,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #bg 
,! ,HI/ORICAL ,CONDITIONS ( ,ACCUMULATION3 ,! ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,NATURAL ,ECONOMY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,S,M >ISES & DEVELOPS HI/ORICALLY AMID A NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IT IS F\ND AT FIR/ 9 A FEUDAL 5VIRONM5T FROM :I* IT 9 FACT SPRANG ! SY/EM ( BONDAGE 9 RURAL >EAS & ! GUILD SY/EM 9 ! T[NS - & LAT]1 AFT] HAV+ SWALL[$ UP ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 IT EXI/S MA9LY 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ( PEASANTS & >TISANS1 ?AT IS TO SAY 9 A SY/EM ( SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION BO? 9 AGRICULTURE & TRADE4 ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM IS FUR!R SURR\ND$ BY VA/ T]RITORIES ( NON-,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION RANG+ OV] ALL LEVELS ( DEVELOPM5T1 FROM ! PRIMITIVE COMMUNI/ HORDES ( NOMAD H]DSM51 HUNT]S & GA!R]S TO COMMODITY PRODUCTION BY PEASANTS & >TISANS4 ,?IS IS ! SETT+ = ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,WE MU/ DI/+UI% ?REE PHASES3 ! /RUGGLE ( CAPITAL AGA9/ NATURAL ECONOMY1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ COMMODITY ECONOMY1 & ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE ( CAPITAL ON ! 9T]NATIONAL /AGE = ! REMA9+ CONDITIONS ( ACCUMULATION4 

,! EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM REQUIRES AN 5VIRONM5T ( NON-CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT NOT EV]Y ONE ( !SE =MS WILL S]VE ITS 5DS4 ,CAPITALISM NE$S NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL /RATA AS A M>KET = ITS SURPLUS VALUE1 AS A S\RCE ( SUPPLY = ITS MEANS ( PRODUCTION & AS A RES]VOIR ( LABOR P[] = ITS WAGE SY/EM4 ,= ALL !SE PURPOSES1 =MS ( PRODUCTION BAS$ UPON A NATURAL ECONOMY >E ( NO USE TO CAPITAL4 ,9 ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS :]E NATURAL ECONOMY PREVAILS1 :]E !RE >E PRIMITIVE PEASANT COMMUNITIES ) COMMON [N]%IP ( ! L&1 A FEUDAL SY/EM ( BONDAGE OR ANY?+ ( ?IS NATURE1 ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IS ESS5TIALLY 9 RESPONSE TO ! 9T]NAL DEM&2 & !RE=E !RE IS NO DEM&1 OR V]Y LITTLE1 = =EIGN GOODS1 & ALSO1 AS A RULE1 NO SURPLUS PRODUCTION1 OR AT LEA/ NO URG5T NE$ TO DISPOSE ( SURPLUS PRODUCTS4 ,:AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT1 9 ANY NATURAL ECONOMY1 PRODUCTION ONLY GOES ON BECAUSE BO? MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR P[] >E B\ND 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 ,! COMMUNI/ PEASANT COMMUNITY NO LESS ?AN ! FEUDAL CORVEE F>M & SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS MA9TA9 !IR ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION BY SUBJECT+ ! LABOR P[]1 & ! MO/ IMPORTANT MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! L&1 TO ! RULE ( LAW & CU/OM4 ,A NATURAL ECONOMY ?US CONFRONTS ! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITALISM AT EV]Y TURN ) RIGID B>RI]S4 ,CAPITALISM MU/ !RE=E ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E FI<T A BATTLE ( ANNIHILATION AGA9/ EV]Y HI/ORICAL =M ( NATURAL ECONOMY ?AT IT 5C\NT]S1 :E!R ?IS IS SLAVE ECONOMY1 FEUDALISM1 PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM1 OR PATRI>*AL PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,! PR9CIPAL ME?ODS 9 ?IS /RUGGLE >E POLITICAL =CE 7REVOLUTION1 W>71 OPPRESSIVE TAXATION BY ! /ATE1 & *EAP GOODS2 !Y >E P>TLY APPLI$ SIMULTANE\SLY1 & P>TLY !Y SUCCE$ & COMPLEM5T ONE ANO!R4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 =CE ASSUM$ REVOLUTION>Y =MS 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ FEUDALISM 7?IS IS ! ULTIMATE EXPLANATION ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS 9 ! SEV5TE5?1 EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES72 9 ! NON-,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 :]E IT FI<TS MORE PRIMITIVE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 IT ASSUMES ! =MS ( COLONIAL POLICY4 ,!SE ME?ODS1 TOGE!R ) ! SY/EMS ( TAXATION APPLI$ 9 SU* CASES1 & COMM]CIAL RELATIONS ALSO1 P>TICUL>LY ) PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES1 =M AN AFFIANCE 9 :I* POLITICAL P[] & ECONOMIC FACTORS GO H& 9 H&4 

,9 DETAIL1 CAPITAL 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ SOCIETIES ) A NATURAL ECONOMY PURSUES ! FOLL[+ 5DS3 

,TO GA9 IMM$IATE POSSESSION ( IMPORTANT S\RCES ( PRODUCTIVE =CES SU* AS L&1 GAME 9 PRIMEVAL =E/S1 M9]ALS1 PRECI\S /ONES & ORES1 PRODUCTS ( EXOTIC FLORA SU* AS RUBB]1 ETC4 

,TO 'LIB]ATE' LABOR P[] & TO CO]CE IT 9TO S]VICE4 

,TO 9TRODUCE A COMMODITY ECONOMY4 

,TO SEP>ATE TRADE & AGRICULTURE4 

,AT ! TIME ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 I4E4 AT ! 5D ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM 9 ,EUROPE BEGAN1 & RI<T 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 DISPOSSESS+ ! PEASANTS 9 ,5GL& & ON ! ,CONT95T WAS ! MO/ /RIK+ WEAPON 9 ! L>GE-SCALE TRANS=MATION ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR P[] 9TO CAPITAL4 ,YET CAPITAL 9 P[] P]=MS ! SAME TASK EV5 TO-DAY1 & ON AN EV5 MORE IMPORTANT SCALE - BY MOD]N COLONIAL POLICY4 ,IT IS AN ILLUSION TO HOPE ?AT CAPITALISM WILL EV] BE CONT5T ) ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* IT CAN ACQUIRE BY WAY ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ALREADY1 CAPITAL IS FAC$ ) DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE VA/ TRACTS ( ! GLOBE'S SURFACE >E 9 ! POSSESSION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ?AT HAVE NO DESIRE = COMMODITY EX*ANGE OR CANNOT1 BECAUSE ( ! 5TIRE SOCIAL /RUCTURE & ! =MS ( [N]%IP1 (F] = SALE ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 :I* CAPITAL IS PRIM>ILY 9T]E/$4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE PRODUCTIVE =CES IS ( C\RSE ! L&1 ITS HIDD5 M9]AL TREASURE1 & ITS MEAD[S1 WOODS & WAT]1 & FUR!R ! FLOCKS ( ! PRIMITIVE %EPH]D TRIBES4 ,IF CAPITAL W]E H]E TO RELY ON ! PROCESS ( SL[ 9T]NAL DIS9TEGRATION1 IT MI<T TAKE C5TURIES4 ,TO WAIT PATI5TLY UNTIL ! MO/ IMPORTANT MEANS ( PRODUCTION C\LD BE ALI5AT$ BY TRAD+ 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS PROCESS W]E TANTAM\NT TO R5\NC+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ?OSE T]RITORIES ALTOGE!R4 ,H5CE D]IVES ! VITAL NECESSITY = CAPITALISM 9 ITS RELATIONS ) COLONIAL C\NTRIES TO APPROPRIATE ! MO/ IMPORTANT MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE ! PRIMITIVE ASSOCIATIONS ( ! NATIVES >E ! /RONGE/ PROTECTION = !IR SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS & = !IR MAT]IAL BASES ( EXI/5CE1 CAPITAL MU/ BEG9 BY PLANN+ = ! SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION & ANNIHILATION ( ALL ! NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL UNITS :I* OB/RUCT ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,) ?AT WE HAVE PASS$ BEYOND ! /AGE ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION2 ?IS PROCESS IS /ILL GO+ ON4 ,EA* NEW COLONIAL EXPANSION IS ACCOMPANI$1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 BY A REL5TLESS BATTLE ( CAPITAL AGA9/ ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC TIES ( ! NATIVES1 :O >E ALSO =CIBLY ROBB$ ( !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR P[]4 ,ANY HOPE TO RE/RICT ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL EXCLUSIVELY TO 'PEACEFUL COMPETITION'1 I4E4 TO REGUL> COMMODITY EX*ANGE SU* AS TAKES PLACE BETWE5 CAPITALI/ PRODUC]-C\NTRIES1 RE/S ON ! PI\S BELIEF ?AT CAPITAL CAN ACCUMULATE )\T M$IATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & )\T ! DEM& ( MORE PRIMITIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 & ?AT IT CAN RELY UPON ! SL[ 9T]NAL PROCESS ( A DIS9TEGRAT+ NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,ACCUMULATION1 ) ITS SPASMODIC EXPANSION1 CAN NO MORE WAIT =1 & BE CONT5T )1 A NATURAL 9T]NAL DIS9TEGRATION ( NON-CAPITALI/ =MATIONS & !IR TRANSITION TO COMMODITY ECONOMY1 ?AN IT CAN WAIT =1 & BE CONT5T )1 ! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,=CE IS ! ONLY SOLUTION OP5 TO CAPITAL2 ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 SE5 AS AN HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 EMPLOYS =CE AS A P]MAN5T WEAPON1 NOT ONLY AT ITS G5ESIS1 BUT FUR!R ON D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES 9VOLV$1 IT IS A MATT] ( LIFE OR DEA?2 = !M !RE CAN BE NO O!R ATTITUDE ?AN OPPOSITION & FI<T TO ! F9I% - COMPLETE EXHAU/ION & EXT9CTION4 ,H5CE P]MAN5T OCCUPATION ( ! COLONIES BY ! MILIT>Y1 NATIVE RIS+S & PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS >E ! ORD] ( ! DAY = ANY COLONIAL REGIME4 ,! ME?OD ( VIOL5CE1 !N1 IS ! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE ( ! CLA% BETWE5 CAPITALISM & ! ORGANIZATIONS ( A NATURAL ECONOMY :I* W\LD RE/RICT ACCUMULATION4 ,!IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION & !IR LABOR P[] NO LESS ?AN !IR DEM& = SURPLUS PRODUCTS IS NECESS>Y TO CAPITALISM4 ,YET ! LATT] IS FULLY DET]M9$ TO UND]M9E !IR 9DEP5D5CE AS SOCIAL UNITS1 9 ORD] TO GA9 POSSESSION ( !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR P[] & TO CONV]T !M 9TO COMMODITY BUY]S4 ,?IS ME?OD IS ! MO/ PR(ITABLE & GETS ! QUICKE/ RESULTS1 & SO IT IS ALSO ! MO/ EXP$I5T = CAPITAL4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS 9V>IABLY ACCOMPANI$ BY A GR[+ MILIT>ISM :OSE IMPORTANCE = ACCUMULATION WILL BE DEMON/RAT$ BEL[ 9 ANO!R CONNECTION4 ,BRITI% POLICY 9 ,9DIA & ,FR5* POLICY 9 ,ALG]IA >E ! CLASSICAL EXAMPLES ( ! APPLICATION ( !SE ME?ODS BY CAPITALISM4 

