,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #bc ,HI/ORICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,PROBLEM3 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI & ,HIS ',LACK ( ,PROPORTION' ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,TEXT 3 ,WE HAVE LEFT ?IS !ORI/ TO ! 5D1 AL?\< HE ALREADY DEVELOP$ HIS VIEWS 9 ,RUSSIAN 9 #a#h#i#d1 I4E4 BE=E ,/RUVE & ,BULGAKOV1 P>TLY BECAUSE HE ONLY GAVE HIS !ORIES !IR MATURE =M 9 ,G]MAN AT A LAT] DATE17#a7 & ALSO BECAUSE ! CONCLUSIONS HE DRAWS FROM ! PREMISES ( ! ,M>XI/ CRITICS >E ! MO/ F>-REA*+ 9 !IR IMPLICATIONS4 ,LIKE ,BULGAKOV1 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI />TS FROM ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION :I* GAVE HIM ! CLUE TO ?IS BEWILD]+ MAZE ( PROBLEMS4 ,BUT :ILE ,BULGAKOV1 ! 5?USIA/IC DISCIPLE ( ,M>X1 ONLY S\ANOVSKI1 ON ! O!R H&1 LAYS D[N ! LAW TO ,M>X :O1 9 HIS OP9ION1 DID NOT KN[ H[ TO TURN HIS BRILLIANT EXPOSITION ( ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS TO GOOD ACC\NT4 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S MO/ IMPORTANT G5]AL CONCLUSION FROM ,M>X'S PR9CIPLES1 ! PIVOT ( HIS :OLE !ORY1 IS ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ! SKEPTICS1 CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE UND] ! CAPITALI/ =MS ( REV5UE & CONSUMPTION1 BUT IS1 9 FACT1 COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T ( BO?4 ,IT IS NOT CONSUMPTION1 HE SAYS1 BUT PRODUCTION ITSELF :I* MAKES = ! BE/ M>KET4 ,PRODUCTION & ! M>KET >E !RE=E ! SAME1 & S9CE ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION IS UNLIMIT$ 9 ITSELF1 ! M>KET1 ! CAPACITY TO ABSORB ITS PRODUCTS1 HAS NO LIMITS EI!R4 ',! DIAGRAM QUOT$'1 HE SAYS1 'WAS TO PROVE CONCLUSIVELY A PO/ULATE :I*1 ?\< SIMPLE 5\<1 MIKET = ITSELF4 ,SO LONG AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO EXP& SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 IF ! PRODUCTIVE =CES >E ADEQUATE = ?IS PURPOSE1 ! PROPORTIONATE DIVISION ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION MU/ ALSO BR+ AB\T A CORRESPOND+ EXPANSION ( ! DEM& 9ASMU* AS UND] SU* CONDITIONS ALL NEWLY PRODUC$ GOODS REPRES5T A NEWLY CREAT$ PUR*AS+ P[] = ! ACQUISITION ( O!R GOODS4 ,COMP>+ SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ( ! SOCIAL CAPITAL ) ITS REPRODUCTION ON A RIS+ SCALE1 WE >RIVE AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONCLUSION ?AT 9 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ! DEM& = COMMODITIES IS 9 A S5SE 9DEP5D5T ( ! TOTAL VOLUME ( SOCIAL CONSUMPTION4 ,ABSURD AS IT MAY SEEM TO 0COMMON-S5SE01 IT IS YET POSSIBLE ?AT ! VOLUME ( SOCIAL CONSUMPTION AS A :OLE GOES D[N :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL DEM& = COMMODITIES GR[S4'7#b7 ,& AGA9 FUR!R ON3 ',>IS+ FROM AB/RACT ANALYSIS ( ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS ( SOCIAL CAPITAL WE HAVE =M$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT NO?+ WILL BE LEFT OV] ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 9 VIEW ( ! PROPORTIONATE DIVISION ( ! SOCIAL CAPITAL4'7#c7 ,ACCORD+LY ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI SUBJECTS ,M>X'S !ORY ( CRISES TO A REVISION :I* HE CLAIMS TO HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM ,SISMONDI'S 'OV]-CONSUMPTION'4 ',M>X IS 9 SUB/ANTIAL AGREEM5T ) ! G5]AL VIEW ?AT ! POV]TY ( ! WORK]S1 I4E4 ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO REALIZE ! PRODUCTS ( AN EV] EXP&+ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 S9CE IT CAUSES A DECL9E 9 DEM&4 ,?IS OP9ION IS DEF9ITELY MI/AK54 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CREATES ITS [N M>KET - CONSUMPTION BE+ ONLY ONE ( ! MOM5TS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,9 A PLANN$ SOCIAL PRODUCTION IF ! LEAD]S ( PRODUCTION W]E EQUIPP$ ) ALL 9=MATION AB\T ! DEM& & ) ! P[] TO TRANSF] LABOR & CAPITAL FREELY FROM ONE BRAN* ( PRODUCTION TO ANO!R1 !N1 H[EV] L[ ! LEVEL ( SOCIAL CONSUMPTION1 ! SUPPLY ( COMMODITIES W\LD NOT EXCE$ ! DEM&4'7#d7 ,! ONLY CIRCUM/ANCE :I* P]IODICALLY CAUSES ! M>KET TO BE FLOOD$ IS A LACK ( PROPORTION 9 ! 5L>GEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,ON ?IS ASSUMPTION1 !RE=E1 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI DESCRIBES ! