREAT ,BASUTO LEAD]1 TO :OSE C\RAGE & /ATESMAN%IP ! ,BASUTOS [$ !IR V]Y EXI/5CE AS A PEOPLE1 WAS /ILL ALIVE AT ! TIME1 BUT CON/ANT W> ) ! ,BO]S ( ! ,ORANGE ,FREE ,/ATE HAD BR\<T HIM & HIS FOLL[]S TO ! LA/ /AGE ( DI/RESS4 ,TWO ?\S& ,BASUTO W>RIORS HAD BE5 KILL$1 CATTLE HAD BE5 C>RI$ (F1 NATIVE HOMES HAD BE5 BROK5 UP & CROPS DE/ROY$4 ,! TRIBE WAS R$UC$ TO ! POSITION ( />V+ REFUGEES1 & NO?+ C\LD SAVE !M BUT ! PROTECTION ( ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T :I* !Y HAD REPEAT$LY IMPLOR$' 7,C4,P4 ,LUCAS1 ,A ,HI/ORICAL ,GEOGRAPHY ( ! ,BRITI% ,COLONIES1 P>T II1 VOL4IV 7,GEOGRAPHY ( ,S\? & ,EA/ ,AFRICA71 ,OX=D #a#i#d1 P4#c#i74 

7#b#e7 ',! ,EA/]N SECTION ( ! T]RITORY IS ,MA%ONAL& :]E1 ) ! P]MISSION ( ,K+ ,LOB5GULA1 :O CLAIM$ IT1 ! ,BRITI% ,S\? ,AFRICA ,COMPANY FIR/ E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES' 7IBID41 P4#g#b74 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #bi -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/