,! ANCI5T ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,9DIANS - ! COMMUNI/ VILLAGE COMMUNITY - HAD BE5 PRES]V$ 9 !IR V>I\S =MS ?R\<\T ?\S&S ( YE>S1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! POLITICAL DI/URBANCES DUR+ !IR LONG HI/ORY4 ,9 ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ! ,P]SIANS 9VAD$ ! ,9DUS BAS9 & SUBJECT$ P>T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,TWO C5TURIES LAT] ! ,GREEKS 5T]$ & LEFT BEH9D !M COLONIES1 F\ND$ BY ,ALEX&] ON ! PATT]N ( A COMPLETELY ALI5 CIVILIZATION4 ,!N ! SAVAGE ,SCY?IANS 9VAD$ ! C\NTRY1 & = C5TURIES ,9DIA REMA9$ UND] ,>AB RULE4 ,LAT]1 ! ,AF<ANS SWOOP$ D[N FROM ! ,IRAN M\NTA9S1 UNTIL !Y1 TOO1 W]E EXPELL$ BY ! RU?LESS ONSLAU<T ( ,T>T> HORDES4 ,! ,MONGOLS' PA? WAS M>K$ BY T]ROR & DE/RUCTION1 BY ! MASSACRE ( 5TIRE VILLAGES - ! PEACEFUL C\NTRYSIDE ) ! T5D] %OOTS ( RICE MADE CRIMSON ) BLOOD4 ,& /ILL ! ,9DIAN VILLAGE COMMUNITY SURVIV$4 ,= NONE ( ! SUCCESSIVE ,MAHOMETAN CONQU]ORS HAD ULTIMATELY VIOLAT$ ! 9T]NAL SOCIAL LIFE ( ! PEASANT MASSES & ITS TRADITIONAL /RUCTURE4 ,!Y ONLY SET UP !IR [N GOV]NORS 9 ! PROV9CES TO SUP]VISE MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION & TO COLLECT TAXES FROM ! POPULATION4 ,ALL CONQU]ORS PURSU$ ! AIM ( DOM9AT+ & EXPLOIT+ ! C\NTRY1 BUT NONE WAS 9T]E/$ 9 ROBB+ ! PEOPLE ( !IR PRODUCTIVE =CES & 9 DE/ROY+ !IR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! ,MO<UL ,EMPIRE1 ! PEASANT HAD TO PAY HIS ANNUAL TRIBUTE 9 K9D TO ! =EIGN RUL]1 BUT HE C\LD LIVE UNDI/URB$ 9 HIS VILLAGE & C\LD CULTIVATE HIS RICE ON HIS %OLGURA AS HIS FA!R HAD DONE BE=E HIM4 ,!N CAME ! ,BRITI% - & ! BLI<T ( CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION SUCCE$$ 9 DISRUPT+ ! 5TIRE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! PEOPLE2 IT A*IEV$ 9 A %ORT TIME :AT ?\S&S ( YE>S1 :AT ! SWORD ( ! ,NOGAIANS1 HAD FAIL$ TO ACCOMPLI%4 ,! ULTIMATE PURPOSE ( ,BRITI% CAPITAL WAS TO POSSESS ITSELF ( ! V]Y BASIS ( EXI/5CE ( ! ,9DIAN COMMUNITY3 ! L&4 

,?IS 5D WAS S]V$ ABOVE ALL BY ! FICTION1 ALWAYS POPUL> ) ,EUROPEAN COLONIZ]S1 ?AT ALL ! L& ( A COLONY BELONGS TO ! POLITICAL RUL]4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 ! ,BRITI% 5D[$ ! ,MO<UL & HIS GOV]NORS ) PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! :OLE ( ,9DIA1 9 ORD] TO 'LEGALIZE' !IR SUCCESSION4 ,ECONOMIC EXP]TS ( ! HI<E/ REPUTE1 SU* AS ,JAMES ,MILL1 DULY SUPPORT$ ?IS FICTION ) 'SCI5TIFIC' >GUM5TS1 SO 9 P>TICUL> ) ! FAM\S CONCLUSION GIV5 BEL[47#a7 

,AS E>LY AS #a#g#i#c1 ! ,BRITI% 9 ,B5GAL GAVE L&$ PROP]TY TO ALL ! ZEM9D>S 7,MAHOMETAN TAX COLLECTORS7 OR H]$IT>Y M>KET SUP]9T5D5TS !Y HAD F\ND 9 !IR DI/RICT SO AS TO W9 NATIVE SUPPORT = ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! PEASANT MASSES4 ,LAT] !Y ADOPT$ ! SAME POLICY = !IR NEW CONQUE/S 9 ! ,AGRAM PROV9CE1 9 ,\DH1 & 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,PROV9CES4 ,TURBUL5T PEASANT RIS+S FOLL[$ 9 !IR WAKE1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* TAX COLLECTORS W]E FREQU5TLY DRIV5 \T4 ,9 ! RESULT+ CONFUSION & AN>*Y ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S SUCCESSFULLY APPROPRIAT$ A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( ! L&4 

,! BURD5 ( TAXATION1 MOREOV]1 WAS SO RU?LESSLY 9CREAS$ ?AT IT SWALL[$ UP NE>LY ALL ! FRUITS ( ! PEOPLE'S LABOR4 ,?IS W5T TO SU* AN EXTREME 9 ! ,DELHI & ,ALLAHABAD DI/RICTS ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! (FICIAL EVID5CE ( ! ,BRITI% TAX AU?ORITIES 9 #a#h#e#d1 ! PEASANTS F\ND IT CONV5I5T TO LEASE OR PL$GE !IR %>ES 9 L& = ! B>E AM\NT ( ! TAX LEVI$4 ,UND] ! AUSPICES ( ?IS TAXATION1 USURY CAME TO ! ,9DIAN VILLAGE1 TO /AY & EAT UP ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FROM )9 LIKE A CANK]47#b7 ,9 ORD] TO ACCEL]ATE ?IS PROCESS1 ! ,BRITI% PASS$ A LAW ?AT FLEW 9 ! FACE ( EV]Y TRADITION & JU/ICE KN[N TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY3 COMPULSORY ALI5ATION ( VILLAGE L& = TAX >RE>S4 ,9 VA9 DID ! OLD FAMILY ASSOCIATIONS TRY TO PROTECT !MSELVES BY OPTIONS ON !IR H]$IT>Y L& & ?AT ( !IR K9DR$4 ,!RE WAS NO /OPP+ ! ROT4 ,EV]Y DAY ANO!R PLOT ( L& FELL UND] ! HAMM]2 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S )DREW FROM ! FAMILY UNIT1 & ! PEASANTS GOT 9TO DEBT & LO/ !IR L&4 

