,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #bh 
,! ,HI/ORICAL ,CONDITIONS ( ,ACCUMULATION3 ,! ,9TRODUCTION ( ,COMMODITY ,ECONOMY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! SECOND CONDITION ( IMPORTANCE = ACQUIR+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION & REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE IS ! COMMODITY EX*ANGE & COMMODITY ECONOMY %\LD BE 9TRODUC$ 9 SOCIETIES BAS$ ON NATURAL ECONOMY AS SOON AS !IR 9DEP5D5CE HAS BE5 ABROGAT$1 OR RA!R 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS DISRUPTIVE PROCESS4 ,CAPITAL REQUIRES TO BUY ! PRODUCTS (1 & SELL ITS COMMODITIES TO1 ALL NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA & SOCIETIES4 ,H]E AT LA/ WE SEEM TO F9D ! BEG9N+S ( ?AT 'PEACE' & 'EQUALITY'1 ! DO UT DES1 MUTUAL 9T]E/1 'PEACEFUL COMPETITION' & ! '9FLU5CES ( CIVILIZATION'4 ,= CAPITAL CAN 9DE$ DEPRIVE ALI5 SOCIAL ASSOCIATIONS ( !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY =CE1 IT CAN COMPEL ! WORK]S TO SUBMIT TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 BUT IT CANNOT =CE !M TO BUY ITS COMMODITIES OR TO REALIZE ITS SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 DI/RICTS :]E NATURAL ECONOMY =M]LY PREVAIL$1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( MEANS ( TRANSPORT - RAILWAYS1 NAVIGATION1 CANALS - IS VITAL = ! SPREAD+ ( COMMODITY ECONOMY1 A FUR!R HOPEFUL SIGN4 ,! TRIUMPHANT M>* ( COMMODITY ECONOMY ?US BEG9S 9 MO/ CASES ) MAGNIFIC5T CON/RUCTIONS ( MOD]N TRANSPORT1 SU* AS RAILWAY L9ES :I* CROSS PRIMEVAL =E/S & TUNNEL ?R\< ! M\NTA9S1 TELEGRAPH WIRES :I* BRIDGE ! DES]TS1 & OCEAN L9]S :I* CALL AT ! MO/ \TLY+ PORTS4 ,BUT IT IS A M]E ILLUSION ?AT !SE >E PEACEFUL *ANGES4 ,UND] ! /&>D ( COMM]CE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY & ! SPICE-PRODUC+ C\NTRIES W]E QUITE AS PIRATICAL1 EXTORTIONATE & BLATANTLY FRAUDUL5T AS PRES5T-DAY RELATIONS BETWE5 ,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/S & ! ,R$ ,9DIANS ( ,CANADA :OSE FURS !Y BUY1 OR BETWE5 ,G]MAN M]*ANTS & ! ,NEGROES ( ,AFRICA4 ,MOD]N ,*9A PRES5TS A CLASSICAL EXAMPLE ( ! 'G5TLE'1 'PEACE-LOV+' PRACTICES ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE ) BACKW>D C\NTRIES4 ,?R\<\T ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BEG9N+ ) ! E>LY =TIES1 H] HI/ORY HAS BE5 PUNCTUAT$ BY W>S ) ! OBJECT ( OP5+ H] UP TO TRADE BY BRUTE =CE4 ,MISSION>IES PROVOK$ P]SECUTIONS ( ,*RI/IANS1 ,EUROPEANS 9/IGAT$ RIS+S1 & 9 P]IODICAL MASSACRES A COMPLETELY HELPLESS & PEACEFUL AGR>IAN POPULATION WAS =C$ TO MAT* >MS ) ! MO/ MOD]N CAPITALI/ MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE ( ALL ! ,GREAT ,P[]S ( ,EUROPE4 ,HEAVY W> CONTRIBUTIONS NECESSITAT$ A PUBLIC DEBT1 ,*9A TAK+ UP ,EUROPEAN LOANS1 RESULT+ 9 ,EUROPEAN CONTROL OV] H] F9ANCES & OCCUPATION ( H] =TIFICATIONS2 ! OP5+ ( FREE PORTS WAS 5=C$1 RAILWAY CONCESSIONS TO ,EUROPEAN CAPITALI/S EXTORT$4 ,BY ALL !SE MEASURES COMMODITY EX*ANGE WAS FO/]$ 9 ,*9A1 FROM ! E>LY ?IRTIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 

