,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #bf 
,! ,HI/ORICAL ,CONDITIONS ( ,ACCUMULATION3 ,! ,REPRODUCTION ( ,CAPITAL & ,ITS ,SOCIAL ,SETT+ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,M,>,X',S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION CANNOT EXPLA9 ! ACTUAL & HI/ORICAL PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,& :Y8 ,BECAUSE ( ! V]Y PREMISES ( ! DIAGRAM4 ,! DIAGRAM SETS \T TO DESCRIBE ! ACCUMULATIVE PROCESS ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! CAPITALI/S & WORK]S >E ! SOLE AG5TS ( CAPITALI/ CONSUMPTION4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ,M>X CONSI/5TLY & DELIB]ATELY ASSUMES ! UNIV]SAL & EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION AS A !ORETICAL PREMISE ( HIS ANALYSIS 9 ALL ?REE VOLUMES ( ,CAPITAL4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 !RE CAN ADMITT$LY BE NO O!R CLASSES ( SOCIETY ?AN CAPITALI/S & WORK]S2 AS ! DIAGRAM HAS IT1 ALL '?IRD P]SONS' ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY - CIVIL S]VANTS1 ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS1 ! CL]GY1 ETC4 - MU/1 AS CONSUM]S1 BE C\NT$ 9 ) !SE TWO CLASSES1 & PREF]ABLY ) ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,?IS AXIOM1 H[EV]1 IS A !ORETICAL CONTRIVANCE - REAL LIFE HAS NEV] KN[N A SELF-SUFFICI5T CAPITALI/ SOCIETY UND] ! EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS !ORETICAL DEVICE IS P]FECTLY ADMISSIBLE SO LONG AS IT M]ELY HELPS TO DEMON/RATE ! PROBLEM 9 ITS 9TEGRITY & DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) ITS V]Y CONDITIONS4 ,A CASE 9 PO9T IS ! ANALYSIS ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL CAPITAL1 :]E ! PROBLEM ITSELF RE/S UPON A FICTION3 9 A SOCIETY PRODUC+ BY CAPITALI/ ME?ODS1 I4E4 A SOCIETY :I* CREATES SURPLUS VALUE1 ! :OLE ( ! LATT] IS TAK5 TO BE CONSUM$ BY ! CAPITALI/S :O APPROPRIATE IT4 ,! OBJECT IS TO PRES5T ! =MS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION UND] !SE GIV5 CONDITIONS4 ,H]E ! V]Y =MULATION ( ! PROBLEM IMPLIES ?AT PRODUCTION KN[S NO O!R CONSUM]S ?AN CAPITALI/S & WORK]S & ?US /RICTLY CON=MS TO ,M>X'S PREMISE3 UNIV]SAL & EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( BO? FICTIONS >E ! SAME4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IT IS QUITE LEGITIMATE TO PO/ULATE ABSOLUTE DOM9ANCE ( CAPITAL 9 AN ANALYSIS ( ! ACCUMULATION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS1 SU* AS IS GIV5 9 ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME I4 ,! REPRODUCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS IS AN ELEM5T 9 TOTAL SOCIAL REPRODUCTION BUT ONE :I* FOLL[S AN 9DEP5D5T C\RSE1 CONTR>Y TO ! MOVEM5TS ( ! O!R ELEM5TS4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE IT WILL NOT DO SIMPLY TO TAKE TOGE!R ! 9DIVIDUAL MOVEM5TS ( ! RESPECTIVE CAPITALS 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT ! TOTAL MOVEM5T ( SOCIAL CAPITAL1 S9CE ! LATT] IS ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T4 ,! NATURAL CONDITIONS ( REPRODUC+ 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS !RE=E NEI!R CON=M ) ONE ANO!R1 NOR DO !Y CON=M TO ! RELATIONS ( ! TOTAL CAPITAL4 ,UND] NORMAL CONDITIONS ( CIRCULATION1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL 5GAGES 9 ! PROCESS ( CIRCULATION & ( ACCUMULATION 5TIRELY ON ITS [N ACC\NT1 DEP5D+ UPON O!RS ONLY 9 SO F>1 ( C\RSE1 AS IT IS COMPELL$ TO F9D A M>KET = ITS PRODUCT & MU/ F9D AVAILABLE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IT REQUIRES = ITS SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES4 ,:E!R ! /RATA :O AF=D ?IS M>KET & PROVIDE ! NECESS>Y MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E !MSELVES CAPITALI/ PRODUC]S OR NOT IS COMPLETELY IMMAT]IAL = ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL1 AL?\<1 9 !ORY1 ! MO/ FAVORABLE PREMISE = ANALYZ+ ! ACCUMULATION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL IS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS ATTA9$ UNIV]SAL & EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION & IS ! SOLE SETT+ ( ?IS PROCESS47#a7 

,N[1 H[EV]1 ! QUE/ION >ISES :E!R ! ASSUMPTIONS :I* W]E DECISIVE 9 ! CASE ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL1 >E ALSO LEGITIMATE = ! CONSID]ATION ( AGGREGATE CAPITAL4 

',WE MU/ N[ PUT ! PROBLEM 9 ?IS =M3 GIV5 UNIV]SAL ACCUMULATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY PROVID$ ?AT 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION !RE IS GREAT] OR LESS ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL - :I* 9 FACT IS A CONDITION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & :I* IS JU/ AS NATURAL TO ! CAPITALI/ QUA CAPITALI/ AS IT IS NATURAL TO ! MIS] TO AMASS MONEY 7BUT :I* IS ALSO NECESS>Y = ! P]PETUATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION7 - :AT >E ! CONDITIONS ( ?IS UNIV]SAL ACCUMULATION1 TO :AT ELEM5TS CAN IT BE R$UC$8' 

,& ! ANSW]3 

',! CONDITIONS = ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL >E PRECISELY ?OSE :I* RULE ITS ORIG9AL PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION 9 G5]AL3 !SE CONDITIONS BE+ ?AT ONE P>T ( ! MONEY BUYS LABOR & ! O!R COMMODITIES 7RAW MAT]IALS1 MA*9]Y1 ETC47 444 ,ACCUMULATION ( NEW CAPITAL CAN ONLY PROCE$ !RE=E UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS UND] :I* ALREADY EXI/+ CAPITAL IS REPRODUC$4'7#b7 

,9 REAL LIFE ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS = ! ACCUMULATION ( ! AGGREGATE CAPITAL >E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE PREVAIL+ = 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS & = SIMPLE REPRODUCTION4 ,! PROBLEM AM\NTS TO ?IS3 ,IF AN 9CREAS+ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS NOT CONSUM$ BY ! CAPITALI/S BUT EMPLOY$ 9 ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION1 :AT1 !N1 >E ! =MS ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION8 ,:AT IS LEFT ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AFT] D$UCTIONS = ! REPLACEM5T ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL CANNOT1 EX HYPO!SI1 BE ABSORB$ BY ! CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK]S & CAPITALI/S - ?IS BE+ ! MA9 ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM - NOR CAN ! WORK]S & CAPITALI/S !MSELVES REALIZE ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT4 ,!Y CAN ALWAYS ONLY REALIZE ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 ?AT P>T ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL :I* WILL BE US$ UP1 & ! P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE :I* WILL BE CONSUM$1 BUT 9 ?IS WAY !Y M]ELY 5SURE ?AT PRODUCTION CAN BE R5EW$ ON ITS PREVI\S SCALE4 ,! WORK]S & CAPITALI/S !MSELVES CANNOT POSSIBLY REALIZE ?AT P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE - :I* IS TO BE CAPITALIZ$4 ,!RE=E1 ! REALIZATION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE = ! PURPOSES ( ACCUMULATION IS AN IMPOSSIBLE TASK = A SOCIETY :I* CONSI/S SOLELY ( WORK]S & CAPITALI/S4 ,/RANGELY 5\<1 ALL !ORI/S :O ANALYZ$ ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION1 FROM ,RIC>DO & ,SISMONDI TO ,M>X1 />T$ ) ! V]Y ASSUMPTION :I* MAKES !IR PROBLEM 9SOLUBLE4 ,A SURE 9/9CT ?AT REALIZATION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE REQUIRES '?IRD P]SONS'1 ?AT IS TO SAY CONSUM]S O!R ?AN ! IMM$IATE AG5TS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 7I4E4 WORK]S & CAPITALI/S7 L$ TO ALL K9DS ( SUBT]FUGES3 'UNPRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION' AS PRES5T$ BY ,MAL?US 9 ! P]SON ( ! FEUDAL L&[N]1 BY ,VORONTSOV 9 MILIT>ISM1 BY ,/RUVE 9 ! 'LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS' & O!R HANG]S-ON ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS2 OR ELSE =EIGN TRADE IS BR\<T 9TO PLAY :I* PROV$ A USEFUL SAFETY VALVE TO ALL ?OSE :O REG>D$ ACCUMULATION ) SKEPTICISM1 FROM ,SISMONDI TO ,NIKOLAYON4 ,BECAUSE ( !SE 9SOLUBLE DIFFICULTIES1 O!RS LIKE V4 ,KIR*MANN & ,RODB]TUS TRI$ TO DO )\T ACCUMULATION ALTOGE!R1 OR1 LIKE ,SISMONDI & HIS ,RUSSIAN 'POPULI/' FOLL[]S1 /RESS$ ! NE$ = AT LEA/ PUTT+ ! DAMP]S ON ACCUMULATION AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4 