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION AS FOLL[S3 ',:AT W\LD ! WORK]S 444 PRODUCE IF PRODUCTION W]E ORGANIZ$ ON PROPORTIONATE L9ES8 ,OBVI\SLY !IR [N MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & PRODUCTION4 ,) :AT OBJECT8 ,TO EXP& PRODUCTION 9 ! SECOND YE>4 ,! PRODUCTION ( :AT PRODUCTS8 ,AGA9 ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S - & SO ON AD 9F9ITUM4'7#e7 ,?IS GAME ( QUE/ION & ANSW]1 M9D Y\1 IS NOT A =M ( SELF-MOCK]Y1 IT IS MEANT 9 ALL S]I\SNESS4 ',IF ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION HAS NO PRACTICAL LIMITS1 !N WE MU/ ASSUME ?AT ! EXPANSION ( M>KETS IS EQUALLY UNLIMIT$1 = IF SOCIAL PRODUCTION IS PROPORTIONATELY ORGANIZ$1 !RE IS NO LIMIT TO ! EXPANSION ( ! M>KET O!R ?AN ! PRODUCTIVE =CES AVAILABLE4'7#h7 ,S9CE PRODUCTION ?US CREATES ITS [N DEM&1 =EIGN COMM]CE ( CAPITALI/ /ATES IS ALSO ASSIGN$ ?AT PECULI> ME*ANI/IC FUNCTION WE HAVE ALREADY MET 9 ,BULGAKOV4 ,A =EIGN M>KET1 = 9/ANCE1 IS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY = ,5GL&4 ',DOES NOT ?IS PROVE ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CREATES A SURPLUS PRODUCT = :I* !RE IS NO ROOM ON ! 9T]NAL M>KET8 ,:Y1 COME TO ?AT1 DOES ,5GL& REQUIRE AN EXT]NAL M>KET8 ,! ANSW] IS NOT DIFFICULT3 BECAUSE A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ,5GL&'S PUR*AS+ P[] IS EXP5D$ ON OBTA9+ =EIGN COMMODITIES4 ,! IMPORT ( =EIGN COMMODITIES = ! ,5GLI% HOME M>KET ALSO MAKES IT ESS5TIAL TO EXPORT ,5GLI% COMMODITIES ABROAD4 ,S9CE ,5GL& CANNOT MANAGE )\T IMPORT+ FROM ABROAD1 EXPORTS >E A VITAL CONDITION = ?AT C\NTRY1 S9CE )\T !M %E W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO PAY = H] IMPORTS4'7#g7 ,H]E AGA9 AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS >E DESCRIB$ AS A /IMULAT+ & DECISIVE FACTOR1 QUITE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! S*EME ( ! ,G]MAN PR(ESSORS4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! G5]AL L9E ( REASON+ ON :I* ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI SUPPORTS HIS D>+ SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION1 ! NEW REVELATION ON ! PROBLEM ( CRISES & A :OLE LOT ( O!RS8 ,H>D TO BELIEVE1 BUT QUITE 9CONTROV]TIBLE = ALL ?AT1 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S PRO( CONSI/S EXCLUSIVELY & 5TIRELY - 9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 NO MORE NO LESS4 ,AL?\< HE REPEAT$LY REF]S RA!R POMP\SLY TO HIS 'AB/RACT ANALYSIS ( ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS ( SOCIAL CAPITAL'1 TO ! 'CONCLUSIVE LOGIC' ( HIS ANALYSIS1 ?IS 5TIRE ANALYSIS IS NO?+ BUT A COPY ( ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 ) A DIFF]5T SET ( FIGURES4 ,NO:]E 9 ! 5TIRE WORKS ( ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI %ALL WE F9D A TRACE ( ANY O!R >GUM5T4 ,9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM1 ADMITT$LY1 ACCUMULATION1 PRODUCTION1 REALIZATION & EX*ANGE RUN SMOO?LY ) CLOCKWORK PRECISION1 & NO D\BT ?IS K9D ( 'ACCUMULATION' CAN CONT9UE AD 9F9ITUM1 JU/ AS LONG1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AS 9K & PAP] DO NOT RUN \T4 ,& IT IS ?IS H>MLESS WRITT5 EX]CISE ) MA!MATICAL EQUATIONS :I* ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI QUITE S]I\SLY CONSID]S A DEMON/RATION ( SU* A C\RSE 9 REAL EV5TS4 ',! DIAGRAMS WE HAVE ADDUC$ >E B\ND TO PROVE CONCLUSIVELY ?AT 444' ,ON ANO!R OCCASION HE C\NT]S ,HOBSON1 :O IS CONV9C$ ?AT ACCUMULATION IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ) ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 ',DIAGRAM ,NO4#b ( ! REPRODUCTION ( SOCIAL CAPITAL ON A RIS+ SCALE CORRESPONDS TO ! CASE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,HOBSON HAS 9 M9D4 ,BUT DOES ?IS DIAGRAM %[ A SURPLUS PRODUCT TO COME 9TO BE+8 ,F> FROM IT4'7#h7 ,HOBSON IS REFUT$ & ! MATT] SETTL$ BECAUSE '9 ! ,DIAGRAM' NO SURPLUS PRODUCT COMES 9TO BE+4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI KN[S QUITE WELL ?AT 9 H>D FACT ?+S DO NOT WORK \T SO SMOO?LY4 ,!RE >E CONT9UAL FLUCTUATIONS 9 ! EX*ANGE RELATIONS & P]IODICAL CRISES4 ,BUT !SE CRISES HAPP5 ONLY BECAUSE 9 ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION ! PROP] PROPORTIONS >E NOT MA9TA9$1 BECAUSE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! PROPORTIONS1 ( 'DIAGRAM ,NO4#b' >E NOT OBS]V$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,IF !Y W]E1 !RE W\LD BE NO CRISIS1 & CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION C\LD GET ALONG AS NICELY AS IT DOES ON PAP]1 9 EV]Y DETAIL4 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI IS COMMITT$ TO ! VIEW ?AT WE CAN IGNORE ! CRISES IF WE CONSID] ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS AS A CONT9U\S PROCESS4 ,AL?