,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY COMMODITY EX*ANGE ) ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL1 MADE ITS FIR/ IMPACT ON ,*9A ) ! ,OPIUM ,W>S :5 %E WAS COMPELL$ TO BUY ! DRUG FROM ,9DIAN PLANTATIONS 9 ORD] TO MAKE MONEY = ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S4 ,9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY HAD 9TRODUC$ ! CULTIVATION ( POPPIES 9 ,B5GAL2 ! USE ( ! DRUG WAS DISSEM9AT$ 9 ,*9A BY ITS ,CANTON BRAN*4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 OPIUM FELL SO CONSID]ABLY 9 PRICE ?AT IT RAPIDLY BECAME ! 'LUXURY ( ! PEOPLE'4 ,9 #a#h#b#a1 #d1#f#b#h *E/S ( OPIUM W]E IMPORT$ TO ,*9A AT AN AV]AGE PRICE ( ,G,B,P#b#f#e2 !N ! PRICE FELL BY #e P] C5T2 & ,*9ESE IMPORTS ROSE TO #i1#f#b#a *E/S 9 #a#h#b#e1 & TO #b#f1#f#g *E/S 9 #a#h#c47#a7 ,! DEADLY EFFECTS ( ! DRUG1 ESPECIALLY ( ! *EAP] K9DS US$ BY ! POOR] POPULATION1 BECAME A PUBLIC CALAMITY & MADE IT NECESS>Y = ,*9A TO LAY AN EMB>GO ON IMPORTS1 AS AN EM]G5CY MEASURE4 ,ALREADY 9 #a#h#b#h1 ! VIC]OY ( ,CANTON HAD PROHIBIT$ IMPORTS ( OPIUM1 ONLY TO DEFLECT ! TRADE TO O!R PORTS4 ,ONE ( ! ,PEK+ C5SORS COMM&$ TO 9VE/IGATE ! QUE/ION GAVE ! FOLL[+ REPORT3 

',I HAVE LE>N$ ?AT PEOPLE :O SMOKE OPIUM HAVE DEVELOP$ SU* A CRAV+ = ?IS NOXI\S DRUG ?AT !Y MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO OBTA9 ?IS GRATIFICATION4 ,IF !Y DO NOT GET !IR OPIUM AT ! USUAL H\R1 !IR LIMBS BEG9 TO TREMBLE1 !Y BREAK \T 9 SWEAT1 & !Y CANNOT P]=M ! SLI<TE/ TASKS4 ,BUT AS SOON AS !Y >E GIV5 ! PIPE1 !Y 9HALE A FEW PUFFS & >E CUR$ IMM$IATELY4 

',OPIUM HAS !RE=E BECOME A NECESSITY = ALL :O SMOKE IT & IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT UND] CROSS-EXAM9ATION BY ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES !Y WILL SUBMIT TO EV]Y PUNI%M5T RA!R ?AN REVEAL ! NAMES ( !IR SUPPLI]S4 ,LOCAL AU?ORITIES >E ALSO 9 SOME CASES GIV5 PRES5TS TO TOL]ATE ! EVIL OR TO DELAY ANY 9VE/IGATION ALREADY UND] WAY4 ,MO/ M]*ANTS :O BR+ GOODS = SALE 9TO ,CANTON ALSO DEAL 9 SMUGGL$ OPIUM4 

',I AM ( ! OP9ION ?AT OPIUM IS BY F> A GREAT] EVIL ?AN GAMBL+1 & ?AT OPIUM SMOK]S %\LD !RE=E BE PUNI%$ NO LESS ?AN GAMBL]S4' 

,! C5SOR SUGGE/$ ?AT EV]Y CONVICT$ OPIUM SMOK] %\LD BE S5T5C$ TO EI<TY /ROKES ( ! BAMBOO1 & ANYBODY REFUS+ TO GIVE ! NAME ( HIS SUPPLI] TO A HUNDR$ /ROKES & ?REE YE>S ( EXILE4 ,! PIG TAIL$ ,CATO ( ,PEK+ CONCLUDES HIS REPORT ) A FRANKNESS /AGG]+ TO ANY ,EUROPEAN (FICIAL3 