,! ,BRITI%1 ) !IR WONT$ COLONIAL /RATAGEMS1 TRI$ TO MAKE IT APPE> AS IF !IR P[] POLICY1 :I* HAD 9 FACT UND]M9$ ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( L&[N]%IP & BR\<T AB\T ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,H9DU PEASANT ECONOMY1 HAD BE5 DICTAT$ BY ! NE$ TO PROTECT ! PEASANTS AGA9/ NATIVE OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION & S]V$ TO SAFEGU>D !IR [N 9T]E/S47#c7 ,BRITA9 >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ A L&$ >I/OCRACY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ANCI5T PROP]TY-RI<TS ( ! PEASANT COMMUNITIES1 & !N PROCE$$ TO 'PROTECT' ! PEASANTS AGA9/ !SE ALLEG$ OPPRESSORS1 & TO BR+ ?IS ILLEGALLY USURP$ L& 9TO ! POSSESSION ( ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S4 

,?US L>GE E/ATES DEVELOP$ 9 ,9DIA 9 A %ORT TIME1 :ILE OV] L>GE >EAS ! PEASANTS 9 !IR MASSES W]E TURN$ 9TO IMPOV]I%$ SMALL T5ANTS ) A %ORT-T]M LEASE4 

,LA/LY1 ONE MORE /RIK+ FACT %[S ! TYPICALLY CAPITALI/ ME?OD ( COLONIZATION4 ,! ,BRITI% W]E ! FIR/ CONQU]ORS ( ,9DIA :O %[$ GROSS 9DIFF]5CE TO PUBLIC UTILITIES4 ,>ABS1 ,AF<ANS & ,MONGOLS HAD ORGANIZ$ & MA9TA9$ MAGNIFIC5T WORKS ( CANALIZATION 9 ,9DIA1 !Y HAD GIV5 ! C\NTRY A NETWORK ( ROADS1 SPANN$ ! RIV]S ) BRIDGES & SE5 TO ! S9K+ ( WELLS4 ,TIMUR OR ,TAM]LANE1 ! F\ND] ( ! ,MONGOL DYNA/Y 9 ,9DIA1 HAD A C>E = ! CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL1 = IRRIGATION1 = ! SAFETY ( ! ROADS & ! PROVISION ( FOOD = TRAVEL]S47#d7 ,! PRIMITIVE ,9DIAN ,RAJAHS1 ! ,AF<AN OR ,MONGOL CONQU]ORS1 AT ANY RATE1 9 SPITE ( OCCASIONAL CRUELTY AGA9/ 9DIVIDUALS1 MADE !IR M>K ) ! M>VEL\S CON/RUCTIONS WE CAN F9D TO-DAY AT EV]Y /EP & :I* SEEM TO BE ! WORK ( A GIANT RACE4 ',! 7,EA/ ,9DIA7 ,COMPANY :I* RUL$ ,9DIA UNTIL #aheh DID NOT MAKE ONE SPR+ ACCESSIBLE1 DID NOT S9K A S+LE WELL1 NOR BUILD A BRIDGE = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,9DIANS4'7#e7 

,ANO!R WITNESS1 ! ,5GLI%MAN ,JAMES ,WILSON1 SAYS3 

',9 ! ,MADRAS ,PROV9CE1 NO-ONE CAN HELP BE+ IMPRESS$ BY ! MAGNIFIC5T ANCI5T IRRIGATION SY/EMS1 TRACES ( :I* HAVE BE5 PRES]V$ UNTIL \R TIME4 ,LOCKS & WEIRS DAM ! RIV]S 9TO GREAT LAKES1 FROM :I* CANALS DI/RIBUTE ! WAT] = AN >EA ( #f OR #g MILES >\ND4 ,ON ! L>GE RIV]S1 !RE >E #c TO #d ( SU* WEIRS 444 ,! RA9 WAT] FROM ! M\NTA9S WAS COLLECT$ 9 >TIFICIAL PONDS1 MANY ( :I* /ILL REMA9 & BOA/ CIRCUMF]5CES ( BETWE5 #ae & #be MILES4 ,NE>LY ALL !SE GIGANTIC CON/RUCTIONS W]E COMPLET$ BE=E ! YE> #a#g#e4 ,DUR+ ! W> BETWE5 ! ,COMPANY & ! ,MONGOL RUL]S - &1 BE IT SAID1 DUR+ ! 5TIRE P]IOD ( \R RULE 9 ,9DIA - !Y HAVE SADLY DECAY$4'7#f7 

,NO WOND]6 ,BRITI% CAPITAL HAD NO OBJECT 9 GIV+ ! ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES ECONOMIC SUPPORT OR HELP+ !M TO SURVIVE4 ,QUITE ! REV]SE1 IT AIM$ TO DE/ROY !M & TO DEPRIVE !M ( !IR PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,! UNBRIDL$ GRE$1 ! ACQUISITIVE 9/9CT ( ACCUMULATION MU/ BY ITS V]Y NATURE TAKE EV]Y ADVANTAGE ( ! 'CONDITIONS ( ! M>KET' & CAN HAVE NO ?\<T = ! MORR[4 ,IT IS 9CAPABLE ( SEE+ F> 5\< TO RECOGNIZE ! VALUE ( ! ECONOMIC MONUM5TS ( AN OLD] CIVILIZATION4 7,REC5TLY ,BRITI% 5G9E]S 9 ,EGYPT FEV]I%LY TRI$ TO DISCOV] TRACES ( AN ANCI5T IRRIGATION SY/EM RA!R LIKE ! ONE A /UPID LACK ( ,VISION HAD ALL[$ TO DECAY 9 ,9DIA :5 !Y W]E *>G$ ) DAMM+ ! ,NILE ON A GR& SCALE 9 FUR!RANCE ( CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE47 ,NOT UNTIL #ahfg WAS ,5GL& ABLE TO APPRECIATE ! RESULTS ( H] NOBLE EF=TS 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,9 ! T]RIBLE FAM9E ( ?AT YE> A MILLION PEOPLE W]E KILL$ 9 ! ,ORISSA DI/RICT ALONE2 & ,P>LIAM5T WAS %OCK$ 9TO 9VE/IGAT+ ! CAUSES ( ! EM]G5CY4 ,! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T HAS N[ 9TRODUC$ ADM9I/RATIVE MEASURES 9 AN ATTEMPT TO SAVE ! PEASANT FROM USURY4 ,! ,PUNJAB ,ALI5ATION ,ACT ( #ai MADE IT ILLEGAL TO SELL OR MORTGAGE PEASANT L&S TO P]SONS O!R ?AN ( ! PEASANT CA/E1 ?\< EXCEPTIONS CAN BE MADE 9 9DIVIDUAL CASES1 SUBJECT TO ! TAX COLLECTOR'S APPROVAL47#g7 ,HAV+ DELIB]ATELY DISRUPT$ ! PROTECT+ TIES ( ! ANCI5T ,H9DU SOCIAL ASSOCIATIONS1 AFT] HAV+ NURTUR$ A SY/EM ( USURY :]E NO?+ IS ?\<T ( A #ae P] C5T *>GE ( 9T]E/1 ! ,BRITI% N[ 5TRU/ ! RU9$ ,9DIAN PEASANT TO ! T5D] C>E ( ! ,EX*EQU] & ITS (FICIALS1 UND] ! 'PROTECTION'1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( ?OSE DRA9+ HIM ( HIS LIVELIHOOD4 

,NEXT TO TORM5T$ ,BRITI% ,9DIA1 ,ALG]IA UND] ,FR5* RULE CLAIMS PRIDE ( PLACE 9 ! ANNALS ( CAPITALI/ COLONIZATION4 ,:5 ! ,FR5* CONQU]$ ,ALG]IA1 ANCI5T SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS PREVAIL$ AMONG ! ,>AB-,KABYLE POPULATION4 ,!SE HAD BE5 PRES]V$ UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & 9 SPITE ( ! LONG & TURBUL5T HI/ORY ( ! C\NTRY !Y SURVIVE 9 P>T EV5 TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,PRIVATE PROP]TY MAY HAVE EXI/$ NO D\BT 9 ! T[NS1 AMONG ! ,MOORS & ,JEWS1 AMONG M]*ANTS1 >TISANS & USUR]S4 ,L>GE RURAL >EAS MAY HAVE BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! ,/ATE UND] ,TURKI% SUZ]A9TY - YET NE>LY HALF ( ! PRODUCTIVE L& IS JO9TLY HELD BY ,>AB & ,KABYLE TRIBES :O /ILL KEEP UP ! ANCI5T PATRI>*AL CU/OMS4 ,MANY ,>AB FAMILIES L$ ! SAME K9D ( NOMAD LIFE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AS !Y HAD DONE S9CE TIME IMMEMORIAL1 AN EXI/5CE ?AT APPE>S RE/LESS & IRREGUL> ONLY TO ! SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]1 BUT ONE ?AT IS 9 FACT /RICTLY REGULAT$ & EXTREMELY MONOTON\S4 ,9 SUMM] !Y W]E WONT1 MAN1 WOMAN & *ILD1 TO TAKE !IR H]DS & T5TS & MIGRATE TO ! SEA-SWEPT %ORES ( ! ,TELL DI/RICT2 & 9 ! W9T] !Y W\LD MOVE BACK AGA9 TO ! PROTECTIVE W>M? ( ! DES]T4 ,!Y TRAVEL$ ALONG DEF9ITE R\TES1 & ! SUMM] & W9T] /ATIONS W]E FIX$ = EV]Y TRIBE & FAMILY4 ,! FIELDS ( ?OSE ,>ABS :O HAD SETTL$ ON ! L& W]E 9 MO/ CASES ! JO9T PROP]TY ( ! CLANS1 & ! GREAT ,KABYLE FAMILY ASSOCIATIONS ALSO LIV$ ACCORD+ TO OLD TRADITIONAL RULES UND] ! PATRI>*AL GUIDANCE ( !IR ELECT$ HEADS4 