,! SALI5T FEATURE ( ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION1 & ! VULN]ABLE PO9T ( E>LI] ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE IT1 HAS ONLY BE5 %[N UP BY ,M>X'S MORE PR(\ND ANALYSIS1 HIS PRECISE DIAGRAMMATIC DEMON/RATION ( ! TOTAL REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 & ESPECIALLY HIS 9SPIR$ EXPOSITION ( ! PROBLEM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION4 ,YET HE C\LD NOT SUPPLY IMM$IATELY A F9I%$ SOLUTION EI!R1 P>TLY BECAUSE HE BROKE (F HIS ANALYSIS ALMO/ AS SOON AS HE HAD BEGUN IT1 & P>TLY BECAUSE HE WAS !N PREOCCUPI$1 AS WE HAVE %[N1 ) D5\NC+ ! ANALYSIS ( ,ADAM ,SMI? & ?US RA!R LO/ SI<T ( ! MA9 PROBLEM4 ,9 FACT1 HE MADE ! SOLUTION EV5 MORE DIFFICULT BY ASSUM+ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION TO PREVAIL UNIV]SALLY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 A SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION1 9 H>MONY BO? ) O!R P>TS ( ,M>X'S DOCTR9E & ) ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE & DAILY PRACTICE ( CAPITALISM1 IS IMPLI$ 9 ,M>X'S COMPLETE ANALYSIS ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION & HIS *>ACT]IZATION ( ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS AS A :OLE :I* %[S UP ITS IMMAN5T CONTRADICTIONS & !IR DEVELOPM5T 79 ,CAPITAL1 VOL4III74 ,9 ! LI<T ( ?IS1 ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! DIAGRAM CAN BE CORRECT$4 ,ALL ! RELATIONS BE+1 AS IT W]E1 9COMPLETE1 A CLOS] /UDY ( ! DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION WILL REVEAL ?AT IT PO9TS TO SOME SORT ( ORGANIZATION MORE ADVANC$ ?AN PURELY CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ACCUMULATION4 

,UP TO N[ WE HAVE ONLY CONSID]$ ONE ASPECT ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 ! PROBLEM ( REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE1 :OSE DIFFICULTIES HI!RTO HAD CLAIM$ ! SKEPTICS' :OLE ATT5TION4 ,REALIZATION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS D\BTLESS A VITAL QUE/ION ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,IT REQUIRES AS ITS PRIME CONDITION - IGNOR+1 = SIMPLICITY'S SAKE1 ! CAPITALI/S' FUND ( CONSUMPTION ALTOGE!R - ?AT !RE %\LD BE /RATA ( BUY]S \TSIDE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BUY]S1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 NOT CONSUM]S1 S9CE ! MAT]IAL =M ( ! SURPLUS VALUE IS QUITE IRRELEVANT TO ITS REALIZATION4 ,! DECISIVE FACT IS ?AT ! SURPLUS VALUE CANNOT BE REALIZ$ BY SALE EI!R TO WORK]S OR TO CAPITALI/S1 BUT ONLY IF IT IS SOLD TO SU* SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OR /RATA :OSE [N MODE ( PRODUCTION IS NOT CAPITALI/IC4 ,H]E WE CAN CONCEIVE ( TWO DIFF]5T CASES3 

,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION SUPPLIES CONSUM] GOODS OV] & ABOVE ITS [N REQUIREM5TS1 ! DEM& ( ITS WORK]S & CAPITALI/S1 :I* >E B\<T BY NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA & C\NTRIES4 ,! ,5GLI% COTTON 9DU/RY1 = 9/ANCE1 DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO-?IRDS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & TO SOME EXT5T EV5 N[1 HAS BE5 SUPPLY+ COTTON TEXTILES TO ! PEASANTS & PETTY-B\RGEOIS T[NSPEOPLE ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T1 & TO ! PEASANTS ( ,9DIA1 ,AM]ICA1 ,AFRICA & SO ON4 ,! 5ORM\S EXPANSION ( ! ,5GLI% COTTON 9DU/RY WAS ?US F\ND$ ON CONSUMPTION BY NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA & C\NTRIES47#c7 ,9 ,5GL& H]SELF2 ?IS FL\RI%+ COTTON 9DU/RY CALL$ =? L>GE-SCALE DEVELOPM5T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL MA*9]Y 7BOBB9S & WEAV+-LOOMS71 & FUR!R 9 ! METAL & COAL 9DU/RIES & SO ON4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I REALIZ$ ITS PRODUCTS TO AN 9CREAS+ EXT5T BY SALE TO NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL /RATA1 & BY ITS [N ACCUMULATION IT CREAT$ ON ITS P>T AN 9CREAS+ DEM& = ! HOME PRODUCE ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I1 ?US HELP+ ! LATT] TO REALIZE ITS SURPLUS VALUE & TO 9CREASE ITS [N ACCUMULATION4 

,CONV]SELY1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION SUPPLIES MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 EXCESS ( ITS [N DEM& & F9DS BUY]S 9 NON-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,5GLI% 9DU/RY1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SUPPLI$ MAT]IALS = ! CON/RUCTION ( RAILROADS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN & ,AU/RALIAN /ATES4 7,! BUILD+ ( RAILWAYS CANNOT 9 ITSELF BE TAK5 AS EVID5CE = ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 A C\NTRY4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! RAILWAYS 9 ?IS CASE PROVID$ ONLY ONE ( ! FIR/ CONDITIONS = ! 9AUGURATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION47 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE W\LD BE ! ,G]MAN *EMICAL 9DU/RY :I* SUPPLIES MEANS ( PRODUCTION SU* AS DYES 9 GREAT QUANTITIES TO ,ASIATIC1 ,AFRICAN & O!R C\NTRIES :OSE [N PRODUCTION IS NOT CAPITALI/IC47#d7 ,H]E ,DEP>TM5T ,I REALIZES ITS PRODUCTS 9 EXTRA-CAPITALI/ CIRCLES4 ,! RESULT+ PROGRESSIVE EXPANSION ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I GIVES RISE TO A CORRESPOND+ EXPANSION ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I 9 ! SAME 7CAPITALI/ICALLY PRODUC+7 C\NTRY 9 ORD] TO SUPPLY ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! GR[+ >MY ( WORK]S 9 ,DEP>TM5T ,I4 

,EA* ( !SE CASES DIFF]S FROM ,M>X'S DIAGRAM4 ,9 ONE CASE1 ! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I EXCE$S ! NE$S ( BO? DEP>TM5TS1 MEASUR$ BY ! V>IABLE CAPITAL & ! CONSUM$ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 ! SECOND CASE1 ! PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I EXCE$S ! VOLUME ( CON/ANT CAPITAL 9 BO? DEP>TM5TS1 5L>G$ ?\< IT IS = ! PURPOSE ( EXP&+ PRODUCTION4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! SURPLUS VALUE DOES NOT COME 9TO BE+ 9 ?AT NATURAL =M :I* W\LD MAKE ITS CAPITALIZATION 9 EI!R DEP>TM5T POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y4 ,!SE TWO PROTOTYPES CONT9UALLY OV]LAP 9 REAL LIFE1 SUPPLEM5T EA* O!R & M]GE4 