\< ! 'PROPORTION' MAY BE UPSET AT ANY MOM5T1 YET ON AV]AGE IT WILL ALWAYS BE REE/ABLI%$ BY DIFF]5T DEVIATIONS1 BY PRICE-FLUCTUATIONS FROM DAY TO DAY1 & 9 ! LONG RUN BY P]IODICAL CRISES4 ,?AT ON ! :OLE ?IS 'PROPORTION' IS MORE OR LESS MA9TA9$ IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT CAPITALI/ ECONOMY IS /ILL GO+ /RONG - O!RWISE IT W\LD LONG AGO HAVE 5D$ 9 *AOS & COLLAPSE4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 !N1 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S 'PROPORTION' IS OBS]V$ BY & L>GE1 & WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT REALITY OBEYS 'DIAGRAM ,NO4#b'4 ,& S9CE ?IS DIAGRAM CAN BE 9DEF9ITELY EXT5D$1 IT FOLL[S ?AT CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION CAN ALSO PROCE$ AD 9F9ITUM4 ,:AT IS /RIK+ 9 ALL ?IS IS NOT ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S CONCLUSION ?AT ! DIAGRAM CORRESPONDS TO ! ACTUAL C\RSE ( EV5TS - AS WE HAVE SE51 ,BULGAKOV ALSO %>$ ?IS BELIEF2 ! REALLY />TL+ FACT IS ?AT ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI SEES NO NECESSITY = AS MU* AS 9QUIR+ :E!R ! DIAGRAM IS CORRECT1 ?AT1 9/EAD ( PROV+ ! DIAGRAM1 HE CONSID]S ?IS1 ! >I?METICAL EX]CISE ON PAP]1 AS PRO( ( ! ACTUAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,BULGAKOV HONE/LY TRI$ TO PROJECT ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ON ! REAL CONCRETE RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ( CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE2 HE 5DEAVOR$ TO OV]COME ! DIFFICULTIES RESULT+ FROM IT1 ?\< )\T SUCCESS1 IT IS TRUE1 REMA9+ TO ! LA/ 9VOLV$ ) ,M>X'S ANALYSIS1 :I* HE HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$ TO BE 9COMPLETE & FRAGM5T>Y4 ,BUT ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI DOES NOT NE$ ANY PRO(1 HE DOES NOT GREATLY EX]CISE HIS BRA9S3 S9CE ! >I?METICAL SUMS COME \T SATISFACTORILY1 & MAY BE CONT9U$ AD LIB41 ?IS IS TO HIM PRO( ?AT CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION CAN ALSO PROCE$ )\T LET OR H9DRANCE - PROVID$ ! SAID 'PROPORTION' OBTA9S1 :I* IT WILL HAVE TO DO BY HOOK OR BY CROOK1 AS HE HIMSELF W\LD NOT DREAM ( D5Y+4 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI1 H[EV]1 HAS ONE 9DIRECT PRO( ?AT ! DIAGRAM ) ITS /RANGE RESULTS CORRESPONDS TO1 & TRULY REFLECTS1 REALITY4 ,?IS IS ! FACT ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 QUITE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,M>X'S DIAGRAM1 PUTS HUMAN CONSUMPTION SECOND TO PRODUCTION1 ?AT IT CONCEIVES ( ! =M] AS A MEANS & ( ! LATT] AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF2 JU/ AS IT PUTS HUMAN LABOR1 ! 'WORK]'1 ON A P> ) ! MA*9E4 ',TE*NICAL PROGRESS IS EXPRESS$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! MEANS ( LABOR1 ! MA*9E1 9CREASES MORE & MORE 9 IMPORTANCE AS COMP>$ TO LIV+ LABOR1 TO ! WORK] HIMSELF4 ,MEANS ( PRODUCTION PLAY AN EV] GR[+ P>T 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS & ON ! COMMODITY M>KET4 ,COMP>$ TO ! MA*9E1 ! WORK] REC$ES FUR!R 9TO ! BACKGR\ND & ! DEM& RESULT+ FROM ! CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK]S IS ALSO PUT 9TO ! %ADE BY ?AT :I* RESULTS FROM PRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION BY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 5TIRE WORK+S ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY TAKE ON ! *>ACT] ( A ME*ANISM EXI/+ ON ITS [N1 AS IT W]E1 9 :I* HUMAN CONSUMPTION APPE>S AS A SIMPLE MOM5T ( ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS & ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITALS4'7#i7 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI CONSID]S ?IS DISCOV]Y AS A FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* IS CONFIRM$ BY A QUITE TANGIBLE PH5OM5ON3 ) ! PROGRESS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ,DEP>TM5T ,I GOES ON GR[+ RELATIVELY TO1 & AT ! EXP5SE (1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I4 ,IT WAS ,M>X HIMSELF :O1 AS WE ALL KN[1 SET UP ?IS LAW 9 :I* HE GR\ND$ ! S*EMATIC EXPOSITION ( REPRODUCTION1 ?