,! WOM5 W\LD TAKE TURNS = H\SEHOLD DUTIES2 A MATRI>*1 AGA9 ELECT$ BY ! FAMILY1 BE+ 9 COMPLETE *>GE ( ! CLAN'S DOME/IC AFFAIRS1 OR ELSE ! WOM5 TAK+ TURNS ( DUTY4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION ( ! ,KABYLE CLANS ON ! FR+E ( ! ,AFRICAN DES]T BE>S A />TL+ RESEMBLANCE TO ?AT ( ! FAM\S ,S\!RN ,SLAVONIC ,ZADRUGA - NOT ONLY ! FIELDS BUT ALL ! TOOLS1 WEAPONS & MONIES1 ALL ?AT ! MEMB]S ACQUIRE OR NE$ = !IR WORK1 >E COMMUNAL PROP]TY ( ! CLAN4 ,P]SONAL PROP]TY IS CONF9$ TO ONE SUIT ( CLO?+1 & 9 ! CASE ( A WOMAN TO ! DRESSES & ORNAM5TS ( H] D[RY4 ,MORE VALUABLE ATTIRE & JEWELS1 H[EV]1 >E CONSID]$ COMMON PROP]TY1 & 9DIVIDUALS W]E ALL[$ TO USE !M ONLY IF ! :OLE FAMILY APPROV$4 ,IF ! CLAN WAS NOT TOO NUM]\S1 MEALS W]E TAK5 AT A COMMON TABLE2 ! WOM5 TOOK IT 9 TURNS TO COOK1 BUT ! ELDE/ W]E 5TRU/$ ) ! DI%+ \T4 ,IF A FAMILY CIRCLE WAS TOO L>GE1 ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY W\LD EA* MON? RATION \T /RICTLY PROPORTIONATE QUANTITIES ( UNCOOK$ FOOD TO ! 9DIVIDUAL FAMILIES :O !N PREP>$ !M4 ,!SE COMMUNITIES W]E B\ND TOGE!R BY CLOSE TIES ( K9%IP1 MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE & EQUALITY1 & A PATRI>* W\LD IMPLORE HIS SONS ON HIS DEA?B$ TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO ! FAMILY47#h7 

,!SE SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E ALREADY S]I\SLY IMPAIR$ BY ! RULE ( ! ,TURKS1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,ALG]IA 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,YET ! ,TURKI% EX*EQU] HAD BY NO MEANS CONFISCAT$ ALL ! L&4 ,?AT IS A LEG5D 9V5T$ BY ! ,FR5* AT A MU* LAT] DATE4 ,9DE$1 ONLY A ,EUROPEAN M9D IS CAPABLE ( SU* A FLI<T ( FANCY :I* IS CONTR>Y TO ! 5TIRE ECONOMIC F\NDATION ( ,ISLAM BO? 9 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,9 TRU?1 ! FACTS W]E QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,! ,TURKS DID NOT T\* ! COMMUNAL FIELDS ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 ,!Y M]ELY CONFISCAT$ A GREAT P>T ( UNCULTIVAT$ L& FROM ! CLANS & CONV]T$ IT 9TO CR[N L& UND] ,TURKI% LOCAL ADM9I/RATORS 7,BEYLIKS74 ,! /ATE WORK$ !SE L&S 9 P>T ) NATIVE LABOR1 & 9 P>T !Y W]E LEAS$ \T ON R5T OR AGA9/ PAYM5T 9 K9D4 ,FUR!R ! ,TURKS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y REVOLT ( ! SUBJECT$ FAMILIES & ( EV]Y DI/URBANCE 9 ! C\NTRY TO ADD TO !IR POSSESSIONS BY L>GE-SCALE CONFISCATION ( L&1 EI!R = MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5TS OR = PUBLIC AUCTION1 :5 MO/ ( IT W5T TO ,TURKI% OR O!R USUR]S4 ,TO ESCAPE FROM ! BURD5 ( TAXATION & CONFISCATION1 MANY PEASANTS PLAC$ !MSELVES UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! ,*UR*1 JU/ AS !Y HAD DONE 9 M$IEVAL ,G]MANY4 ,H5CE CONSID]ABLE >EAS BECAME ,*UR* PROP]TY4 ,ALL !SE *ANGES F9ALLY RESULT$ 9 ! FOLL[+ DI/RIBUTION ( ,ALG]IAN L& AT ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* CONQUE/3 CR[N L&S OCCUPI$ NE>LY #c1#g#e1 ACRES1 & A FUR!R #g1#e1 ACRES ( UNCULTIVAT$ L& AS COMMON PROP]TY ( ,ALL ! ,FAI?FUL 7,BL$-EL-,ISLAM74 #g1#e1 ACRES HAD BE5 PRIVATELY [N$ BY ! ,B]B]S S9CE ,ROMAN TIMES1 & UND] ,TURKI% RULE A FUR!R #c1#g#e1 ACRES HAD COME 9TO PRIVATE [N]%IP1 A M]E #a#b1#e1 ACRES REMA9+ COMMUNAL PROP]TY ( 9DIVIDUAL ,>AB CLANS4 ,9 ! ,SAH>A1 SOME ( ! #g1#e1 ACRES F]TILE L& NE> ! ,SAH>A ,OASES WAS COMMUNALLY [N$ BY ! CLANS & SOME BELONG$ TO PRIVATE [N]S4 ,! REMA9+ #e#g1#e11 ACRES W]E MA9LY WA/E L&4 

,) !IR CONQUE/ ( ,ALG]IA1 ! ,FR5* MADE A GREAT ADO AB\T !IR WORK ( CIVILIZATION1 S9CE ! C\NTRY1 HAV+ %AK5 (F ! ,TURKI% YOKE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 WAS H>BOR+ ! PIRATES :O 9FE/$ ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & TRAFFICK$ 9 ,*RI/IAN SLAVES4 ,SPA9 & ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,UNION 9 P>TICUL>1 !MSELVES AT ?AT TIME SLAVE TRAD]S ON NO MEAN SCALE1 DECL>$ REL5TLESS W> ON ?IS ,MUSLIM 9IQUITY4 ,FRANCE1 9 ! V]Y ?ROES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 PROCLAIM$ A CRUSADE AGA9/ ,ALG]IAN AN>*Y4 ,H] SUBJECTION ( ?AT C\NTRY WAS C>RI$ ?R\< UND] ! SLOGANS ( 'COMBAT+ SLAV]Y' & '9/ITUT+ ORD]LY & CIVILIZ$ CONDITIONS'4 ,YET PRACTICE WAS SOON TO %[ :AT WAS AT ! BOTTOM ( IT ALL4 ,IT IS COMMON KN[L$GE ?AT 9 ! =TY YE>S FOLL[+ ! SUBJECTION ( ,ALG]IA1 NO ,EUROPEAN /ATE SUFF]$ SO MANY *ANGES 9 ITS POLITICAL SY/EM AS ,FRANCE3 ! RE/ORATION ( ! MON>*Y WAS FOLL[$ BY ! ,JULY ,REVOLUTION & ! REIGN ( ! ',CITIZ5 ,K+'1 & ?IS WAS SUCCE$$ BY ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE1 & F9ALLY1 AFT] ! DISA/] ( #a#h#g1 BY ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 ,9 TURN1 ! >I/OCRACY1 HI< F9ANCE1 PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! L>GE MIDDLE CLASSES 9 G5]AL GA9$ POLITICAL ASC5DANCY4 ,YET ,FR5* POLICY 9 ,ALG]IA REMA9$ UNDEFLECT$ BY ?IS SUCCESSION ( EV5TS2 IT PURSU$ A S+LE AIM FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D2 AT ! FR+E ( ! ,AFRICAN DES]T1 IT DEMON/RAT$ PLA9LY ?AT ALL ! POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,FRANCE C5T]$ 9 A S+LE BASIC 9T]E/3 ! RULE ( A CAPITALI/ B\RGEOISIE & ITS 9/ITUTIONS ( [N]%IP4 