,9 ?IS CONTE/1 ONE PO9T SEEMS /ILL OBSCURE4 ,! SURPLUS ( CONSUM] GOODS1 SAY COTTON FABRICS1 :I* IS SOLD TO NON-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 DOES NOT EXCLUSIVELY REPRES5T SURPLUS VALUE1 BUT1 AS A CAPITALI/ COMMODITY1 IT EMBODIES ALSO CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,IT SEEMS QUITE >BITR>Y TO ASSUME ?AT JU/ ?OSE COMMODITIES :I* >E SOLD \TSIDE ! CAPITALI/ /RATA ( SOCIETY %\LD REPRES5T NO?+ BUT SURPLUS VALUE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I CLE>LY CAN 9 ?IS CASE NOT ONLY REALIZE ITS SURPLUS VALUE BUT ALSO ACCUMULATE1 & ?AT )\T REQUIR+ ANO!R M>KET = ITS PRODUCT ?AN ! TWO DEP>TM5TS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,YET BO? !SE OBJECTIONS >E ONLY APP>5T4 ,ALL WE NE$ REMEMB] IS ?AT EA* COMPON5T ( ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT REPRES5TS A PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL VALUE1 ?AT UND] CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION NOT ONLY ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT BUT EV]Y S+LE COMMODITY CONTA9S SURPLUS VALUE2 :I* CONSID]ATION DOES NOT PREV5T ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/1 H[EV]1 FROM COMPUT+ ?AT ! SALE ( HIS SPECIFIC COMMODITIES MU/ FIR/ REIMBURSE HIM = HIS \TLAY ON CON/ANT CAPITAL & SECONDLY REPLACE HIS V>IABLE CAPITAL 7OR1 RA!R LOOSELY1 BUT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ACTUAL PRACTICE3 IT MU/ FIR/ REPLACE HIS FIX$1 & !N HIS CIRCULAT+ CAPITAL72 :AT !N REMA9S WILL GO D[N AS PR(IT4 ,SIMIL>LY1 WE CAN DIVIDE ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL PRODUCT 9TO ?REE PROPORTIONATE P>TS :I*1 9 T]MS ( VALUE1 CORRESPOND TO 7#a7 ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ?AT HAS BE5 US$ UP 9 SOCIETY1 7#b7 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 & 7#c7 ! EXTRACT$ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 ! CASE ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION !SE PROPORTIONS >E ALSO REFLECT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL %APE ( ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT3 ! CON/ANT CAPITAL MAT]IALIZES AS MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL AS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S1 & ! SURPLUS VALUE AS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! CAPITALI/4 ,YET AS WE KN[1 ! CONCEPT ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ) CONSUMPTION ( ! 5TIRE SURPLUS VALUE BY ! CAPITALI/S IS A M]E FICTION4 ,AS = 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION OR ACCUMULATION1 9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ! COMPOSITION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 9 T]MS ( VALUE IS ALSO /RICTLY 9 PROPORTION TO ITS MAT]IAL =M ! SURPLUS VALUE1 OR RA!R ?AT P>T ( IT :I* IS E>M>K$ = CAPITALIZATION1 HAS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ! =M ( MAT]IAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION & MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S 9 A RATIO APPROPRIATE TO ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION ON A GIV5 TE*NICAL BASIS4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ?IS CONCEPTION1 :I* IS BAS$ UPON ! SELF-SUFFICI5CY & ISOLATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 FALLS D[N AS SOON AS WE CONSID] ! REALIZATION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IF WE ASSUME1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SURPLUS VALUE IS REALIZ$ \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 !N ITS MAT]IAL =M IS 9DEP5D5T ( ! REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,ITS MAT]IAL =M CON=MS TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ?OSE NON-CAPITALI/ CIRCLES :O HELP TO REALIZE IT1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 CAPITALI/ SURPLUS VALUE CAN TAKE ! =M ( CONSUM] GOODS1 E4G4 COTTON FABRICS1 OR ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 E4G4 MAT]IALS = RAILWAY CON/RUCTION1 AS ! CASE MAY BE4 ,IF ONE DEP>TM5T REALIZES ITS SURPLUS VALUE BY EXPORT+ ITS PRODUCTS1 & ) ! 5SU+ EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION HELPS ! O!R DEP>TM5T TO REALIZE ITS SURPLUS VALUE ON ! HOME M>KET1 !N ! FACT /ILL REMA9S ?AT ! SOCIAL SURPLUS VALUE MU/ YET BE TAK5 AS REALIZ$ \TSIDE ! TWO DEP>TM5TS1 EI!R M$IATELY OR IMM$IATELY4 ,SIMIL> CONSID]ATIONS 5ABLE ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ TO REALIZE HIS SURPLUS VALUE1 EV5 IF ! :OLE ( HIS COMMODITIES CAN ONLY REPLACE EI!R ! V>IABLE OR ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ANO!R CAPITALI/4 

,NOR IS ! REALIZATION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE ! ONLY VITAL ASPECT ( REPRODUCTION4 ,GIV5 ?AT ,DEP>TM5T ,I HAS DISPOS$ ( ITS SURPLUS VALUE \TSIDE1 !REBY />T+ ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION1 & FUR!R1 ?AT IT CAN EXPECT A NEW 9CREASE 9 ! DEM& 9 NON-CAPITALI/ CIRCLES1 !SE TWO CONDITIONS ADD UP TO ONLY HALF ( :AT IS REQUIR$ = ACCUMULATION4 ,!RE IS MANY A SLIP TWIXT ! CUP & ! LIP4 ,! SECOND REQUIREM5T ( ACCUMULATION IS ACCESS TO MAT]IAL ELEM5TS NECESS>Y = EXP&+ REPRODUCTION4 ,SEE+ ?AT WE HAVE JU/ TURN$ ! SURPLUS PRODUCT ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I 9TO MONEY BY GETT+ RID ( ! SURPLUS MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO NON-CAPITALI/ CIRCLES1 FROM :]E >E !SE MAT]IAL ELEM5TS !N TO COME8 ,! TRANSACTION :I* IS ! PORTAL = REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE IS ALSO1 AS IT W]E1 A BACKDOOR \T ( :I* FLIES ALL POSSIBILITY ( CONV]T+ ?IS REALIZ$ SURPLUS VALUE 9TO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL - ONE LEADS TO ! NE!R REGIONS & ! O!R TO ! DEEP SEA4 ,LET US TAKE A CLOS] LOOK4 

,H]E WE USE C 9 BO? ,DEP>TM5TS ,I & ,I,I AS IF IT W]E ! 5TIRE CON/ANT CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION4 ,YET ?IS WE KN[ IS WRONG4 ,ONLY = ! SAKE ( SIMPLIFY+ ! DIAGRAM HAVE WE DISREG>D$ ?AT ! C :I* FIGURES 9 ,DEP>TM5TS ,I & ,I,I ( ! DIAGRAM IS ONLY P>T ( ! AGGREGATE CON/ANT CAPITAL ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT P>T :I*1 CIRCULAT+ DUR+ ONE YE>1 IS US$ UP & EMBODI$ 9 ! PRODUCTS ( ONE P]IOD ( PRODUCTION4 ,YET IT W\LD BE P]FECTLY ABSURD IF CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION - OR ANY O!R - W\LD USE UP ITS 5TIRE CON/ANT CAPITAL & CREATE IT ANEW 9 EV]Y P]IOD ( PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE ASSUME ?AT ! :OLE MASS ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 = ! P]IODICAL TOTAL R5EWAL ( :I* ! DIAGRAM PROVIDES 9 ANNUAL 9/ALLM5TS - R5EWAL ( ! US$-UP P>T - LIES AT ! BACK ( PRODUCTION AS PRES5T$ 9 ! DIAGRAM4 ,) PROGRESS+ LABOR PRODUCTIVITY & AN EXP&+ VOLUME ( PRODUCTION1 ?IS MASS 9CREASES NOT ONLY ABSOLUTELY BUT ALSO RELATIVELY TO ! P>T :I* IS CONSUM$ 9 PRODUCTION 9 EV]Y CASE1 TOGE!R ) A CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE 9 ! EFFICI5CY ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,IT IS ! MORE 9T5SIVE EXPLOITATION ( ?IS P>T ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS 9CREASE 9 VALUE1 :I* IS ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE = ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 