',APP>5TLY OPIUM IS MO/LY 9TRODUC$ FROM ABROAD BY DI%ONE/ (FICIALS 9 CONNIVANCE ) PR(IT-SEEK+ M]*ANTS :O TRANSPORT IT 9TO ! 9T]IOR ( ! C\NTRY4 ,!N ! FIR/ TO 9DULGE >E PEOPLE ( GOOD FAMILY1 WEAL?Y PRIVATE P]SONS & M]*ANTS1 BUT ULTIMATELY ! DRUG HABIT SPREADS AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,I HAVE LE>N$ ?AT 9 ALL PROV9CES OPIUM IS SMOK$ NOT ONLY 9 ! CIVIL S]VICE BUT ALSO 9 ! >MY4 ,! (FICIALS ( ! V>I\S DI/RICTS 9DE$ 5JO9 ! LEGAL PROHIBITION ( SALE BY SPECIAL $ICTS4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 !IR P>5TS1 FAMILIES1 DEP5D5TS & S]VANTS SIMPLY GO ON SMOK+ OPIUM1 & ! M]*ANTS PR(IT FROM ! BAN BY 9CREAS$ PRICES4 ,EV5 ! POLICE HAVE BE5 WON OV]2 !Y BUY ! /UFF 9/EAD ( HELP+ TO SUPPRESS IT1 & ?IS IS AN ADDITIONAL REASON = ! DISREG>D 9 :I* ALL PROHIBITIONS & ORD9ANCES >E HELD4'7#b7 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 A /RICT] LAW WAS PASS$ 9 #ahcc :I* MADE EV]Y OPIUM SMOK] LIABLE TO A HUNDR$ /ROKES & TWO MON?S 9 ! /OCKS1 & PROV9CIAL GOV]NORS W]E ORD]$ TO REPORT ANNUALLY ON !IR PROGRESS 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ OPIUM4 ,BUT !RE W]E TWO SEQUELS TO ?IS CAMPAIGN3 ON ! ONE H& L>GE-SCALE POPPY PLANTATIONS SPRANG UP 9 ! 9T]IOR1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,HONAN1 ,SET*UAN1 & ,KUEIT*AN PROV9CES1 & ON ! O!R1 ,5GL& DECL>$ W> ON ,*9A TO GET H] TO LIFT ! EMB>GO4 ,!SE W]E ! SPL5DID BEG9N+S ( OP5+ ,*9A TO ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION - BY ! OPIUM PIPE4 

,CANTON WAS ! FIR/ OBJECTIVE4 ,! =TIFICATIONS ( ! T[N AT ! MA9 >M ( ! ,P]L E/U>Y C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MORE PRIMITIVE4 ,EV]Y DAY AT SUNSET A B>RI] ( IRON *A9S WAS ATTA*$ TO WOOD5 RAFTS AN*OR$ AT V>I\S DI/ANCES1 & ?IS WAS ! MA9 DEF5SE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,*9ESE GUNS C\LD ONLY FIRE AT A C]TA9 ANGLE & W]E !RE=E COMPLETELY 9EFFECTUAL4 ,) SU* PRIMITIVE DEF5SES1 JU/ ADEQUATE TO PREV5T A FEW M]*ANT %IPS FROM L&+1 DID ! ,*9ESE MEET ! ,BRITI% ATTACK4 ,A C\PLE ( ,BRITI% CRUIS]S1 !N1 SUFFIC$ TO EFFECT AN 5TRY ON ,SEPTEMB] #g1 #a#h#c#i4 ,! SIXTE5 BATTLE-JUNKS & ?IRTE5 FIRE-%IPS :I* ! ,*9ESE PUT UP = RESI/ANCE W]E %OT UP OR DISP]S$ 9 A MATT] ( =TY-FIVE M9UTES4 ,AFT] ?IS 9ITIAL VICTORY1 ! ,BRITI% R5EW$ ! ATTACK 9 ! BEG9N+ ( #ahda ) A CONSID]ABLY RE9=C$ FLEET4 ,?IS TIME ! FLEET1 CONSI/+ 9 A NUMB] ( BATTLE-JUNKS1 & ! =TS W]E ATTACK$ SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,! FIR/ 9C5DI>Y ROCKET ?AT WAS FIR$ P5ETRAT$ ?R\< ! >MOR CAS+ ( A JUNK 9TO ! P[D] *AMB] & BLEW ! %IP ) ! 5TIRE CREW SKY HI<4 ,9 A %ORT TIME ELEV5 JUNKS1 9CLUD+ ! FLAG-%IP1 W]E DE/ROY$1 & ! REMA9D] PRECIPITATELY MADE = SAFETY4 ,! ACTION ON L& TOOK A LITTLE LONG]4 ,S9CE ! ,*9ESE GUNS W]E QUITE USELESS1 ! ,BRITI% WALK$ RI<T ?R\< ! =TIFICATIONS1 CLIMB$ TO A /RATEGIC POSITION - :I* WAS NOT EV5 GU>D$ - & PROCE$$ TO SLAU<T] ! HELPLESS ,*9ESE FROM ABOVE4 ,! CASUALTY LI/ ( ! BATTLE WAS3 = ! ,*9ESE #f DEAD1 & = ! ,BRITI%1 #a DEAD & #c W\ND$1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! LATT] HAV+ BE5 9JUR$ BY ! ACCID5TAL EXPLOSION ( A P[D] MAGAZ9E4 ,A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 !RE FOLL[$ ANO!R ,BRITI% EXPLOIT4 ,! =TS ( ,ANUNG-,HOY & ,NOR? ,WANTONG W]E TO BE TAK54 ,NO LESS ?AN TWELVE FULLY EQUIPP$ CRUIS]S W]E AVAILABLE = ?IS TASK4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! ,*9ESE1 ONCE AGA9 =GETFUL ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+1 HAD OMITT$ TO =TIFY ! ISL& ( ,S\? ,WANTONG4 ,?US ! ,BRITI% CALMLY L&$ A BATT]Y ( H[ITZ]S TO BOMB>D ! =T FROM ONE SIDE1 ! CRUIS]S %ELL+ IT FROM ! O!R4 ,AFT] ?AT1 ! ,*9ESE W]E DRIV5 FROM ! =TS 9 A MATT] ( M9UTES1 & ! L&+ MET ) NO RESI/ANCE4 ,! 5SU+ DISPLAY ( 9HUMANITY - AN ,5GLI% REPORT SAYS - WILL BE = EV] DEEPLY DEPLOR$ BY ! ,BRITI% /AFF4 ,! ,*9ESE1 TRY+ TO ESCAPE FROM ! B>RICADES1 HAD FALL5 9TO A MOAT :I* WAS SOON LIT]ALLY FILL$ TO ! BRIM ) HELPLESS SOLDI]S BEGG+ = M]CY4 ,9TO ?IS MASS ( PRO/RATE HUMAN BODIES1 ! SEPOYS - ACT+ AGA9/ ORD]S1 IT IS CLAIM$ - FIR$ AGA9 & AGA94 ,?IS IS ! WAY 9 :I* ,CANTON WAS MADE RECEPTIVE TO COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 