',! BILL SUBMITT$ = Y\R CONSID]ATION'1 SAID ,DEPUTY ,HUMB]T ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#h#g#c1 9 ! ,SESSION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY AS SPOKESMAN = ! ,COMMISSION = ,REGULAT+ ,AGR>IAN ,CONDITIONS 9 ,ALG]IA1 'IS BUT ! CR[N+ T\* TO AN $IFICE WELL-F\ND$ ON A :OLE S]IES ( ORD9ANCES1 $ICTS1 LAWS & DECREES ( ! ,S5ATE :I* TOGE!R & SEV]ALLY HAVE AS ! SAME OBJECT3 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PRIVATE PROP]TY AMONG ! ,>ABS4' 

,9 SPITE ( ! UPS & D[NS ( 9T]NAL ,FR5* ,POLITICS1 ,FR5* COLONIAL POLICY P]SEV]$ = FIFTY YE>S 9 ITS SY/EMATIC & DELIB]ATE EF=TS TO DE/ROY & DISRUPT COMMUNAL PROP]TY4 ,IT S]V$ TWO DI/9CT PURPOSES3 ,! BREAKUP ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY WAS PRIM>ILY 9T5D$ TO SMA% ! SOCIAL P[] ( ! ,>AB FAMILY ASSOCIATIONS & TO QUELL !IR /UBBORN RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! ,FR5* YOKE1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* !RE W]E 9NUM]ABLE RIS+S SO ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ,FRANCE'S MILIT>Y SUP]IORITY1 ! C\NTRY WAS 9 A CONT9UAL /ATE ( W>47#i7 ,SECONDLY1 COMMUNAL PROP]TY HAD TO BE DISRUPT$ 9 ORD] TO GA9 ! ECONOMIC ASSETS ( ! CONQU]$ C\NTRY2 ! ,>ABS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 HAD TO BE DEPRIV$ ( ! L& !Y HAD [N$ = A ?\S& YE>S1 SO ?AT ,FR5* CAPITALI/S C\LD GET IT4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! FICTION WE KN[ SO WELL1 ?AT UND] ,MUSLIM LAW ALL L& BELONGS TO ! RUL]1 WAS BR\<T 9TO PLAY4 ,JU/ AS ! ,5GLI% HAD DONE 9 ,BRITI% ,9DIA1 SO ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE'S GOV]NORS 9 ,ALG]IA DECL>$ ! EXI/5CE ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY [N$ BY ! CLAN TO BE 'IMPOSSIBLE'4 ,?IS FICTION S]V$ AS AN EXCUSE TO CLAIM = ! /ATE MO/ ( ! UNCULTIVAT$ >EAS1 & ESPECIALLY ! COMMONS1 WOODS & MEAD[S1 & TO USE !M = PURPOSES ( COLONIZATION4 ,A COMPLETE SY/EM ( SETTLEM5T DEVELOP$1 ! SO-CALL$ CANTONM5TS :I* SETTL$ ,FR5* COLONI/S ON ! CLAN L& & H]D$ ! TRIBES 9TO A SMALL >EA4 ,UND] ! DECREES ( #a#h#c1 #a#h#c#a1 #a#h#d1 #a#h#d#d1 #ahde & #ahdf !SE !FTS ( ,>AB FAMILY L& W]E LEGALIZ$4 ,YET ?IS SY/EM ( SETTLEM5T DID NOT ACTUALLY FUR!R COLONIZATION2 IT ONLY BR$ WILD SPECULATION & USURY4 ,9 MO/ 9/ANCES ! ,>ABS MANAG$ TO BUY BACK ! L& ?AT HAD BE5 TAK5 FROM !M1 AL?\< !Y W]E ?US 9CURR+ HEAVY DEBTS4 ,FR5* ME?ODS ( OPPRESSIVE TAXATION HAD ! SAME T5D5CY1 9 P>TICUL> ! LAW ( ,JUNE #a#f1 #a#h#e#a1 PROCLAIM+ ALL =E/S TO BE /ATE PROP]TY1 :I* ROBB$ ! NATIVES ( #f11 ACRES ( PA/URE & BRU%WOOD1 & TOOK AWAY ! PRIME ESS5TIAL = ANIMAL HUSB&RY4 ,?IS SPATE ( LAWS1 ORD9ANCES & REGULATIONS WR\<T HAVOC ) ! [N]%IP ( L& 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,UND] ! PREVAIL+ CONDITION ( FEV]I% SPECULATION 9 L&1 MANY NATIVES SOLD !IR E/ATES TO ! ,FR5* 9 ! HOPE ( ULTIMATELY RECOV]+ !M4 ,QUITE (T5 !Y SOLD ! SAME PLOT TO TWO OR ?REE BUY]S AT A TIME1 & :AT IS MORE1 IT WAS QUITE (T5 9ALI5ABLE FAMILY L& & DID NOT EV5 BELONG TO !M4 ,A COMPANY ( SPECULATORS FROM ,R\51 E4G41 BELIEV$ ?AT !Y HAD B\<T #e1 ACRES1 BUT 9 FACT !Y HAD ONLY ACQUIR$ A DISPUT$ TITLE TO #c1#d#b#e ACRES4 ,!RE FOLL[$ AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( LAWSUITS 9 :I* ! ,FR5* C\RTS SUPPORT$ ON PR9CIPLE ALL P>TITIONS & CLAIMS ( ! BUY]S4 ,9 !SE UNC]TA9 CONDITIONS1 SPECULATION1 USURY & AN>*Y W]E RIFE4 ,BUT AL?\< ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,FR5* COLONI/S 9 L>GE NUMB]S AMONG ! ,>AB POPULATION HAD AIM$ AT SECUR+ SUPPORT = ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T1 ?IS S*EME FAIL$ MIS]ABLY4 ,?US1 UND] ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE1 ,FR5* POLICY TRI$ ANO!R TACK4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 ) ITS ,EUROPEAN LACK ( VISION1 HAD /UBBORNLY D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY = ?IRTY YE>S1 BUT IT HAD LE>N$ BETT] AT LA/4 ,BY A S+LE /ROKE ( ! P51 JO9T FAMILY PROP]TY WAS (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ & CONDEMN$ TO BE BROK5 UP4 ,?IS IS ! D\BLE SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DECREE ( ! ,S5ATE DAT$ ,APRIL #b#b1 #a#h#f#d4 ,G5]AL ,ALL>D DECL>$ 9 ! ,S5ATE3 

',! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! G5]AL AIM ( ITS POLICY IS TO WEAK5 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! TRIBAL *IEFTA9S & TO DISSOLVE ! FAMILY ASSOCIATIONS4 ,BY ?IS MEANS1 IT WILL SWEEP AWAY ! LA/ REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM .<SIC6.> DEF5D$ BY ! OPPON5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T BILL 444 ,! SURE/ ME?OD ( ACCEL]AT+ ! PROCESS ( DISSOLV+ ! FAMILY ASSOCIATIONS WILL BE TO 9/ITUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY & TO SETTLE ,EUROPEAN COLONI/S AMONG ! ,>AB FAMILIES4'7#a7 

,! LAW ( #ahfc CREAT$ SPECIAL ,COMMISSIONS1 = CUTT+ UP ! L&$ E/ATES1 CONSI/+ ( ! ,*AIRMAN1 EI!R A ,BRIGADI]-,G5]AL OR ,COLONEL1 ONE S\S-PREFET1 ONE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,>AB MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES & AN (FICIAL BAILIFF4 ,!SE NATURAL EXP]TS ON ,AFRICAN ECONOMICS & SOCIAL CONDITIONS W]E FAC$ ) ! ?REEFOLD TASK1 FIR/ ( DET]M9+ ! PRECISE B\ND>IES ( ! GREAT FAMILY E/ATES1 SECONDLY TO DI/RIBUTE1 ! 'E/ATES' ( EA* CLAN AMONG ITS V>I\S BRAN*ES1 & F9ALLY TO BREAK UP ?IS FAMILY L& 9TO SEP>ATE PRIVATE ALLOTM5TS4 ,?IS EXP$ITION ( ! ,BRIGADI]S 9TO ! 9T]IOR ( ,AFRICA DULY TOOK PLACE4 ,! ,COMMISSIONS PROCE$$ TO !IR DE/9ATIONS4 ,!Y W]E TO COMB9E ! (FICE ( JUDGE 9 ALL L& DISPUTES ) ?AT ( SURVEYOR & L& DI/RIBUTOR1 ! F9AL DECISION RE/+ ) ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,ALG]IA4 ,T5 YE>S' VALIANT EF=TS BY ! ,COMMISSIONS YIELD$ ! FOLL[+ RESULT3 BETWE5 #ahfc & #a#h#g#c1 ( #g H]$IT>Y E/ATES1 #d W]E %>$ \T AMONG ! BRAN*ES ( EA* CLAN1 & ! F\NDATIONS = FUTURE 9EQUALITIES1 BETWE5 GREAT L&$ E/ATES & SMALL ALLOTM5TS W]E ?US LAID4 ,ONE FAMILY1 9 FACT1 MI<T RECEIVE BETWE5 #be & #a ACRES1 :ILE ANO!R MI<T GET AS MU* AS #be OR EV5 #de ACRES1 DEP5D+ ON ! SIZE ( ! E/ATE & ! NUMB] ( COLLAT]ALS1 )9 ! CLAN4 ,P>TITION1 H[EV]1 /OPP$ AT ?AT PO9T4 ,>AB CU/OMS PRES5T$ UNSURM\NTABLE DIFFICULTIES TO A FUR!R DIVISION ( FAMILY L&4 ,9 SPITE ( ,COLONELS & ,BRIGADI]S1 ,FR5* POLICY HAD AGA9 FAIL$ 9 ITS OBJECT TO CREATE PRIVATE PROP]TY = TRANSF] TO ! ,FR5*4 