',9 ! EXTRACTIVE 9DU/RIES1 M9ES1 ETC41 ! RAW MAT]IALS =M NO P>T ( ! CAPITAL ADVANC$4 ,! SUBJECT ( LABOR IS 9 ?IS CASE NOT A PRODUCT ( PREVI\S LABOR1 BUT IS FURNI%$ BY ,NATURE GRATIS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( METALS1 M9]ALS2 COAL1 /ONE1 ETC4 ,9 !SE CASES ! CON/ANT CAPITAL CONSI/S ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ( 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 :I* CAN V]Y WELL ABSORB AN 9CREAS$ QUANTITY ( LABOR 7DAY & NI<T %IFTS ( LABOR]S1 E4G474 ,ALL O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 ! MASS & VALUE ( ! PRODUCT WILL RISE 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! LABOR EXP5D$4 ,AS ON ! FIR/ DAY ( PRODUCTION1 ! ORIG9AL PRODUCE-=M]S1 N[ TURN$ 9TO ! CREATORS ( ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS ( CAPITAL - MAN & ,NATURE - /ILL WORK TOGE!R4 ,?ANKS TO ! ELA/ICITY ( LABOR-P[]1 ! DOMA9 ( ACCUMULATION HAS EXT5D$ )\T ANY PREVI\S 5L>GEM5T ( CON/ANT CAPITAL4 - ,9 AGRICULTURE ! L& UND] CULTIVATION CANNOT BE 9CREAS$ )\T ! ADVANCE ( MORE SE$ & MANURE4 ,BUT ?IS ADVANCE ONCE MADE1 ! PURELY ME*ANICAL WORK+ ( ! SOIL ITSELF PRODUCES A M>VEL\S EFFECT ON ! AM\NT ( ! PRODUCT4 ,A GREAT] QUANTITY ( LABOR1 DONE BY ! SAME NUMB] ( LABOR]S AS BE=E1 ?US 9CREASES ! F]TILITY1 )\T REQUIR+ ANY NEW ADVANCE 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 ,IT IS ONCE AGA9 ! DIRECT ACTION ( MAN ON ,NATURE :I* BECOMES AN IMM$IATE S\RCE ( GREAT] ACCUMULATION1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ANY NEW CAPITAL4 ,F9ALLY1 9 :AT IS CALL$ MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY1 EV]Y ADDITIONAL EXP5DITURE ( LABOR PRESUPPOSES A CORRESPOND+ ADDITIONAL EXP5DITURE ( RAW MAT]IALS1 BUT NOT NECESS>ILY ( 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 ,& AS EXTRACTIVE 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE SUPPLY MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY ) ITS RAW MAT]IALS & ?OSE ( ITS 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 ! ADDITIONAL PRODUCT ! =M] HAVE CREAT$ )\T ADDITIONAL ADVANCE ( CAPITAL1 TELLS ALSO 9 FAVOR ( ! LATT]4 - ,G5]AL RESULT3 BY 9CORPORAT+ ) ITSELF ! TWO PRIM>Y CREATORS ( WEAL?1 LABOR-P[] & ! L&1 CAPITAL ACQUIRES A P[] ( EXPANSION ?AT P]MITS IT TO AUGM5T ! ELEM5TS ( ITS ACCUMULATION BEYOND ! LIMITS APP>5TLY FIX$ BY ITS [N MAGNITUDE1 OR BY ! VALUE & ! MASS ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ALREADY PRODUC$1 9 :I* IT HAS ITS BE+4'7#e7 

,9 ADDITION1 !RE IS NO OBVI\S REASON :Y MEANS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUM] GOODS %\LD BE PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ALONE4 ,?IS ASSUMPTION1 = ALL ,M>X US$ IT AS ! CORN]-/ONE ( HIS !SIS1 IS 9 CON=MITY NEI!R ) ! DAILY PRACTICE1 & ! HI/ORY1 ( CAPITAL1 NOR ) ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( ?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 A GREAT P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE 9 ,5GL& WAS PRODUC$ 9 =M ( COTTON FABRICS4 ,YET ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS = ! CAPITALIZATION ( ?IS SURPLUS VALUE1 AL?\< !Y C]TA9LY REPRES5T$ A SURPLUS PRODUCT1 /ILL W]E BY NO MEANS ALL CAPITALI/ SURPLUS VALUE1 TO M5TION ONLY RAW COTTON FROM ! SLAVE /ATES ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION1 OR GRA9 7A MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! ,5GLI% WORK]S7 FROM ! FIELDS ( S]F-[N+ ,RUSSIA4 ,H[ MU* CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION DEP5DS UPON MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* >E NOT PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ ME?ODS IS %[N = EXAMPLE BY ! COTTON CRISIS 9 ,5GL& DUR+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,W> ( ,SECESSION1 :5 ! CULTIVATION ( ! PLANTATIONS CAME TO A /&/ILL1 OR BY ! CRISIS ( ,EUROPEAN L95 WEAV+ DUR+ ! W> 9 ! ,EA/1 :5 FLAX C\LD NOT BE IMPORT$ FROM S]F-[N+ ,RUSSIA4 ,WE NE$ ONLY RECALL ?AT IMPORTS ( CORN RAIS$ BY PEASANTS - I4E4 NOT PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ ME?ODS - PLAY$ A VITAL P>T 9 ! FE$+ ( 9DU/RIAL LABOR1 AS AN ELEM5T1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( V>IABLE CAPITAL1 = A FUR!R ILLU/RATION ( ! CLOSE TIES BETWE5 NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA & ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS NECESS>Y TO ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,MOREOV]1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 CANNOT BE RE/RICT$ TO SU* MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS >E PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ ME?ODS4 ,*EAP ELEM5TS ( CON/ANT CAPITAL >E ESS5TIAL TO ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ :O /RIVES TO 9CREASE HIS RATE ( PR(IT4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! V]Y CONDITION ( CONT9U\S IMPROVEM5TS 9 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ME?OD ( 9CREAS+ ! RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE1 IS UNRE/RICT$ UTILIZATION ( ALL SUB/ANCES & FACILITIES AF=D$ BY NATURE & SOIL4 ,TO TOL]ATE ANY RE/RICTION 9 ?IS RESPECT W\LD BE CONTR>Y TO ! V]Y ESS5CE ( CAPITAL1 ITS :OLE MODE ( EXI/5CE4 ,AFT] MANY C5TURIES ( DEVELOPM5T1 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION /ILL CON/ITUTES ONLY A FRAGM5T ( TOTAL WORLD PRODUCTION4 ,EV5 9 ! SMALL ,CONT95T ( ,EUROPE1 :]E IT N[ *IEFLY PREVAILS1 IT HAS NOT YET SUCCE$$ 9 DOM9AT+ 5TIRE BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 SU* AS PEASANT AGRICULTURE & ! 9DEP5D5T H&ICRAFTS2 ! SAME HOLDS TRUE1 FUR!R1 = L>GE P>TS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & = A NUMB] ( REGIONS 9 ! O!R CONT95TS4 ,9 G5]AL1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS HI!RTO BE5 CONF9$ MA9LY TO ! C\NTRIES 9 ! TEMP]ATE ZONE1 :IL/ IT MADE COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE PROGRESS 9 ! ,EA/1 = 9/ANCE1 & ! ,S\?4 ,?US1 IF IT W]E DEP5D5T EXCLUSIVELY1 ON ELEM5TS ( PRODUCTION OBTA9ABLE )9 SU* N>R[ LIMITS1 ITS PRES5T LEVEL & 9DE$1 ITS DEVELOPM5T 9 G5]AL W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 ! =MS & LAWS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AIM TO COMPRISE ! 5TIRE GLOBE AS A /ORE ( PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,CAPITAL1 IMPELL$ TO APPROPRIATE PRODUCTIVE =CES = PURPOSES ( EXPLOITATION1 RANSACKS ! :OLE WORLD1 IT PROCURES ITS MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ALL CORN]S ( ! E>?1 SEIZ+ !M1 IF NECESS>Y BY =CE1 FROM ALL LEVELS ( CIVILIZATION & FROM ALL =MS ( SOCIETY4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 F> FROM BE+ SOLV$ BY ! MAT]IAL =M ( ! SURPLUS VALUE ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$1 TAKES ON QUITE A DIFF]5T ASPECT4 ,IT BECOMES NECESS>Y = CAPITAL PROGRESSIVELY TO DISPOSE EV] MORE FULLY ( ! :OLE GLOBE1 TO ACQUIRE AN UNLIMIT$ *OICE ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ) REG>D TO BO? QUALITY & QUANTITY1 SO AS TO F9D PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYM5T = ! SURPLUS VALUE IT HAS REALIZ$4 

,! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION1 ELA/IC & SPASMODIC AS IT IS1 REQUIRES 9EVITABLY FREE ACCESS TO EV] NEW >EAS ( RAW MAT]IALS 9 CASE ( NE$1 BO? :5 IMPORTS FROM OLD S\RCES FALL OR :5 SOCIAL DEM& SUDD5LY 9CREASES4 ,:5 ! ,W> ( ,SECESSION 9T]F]$ ) ! IMPORT ( ,AM]ICAN COTTON1 CAUS+ ! NOTORI\S 'COTTON FAM9E' 9 ! ,LANCA%IRE DI/RICT1 NEW & IMM5SE COTTON PLANTATIONS SPRANG UP 9 ,EGYPT ALMO/ AT ONCE1 AS IF BY MAGIC4 ,H]E IT WAS ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM1 COMB9$ ) AN ANCI5T SY/EM ( BONDAGE1 :I* HAD CREAT$ A SPH]E ( ACTIVITY = ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL4 ,ONLY CAPITAL ) ITS TE*NICAL RES\RCES CAN EFFECT SU* A MIRACUL\S *ANGE 9 SO %ORT A TIME - BUT ONLY ON ! PRE-CAPITALI/ SOIL ( MORE PRIMITIVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS CAN IT DEVELOP ! ASC5DANCY NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE SU* MIRACLES4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ! SAME K9D IS ! 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 ! WORLD CONSUMPTION ( RUBB] :I* AT PRES5T 7#a#i#a#b7 NECESSITATES A SUPPLY ( LATEX TO ! VALUE ( ,G,B,P#e11 P] ANNUM4 ,! ECONOMIC BASIS = ! PRODUCTION ( RAW MAT]IALS IS A PRIMITIVE SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION PRACTIC$ BY ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL 9 ! ,AFRICAN COLONIES & 9 ,AM]ICA2 :]E ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SLAV]Y & BONDAGE >E COMB9$ 9 V>I\S =MS47#f7 