,NOR DID ! O!R PORTS F>E BETT]4 ,ON ,JULY #d1 #a#h#d#a1 ?REE ,BRITI% CRUIS]S ) #ab CANNON APPE>$ (F ! ISL& 9 ! 5TRANCE TO ! T[N ( ,N+PO4 ,MORE CRUIS]S >RIV$ ! FOLL[+ DAY4 ,9 ! EV5+ ! ,BRITI% ADMIRAL S5T A MESSAGE TO ! ,*9ESE GOV]NOR1 DEM&+ ! CAPITULATION ( ! ISL&4 ,! GOV]NOR EXPLA9$ ?AT HE HAD NO P[] TO RESI/ BUT C\LD NOT SURR5D] )\T ORD]S FROM ,PEK+4 ,HE !RE=E ASK$ = A DELAY4 ,?IS WAS REFUS$1 & AT HALF-PA/ TWO 9 ! MORN+ ! ,BRITI% /ORM$ ! DEF5SELESS ISL&4 ,)9 EI<T M9UTES1 ! =T & ! H\SES ON ! %ORE W]E R$UC$ TO SMOLD]+ RUBBLE4 ,HAV+ L&$ ON ! DES]T$ COA/ LITT]$ ) BROK5 SPE>S1 SAB]S1 %IELDS1 RIFLES & A FEW DEAD BODIES1 ! TROOPS ADVANC$ ON ! WALLS ( ! ISL& T[N ( ,T+HAI4 ,) DAYBREAK1 RE9=C$ BY ! CREWS ( O!R %IPS :I* HAD MEAN:ILE >RIV$1 !Y PROCE$$ TO PUT SCAL+ LADD]S TO ! SC>CELY DEF5D$ RAMP>TS4 ,A FEW MORE M9UTES GAVE !M MA/]Y ( ! T[N4 ,?IS SPL5DID VICTORY WAS ANN\NC$ ) BECOM+ MODE/Y 9 AN ,ORD] ( ! ,DAY3 ',FATE HAS DECRE$ ?AT ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #e1 #a#h#d#a1 %\LD BE ! HI/ORIC DATE ON :I* ,H] ,MAJE/Y'S FLAG WAS FIR/ RAIS$ OV] ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL ISL& ( ! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE1 ! FIR/ ,EUROPEAN FLAG TO FLY TRIUMPHANTLY ABOVE ?IS LOVELY C\NTRYSIDE4'7#c7 