,BUT ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 AN UNDISGUIS$ REGIME ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAD ! C\RAGE & ! CYNICISM TO GO /RAI<T = ITS GOAL & TO ATTACK ! PROBLEM FROM ! O!R 5D1 DISDA9+ ! PRELIM9>IES ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 ,9 #a#h#g#c1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY WORK$ \T A LAW ) ! AV[$ 9T5TION IMM$IATELY TO SPLIT UP ! 5TIRE E/ATES ( ALL ! #g ,>AB CLANS1 & =CIBLY TO 9/ITUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! %ORTE/ POSSIBLE TIME4 ,DESP]ATE CONDITIONS 9 ! COLONY W]E ! PRETEXT = ?IS MEASURE4 ,IT HAD TAK5 ! GREAT ,9DIAN FAM9E ( #ahff TO AWAK5 ! ,BRITI% PUBLIC TO ! M>VEL\S EXPLOITS ( ,BRITI% COLONIAL POLICY & TO CALL = A P>LIAM5T>Y 9VE/IGATION2 & SIMIL>LY1 ,EUROPE WAS AL>M$ AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTIES BY ! CRY+ NE$S ( ,ALG]IA :]E MORE ?AN =TY YE>S ( ,FR5* RULE CULM9AT$ 9 WIDE-SPREAD FAM9E & A DISA/R\S MORTALITY RATE AMONG ! ,>ABS4 ,A COMMISSION ( 9QUIRY WAS SET UP TO RECOMM5D NEW LEGISLATION ) :I* TO BLESS ! ,>ABS3 IT WAS UNANIM\SLY RESOLV$ ?AT !RE WAS ONLY ONE LIFEBUOY = !M - ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ?AT ALONE C\LD SAVE ! ,>AB FROM DE/ITUTION1 S9CE HE W\LD !N ALWAYS BE ABLE TO SELL OR MORTGAGE HIS L&4 ,IT WAS DECID$ !RE=E1 ?AT ! ONLY MEANS ( ALLEVIAT+ ! DI/RESS ( ! ,>ABS1 DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 DEBTS AS !Y W]E BECAUSE ( ! ,FR5* L& ROBB]IES & OPPRESSIVE TAXATION1 WAS TO DELIV] !M COMPLETELY 9TO ! H&S ( ! USUR]S4 ,?IS F>CE WAS EXP\ND$ 9 ALL S]I\SNESS BE=E ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & WAS ACCEPT$ ) EQUAL GRAVITY BY ?AT WOR?Y BODY4 ,! 'VICTORS' ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE FLAUNT$ !IR BRAZ5NESS4 

,9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 TWO >GUM5TS 9 P>TICUL> S]V$ TO SUPPORT ! NEW LAW3 ?OSE 9 FAVOR ( ! BILL EMPHASIZ$ OV] & OV] AGA9 ?AT ! ,>ABS !MSELVES URG5TLY DESIR$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,& SO !Y DID1 OR RA!R ! ,ALG]IAN L& SPECULATORS & USUR]S DID1 S9CE !Y W]E VITALLY 9T]E/$ 9 'LIB]AT+' !IR VICTIMS FROM ! PROTECTION ( ! FAMILY TIES4 ,AS LONG AS ,MUSLIM LAW PREVAIL$ 9 ,ALG]IA1 H]$IT>Y CLAN & FAMILY L&S W]E 9ALI5ABLE1 :I* LAID 9SUP]ABLE DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( ANYONE :O WI%$ TO MORTGAGE HIS L&4 ,! LAW ( #ahfc HAD M]ELY MADE A BREA* 9 !SE OB/ACLES1 & ! ISSUE N[ AT /AKE WAS !IR COMPLETE ABOLITION SO AS TO GIVE A FREE H& TO ! USUR]S4 ,! SECOND >GUM5T WAS 'SCI5TIFIC'1 P>T ( ! SAME 9TELLECTUAL EQUIPM5T FROM :I* ?AT WOR?Y1 ,JAMES ,MILL1 HAD DRAWN = HIS AB/RUSE CONCLUSIONS REG>D+ ,9DIAN RELATIONS ( [N]%IP3 ,5GLI% CLASSICAL ECONOMICS4 ,?OR\<LY V]S$ 9 !IR MA/]S' TEA*+S1 ! DISCIPLES ( ,SMI? & ,RIC>DO IMPRESSIVELY DECLAIM$ ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! PREV5TION ( FAM9ES 9 ,ALG]IA1 = MORE 9T5SIVE & BETT] CULTIVATION ( ! L&1 S9CE OBVI\SLY NO ONE W\LD BE PREP>$ TO 9VE/ CAPITAL OR 9T5SIVE LABOR 9 A PIECE ( L& :I* DOES NOT BELONG TO HIM & :OSE PRODUCE IS NOT HIS [N TO 5JOY4 ,BUT ! FACTS SPOKE A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE4 ,!Y PROV$ ?AT ! ,FR5* SPECULATORS EMPLOY$ ! PRIVATE PROP]TY !Y HAD CREAT$ 9 ,ALG]IA = ANY?+ BUT ! MORE 9T5SIVE & IMPROV$ CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL4 ,9 #a#h#g#c1 #a11 ACRES W]E ,FR5* PROP]TY4 ,BUT ! CAPITALI/ COMPANIES1 ! ,ALG]IAN & ,SETIF ,COMPANY :I* [N$ #c1 ACRES1 DID NOT CULTIVATE ! L& AT ALL BUT LEAS$ IT TO ! NATIVES :O TILL$ IT 9 ! TRADITIONAL MANN]1 NOR W]E #be P] C5T ( ! O!R ,FR5* [N]S 5GAG$ 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE TO CONJURE UP CAPITALI/ 9VE/M5TS & 9T5SIVE AGRICULTURE OV]NI<T1 JU/ AS CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS 9 G5]AL C\LD NOT BE CREAT$ \T ( NO?+4 ,!Y EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! IMAG9ATION ( PR(IT-SEEK+ ,FR5* SPECULATORS1 & 9 ! B5I<T$ DOCTR9AIRE VISIONS ( !IR SCI5TIFIC ECONOMI/S4 ,! ESS5TIAL PO9T1 %ORN ( ALL PRETEXTS & FL\RI%ES :I* SEEM TO JU/IFY ! LAW ( #a#h#g#c1 WAS SIMPLY ! DESIRE TO DEPRIVE ! ,>ABS ( !IR L&1 !IR LIVELIHOOD4 ,& AL?\< !SE >GUM5TS HAD WORN ?READB>E & W]E EVID5TLY 9S9C]E1 ?IS LAW :I* WAS TO PUT PAID TO ! ,ALG]IAN POPULATION & !IR MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY1 WAS PASS$ UNANIM\SLY ON ,JULY #b#f1 #a#h#g#c4 

,BUT EV5 ?IS MA/]-/ROKE SOON PROV$ A FAILURE4 ,! POLICY ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC MISC>RI$ BECAUSE ( ! DIFFICULTIES 9 SUB/ITUT+ AT ONE /ROKE B\RGEOIS PRIVATE PROP]TY = ! ANCI5T CLAN COMMUNISM1 JU/ AS ! POLICY ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE HAD COME TO GRIEF OV] ! SAME ISSUE4 ,9 #a#h#i1 :5 ! LAW ( ,JULY #b#f1 #a#h#g#c1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY A SECOND LAW ON ,APRIL #b#h1 #a#h#h#g1 HAD BE5 9 =CE = SEV5TE5 YE>S1 #a#d11 FRANCS HAD BE5 SP5T ON DEAL+ ) #d11 ACRES4 ,IT WAS E/IMAT$ ?AT ! PROCESS W\LD NOT BE COMPLET$ BE=E #aie & W\LD REQUIRE A FUR!R #f11 FRANCS4 ,& /ILL ABOLITION ( CLAN COMMUNISM1 ! ULTIMATE PURPOSE1 HAD NOT BE5 ACCOMPLI%$4 ,:AT HAD REALLY BE5 ATTA9$ WAS ALL TOO EVID5T3 RECKLESS SPECULATION 9 L&1 ?RIV+ USURY & ! ECONOMIC RU9 ( ! NATIVES4 