,BETWE5 ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 !N1 & ! SUBSEQU5T P]IOD ( ACCUMULATION1 TWO SEP>ATE TRANSACTIONS TAKE PLACE - ?AT ( REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE1 I4E4 ( CONV]T+ IT 9TO PURE VALUE1 & ?AT ( TRANS=M+ ?IS PURE VALUE 9TO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL4 ,!Y >E BO? DEAL+S BETWE5 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ! SURR\ND+ NON-CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,FROM ! ASPECT BO? ( REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE & ( PROCUR+ ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS ( CON/ANT CAPITAL1 9T]NATIONAL TRADE IS A PRIME NECESSITY = ! HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM - AN 9T]NATIONAL TRADE :I* UND] ACTUAL CONDITIONS IS ESS5TIALLY AN EX*ANGE BETWE5 CAPITALI/IC & NON-CAPITALI/IC MODES ( PRODUCTION4 

,HI!RTO WE HAVE CONSID]$ ACCUMULATION SOLELY ) REG>D TO SURPLUS VALUE & CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,! ?IRD ELEM5T ( ACCUMULATION IS V>IABLE CAPITAL W9* 9CREASES ) PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM1 ! SOCIAL PRODUCT CONTA9S EV] MORE MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S AS ! MAT]IAL =M PROP] TO ?IS V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 H[EV]1 IS NOT REALLY ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK] BUT IS 9 FACT LIV+ LABOR = :OSE REPRODUCTION !SE MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE >E NECESS>Y4 ,ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL CONDITIONS ( ACCUMULATION IS !RE=E A SUPPLY ( LIV+ LABOR :I* CAN BE MOBILIZ$ BY CAPITAL TO MEET ITS DEM&S4 ,?IS SUPPLY CAN BE 9CREAS$ UND] FAVORABLE CONDITIONS - BUT ONLY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T - BY LONG] H\RS & MORE 9T5SIVE WORK4 ,BO? !SE ME?ODS ( 9CREAS+ ! SUPPLY1 H[EV]1 DO NOT 5L>GE ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 OR DO SO ONLY TO A SMALL EXT5T 7E4G4 PAYM5T = OV]TIME74 ,MOREOV]1 !Y >E CONF9$ TO DEF9ITE & RA!R N>R[ LIMITS :I* !Y CANNOT EXCE$ [+ TO BO? NATURAL & SOCIAL CAUSES4 ,! 9CREAS+ GR[? ( V>IABLE CAPITAL :I* ACCOMPANIES ACCUMULATION MU/ !RE=E BECOME MANIFE/ 9 EV] GREAT] NUMB]S ( EMPLOY$ LABOR4 ,:]E CAN ?IS ADDITIONAL LABOR BE F\ND8 

,9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! ACCUMULATION ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL1 ,M>X GIVES ! FOLL[+ ANSW]3 

',N[ 9 ORD] TO ALL[ ( !SE ELEM5TS ACTUALLY FUNCTION+ AS CAPITAL1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS REQUIRES ADDITIONAL LABOR4 ,IF ! EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR]S ALREADY EMPLOY$ DOES NOT 9CREASE1 EI!R EXT5SIVELY OR 9T5SIVELY1 !N ADDITIONAL LABOR-P[] MU/ BE F\ND4 ,= ?IS ! ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROVIDES BE=EH&1 BY CONV]T+ ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A CLASS DEP5D5T ON WAGES1 A CLASS :OSE ORD9>Y WAGES SUFFICE1 NOT ONLY = ITS MA9T5ANCE1 BUT = ITS 9CREASE4 ,IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y = CAPITAL TO 9CORPORATE ?IS ADDITIONAL LABOR-P[]1 ANNUALLY SUPPLI$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! %APE ( LABOR]S ( ALL AGES1 ) ! SURPLUS MEANS ( PRODUCTION COMPRIS$ 9 ! ANNUAL PRODUCE1 & ! CONV]SION ( SURPLUS-VALUE 9TO CAPITAL IS COMPLETE4'7#g7 

,?US ! 9CREASE 9 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL IS DIRECTLY & EXCLUSIVELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! NATURAL PHYSICAL 9CREASE ( A WORK+ CLASS ALREADY DOM9AT$ BY CAPITAL4 ,?IS IS 9 /RICT CON=MITY ) ! DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION :I* RECOGNIZES ONLY ! SOCIAL CLASSES ( CAPITALI/S & WORK]S1 & REG>DS ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION AS EXCLUSIVE & ABSOLUTE4 ,ON !SE ASSUMPTIONS1 ! NATURAL 9CREASE ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS ! ONLY S\RCE ( EXT5D+ ! LABOR SUPPLY COMM&$ BY CAPITAL4 ,?IS VIEW1 H[EV]1 IS CONTR>Y TO ! LAWS GOV]N+ ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,! NATURAL PROPAGATION ( ! WORK]S & ! REQUIREM5TS ( ACCUMULAT+ CAPITAL >E NOT CORRELATIVE 9 RESPECT ( TIME OR QUANTITY4 ,M>X HIMSELF HAS MO/ BRILLIANTLY %[N ?AT NATURAL PROPAGATION CANNOT KEEP UP ) ! SUDD5 EXPANSIVE NE$S ( CAPITAL4 ,IF NATURAL PROPAGATION W]E ! ONLY F\NDATION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL1 ACCUMULATION1 9 ITS P]IODICAL SW+S FROM OV]/RA9 TO EXHAU/ION1 C\LD NOT CONT9UE1 NOR C\LD ! PRODUCTIVE SPH]E EXP& BY LEAPS & B\NDS1 & ACCUMULATION ITSELF W\LD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! LATT] REQUIRES AN UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T 9 RESPECT ( ! GR[? ( V>IABLE CAPITAL EQUAL TO ?AT :I* IT 5JOYS ) REG>D TO ! ELEM5TS ( CON/ANT CAPITAL - ?AT IS TO SAY IT MU/ NE$S DISPOSE OV] ! SUPPLY ( LABOR P[] )\T RE/RICTION4 ,M>X CONSID]S ?AT ?IS CAN BE A*IEV$ BY AN '9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY ( WORK]S'4 ,HIS DIAGRAM ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ADMITT$LY DOES NOT RECOGNIZE SU* AN >MY1 NOR C\LD IT HAVE ROOM = IT1 S9CE ! NATURAL PROPAGATION ( ! CAPITALI/ WAGE PROLET>IAT CANNOT PROVIDE AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,LABOR = ?IS >MY IS RECRUIT$ FROM SOCIAL RES]VOIRS \TSIDE ! DOM9ION ( CAPITAL - IT IS DRAWN 9TO ! WAGE PROLET>IAT ONLY IF NE$ >ISES4 ,ONLY ! EXI/5CE ( NON-CAPITALI/ GR\PS & C\NTRIES CAN GU>ANTEE SU* A SUPPLY ( ADDITIONAL LABOR P[] = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION47#h7 ,YET 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE ,M>X ONLY ALL[S = 7A7 ! DISPLACEM5T ( OLD] WORK]S BY MA*9]Y1 7B7 AN 9FLUX ( RURAL WORK]S 9TO ! T[NS 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! ASC5DANCY ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 AGRICULTURE1 7C7 OCCASIONAL LABOR ?AT HAS DROPP$ \T ( 9DU/RY1 & 7D7 F9ALLY ! L[E/ RESIDUE ( RELATIVE OV]-POPULATION1 ! PAUP]S4 ,ALL !SE CATEGORIES >E CA/ (F BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION 9 SOME =M OR O!R1 !Y CON/ITUTE A WAGE PROLET>IAT ?AT IS WORN \T & MADE R$UNDANT ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,M>X1 OBVI\SLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,5GLI% CONDITIONS 9VOLV+ A HI< LEVEL ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 HELD ?AT ! RURAL WORK]S :O CONT9UALLY MIGRATE TO ! T[NS BELONG TO ! WAGE PROLET>IAT1 S9CE !Y W]E =M]LY DOM9AT$ BY AGRICULTURAL CAPITAL & N[ BECOME SUBJECT TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,HE IGNORES1 H[EV]1 ! PROBLEM :I* IS ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE = CONDITIONS ON ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE1 NAMELY ! S\RCES FROM :I* ?IS URBAN & RURAL PROLET>IAT IS RECRUIT$3 ! CONT9UAL PROCESS BY :I* ! RURAL & URBAN MIDDLE /RATA BECOME PROLET>IAN ) ! DECAY ( PEASANT ECONOMY & ( SMALL >TISAN 5T]PRISES1 ! V]Y PROCESS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( 9CESSANT TRANSITION FROM NON-CAPITALI/ TO CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS ( A LABOR P[] ?AT IS CA/ (F BY PRE-CAPITALI/1 NOT CAPITALI/1 MODES ( PRODUCTION 9 !IR PROGRESSIVE BREAKD[N & DIS9TEGRATION4 ,BESIDES ! DECAY ( ,EUROPEAN PEASANTS & >TISANS WE MU/ H]E ALSO M5TION ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! MO/ V>I$ PRIMITIVE =MS ( PRODUCTION & ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 NON-,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 