,ON ,AUGU/ #b#e1 #a#h#d#a1 ! ,BRITI% APPROA*$ ! T[N ( ,AMOY1 :OSE =TS W]E >M$ ) A HUNDR$ ( ! HEAVIE/ ,*9ESE GUNS4 ,!SE GUNS BE+ ALMO/ USELESS1 & ! COMM&]S LACK+ 9 RES\RCE1 ! CAPTURE ( ! H>BOR WAS *ILD'S PLAY4 ,UND] COV] ( A HEAVY B>RAGE1 ,BRITI% %IPS DREW NE> ! WALLS ( ,KULANGAU1 L&$ !IR M>9ES1 & AFT] A %ORT /& ! ,*9ESE TROOPS W]E DRIV5 \T4 ,! TW5TY-SIX BATTLE-JUNKS ) #abh GUNS 9 ! H>BOR W]E ALSO CAPTUR$1 !IR CREWS HAV+ FL$4 ,ONE BATT]Y1 MANN$ BY ,T>T>S1 H]OICALLY HELD \T AGA9/ ! COMB9$ FIRE ( ?REE ,BRITI% %IPS1 BUT A ,BRITI% L&+ WAS EFFECT$ 9 !IR RE> & ! PO/ WIP$ \T4 

,?IS WAS ! F9ALE ( ! NOTORI\S ,OPIUM ,W>4 ,BY ! PEACE TREATY ( ,AUGU/ #b#g1 #a#h#d#b1 ! ISL& ( ,HONGKONG WAS C$$ TO ,BRITA94 ,9 ADDITION1 ! T[NS ( ,CANTON1 ,AMOY1 ,FUT*\1 ,N+PO & ,%AN<AI W]E TO OP5 !IR PORTS TO =EIGN COMM]CE4 ,BUT )9 FIFTE5 YE>S1 !RE WAS A FUR!R W> AGA9/ ,*9A4 ,?IS TIME1 ,BRITA9 HAD JO9$ =CES ) ! ,FR5*4 ,9 #a#h#e#g1 ! ALLI$ NAVIES CAPTUR$ ,CANTON ) A H]OISM EQUAL TO ?AT ( ! FIR/ W>4 ,BY ! PEACE ( ,TI5TS9 7#a#h#e#h71 ! OPIUM TRAFFIC1 ,EUROPEAN COMM]CE & ,*RI/IAN MISSIONS W]E ADMITT$ 9TO ! 9T]IOR4 ,ALREADY 9 #a#h#e#i1 H[EV]1 ! ,BRITI% RESUM$ HO/ILITIES & ATTEMPT$ TO DE/ROY ! ,*9ESE =TIFICATIONS ON ! ,PEIHO RIV]1 BUT W]E DRIV5 (F AFT] A FI]CE BATTLE 9 :I* #dfd PEOPLE W]E W\ND$ OR KILL$47#d7 

,AFT] ?AT1 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE AGA9 JO9$ =CES4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,AUGU/ #a#h#f1 #a#b1#f ,5GLI% & #g1#e ,FR5* TROOPS UND] ,G5]AL ,C\S9-,MONTAUBAN FIR/ CAPTUR$ ! ,TAKU =TS )\T A S+LE %OT HAV+ BE5 FIR$4 ,!N !Y PROCE$$ T[>DS ,TI5TS9 & ON T[>DS ,PEK+4 ,A BLOODY BATTLE WAS JO9$ AT ,PALIKAO1 & ,PEK+ FELL TO ! ,EUROPEAN ,P[]S4 ,5T]+ ! ALMO/ DEPOPULAT$ & COMPLETELY UNDEF5D$ CITY1 ! VICTORS BEGAN BY PILLAG+ ! ,IMP]IAL ,PALADE1 MANFULLY HELP$ BY ,G5]AL ,C\S9 HIMSELF1 :O WAS LAT] TO BECOME FIELD M>%AL & ,C\NT ( ,PALIKAO4 ,!N ! ,PALACE W5T UP 9 FLAMES1 FIR$ ON ,LORD ,ELG9'S ORD] AS AN IMPOS$ P5ANCE47#e7 

,! ,EUROPEAN ,P[]S N[ OBTA9$ CONCESSIONS TO SET UP EMBASSIES 9 ,PEK+1 & TO />T TRAD+ ) ,TI5TS9 & O!R T[NS4 ,! ,T*I-FU ,CONV5TION ( #ahgf GU>ANTE$ FULL FACILITIES = IMPORT+ OPIUM 9TO ,*9A - AT A TIME :5 ! ,ANTI-,OPIUM ,LEAGUE 9 ,5GL& AGITAT$ AGA9/ ! SPREAD+ ( ! DRUG HABIT 9 ,LONDON1 ,MAN*E/] & O!R 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 :5 A P>LIAM5T>Y COMMISSION DECL>$ ! CONSUMPTION ( OPIUM TO BE H>MFUL 9 ! EXTREME4 ,BY ALL TREATIES MADE AT ?AT TIME BETWE5 ,*9A & ! ,GREAT ,P[]S ANY ,EUROPEAN1 :E!R M]*ANT OR MISSION>Y1 WAS GU>ANTE$ ! RI<T TO ACQUIRE L&1 TO :I* 5D ! LEGITIMATE >GUM5TS W]E ABLY SUPPORT$ BY DELIB]ATE FRAUDS 