,S9CE IT HAD BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO 9/ITUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY BY =CE1 A NEW EXP]IM5T WAS UND]TAK54 ,! LAWS ( #ahgc & #ahhg HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ BY A COMMISSION APPO9T$ = !IR REVISION BY ! ,ALG]IAN GOV]NM5T 9 #a#h#i4 ,IT WAS ANO!R SEV5 YE>S BE=E ! LEGISLATORS ON ! ,SE9E MADE ! EF=T TO CONSID] RE=MS = ! RU9$ C\NTRY4 ,! NEW DECREE ( ! ,S5ATE REFRA9$ 9 PR9CIPLE FROM 9/ITUT+ PRIVATE PROP]TY BY COMPULSION OR ADM9I/RATIVE MEASURES4 ,! LAWS ( ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#h#i#g1 & ! $ICT ( ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,ALG]IA 7,M>* #c1 #a#h#i#h7 BO? PROVID$ *IEFLY = ! 9TRODUCTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY FOLL[+ A VOLUNT>Y APPLICATION BY ! PROSPECTIVE PUR*AS] OR [N]47#a#a7 ,BUT !RE W]E CLAUSES TO P]MIT A S+LE [N]1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! O!RS1 TO CLAIM PRIVATE PROP]TY2 FUR!R1 SU* A 'VOLUNT>Y' APPLICATION CAN BE EXTORT$ AT ANY CONV5I5T MOM5T IF ! [N] IS 9 DEBT & ! USUR] EX]TS PRESSURE4 ,& SO ! NEW LAW LEFT ! DOORS WIDE OP5 = ,FR5* & NATIVE CAPITALI/S FUR!R TO DISRUPT & EXPLOIT ! H]$IT>Y & CLAN L&S4 

,( REC5T YE>S1 ?IS MUTILATION ( ,ALG]IA :I* HAD BE5 GO+ ON = EI<T DECADES MEETS ) EV5 LESS OPPOSITION1 S9CE ! ,>ABS1 SURR\ND$ AS !Y >E BY ,FR5* CAPITAL FOLL[+ ! SUBJECTION ( ,TUNISIA 7#a#h#h#a7 & ! REC5T CONQUE/ ( ,MOROCCO1 HAVE BE5 R5D]$ MORE & MORE HELPLESS4 ,! LATE/ RESULT ( ! ,FR5* REGIME 9 ,ALG]IA IS AN ,>AB EXODUS 9TO ,TURKEY47#a#b7 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ,MILL1 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,9DIA1 SUB/ANTIATES ! !SIS ?AT UND] PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS ! L& BELONGS ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E TO ! SOV]EIGN1 ON EVID5CE COLLECT$ AT R&OM & QUITE 9DISCRIM9ATELY FROM ! MO/ V>I$ S\RCES 7,MUNGO ,P>K1 ,H]ODOTUS1 ,VOLNEY1 ,ACO/A1 ,G>DILASSO DE 9 ,VEGA1 ,ABBE ,GROSI]1 ,B>R[1 ,DIODORUS1 ,/RABO & O!RS74 ,APPLY+ ?IS !SIS TO ,9DIA1 HE GOES ON TO SAY3 ',FROM !SE FACTS ONLY ONE CONCLUSION CAN BE DRAWN1 ?AT ! PROP]TY ( ! SOIL RESID$ 9 ! SOV]EIGN2 OR IF IT DID NOT RESIDE 9 HIM1 IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO %[ TO :OM IT BELONG$' 7,JAMES ,MILL1 ,HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,9DIA 7#d? $ITION1 #a#h#d71 VOL4I1 P4#c#a#a74 ,MILL'S $ITOR1 ,H4,H4 ,WILSON :O1 AS ,PR(ESSOR ( ,SANSKRIT AT ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY1 WAS ?OR\<LY V]S$ 9 ! LEGAL RELATIONS ( ,ANCI5T ,9DIA1 GIVES AN 9T]E/+ COMM5T>Y TO ?IS CLASSICAL D$UCTION4 ,ALREADY 9 HIS PREFACE HE *>ACT]IZES ! AU?OR AS A P>TIZAN :O HAS JUGGL$ ) ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,BRITI% ,9DIA 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ! !ORIES ( ,MR4 ,B5?AM & :O1 ) ?IS 5D1 HAS US$ ! MO/ DUBI\S MEANS = HIS PORTRAIT ( ! ,H9DUS :I* 9 NO WAY RESEMBLES ! ORIG9AL & ALMO/ \TRAGES HUMANITY4 ,HE APP5DS ! FOLL[+ FOOTNOTE TO \R QUOTATION3 ',! GREAT] P>T ( ! TEXT & ( ! NOTES H]E IS :OLLY IRRELEVANT4 ,! ILLU/RATIONS DRAWN FROM ! ,MAHOMETAN PRACTICE1 SUPPOS+ !M TO BE CORRECT1 HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! LAWS & RI<TS ( ! ,H9DUS4 ,!Y >E NOT1 H[EV]1 EV5 ACCURATE & ,MR4 ,MILL'S GUIDES HAVE MISL$ HIM4' ,WILSON !N CONTE/S \TRI<T ! !ORY ( ! SOV]EIGN'S RI<T ( [N]%IP 9 L&1 ESPECIALLY ) REF]5CE TO ,9DIA4 7,IBID41 P4#c#e1 FOOTNOTE47 ,H5RY ,MA9E1 TOO1 IS ( ! OP9ION ?AT ! ,BRITI% ATTEMPT$ TO D]IVE !IR CLAIM TO ,9DIAN L& FROM ! ,MAHOMETANS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 & HE RECOGNIZES ?IS CLAIM TO BE COMPLETELY UNJU/IFI$4 ',! ASSUMPTION :I* ! ,5GLI% FIR/ MADE WAS ONE :I* !Y 9H]IT$ FROM !IR ,MAHOMETAN PR$ECESSORS4 ,IT WAS ?AT ALL ! SOIL BELONG$ 9 ABSOLUTE PROP]TY TO ! SOV]EIGN1 & ?AT ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 L& EXI/$ BY HIS SUFF]ANCE4 ,! ,MAHOMETAN !ORY & ! CORRESPOND+ ,MAHOMETAN PRACTICE HAD PUT \T ( SI<T ! ANCI5T VIEW ( ! SOV]EIGN'S RI<TS :I*1 ?\< IT ASSIGN$ TO HIM A F> L>G] %>E ( ! PRODUCE ( ! L& ?AN ANY ,WE/]N RUL] HAS EV] CLAIM$1 YET 9 N[ISE D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 L&' 7,VILLAGE ,COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,EA/ & ,WE/1 #e? $ITION1 VOL4II1 #a#h#i1 P4#a#d74 ,MAXIM ,KOVALEVSKI1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAS PROV$ ?OR\<LY ?AT ?IS ALLEG$ ',MAHOMETAN !ORY & PRACTICE' IS AN EXCLUSIVELY ,BRITI% LEG5D4 7,CF4 HIS EXCELL5T /UDY1 WRITT5 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ,ON ! ,CAUSES1 ! ,DEVELOPM5T & ! ,CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,DIS9TEGRATION ( ,COMMUNAL ,[N]%IP ( ,L&1 ,MOSC[ #a#h#g#i1 P>T I47 ,9CID5TALLY1 ,BRITI% EXP]TS & !IR ,FR5* COLLEAGUES AT ! TIME ( WRIT+ MA9TA9 AN ANALOG\S LEG5D AB\T ,*9A1 = EXAMPLE1 ASS]T+ ?AT ALL ! L& !RE HAD BE5 ! ,EMP]OR'S PROP]TY4 7,CF4 ! REFUTATION ( ?IS LEG5D BY ,DR4 ,O4 ,FRANKE1 ,DIE ,RE*TSV]HALTNISSE AM ,GRUNDEIG5TUM 9 ,*9A1 #a#i#c47 

7#b7 ',! P>TITIONS ( 9H]ITANCES & EXECUTION = DEBT LEVI$ ON L& >E DE/ROY+ ! COMMUNITIES - ?IS IS ! =MULA HE>D N[ADAYS EV]Y:]E 9 ,9DIA' 7,H5RY ,MA9E1 OP4 CIT41 P4#a#a#c74 

7#c7 ,?IS VIEW ( ,BRITI% COLONIAL POLICY1 EXP\ND$ E4G4 BY ,LORD ,ROB]TS ( ,K&AH> 7= MANY YE>S A REPRES5TATIVE ( ,BRITI% P[] 9 ,9DIA7 IS TYPICAL4 ,HE CAN GIVE NO O!R EXPLANATION = ! ,SEPOY ,MUT9Y ?AN M]E 'MISUND]/&+S' ( ! PAT]NAL 9T5TIONS ( ! ,BRITI% RUL]S4 