\< 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( HIS DIAGRAM HE IGNOR$ SUBSEQU5T ALT]ATIONS = SIMPLICITY'S SAKE4 ,?IS1 ! AUTOMATIC GR[? ( ! PRODUC] GOODS AS COMP>$ ) ! CONSUM] GOODS DEP>TM5T AF=DS ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI ! ONLY OBJECTIVE PRO( ( HIS !ORY3 ?AT 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HUMAN CONSUMPTION BECOMES 9CREAS+LY UNIMPORTANT2 & PRODUCTION MORE & MORE AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,?IS !SIS =MS ! CORN]-/ONE ( HIS 5TIRE !ORETICAL $IFICE4 ',9 ALL ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES'1 HE PROCLAIMS1 'WE >E CONFRONT$ ) ! SAME TYPE ( DEVELOPM5T - ! DEVELOPM5T ( NATIONAL ECONOMY EV]Y:]E FOLL[S ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL LAW4 ,! M9+ 9DU/RY :I* CREATES ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION = MOD]N 9DU/RY COMES MORE & MORE TO ! =E4 ,! RELATIVE DECREASE 9 ! EXPORT ( IMM$IATELY CONSUMABLE MANUFACTUR$ GOODS FROM ,BRITA9 IS ?US ALSO AN EXPRESSION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW GOV]N+ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! FUR!R TE*NICAL PROGRESS ADVANCES1 ! MORE DO CONSUM] GOODS REC$E AS COMP>$ ) PRODUC] GOODS4 ,HUMAN CONSUMPTION PLAYS AN EV] DECREAS+ P>T AS AGA9/ ! PRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4'7#a7 ,AL?\< ?IS 'FUNDAM5TAL LAW' LIKE ALL HIS O!R 'FUNDAM5TAL' LAWS1 9 SO F> AS !Y MEAN ANY?+ AT ALL1 IS BORR[$ READY-MADE FROM ,M>X1 ,B>ANOVSKI DOES NOT RE/ CONT5T ) ?IS & IMM$IATELY PROCE$S TO PREA* ! ,M>XI/ GOSPEL TO ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,SCRABBL+ AB\T LIKE A BL9D H51 ,M>X HAS TURN$ UP ANO!R PE>L - ,TUGAN WILL GIVE HIM ?AT - ONLY HE DOES NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT4 ,IT NE$$ A ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI TO KN[ H[ TO MAKE IT USEFUL TO SCI5CE1 & 9 HIS H& ! NEWLY DISCOV]$ LAW SUDD5LY ?R[S A NEW LITM5T ( PRODUC] GOODS AT ! CO/ ( ?AT ( CONSUM] GOODS REVEALS CLE>LY1 CONCISELY1 EXACTLY1 & 9 MEASURABLE T]MS1 ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ATTA*ES PROGRESSIVELY LESS IMPORTANCE TO HUMAN CONSUMPTION1 PUTT+ MAN ON ! SAME LEVEL AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & ?AT ,M>X WAS !RE=E COMPLETELY WRONG BO? 9 ASSUM+ ?AT MAN ALONE1 NOT ! MA*9E1 TOO1 CAN BE ! CREATOR ( SURPLUS VALUE1 & 9 SAY+1 FUR!R1 ?AT HUMAN CONSUMPTION REPRES5TS A LIMIT = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION :I* IS B\ND TO CAUSE P]IODICAL CRISES 9 ! PRES5T1 & ! COLLAPSE & T]RIBLE 5D ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! 'FUNDAM5TAL LAW' GOV]N+ ! 9CREASE ( PRODUC] AS COMP>$ TO CONSUM] GOODS REFLECTS ! S+UL> NATURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS A :OLE :I* ,M>X HAD NOT UND]/OOD & :I* TO 9T]PRET HAPPILY FELL TO ! LOT ( ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ABOVE ! DECISIVE P>T PLAY$ BY ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( CAPITAL 9 ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S & ! SKEPTICS4 ,BULGAKOV'S REM>KS WE ALREADY KN[2 ANO!R ,M>XI/ ALREADY REF]R$ TO1 ,VLADIMIR ,ILY91 EXPRESSES HIMSELF 9 SIMIL> T]MS 9 HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ! POPULI/S3 ',IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! LAW ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ! CON/ANT CAPITAL GR[S MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY AN EV] 9CREAS+ P>T ( ! NEWLY =M$ CAPITAL FALLS TO ! DEP>TM5T ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION :I* CREATES PRODUC] GOODS4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 ?IS DEP>TM5T IS ABSOLUTELY B\ND TO GR[ MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! DEP>TM5T CREAT+ CONSUM] GOODS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! V]Y ?+ HAPP5S :I* ,SISMONDI DECL>$ TO BE 0IMPOSSIBLE01 0DANG]\S01 ETC4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 CONSUM] GOODS MAKE UP A SMALL] & SMALL] %>E ( ! TOTAL BULK ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & ?IS IS 5TIRELY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! HI/ORICAL 0MISSION0 ( CAPITALISM & ITS SPECIFIC SOCIAL /RUCTURE3 ! =M] 9 FACT CONSI/S 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY 7PRODUCTION AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF71 & ! LATT] PREV5TS ?AT ! MASS ( ! POPULATION %\LD TURN !M TO USE4' 7#a#a7 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ( C\RSE1 ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI GOES EV5 F>!R4 ,) HIS LOVE ( P>ADOX HE ACTUALLY P]MITS