,FIR/ & =EMO/ ! AMBIGUITY ( ! TREATY TEXTS MADE A CONV5I5T EXCUSE = ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL TO 5CROA* BEYOND ! ,TREATY ,PORTS4 ,IT US$ EV]Y LOOPHOLE 9 ! WORD+ ( ! TREATIES TO BEG9 )1 & SUBSEQU5TLY BLACKMAIL$ ! ,*9ESE GOV]NM5T 9TO P]MITT+ ! MISSIONS TO ACQUIRE L& NOT ALONE 9 ! ,TREATY ,PORTS BUT 9 ALL ! PROV9CES ( ! REALM4 ,!IR CLAIM WAS BAS$ UPON ! NOTORI\S B>E-FAC$ DI/ORTION ( ! ,*9ESE ORIG9AL 9 ,ABBE ,DELAM>RE'S (FICIAL TRANSLATION ( ! SUPPLEM5T>Y CONV5TION ) ,FRANCE ,FR5* DIPLOMACY1 & ! ,PROTE/ANT MISSIONS 9 P>TICUL>1 UNANIM\SLY CONDEMN$ ! CRAFTY SW9DLE ( ! ,CA?OLIC PADRE1 BUT NEV]!LESS !Y W]E FIRM ?AT ! RI<TS ( ,FR5* MISSIONS OBTA9$ BY ?IS FRAUD %\LD BE EXPLICITLY EXT5D$ TO ! ,PROTE/ANT MISSIONS AS WELL47#f7 

,*9A'S 5TRY 9TO COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 HAV+ BEGUN ) ! ,OPIUM ,W>S1 WAS F9ALLY ACCOMPLI%$ ) A S]IES ( 'LEASES' & ! ,*9A CAMPAIGN ( #a#i1 :5 ! COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL SANK TO A BRAZ5 9T]NATIONAL DOGFI<T OV] ,*9ESE L&4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( ! ,D[AG] ,EMPRESS1 :O WROTE TO ,QUE5 ,VICTORIA AFT] ! CAPTURE ( ! ,TAKU =TS1 SUBTLY UND]L9ES ?IS CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! 9ITIAL !ORY & ! ULTIMATE PRACTICE ( ! 'AG5TS ( ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION'3 

',TO Y\R ,MAJE/Y1 GREET+6 - ,9 ALL ! DEAL+S ( ,5GL& ) ! ,EMPIRE ( ,*9A1 S9CE FIR/ RELATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 US1 !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY IDEA ( T]RITORIAL AGGR&IZEM5T ON ! P>T ( ,GREAT ,BRITA91 BUT ONLY A KE5 DESIRE TO PROMOTE ! 9T]E/S ( H] TRADE4 ,REFLECT+ UPON ! FACT ?AT \R C\NTRY IS N[ PLUNG$ 9TO A DREADFUL CONDITION ( W>F>E1 WE BE> 9 M9D ?AT A L>GE PROPORTION ( ,*9A'S TRADE1 SEV5TY OR EI<TY P] C5T1 IS DONE ) ,5GL&2 MOREOV]1 Y\R ,CU/OMS DUTIES >E ! LI<TE/ 9 ! WORLD1 & FEW RE/RICTIONS >E MADE AT Y\R SEA-PORTS 9 ! MATT] ( =EIGN IMPORTATIONS2 = !SE REASONS \R AMIABLE RELATIONS ) ,BRITI% M]*ANTS AT \R ,TREATY ,PORTS HAVE CONT9U$ UNBROK5 = ! LA/ HALF C5TURY1 TO \R MUTUAL B5EFIT4 - ,BUT A SUDD5 *ANGE HAS N[ OCCURR$ & G5]AL SUSPICION HAS BE5 CREAT$ AGA9/ US4 ,WE W\LD !RE=E ASK Y\ N[ TO CONSID] ?AT IF1 BY ANY CONCEIVABLE COMB9ATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( \R ,EMPIRE %\LD BE LO/1 & ! ,P[]S UNITE TO C>RY \T !IR LONG-PLOTT$ S*EMES TO POSSESS !MSELVES ( \R T]RITORY' - 79 A SIMULTANE\S MESSAGE TO ! ,EMP]OR ( ,JAPAN1 ! IMPULSIVE ,TZU ,HSI OP5LY REF]S TO ',! E>?-HUNGRY ,P[]S ( ! ,WE/1 :OSE TIG]I% EYES ( GRE$ >E FIX$ 9 \R DIRECTION'7#g77 - '! RESULTS TO Y\R C\NTRY'S 9T]E/S W\LD BE DISA/R\S & FATAL TO Y\R TRADE4 ,AT ?IS MOM5T \R ,EMPIRE IS /RIV+ TO ! UTMO/ TO RAISE AN >MY & FUNDS SUFFICI5T = ITS PROTECTION2 9 ! MEAN:ILE WE RELY ON Y\R GOOD S]VICES TO ACT AS M$IATOR1 & N[ ANXI\SLY AWAIT Y\R DECISION4'7#h7 