,S9CE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CAN DEVELOP FULLY ONLY ) COMPLETE ACCESS TO ALL T]RITORIES & CLIMES1 IT CAN NO MORE CONF9E ITSELF TO ! NATURAL RES\RCES & PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! TEMP]ATE ZONE ?AN IT CAN MANAGE ) :ITE LABOR ALONE4 ,CAPITAL NE$S O!R RACES TO EXPLOIT T]RITORIES :]E ! :ITE MAN CANNOT WORK4 ,IT MU/ BE ABLE TO MOBILIZE WORLD LABOR P[] )\T RE/RICTION 9 ORD] TO UTILIZE ALL PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! GLOBE - UP TO ! LIMITS IMPOS$ BY A SY/EM ( PRODUC+ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,?IS LABOR P[]1 H[EV]1 IS 9 MO/ CASES RIGIDLY B\ND BY ! TRADITIONAL PRE-CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT MU/ FIR/ BE 'SET FREE' 9 ORD] TO BE 5ROLL$ 9 ! ACTIVE >MY ( CAPITAL4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR P[] FROM PRIMITIVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS & ITS ABSORPTION BY ! CAPITALI/ WAGE SY/EM IS ONE ( ! 9DISP5SABLE HI/ORICAL BASES ( CAPITALISM4 ,= ! FIR/ G5U9ELY CAPITALI/ BRAN* ( PRODUCTION1 ! ,5GLI% COTTON 9DU/RY1 NOT ONLY ! COTTON ( ! ,S\!RN /ATES ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,UNION WAS ESS5TIAL1 BUT ALSO ! MILLIONS ( ,AFRICAN ,NEGROES :O W]E %IPP$ TO ,AM]ICA TO PROVIDE ! LABOR P[] = ! PLANTATIONS1 & :O LATE2 AS A FREE PROLET>IAT1 W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! CLASS ( WAGE LABOR]S 9 A CAPITALI/ SY/EM47#i7 ,OBTA9+ ! NECESS>Y LABOR P[] FROM NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! SO-CALL$ 'LABOR-PROBLEM'1 IS EV] MORE IMPORTANT = CAPITAL 9 ! COLONIES4 ,ALL POSSIBLE ME?ODS ( 'G5TLE COMPULSION' >E APPLI$ TO SOLV+ ?IS PROBLEM1 TO TRANSF] LABOR FROM =M] SOCIAL SY/EMS TO ! COMM& ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS 5DEAVOR LEADS TO ! MO/ PECULI> COMB9ATIONS BETWE5 ! MOD]N WAGE SY/EM & PRIMITIVE AU?ORITY 9 ! COLONIAL C\NTRIES47#a7 ,?IS IS A CONCRETE EXAMPLE ( ! FACT ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CANNOT MANAGE )\T LABOR P[] FROM O!R SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 

,ADMITT$LY1 ,M>X DEALT 9 DETAIL ) ! PROCESS ( APPROPRIAT+ NON-CAPITALI/ MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS WELL AS ) ! TRANS=MATION ( ! PEASANTS 9TO A CAPITALI/ PROLET>IAT4 ,*APT] XXIV ( ,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 IS DEVOT$ TO DESCRIB+ ! ORIG9 ( ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT1 ( ! CAPITALI/IC AGRICULTURAL T5ANT CLASS & ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL1 ) P>TICUL> EMPHASIS ON ! LOOT+ ( COLONIAL C\NTRIES BY ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL4 ,YET WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT ALL ?IS IS TREAT$ SOLELY ) A VIEW TO SO-CALL$ PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION4 ,= ,M>X1 !SE PROCESSES >E 9CID5TAL1 ILLU/RAT+ M]ELY ! G5ESIS ( CAPITAL1 ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 ! WORLD2 !Y >E1 AS IT W]E1 TRAVAILS BY :I* ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION EM]GES FROM A FEUDAL SOCIETY4 ,AS SOON AS HE COMES TO ANALYZE ! CAPITALI/ PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION1 HE REAFFIRMS ! UNIV]SAL & EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,YET1 AS WE HAVE SE51 CAPITALISM 9 ITS FRILL MATURITY ALSO DEP5DS 9 ALL RESPECTS ON NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS EXI/+ SIDE BY SIDE ) IT4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY A QUE/ION ( A M>KET = ! ADDITIONAL PRODUCT1 AS ,SISMONDI & ! LAT] CRITICS & D\BT]S ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION W\LD HAVE IT4 ,! 9T]RELATIONS ( ACCUMULAT+ CAPITAL & NON-CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION EXT5D OV] VALUES AS WELL AS OV] MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 = CON/ANT CAPITAL1 V>IABLE CAPITAL & SURPLUS VALUE ALIKE4 ,! NON-CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS ! GIV5 HI/ORICAL SETT+ = ?IS PROCESS4 ,S9CE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE 9 ALL PO9TS )\T NON-CAPITALI/ SURR\ND+S1 WE CANNOT GA9 A TRUE PICTURE ( IT BY ASSUM+ ! EXCLUSIVE & ABSOLUTE DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,SISMONDI & HIS S*OOL1 :5 !Y ATTRIBUT$ !IR DIFFICULTIES 5TIRELY TO ! PROBLEM ( REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE1 9DE$ REVEAL$ A PROP] S5SE = ! CONDITIONS VITAL TO ACCUMULATION4 ,YET ! CONDITIONS = AUGM5T+ ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS ( CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL >E QUITE A DIFF]5T MATT] FROM ?OSE :I* GOV]N ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,CAPITAL NE$S ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! LABOR P[] ( ! :OLE GLOBE = UNTRAMMEL$ ACCUMULATION2 IT CANNOT MANAGE )\T ! NATURAL RES\RCES & ! LABOR P[] ( ALL T]RITORIES4 ,SEE+ ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( RES\RCES & LABOR P[] IS 9 FACT /ILL 9 ! ORBIT ( PRE-CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION - ?IS BE+ ! HI/ORICAL MILIEU ( ACCUMULATION - CAPITAL MU/ GO ALL \T TO OBTA9 ASC5DANCY OV] !SE T]RITORIES & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!RE IS NO A PRIORI REASON :Y RUBB] PLANTATIONS1 SAY1 RUN ON CAPITALI/ L9ES1 SU* AS HAVE BE5 LAID \T 9 ,9DIA1 MI<T NOT S]VE ! 5DS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION JU/ AS WELL4 ,YET IF ! C\NTRIES ( ?OSE BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION >E PR$OM9ANTLY NON-CAPITALI/1 CAPITAL WILL 5DEAVOR TO E/ABLI% DOM9ATION OV] !SE C\NTRIES & SOCIETIES4 ,& 9 FACT1 PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS ALL[ ( A GREAT] DRIVE & ( F> MORE RU?LESS MEASURES ?AN C\LD BE TOL]AT$ UND] PURELY CAPITALI/ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 

,IT IS QUITE DIFF]5T ) ! REALIZATION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,H]E \TSIDE CONSUM]S QUA O!R-?AN-CAPITALI/ >E REALLY ESS5TIAL4 ,?US ! IMM$IATE & VITAL CONDITIONS = CAPITAL & ITS ACCUMULATION IS ! EXI/5CE ( NON-CAPITALI/ BUY]S ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 :I* IS DECISIVE TO ?IS EXT5T = ! PROBLEM ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 