HIMSELF ! JOKE ( SUBMITT+ A MA!MATICAL PRO( ?AT ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL & EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION >E POSSIBLE EV5 IF ! ABSOLUTE VOLUME ( PRODUCTION DECREASES4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,K>L ,KAUTSKY HAS PO9T$ \T1 HE HAD REC\RSE TO A SOME:AT DUBI\S SCI5TIFIC SUBT]FUGE1 NAMELY ?AT HE %AP$ HIS D>+ D$UCTIONS EXCLUSIVELY = A SPECIFIC MOM5T3 ! TRANSITION FROM SIMPLE TO 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION - A MOM5T :I* IS EXCEPTIONAL EV5 9 !ORY1 BUT C]TA9LY ( NO PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE :ATEV]47#a#b7 ,AS TO ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S 'FUNDAM5TAL LAW'1 ,KAUTSKY DECL>ES IT TO BE A M]E ILLUSION DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI CONSID]$ ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION ONLY 9 ! OLD C\NTRIES ( CAPITALI/ BIG 9DU/RY4 ',IT IS CORRECT'1 ,KAUTSKY SAYS1 '?AT ) A PROGRESSIVE DIVISION ( LABOR1 !RE WILL BE COMP>ATIVELY FEW] & FEW] FACTORIES ETC4 = ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS DIRECT = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION1 TOGE!R ) A RELATIVE 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :I* SUPPLY BO? ! =M] & ONE ANO!R ) TOOLS1 MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 TRANSPORT FACILITIES & SO ON4 ,:ILE 9 ORIG9AL PEASANT ECONOMY AN 5T]PRISE ?AT CULTIVAT$ ! FLAX ALSO MADE ! L95 ) ITS [N TOOLS & GOT IT READY = HUMAN CONSUMPTION1 N[ADAYS HUNDR$S ( 5T]PRISES MAY %>E 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( A S+LE %IRT1 BY PRODUC+ RAW COTTON1 IRON RAILS1 /EAM 5G9ES & RAILWAY TRUCKS ?AT BR+ IT TO PORT1 & SO ON4 ,) 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR IT WILL HAPP5 ?AT SOME C\NTRIES - ! OLD 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES - CAN ONLY SL[LY EXP& !IR PRODUCTION = P]SONAL CONSUMPTION2 :ILE MAK+ L>GE /RIDES 9 !IR PRODUCTION ( PRODUC] GOODS :I* IS MU* MORE DECISIVE = ! HE>TBEAT ( ECONOMIC LIFE ?AN ! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! NATION CONC]N$1 WE MIANOVSKI'S1 TYPICAL ( VULG> ECONOMICS4 ,NOT SO ! FACT CIT$ 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS FALLACY3 ! QUICK] GR[? ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I AS COMP>$ ) ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I IS BEYOND DISPUTE1 NOT ONLY 9 OLD 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES BUT :]EV] TE*NICAL PROGRESS PLAYS A DECISIVE P>T 9 PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS ! F\NDATION ALSO ( ,M>X'S FUNDAM5TAL LAW ?AT ! RATE ( PR(IT T5DS TO FALL4 ,YET 9 SPITE ( IT ALL1 OR RA!R PRECISELY = ?IS REASON1 IT IS A H[L] IF ,BULGAKOV1 ,ILY9 & ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI IMAG9E TO HAVE DISCOV]$ 9 ?IS LAW ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS AN ECONOMIC SY/EM 9 :I* PRODUCTION IS AN 5D 9 ITSELF & HUMAN CONSUMPTION M]ELY 9CID5TAL4 ,! GR[? ( ! CON/ANT AT ! EXP5SE ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL IS ONLY ! CAPITALI/ EXPRESSION ( ! G5]AL EFFECTS ( 9CREAS+ LABOR PRODUCTIVITY4 ,! =MULA C GREAT] ?AN V 7C @> V71 TRANSLAT$ FROM ! LANGUAGE ( CAPITALISM 9TO ?AT ( ! SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS1 MEANS ONLY ?AT ! HI<] ! PRODUCTIVITY ( HUMAN LABOR1 ! %ORT] ! TIME NE$$ TO *ANGE A GIV5 QUANTITY ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO F9I%$ PRODUCTS47#a#c7 ,?IS IS A UNIV]SAL LAW ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,IT HAS BE5 VALID 9 ALL PRE-CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION & WILL ALSO BE VALID 9 ! FUTURE 9 A SOCIALI/ ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,9 T]MS ( ! MAT]IAL USE-=M ( SOCIETY'S AGGREGATE PRODUCT1 ?IS LAW MU/ MANIFE/ ITSELF BY MORE & MORE SOCIAL LABOR TIME BE+ EMPLOY$ 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( PRODUC] ?AN ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,9 A PLANN$ & CONTROLL$ SOCIAL ECONOMY1 ORGANIZ$ ON SOCIALI/ L9ES1 ?IS TRANS=MATION W\LD 9 FACT BE MORE RAPID EV5 ?AN IT IS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 RATIONAL SCI5TIFIC TE*NIQUES CAN ONLY BE APPLI$ ON ! L>GE/ SCALE :5 ! B>RI]S ( PRIVATE [N]%IP 9 L& >E ABOLI%$4 ,?IS WILL RESULT 9 AN IMM5SE REVOLUTION 9 VA/ PROV9CES ( PRODUCTION :I* WILL ULTIMATELY AM\NT TO A REPLACEM5T ( LIV+ LABOR BY