,BO? DUR+ ! W>S & 9 ! 9T]IM P]IODS1 ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION WAS BUSY LOOT+ & ?IEV+ ON A GR& SCALE 9 ! ,*9ESE ,IMP]IAL ,PALACES1 9 ! PUBLIC BUILD+S & 9 ! MONUM5TS ( ANCI5T CIVILIZATION1 NOT ONLY 9 #a#h#f1 :5 ! ,FR5* PILLAG$ ! ,EMP]OR'S ,PALACE ) ITS LEG5D>Y TREASURES1 OR 9 #a#i1 ':5 ALL ! NATIONS VI$ ) EA* O!R TO /EAL PUBLIC & PRIVATE PROP]TY'4 ,EV]Y ,EUROPEAN ADVANCE WAS M>K$ NOT ONLY ) ! PROGRESS ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 BUT BY ! SMOLD]+ RU9S ( ! L>GE/ & MO/ V5]ABLE T[NS1 BY ! DECAY ( AGRICULTURE OV] L>GE RURAL >EAS1 & BY 9TOL]ABLY OPPRESSIVE TAXATION = W> CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,!RE >E MORE ?AN #d ,*9ESE ,TREATY ,PORTS - & EV]Y ONE ( !M HAS BE5 PAID = ) /REAMS ( BLOOD1 ) MASSACRE & RU94 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 #g#g1#c#g#i *E/S W]E IMPORT$ 9 #a#h#e#d4 ,LAT]1 ! IMPORTS SOME:AT DECL9$1 [+ TO 9CREAS$ HOME PRODUCTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,*9A REMA9$ ! *IEF BUY]4 ,9DIA PRODUC$ JU/ UND] #f1#d1 TONS ( OPIUM 9 #a#h#g#c_/#d1 ( :I* #f1#a1 TONS W]E SOLD TO ! ,*9ESE4 ,TO-DAY .<#a#i#a#b.> ,9DIA /ILL EXPORTS #d1#h1 TONS1 VALUE ,G,B,P#g1#e111 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO ,*9A & ! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO4 

7#b7 ,QUOT$ BY ,J4 ,S*EIB]T1 ,D] ,KRIEG 9 ,*9A 7#a#i#c71 VOL4II1 #agi 

7#c7,IBID41 P4#b#g4 

7#d7 ,AN ,IMP]IAL ,$ICT ISSU$ ON ! ?IRD DAY ( ! EI<? MOON 9 ! T5? YE> ( ,HSI5-,F5G 7#f_/#i_/#a#h#f7 SAID AMONG O!R ?+S3 

',WE HAVE NEV] =BIDD5 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE TO TRADE ) ,*9A1 & = LONG YE>S !RE HAS BE5 PEACE BETWE5 !M & US4 ,BUT ?REE YE>S AGO ! ,5GLI%1 = NO GOOD CAUSE1 9VAD$ \R CITY ( ,CANTON1 & C>RI$ (F \R (FICIALS 9TO CAPTIVITY4 ,WE REFRA9$ AT ?AT TIME FROM TAK+ ANY RETALIATORY MEASURES1 BECAUSE WE W]E COMPELL$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! OB/9ACY ( ! ,VIC]OY ,YEH HAD BE5 9 SOME MEASURE A CAUSE ( ! HO/ILITIES4 ,TWO YE>S AGO1 ! B>B>IAN ,COMM&] ,ELG9 CAME NOR? & WE !N COMM&$ ! ,VIC]OY ( ,*IHLI1 ,T'AN ,T+-HSIANG1 TO LOOK 9TO MATT]S PREP>ATORY TO NEGOTIATIONS4 ,BUT ! B>B>IAN TOOK ADVANTAGE ( \R UNREAD9ESS1 ATTACK+ ! ,TAKU =TS & PRESS+ ON TO ,TI5TS94 ,BE+ ANXI\S TO SP>E \R PEOPLE ! HORRORS ( W>1 WE AGA9 REFRA9$ FROM RETALIATION & ORD]$ ,KUEI ,LIANG TO DISCUSS T]MS ( PEACE4 ,NOT)/&+ ! \TRAGE\S NATURE ( ! B>B>IANS' DEM&S WE SUBSEQU5TLY ORD]$ ,KUEI ,LIANG TO PROCE$ TO ,%AN<AI 9 CONNECTION ) ! PROPOS$ ,TREATY ( ,COMM]CE & EV5 P]MITT$ ITS RATIFICATION AS E>NE/ ( \R GOOD FAI?4 