,:ATEV] ! !ORETICAL ASPECTS1 ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL AS AN HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 DEP5DS 9 EV]Y RESPECT UPON NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL /RATA & =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM :I* = ALMO/ A C5TURY HAS BE5 ! BONE ( CONT5TION 9 ECONOMIC !ORY ?US LIES BETWE5 ! TWO EXTREMES ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS SKEPTICISM PREA*$ BY ,SISMONDI1 V4 ,KIR*MANN1 ,VORONTSOV & ,NIKOLAYON1 :O FLATLY D5I$ ACCUMULATION1 & ! CRUDE OPTIMISM ADVOCAT$ BY ,RIC>DO1 ,SAY & ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI :O BELIEV$ 9 CAPITAL'S UNLIMIT$ CAPACITY = P>!NOG5ESIS1 ) ! LOGICAL COROLL>Y ( CAPITALISM-9-P]PETUITY4 ,! SOLUTION 5VISAG$ BY ,M>X LIES 9 ! DIALECTICAL CONFLICT ?AT CAPITALISM NE$S NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS AS ! SETT+ = ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT IT PROCE$S BY ASSIMILAT+ ! V]Y CONDITIONS :I* ALONE CAN 5SURE ITS [N EXI/5CE4 

,AT ?IS PO9T WE %\LD REVISE ! CONCEPTIONS ( 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL M>KETS :I* W]E SO IMPORTANT 9 ! CONTROV]SY AB\T ACCUMULATION4 ,!Y >E BO? VITAL TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & YET FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T1 ?\< !Y MU/ BE CONCEIV$ 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY RA!R ?AN ( POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY4 ,9 ?IS LI<T1 ! 9T]NAL M>KET IS ! CAPITALI/ M>KET1 PRODUCTION ITSELF BUY+ ITS [N PRODUCTS & SUPPLY+ ITS [N ELEM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! EXT]NAL M>KET IS ! NON-CAPITALI/ SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T :I* ABSORBS ! PRODUCTS ( CAPITALISM & SUPPLIES PRODUC] GOODS & LABOR P[] = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,?US1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ECONOMICS1 ,G]MANY & ,5GL& TRAFFIC 9 COMMODITIES *IEFLY ON AN 9T]NAL1 CAPITALI/ M>KET1 :IL/ ! GIVE & TAKE BETWE5 ,G]MAN 9DU/RY & ,G]MAN PEASANTS IS TRANSACT$ ON AN EXT]NAL M>KET AS F> AS ,G]MAN CAPITAL IS CONC]N$4 ,!SE CONCEPTS >E /RICT & PRECISE1 AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! DIAGRAM ( REPRODUCTION4 ,9T]NAL CAPITALI/ TRADE CAN AT BE/ REALIZE ONLY C]TA9 QUANTITIES1 ( VALUE CONTA9$ 9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCT3 ! CON/ANT CAPITAL ?AT HAS BE5 US$ UP1 ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 & ! CONSUM$ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,?AT P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 H[EV]1 :I* IS E>M>K$ = CAPITALIZATION1 MU/ BE REALIZ$ ELSE:]E4 ,IF CAPITALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE IS ! REAL MOTIVE =CE & AIM ( PRODUCTION1 IT MU/ YET PROCE$ )9 ! LIMITS GIV5 BY ! R5EWAL ( CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL 7& ALSO ( ! CONSUM$ P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE74 ,FUR!R1 ) ! 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ! CAPITALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE BECOMES EV] MORE URG5T & PREC>I\S1 & ! SUB/RATUM ( CON/ANT & V>IABLE CAPITAL BECOMES AN EV]-GR[+ MASS - BO? ABSOLUTELY & 9 RELATION TO ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,H5CE ! CONTRADICTORY PH5OM5A ?AT ! OLD CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES PROVIDE EV] L>G] M>KETS =1 & BECOME 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T UPON1 ONE ANO!R1 YET ON ! O!R H& COMPETE EV] MORE RU?LESSLY = TRADE RELATIONS ) NON-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES47#a#a7 ,! CONDITIONS = ! CAPITALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE CLA% 9CREAS+LY ) ! CONDITIONS = ! R5EWAL ( ! AGGREGATE CAPITAL - A CONFLICT :I*1 9CID5TALLY1 IS M]ELY A C\NT]P>T ( ! CONTRADICTIONS IMPLI$ 9 ! LAW ( A DECL9+ PR(IT RATE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ',IF CAPITAL & ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR ADVANCE & ! /&>D ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL IS ON A HI<] LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T1 !N !RE IS A CORRESPOND+LY GREAT] MASS ( COMMODITIES PASS+ ?R\< ! M>KET FROM PRODUCTION TO 9DIVIDUAL & 9DU/RIAL CONSUMPTION1 GREAT] C]TA9TY ?AT EA* P>TICUL> CAPITAL WILL F9D ! CONDITIONS = ITS REPRODUCTION AVAILABLE 9 ! M>KET' 7,!ORI5 4441 VOL4II1 P>T #b1 P4#b#e#a74 

7#b7,IBID41 P4#b#e3 ,AKKUMULATION VON ,KAPITAL UND ,KRIS5 7,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL & ! ,CRISES74 ,M>X'S ITALICS4 

7#c7 ,! FOLL[+ FIGURES PLA9LY %[ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! COTTON 9DU/RY = ,5GLI% EXPORTS3 

,9 #a#h#i#c1 COTTON EXPORTS TO ! AM\NT ( ,G,B,P#f#d11 MADE UP #bc P] C5T1 & IRON & O!R METAL EXPORTS NOT QUITE #ag P] C5T ( ! TOTAL EXPORT ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS1 AM\NT+ TO ,G,B,P#b#g#g11 9 ALL4 

,9 #a#h#i#h1 COTTON EXPORTS TO ! AM\NT ( ,G,B,P,J#f#e11 MADE UP #bh P] C5T1 & METAL EXPORTS #bb P] C5T1 ( ! TOTAL EXPORT ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS1 AM\NT+ TO ,G,B,P#b#c#c1#d1 9 ALL4 

,9 COMP>ISON1 ! FIGURES = ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE %[ ! FOLL[+ RESULT3 ,9 #a#h#i#h1 COTTON EXPORTS TO ! AM\NT ( ,G,B,P#a1#e#i#e1 MADE UP #ege P] C5T ( ! TOTAL EXPORTS1 AM\NT+ TO ,G,B,P#b1#e14 #e1#b#e11 Y>DS ( COTTON BALES W]E EXPORT$ 9 #a#h#i#h1 #b1#b#e11 ( !M TO ,9DIA 7,E4 ,JAFFE3 ,DIE 5GLIS*E ,BAUMWOLL9DU/RIE UND DIE ,ORGANIZATION DES ,EXPOR?&ELS4 ,S*MOLL]'S ,JAHRBU*]1 VOL4XXIV1 P4#a#c#c74 

,9 #a#i#h1 ,BRITI% EXPORTS ( COTTON Y>N ALONE AM\NT$ TO ,G,B,P#a#c1#a1 7,/ATI/4 ,JAHRB4 FUR DAS ,DEUTS*E ,REI*1 #a#i#a74 

7#d7 ,ONE-FIF? ( ,G]MAN ANIL9E DYES1 & ONE-HALF ( H] 9DIGO1 GOES TO C\NTRIES SU* AS ,*9A1 ,JAPAN1 ,BRITI% ,9DIA1 ,EGYPT1 ,ASIATIC ,TURKEY1 ,BRAZIL1 & ,MEXICO 

7#e7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 PP4#f#a#e-#a#f4 

7#f7 ,! ,5GLI% ,BLUE ,BOOK ON ! PRACTICES ( ! ,P]UVIAN ,AMAZON ,COMPANY1 ,LTD41 9 ,PUTUMAYO1 HAS REC5TLY REVEAL$ ?AT 9 ! FREE REPUBLIC ( ,P]U & )\T ! POLITICAL =M ( COLONIAL SUPREMACY1 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL CAN1 TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES1 5?RALL$ ! NATIVES1 SO ?AT IT MAY APPROPRIATE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ( ! PRIMITIVE C\NTRIES BY EXPLOITATION ON ! GREATE/ SCALE4 ,S9CE #a#i1 ?IS COMPANY1 F9ANC$ BY ,5GLI% & =EIGN CAPITALI/S1 HAS ?R[N UPON ! ,LONDON M>KET APPROXIMATELY #d1 TONS ( ,PUTUMAYO RUBB]4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME1 #c1 NATIVES W]E KILL$ & MO/ ( ! #a1 SURVIVORS W]E CRIPPL$ BY BEAT+S4 

7#g7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 P4#e#i#d4 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ANO!R PASSAGE3 