MA*9E LABOR1 & :I* WILL 5ABLE US TO TACKLE TE*NICAL JOBS ON A SCALE QUITE IMPOSSIBLE UND] PRES5T DAY CONDITIONS4 ,SECONDLY1 ! G5]AL USE ( MA*9]Y 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS WILL BE PUT ON A NEW ECONOMIC BASIS4 ,AT PRES5T ! MA*9E DOES NOT COMPETE ) LIV+ LABOR BUT ONLY ) ?AT P>T ( IT ?AT IS PAID4 ,! CO/ ( ! LABOR P[] :I* IS REPLAC$ BY ! MA*9E REPRES5TS ! L[E/ LIMIT ( ! APPLICABILITY ( ! MA*9E4 ,:I* MEANS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ BECOMES 9T]E/$ 9 A MA*9E ONLY :5 ! CO/S ( ITS PRODUCTION - ASSUM+ ! SAME LEVEL ( P]=MANCE - AM\NT TO LESS ?AN ! WAGES ( ! WORK]S IT REPLACES4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS :I* IS ! ONLY ONE TO MATT] 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ! MA*9E COMPETES NOT ) ! LABOR ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO MA9TA9 ! WORK] BUT ) ! LABOR HE ACTUALLY P]=MS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 A SOCIETY ?AT IS NOT GOV]N$ BY ! PR(IT MOTIVE BUT AIMS AT SAV+ HUMAN LABOR1 ! USE ( MA*9]Y IS ECONOMIC-AIMS 9DICAT$ JU/ AS SOON AS IT CAN SAVE MORE HUMAN LABOR ?AN IS NECESS>Y = MAK+ IT1 NOT TO M5TION ! MANY CASES :]E ! USE ( MA*9]Y IS DESIRABLE EV5 IF IT DOES NOT ANSW] ?IS ECONOMIC M9IMUM - = REASONS ( HEAL? & SIMIL> CONSID]ATIONS1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 ! T5SION BETWE5 ! RESPECTIVE ECONOMIC USEFULNESS ( ! MA*9E 9 7A7 A CAPITALI/1 & 7B7 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS AT LEA/ EQUAL TO ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 LABOR & ?AT P>T ( IT ?AT IS PAID2 IT IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! PRECISE EQUIVAL5T ( ! :OLE CAPITALI/ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF ! CAPITALI/ PR(IT MOTIVE IS ABOLI%$ & A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR 9TRODUC$1 ! M>G9AL USE ( ! MA*9E WILL SUDD5LY BE 9CREAS$ BY ! :OLE EXT5T ( ! CAPITALI/ SURPLUS VALUE1 SO ?AT AN 5ORM\S FIELD1 NOT TO BE GAUG$ AS YET1 WILL BE OP5 TO ! TRIUMPHAL M>* ( ! MA*9E4 ,?IS W\LD BE TANGIBLE PRO( ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ALLEG$ TO SPUR ON TO ! OPTIMUM TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 FACT SETS L>GE SOCIAL LIMITS TO TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 9 =M ( ! PR(IT MOTIVE ON :I* IT IS BAS$4 ,IT W\LD %[ ?AT AS SOON AS !SE LIMITS >E ABOLI%$1 TE*NICAL PROGRESS WILL DEVELOP SU* A P[]FUL DRIVE ?AT ! TE*NICAL M>VELS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION WILL BE *ILD'S PLAY 9 COMP>ISON4 ,9 T]MS ( ! COMPOSITION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT1 ?IS TE*NICAL TRANS=MATION CAN ONLY MEAN ?AT1 COMP>$ TO ! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS1 ! PRODUCTION ( PRODUC] GOODS - MEASUR$ 9 UNITS ( LABOR TIME - MU/ 9CREASE MORE RAPIDLY 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?AN IT DOES EV5 TO-DAY4 ,?US ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S TOOK TO REVEAL TYPICAL CAPITALI/ BAS5ESS1 ! NEGLECT ( MAN'S NE$ TO CONSUME1 RA!R PROVES TO BE ! PRECISE MANIFE/ATION ( ! PROGRESSIVE SUBJECTION ( NATURE TO SOCIAL LABOR1 :I* WILL BECOME EV5 MORE /RIK+ :5 PRODUCTION IS ORGANIZ$ SOLELY ) A VIEW TO HUMAN NE$S4 ,! ONLY OBJECTIVE PRO( = ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S 'FUNDAM5TAL LAW' ?US COLLAPSES AS A 'FUNDAM5TAL' CONFUSION4 ,HIS :OLE CON/RUCTION1 9CLUD+ HIS 'NEW !ORY ( CRISES'1 TOGE!R ) ! 'LACK ( PROPORTION'1 IS R$UC$ TO ITS F\NDATIONS ON PAP]3 A SLAVI% COPY ( ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION4 ,FOOTNOTES 7#a7,/UDIES ON ! ,!ORY & ,HI/ORY ( ,COMM]CIAL ,CRISES 9 ,5GL& 7,J5A #a#i#a7 & ,!ORETICAL ,F\NDATIONS ( ,M>XISM 7#a#i#e74 7#b7,/UDIES ON ! ,!ORY & ,HI/ORY 4441 P4#b#c4 7#c7,IBID41 P4#c#d4 7#d7,IBID41 P4#c#c#c4 7#e7,IBID41 P4#a#i#a4 7#f7,IBID41 P4#b#c#a1 ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL4 7#g7,IBID41 P4#c#e4 7#h7,IBID41 P4#a#i#a4 7#i7,IBID41 P4#b#g4 7#a7,IBID41 P4#e#h4 7#a#a7 ,V4 ,ILY9 .<,L59.>1 ,/UDIES & ,ESSAYS 9 ,ECONOMICS 7,OKONOMIS*E ,/UDI5 UND ,>TIKEL4 ,ZUR ,*>AKT]ISI]UNG DES OKONOMIS*5 ,ROMANTIZISMUS1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG #a#h#i#i71 P4#b4 - ,9CID5TALLY1 ! SAME AU?OR IS RESPONSIBLE = ! /ATEM5T ?AT 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION BEG9S ONLY ) CAPITALISM4 ,IT QUITE ESCAPES HIM ?AT UND] CONDITIONS ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 :I* HE TAKES TO BE ! RULE = ALL PRE-CAPITALI/ MODES ( PRODUCTION1 WE %\LD PROBABLY NEV] HAVE ADVANC$ BEYOND ! /AGE ( ! PALEOLI?IC SCRAP]4 .