'444 ! ALLEG$ UNFAIRNESS ( :AT WAS KN[N 9 ,9DIA AS ! L& SETTLEM5T1 UND] :I* SY/EM ! RI<T & TITLE ( EA* L&HOLD] TO HIS PROP]TY WAS EXAM9$1 & ! AM\NT ( REV5UE TO BE PAID BY HIM TO ! P>AM\NT ,P[]1 AS [N] ( ! SOIL1 WAS REGULAT$ 444 AS PEACE & ORD] W]E E/ABLI%$1 ! SY/EM ( L& REV5UE1 :I* HAD BE5 5=C$ 9 AN EXTREMELY OPPRESSIVE & CORRUPT MANN] UND] SUCCESSIVE ,NATIVE ,RUL]S & DYNA/IES1 HAD TO BE 9VE/IGAT$ & REVIS$4 ,) ?IS OBJECT 9 VIEW1 SURVEYS W]E MADE1 & 9QUIRIES 9/ITUT$ 9TO ! RI<TS ( [N]%IP & OCCUPANCY1 ! RESULT BE+ ?AT 9 MANY CASES IT WAS F\ND ?AT FAMILIES ( POSITION & 9FLU5CE HAD EI!R APPROPRIAT$ ! PROP]TY ( !IR HUMBL] NEI<BORS1 OR EVAD$ AN ASSESSM5T PROPORTIONATE TO ! VALUE ( !IR E/ATES4 ,AL?\< !SE 9QUIRIES W]E C>RI$ \T3 ) ! BE/ 9T5TIONS1 !Y W]E EXTREMELY DI/A/EFUL TO ! HI<] CLASSES1 :ILE !Y FAIL$ TO CONCILIATE ! MASSES4 ,! RUL+ FAMILIES DEEPLY RES5T$ \R 5DEAVORS TO 9TRODUCE AN EQUITABLE DET]M9ATION ( RI<TS & ASSESSM5T ( L& REV5UE 444 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AL?\< ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION GREATLY B5EFIT$ BY \R RULE1 !Y C\LD NOT REALIZE ! B5EVOL5T 9T5TIONS ( A ,GOV]NM5T :I* TRI$ TO ELEVATE !IR POSITION & IMPROVE !IR PROSPECTS' 7,=TY ,ONE ,YE>S 9 ,9DIA1 ,LONDON #a#i#e1 P4#b#c#c74 

7#d7 ,9 HIS ,MAXIMS ON ,GOV]NM5T 7TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,P]SIAN 9TO ,5GLI% 9 #a#g#h#c71 ,TIMUR SAYS3 

',& ,I COMM&$ ?AT !Y %\LD BUILD PLACES ( WOR%IP1 & MONA/]IES 9 EV]Y CITY2 & ?AT !Y %\LD ]ECT /RUCTURES = ! RECEPTION ( TRAVEL]S ON ! HI< ROADS1 & ?AT !Y %\LD MAKE BRIDGES ACROSS ! RIV]S4 

',& ,I COMM&$ ?AT ! RU9$ BRIDGES %\LD BE REPAIR$2 & ?AT BRIDGES %\LD BE CON/RUCT$ OV] ! RIVULETS1 & OV] ! RIV]S2 & ?AT ON ! ROADS1 AT ! DI/ANCE ( ONE /AGE FROM EA* O!R1 ,KAURUWANS>AI %\LD BE ]ECT$2 & ?AT GU>DS & WAT*M5 %\LD BE /ATION$ ON ! ROAD1 & ?AT 9 EV]Y ,KAURUWANS>AI PEOPLE %\LD BE APPO9T$ TO RESIDE 444 

',& ,I ORDA9$1 :OEV] UND]TOOK ! CULTIVATION ( WA/E L&S1 OR BUILT AN AQU$UCT1 OR MADE A CANAL1 OR PLANT$ A GROVE1 OR RE/OR$ TO CULTURE A DES]T$ DI/RICT1 ?AT 9 ! FIR/ YE> NO?+ %\LD BE TAK5 FROM HIM1 & ?AT 9 ! SECOND YE>1 :ATEV] ! SUBJECT VOLUNT>ILY (F]$ %\LD BE RECEIV$1 & ?AT 9 ! ?IRD YE>1 DUTIES %\LD BE COLLECT$ ACCORD+ TO ! REGULATION' 7,JAMES ,MILL1 OP4 CIT41 VOL4II1 PP4#d#i#h74 

7#e7 ,C\NT ,W>R51 ,DE L',ETAT MORAL DE LA POPULATION 9DIG5E4 ,QUOT$ BY ,KOVALEVSKI1 OP4 CIT41 P4#a#f#d4 

7#f7,HI/ORICAL & ,DESCRIPTIVE ,ACC\NT ( ,BRITI% ,9DIA FROM ! MO/ REMOTE P]IOD TO ! CONCLUSION ( ! ,AF<AN W> BY ,HU< ,MURRAY1 ,JAMES ,WILSON1 ,GREVILLE1 ,PR(ESSOR ,JAMESON1 ,WILLIAM ,WALLACE & ,CAPTA9 ,DALRYMPLE 7,$9BUR<1 #d? $ITION1 #a#h#d#c71 VOL4II1 P4#d#b#g4 ,QUOT$ BY ,KOVALEVSKI1 OP4 CIT4 

7#g7 ,VICTOR V4 ,LEYD51 ,AGR>V]FASSUNG UND ,GRUND/EU] 9 ,BRITIS* ,O/9DI51 ,JAHRB F4 ,GES41 ,V]W4 U4 ,VOLKSW41 VOL4XXXVI1 NO4#d1 P4#a#h#e#e4 

7#h7 ',:5 DY+1 ! FA!R ( ! FAMILY NE>LY ALWAYS ADVISES HIS *ILDR5 TO LIVE 9 UNITY1 ACCORD+ TO ! EXAMPLE ( !IR ELD]S4 ,?IS IS HIS LA/ EXHORTATION1 HIS DE>E/ WI%' 7,A4 ,HANOTAUX ET ,A4 ,LET\RNAUX1 ,LA ,KABYLIE ET LES ,C\TUMES ,KABYLES1 VOL4II1 #a#h#g#c1 ,DROIT ,CIVIL1 PP4#d#f#h-#g#c74 ,! AU?ORS1 BY ! WAY1 APPRAIS$ ?IS IMPRESSIVE DESCRIPTION ( COMMUNISM 9 ! CLAN ) ?IS PECULI> S5T5CE3 

',)9 ! 9DU/RI\S FOLD ( ! FAMILY ASSOCIATION1 ALL >E UNIT$ 9 A COMMON PURPOSE1 ALL WORK = ! G5]AL 9T]E/ - BUT NO ONE GIVES UP HIS FRE$OM OR R5\NCES HIS H]$IT>Y RI<TS4 ,9 NO O!R NATION DOES ! ORGANIZATION APPROA* SO CLOSELY TO EQUALITY1 BE+ YET SO F> REMOV$ FROM COMMUNISM4' 

7#i7 ',WE MU/ LOSE NO TIME 9 DISSOLV+ ! FAMILY ASSOCIATIONS1 S9CE !Y >E ! LEV] ( ALL OPPOSITION AGA9/ \R RULE' 7,DEPUTY ,DIDI] 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ( #a#h#e#a74 

7#a7 ,QUOT$ BY ,KOVALEVSKI1 OP4 CIT41 P4#b#a#g4 ,S9CE ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 ( C\RSE1 IT HAD BECOME ! FA%ION 9 ,FRANCE TO DUB ALL OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T AN OP5 OR COV]T DEF5SE ( FEUDALISM4 

7#a#a7 ,G4 ,ANTON1 ,NEU]E ,AGR>POLITIK 9 ,ALG]I5 UND ,TUNESI51 ,JAHRB F4 ,GESETZGEBUNG1 ,V]WALTUNG UND ,VOLKSWIRTS*AFT 7#a#i71 PP4#a#c#d#aFF4 

7#a#b7 ,ON ,JUNE #b1 #a#i#a#b1 ,M4 ,ALB9 ,ROZET1 ON BEHALF ( ! ,COMMISSION = ! ,RE=M ( ! ',9DIG5AT' 7,ADM9I/RATIVE ,JU/ICE7 9 ,ALG]IA1 /AT$ 9 HIS SPEE* TO ! ,FR5* ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES ?AT ?\S&S ( ,ALG]IANS W]E MIGRAT+ FROM ! ,SETIF DI/RICT1 & ?AT #a1#b NATIVES HAD EMIGRAT$ FROM ,TLEMC5 DUR+ ! LA/ YE>1 !IR DE/9ATION BE+ ,SYRIA4 ,ONE IMMIGRANT WROTE FROM HIS NEW HOME3 ',I HAVE N[ SETTL$ 9 ,DAMASCUS & AM P]FECTLY HAPPY4 ,!RE >E MANY ,ALG]IANS H]E 9 ,SYRIA :O1 LIKE ME1 HAVE EMIGRAT$4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAS GIV5 US L& & FACILITIES TO CULTIVATE IT4' ,! ,ALG]IAN GOV]NM5T COMBATS ?IS EXODUS - BY D5Y+ PASSPORTS TO PROSPECTIVE EMIGRANTS4 7,CF4 ,J\RNAL ,(FICIEL1 ,JUNE #b#a1 #a#i#a#b1 PP4#a#e#i#dFF47 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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