',9 SPITE ( ALL ?IS1 ! B>B>IAN LEAD] ,BRUCE AGA9 DISPLAY$ 9TRACTABILITY ( ! MO/ UNREASONABLE K9D1 & ONCE MORE APPE>$ (F ,TAKU ) A SQUADRON ( W>%IPS 9 ! EI<? ,MOON4 ,S5G ,KO ,L9 ,*'9 !REUPON ATTACK$ HIM FI]CELY & COMPELL$ HIM TO MAKE A RAPID RETREAT ,FROM ALL !SE FACTS IT IS CLE> ?AT ,*9A HAS COMMITT$ NO BREA* ( FAI? & ?AT ! B>B>IANS HAVE BE5 9 ! WRONG4 ,DUR+ ! PRES5T YE> ! B>B>IAN LEAD]S ,ELG9 & ,GROG HAVE AGA9 APPE>$ (F \T COA/S1 BUT ,*9A1 UNWILL+ TO RESORT TO EXTREME MEASURES1 AGRE$ TO !IR L&+ & P]MITT$ !M TO COME TO ,PEK+ = ! RATIFICATION ( ! ,TREATY4 

',:O C\LD HAVE BELIEV$ ?AT ALL ?IS TIME ! B>B>IANS HAVE BE5 D>KLY PLOTT+2 & ?AT !Y HAD BR\<T ) !M AN >MY ( SOLDI]S & >TILL]Y ) :I* !Y ATTACK$ ! ,TAKU =TS FROM ! RE>1 &1 HAV+ DRIV5 \T \R =CES1 ADVANC$ UPON ,TI5TS96' 7,I4,O4 ,BL& & ,E4,T4 ,BLACKH\SE1 ,*9A UND] ! ,EMPRESS ,D[AG]1 ,LONDON #a#i#a1 PP4#b#d-#e4 ,CF4 ALSO 9 ?IS WORK ! 5TIRE *APT]1 ,! ,FLI<T TO ,YEHOL47 

7#e7 ,!SE ,EUROPEAN EXPLOITS TO MAKE ,*9A RECEPTIVE TO COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 PROVIDE ! SETT+ = A *>M+ EPISODE ( ,*9A'S 9T]NAL HI/ORY3 ,/RAI<T FROM LOOT+ ! ,MAN*U ,EMP]OR'S ,SUMM] ,PALACE1 ! ',GORDON ( ,*9A' W5T ON A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! REBELS ( ,TAIP+4 ,9 FACT1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! REVOLT WAS ! WORK ( ! ,BRITI% >MY4 ,BUT :ILE A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( ,EUROPEANS1 AMONG !M A ,FR5* ADMIRAL1 GAVE !IR LIVES TO PRES]VE ,*9A = ! ,MAN*U DYNA/Y1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,EUROPEAN COMM]CE W]E EAG]LY GRASP+ ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE CAPITAL \T ( !SE FI<TS1 SUPPLY+ >MS BO? TO !IR [N *AMPIONS & TO ! REBELS :O W5T TO W> AGA9/ !M4 ',MOREOV]1 ! WOR?Y M]*ANT WAS TEMPT$1 BY ! OPPORTUNITY = MAK+ SOME MONEY1 TO SUPPLY BO? >MIES ) >MS & MUNITIONS1 & S9CE ! REBELS HAD GREAT] DIFFICULTIES 9 OBTA9+ SUPPLIES ?AN ! ,EMP]OR'S M5 & W]E !RE=E COMPELL$ & PREP>$ TO PAY HI<] PRICES1 !Y W]E GIV5 PRIORITY & C\LD ?US RESI/ NOT ONLY ! TROOPS ( !IR [N GOV]NM5T BUT ALSO ?OSE ( ,5GL& & ,FRANCE' 7,M4 V4 ,BR&T1 #c ,JAHRE 9 ,O/ASI51 #a#i#a#a1 VOL4III1 ,*9A1 P4#a#a74 

7#f7 ,DR4 ,O4 ,FRANK2 ,DIE ,RE*TSV]HALTNISSE AM ,GRUNDEIG5TUM 9 ,*9A 7,LEIPZIG #a#i#c71 P4 #h#b4 

7#g7 ,BL& & ,BLACKH\SE1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #c* 

7#h7,IBID41 P4#c#c#g4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #bh -- ,ADD$4 

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