',ONE P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 ( ! SURPLUS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE PRODUC$1 MU/ !N BE CONV]T$ 9TO V>IABLE CAPITAL = ! PURPOSE ( PUR*AS+ NEW LABOR4 ,?IS CAN ONLY BE DONE IF ! NUMB] ( WORK]S GR[S OR IF !IR WORK+ TIME IS PROLONG$ 444 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 CANNOT BE CONSID]$ A READY MEASURE = ACCUMULATION4 ,! WORK+ POPULATION CAN 9CREASE IF =M]LY UNPRODUCTIVE WORK]S >E TRANS=M$ 9TO PRODUCTIVE ONES1 OR IF P>TS ( ! POPULATION :O PREVI\SLY P]=M$ NO WORK1 SU* AS WOM51 *ILDR5 & PAUP]S1 >E DRAWN 9TO ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H]E1 H[EV]1 WE %ALL IGNORE ?IS ASPECT4 ,LA/LY1 ! WORK+ POPULATION CAN 9CREASE ?R\< AN ABSOLUTE 9CREASE 9 POPULATION4 ,IF ACCUMULATION IS TO PROCE$ /EADILY & CONT9U\SLY1 IT MU/ BE GR\ND$ 9 AN ABSOLUTE GR[? ( ! POPULATION1 ?\< ?IS MAY DECL9E 9 COMP>ISON ) ! CAPITAL EMPLOY$4 ,AN EXP&+ POPULATION APPE>S AS ! BASIS ( ACCUMULATION CONCEIV$ AS A /EADY PROCESS4 ,AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ?IS IS AN AV]AGE WAGE :I* IS ADEQUATE NOT ONLY TO ! REPRODUCTION ( ! WORK+ POPULATION BUT P]MITS ITS CONT9UAL 9CREASE' 7,!ORI5 UB] D5 ,MEHRW]T1 VOL4II1 P>T #b1 9 ! *APT] ON ,TRANS=MATION ( ,REV5UE ,9TO ,CAPITAL 7,V]W&LUNG VON ,REV5UE 9 ,KAPITAL71 P4#b#d#c74 

7#h7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 PP4#f#d#bFF4 

7#i7 ,A TABLE PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %ORTLY BE=E ! ,W> ( ,SECESSION CONTA9$ ! FOLL[+ DATA AB\T ! VALUE ( ! ANNUAL PRODUCTION ( ! ,SLAVE ,/ATES & ! NUMB] ( SLAVES EMPLOY$ = ! GREATE/ P>T ON COTTON PLANTATIONS3 

  

7,SIMONS1 ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORY1 ,SUPPLEM5T TO ,NEUE ,ZEIT 7,KLASS5KAMPFE 9 D] ,GES*I*TE ,AM]IKAS1 ,]GANZUNG%EFT D] ,NEU5 ,ZEIT71 ,NR4#g1 P4#c#i47 

7#a7 ,BRYCE1 A =M] ,5GLI% ,M9I/]1 DESCRIBES A MODEL PATT]N ( SU* HYBRID =MS 9 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN DIAMOND M9ES3 

',! MO/ /RIK+ SI<T AT ,KIMB]LEY1 & ONE UNIQUE 9 ! WORLD1 IS FURNI%$ BY ! TWO SO-CALL$ 0COMP\NDS0 9 :I* ! NATIVES :O WORK 9 ! M9ES >E H\S$ & CONF9$4 ,!Y >E HUGE 5CLOSURES1 UNRO($1 BUT COV]$ ) A WIRE NETT+ TO PREV5T ANY?+ FROM BE+ ?R[N \T ( !M OV] ! WALLS1 & ) A SUBT]RANEAN 5TRANCE TO ! ADJO9+ M9E4 ,! M9E IS WORK$ ON ! SY/EM ( ?REE EI<T-H\R %IFTS1 SO ?AT ! WORKMAN IS NEV] MORE ?AN EI<T H\RS TOGE!R UND]GR\ND4 ,R\ND ! 9T]IOR ( ! WALL >E BUILT %$S OR HUTS 9 :I* ! NATIVES LIVE & SLEEP :5 NOT WORK+4 ,A HOSPITAL IS ALSO PROVID$ )9 ! 5CLOSURE1 AS WELL AS A S*OOL :]E ! WORK-PEOPLE CAN SP5D !IR LEISURE 9 LE>N+ TO READ & WRITE4 ,NO SPIRITS >E SOLD 444 ,EV]Y 5TRANCE IS /RICTLY GU>D$1 & NO VISITORS1 :ITE OR NATIVE1 >E P]MITT$1 ALL SUPPLIES BE+ OBTA9$ FROM ! /ORE )91 KEPT BY ! COMPANY4 ,! ,DE ,BE]S M9E COMP\ND CONTA9$ AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT #b1#f NATIVES1 BELONG+ TO A GREAT V>IETY ( TRIBES1 SO ?AT H]E ONE C\LD SEE SPECIM5S ( ! DIFF]5T NATIVE TYPES FROM ,NATAL & ,PONDOL&1 9 ! S\?1 TO ! %ORES ( ,LAKE ,TANGANYIKA 9 ! F> NOR?4 ,!Y COME FROM EV]Y QU>T]1 ATTRACT$ BY ! HI< WAGES1 USUALLY EI<TE5 TO ?IRTY %ILL+S A WEEK1 & REMA9 = ?REE MON?S OR MORE1 & OCCASIONALLY EV5 = LONG] P]IODS 444 ,9 ! VA/ OBLONG COMP\ND ONE SEES ,ZULUS FROM ,NATAL1 ,F+OS1 ,PONDOS1 ,TEMBUS1 ,BASUTOS1 ,BE*UANAS1 ,GUNGUNHANA'S SUBJECTS FROM ! ,PORTUGUESE T]RITORIES1 SOME FEW ,MATABILI & ,MAKALAKA2 & PL5TY ( ,ZAMBESI BOYS FROM ! TRIBES ON BO? SIDES ( ?AT GREAT RIV]1 A LIV+ E?NOLOGICAL COLLECTION SU* AS CAN BE EXAM9$ NO:]E ELSE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,EV5 ,BU%M51 OR AT LEA/ NATIVES ) SOME ,BU%MAN BLOOD 9 !M1 >E NOT WANT+4 ,!Y LIVE PEACEABLY TOGE!R1 & AMUSE !MSELVES 9 !IR SEV]AL WAYS DUR+ !IR LEISURE H\RS4 ,BESIDES GAMES ( *ANCE1 WE SAW A GAME RESEMBL+ 0FOX & GEESE0 PLAY$ ) PEBBLES ON A BO>D2 & MUSIC WAS BE+ DISC\RS$ ON TWO RUDE NATIVE 9/RUM5TS1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,KAFFIR PIANO0 MADE ( PIECES ( IRON ( UNEQUAL L5G? FA/5$ SIDE-BY SIDE 9 A FRAME & A /ILL RUD] CONTRIVANCE ( H>D BITS ( WOOD1 ALSO ( UNEQUAL SIZE1 :I* :5 /RUCK BY A /ICK EMIT DIFF]5T NOTES1 ! FIR/ BEG9N+ ( A TUNE4 ,A V]Y FEW W]E READ+ OR WRIT+ LETT]S1 ! RE/ BUSY ) !IR COOK+ OR TALK+ TO ONE ANO!R4 ,SOME TRIBES >E 9CESSANT TALK]S1 & 9 ?IS /RANGE MIX+-POT ( BLACK M5 ONE MAY HE> A DOZ5 LANGUAGES SPOK5 AS ONE PASSES FROM GR\P TO GR\P' 7,JAMES ,BRYCE1 ,IMPRESSIONS ( ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,LONDON #a#h#i#g1 PP4#b#d#bFF474 

,AFT] SEV]AL MON?S ( WORK1 ! NEGRO AS A RULE LEAVES ! M9E ) ! WAGES HE HAS SAV$ UP4 ,HE RETURNS TO HIS TRIBE1 BUY+ A WIFE ) HIS MONEY1 & LIVES AGA9 HIS TRADITIONAL LIFE4 ,CF4 ALSO 9 ! SAME BOOK ! MO/ LIVELY DESCRIPTION ( ! ME?ODS US$ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA TO SOLVE ! 'LABOR PROBLEM'4 ,H]E WE >E TOLD ?AT ! NEGROES >E COMPELL$ TO WORK 9 ! M9ES & PLANTATIONS ( ,KIMB]LEY1 ,WITWAT]SR&1 ,NATAL1 ,MATABELEL&1 BY /RIPP+ !M ( ALL L& & CATTLE1 I4E4 DEPRIV+ !M ( !IR MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 BY MAK+ !M 9TO PROLET>IANS & ALSO DEMORALIZ+ !M ) ALCOHOL4 7,LAT]1 :5 !Y >E ALREADY )9 ! '5CLOSURE' ( CAPITAL1 SPIRITS1 TO :I* !Y HAVE JU/ BE5 ACCU/OM$1 >E /RICTLY PROHIBIT$ - ! OBJECT ( EXPLOITATION MU/ BE KEPT FIT = USE47 ,F9ALLY1 !Y >E SIMPLY PRESS$ 9TO ! WAGE SY/EM ( CAPITAL BY =CE1 BY IMPRISONM5T1 & FLOGG+4 

7#a#a7 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,5GL& PROVIDE A TYPICAL EXAMPLE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #bf -- ,ADD$4 

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