<,! TOOL ?AT SOME HUMANS US$1 P]HAPS TO SK9 A DE] OR A WILD HORSE1 >\ND #b#e1 YE>S AGO - ,B4,B4.> 7#a#b7,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 VOL4XX1 P>T #b1 ,KRIS5!ORI51 P4#a#a#f4 ,KAUTSKY'S MA!MATICAL DEMON/RATION TO ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI ?AT CONSUMPTION IS B\ND TO GR[1 & '9 ! PRECISE RATIO AS ! BULK ( PRODUC] GOODS 9 T]MS ( VALUE'1 CALLS = TWO COMM5TS3 FIR/1 LIKE ,M>X1 ,KAUTSKY PAID NO ATT5TION TO ! PROGRESS 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR SO ?AT CONSUMPTION APPE>S TO HAVE A RELATIVELY L>G] VOLUME ?AN IT W\LD 9 FACT HAVE4 ,SECONDLY1 ! 9CREASE 9 CONSUMPTION TO :I* ,KAUTSKY H]E REF]S1 IS ONLY A CONSEQU5CE1 A RESULT ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 IT IS NEI!R ITS BASIS NOR ITS AIM2 IT IS MA9LY DUE TO ! GR[? ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 ! CONT9UAL EMPLOYM5T ( ADDITIONAL WORK]S4 ,! UPKEEP ( !SE WORK]S1 H[EV]1 NEI!R IS NOR \GUM5T NO D\BT REFUTES ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S PET NOTION3 ! :IMSY TO CON/RUE 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION ) AN ABSOLUTE DECREASE 9 CONSUMPTION4 ,BUT = ALL ?AT1 HE DOES NOT GET ANY:]E NE> ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION UND] ! ASPECT ( ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS2 ?\< WE >E TOLD 9 ANO!R PASSAGE ( ! SAME WORK3 ',) ! CAPITALI/S GR[+ RI*]1 & ! WORK]S !Y EXPLOIT 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 !Y CON/ITUTE BETWE5 !M A M>KET = ! CONSUM] GOODS PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ BIG 9DU/RY :I* EXP&S CONT9UALLY1 YET IT DOES NOT GR[ AS RAPIDLY AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL & ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 & MU/ !RE=E REMA9 9ADEQUATE4 ,AN ADDITIONAL M>KET IS REQUIR$ = !SE CONSUM] GOODS1 A M>KET \TSIDE !IR [N PROV9CE1 AMONG ?OSE OCCUPATIONAL GR\PS & NATIONS :OSE MODE ( PRODUCTION IS NOT YET CAPITALI/IC4 ,?IS M>KET IS F\ND & ALSO WID5S 9CREAS+LY1 BUT ! EXPANSION IS AGA9 TOO SL[1 S9CE ! ADDITIONAL M>KET IS NOT NE>LY SO ELA/IC & CAPABLE ( EXPANSION AS ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,AS SOON AS CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION HAS DEVELOP$ TO ! BIG 9DU/RY /AGE1 AS 9 ,5GL& ALREADY 9 ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IT IS CAPABLE ( EXP&+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS SO AS SOON TO \T-DI/ANCE ALL EXPANSIONS ( ! M>KET4 ,EV]Y P]IOD ( PROSP]ITY SUBSEQU5T TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5SION ( ! M>KET IS ?US FROM ! \TSET DOOM$ TO AN E>LY 5D - ! 9EVITABLE CRISIS4 ,?IS1 9 BRIEF1 IS ! !ORY ( CRISES E/ABLI%$ BY ,M>X1 &1 AS F> AS WE CAN SEE1 G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ BY ! 0OR?ODOX0 ,M>XI/S4' 7IBID41 P4#h74 ,KAUTSKY1 H[EV]1 IS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 H>MONIZ+ ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! REALIZATION ( ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT ) ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION1 P]HAPS BECAUSE1 AS \R QUOTATION ALSO %[S1 HE DEALS ) ! PROBLEM SOLELY FROM ! ASPECT ( CRISES1 REG>D+1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AS A MORE OR LESS HOMOG5E\S BULK ( GOODS & IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT IT IS DIFF]5TIAT$ 9 ! REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,L4 ,B\D9 SEEMS TO COME CLOS] TO ! CRUCIAL PO9T4 ,9 HIS BRILLIANT REVIEW ON ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI HE GIVES ! FOLL[+ =MULATION3 ',) A S+LE EXCEPTION TO BE CONSID]$ BEL[1 ! EXI/5CE ( SURPLUS PRODUCT 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES DOES NOT PUT A SPOKE 9 ! :EEL ( PRODUCTION1 NOT BECAUSE PRODUCTION WILL BE DI/RIBUT$ MORE EFFICI5TLY AMONG ! V>I\S SPH]ES1 OR BECAUSE ! MANUFACTURE ( MA*9]Y WILL REPLACE ?AT ( COTTON GOODS4 ,! REASON IS RA!R ?AT1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAV+ BEGUN SOON] 9 SOME C\NTRIES ?AN 9 O!RS1 & BECAUSE EV5 TO-DAY !RE >E /ILL SOME C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE NO DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES 9 TRU? HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL AN \TSIDE M>KET 9 :I* !Y CAN GET RID ( !IR PRODUCTS :I* !Y CANNOT CONSUME !MSELVES1 NO MATT] :E!R !SE >E COTTON OR IRON GOODS4 ,WE W\LD BY NO MEANS D5Y ?AT IT IS SIGNIFICANT IF IRON GOODS REPLACE COTTON GOODS AS ! MA9 PRODUCTS ( ! PR9CIPAL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS *ANGE IS ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 BUT ITS IMPLICATIONS >E RA!R DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ASCRIB$ TO IT BY ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI4 ,IT 9DICATES ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( CAPITALISM4 ,SO LONG AS ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES EXPORT$ COMMODITIES = ! PURPOSE ( CONSUMPTION1 !RE WAS /ILL A HOPE = CAPITALISM 9 !SE C\NTRIES1 & ! QUE/ION DID NOT >ISE H[ MU* & H[ LONG ! NON-CAPITALI/ \TSIDE WORLD W\LD BE ABLE TO ABSORB CAPITALI/ COMMODITIES4 ,! GR[+ %>E ( MA*9]Y AT ! CO/ ( CONSUM] GOODS 9 :AT IS EXPORT$ FROM ! MA9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES %[S ?AT >EAS :I* W]E =M]LY FREE ( CAPITALISM1 & !RE=E S]V$ AS A DUMP+-GR\ND = ITS SURPLUS PRODUCTS1 >E N[ DRAWN 9TO ! :IRLPOOL ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT %[S ?AT1 S9CE !Y >E DEVELOP+ A CAPITALISM ( !IR [N1 !Y CAN BY !MSELVES PRODUCE ! CONSUM] GOODS !Y NE$4 ,AT PRES5T !Y /ILL REQUIRE MA*9]Y PRODUC$ BY CAPITALI/ ME?ODS S9CE !Y >E ONLY 9 ! 9ITIAL /AGES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ALL TOO SOON !Y WILL NE$ !M NO LONG]4 ,JU/ AS !Y N[ MAKE !IR [N COTTON & O!R CONSUM] GOODS !Y WILL 9 FUTURE PRODUCE !IR [N IRON W>E4 ,!N !Y WILL NOT ONLY CEASE TO ABSORB ! SURPLUS PRODUCE ( ! ESS5TIALLY CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 BUT !Y WILL !MSELVES PRODUCE SURPLUS PRODUCTS :I* !Y CAN PLACE ONLY ) DIFFICULTY' 7,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 VOL4XXV1 P>T #a1 ,MA!MATIS*E ,=MELN GEG5 ,K>L ,M>X1 P4#f#d74 ,B\D9 H]E BROA*ES AN IMPORTANT ASPECT ( ! G5]AL RELATIONS P]TA9+ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM4 ,FUR!R1 AS A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE1 HE COMES TO ! QUE/ION ( IMP]IALISM BUT UN=TUNATELY HE F9ALLY PUTS ! WRONG K9D ( $GE ON HIS ACUTE ANALYSIS BY CONSID]+ ! :OLE ( MILIT>I/ PRODUCTION TOGE!R ) ! SY/EM ( EXPORT+ 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL TO NON-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES UND] ! HEAD+ ( 'RECKLESS EXP5DITURE' - ,WE MU/ SAY 9 P>5!SIS ?AT ,B\D+1 JU/ LIKE ,KAUTSKY1 HOLDS ?AT ! LAW ( A QUICK] GR[? 9 ! MEANS-(-PRODUCTION DEP>TM5T RELATIVE TO ! MEANS-(-SUBSI/5CE DEP>TM5T IS A DELUSION ( ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI'S4 7#a#c7 ',AP>T FROM NATURAL CONDITIONS1 SU* AS F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 ETC41 & FROM ! SKILL ( 9DEP5D5T & ISOLAT$ PRODUC]S 7%[N RA!R QUALITATIVELY 9 ! G5US ?AN QUANTITATIVELY 9 ! MASS ( !IR PRODUCTS71 ! DEGREE ( PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! RELATIVE EXT5T ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT ONE LABOR]1 DUR+ A GIV5 TIME1 ) ! SAME T5SION ( LABOR-P[]1 TURNS 9TO PRODUCTS4 ,! MASS ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* HE ?US TRANS=MS1 9CREASES ) ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( HIS LABOR4 ,BUT ?OSE MEANS ( PRODUCTION PLAY A D\BLE P>T4 ,! 9CREASE ( SOME IS A CONSEQU5CE1 ?AT ( ! O!RS A CONDITION ( ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,E4G41 ) ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 MANUFACTURE1 & ) ! USE ( MA*9]Y1 MORE RAW MAT]IAL IS WORK$ UP 9 ! SAME TIME &1 !RE=E1 A GREAT] MASS ( RAW MAT]IAL & AUXILI>Y SUB/ANCES 5T] 9TO ! LABOR-PROCESS4 ,?AT IS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MASS ( MA*9]Y1 BEA/S ( BURD51 M9]AL MANURES1 DRA9PIPES1 ETC41 IS A CONDITION ( ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,SO ALSO IS IT ) ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CONC5TRAT$ 9 BUILD+S1 FURNACES1 MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 ETC4 ,BUT :E!R CONDITION OR CONSEQU5CE1 ! GR[+ EXT5T ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 AS COMP>$ ) ! LABOR-P[] 9CORPORAT$ ) !M1 IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! GR[+ PRODUCTIV5ESS ( LABOR4 ,! 9CREASE ( ! LATT] APPE>S1 !RE=E1 9 ! DIM9UTION ( ! MASS ( LABOR 9 PROPORTION TO ! MASS ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION MOV$ BY IT1 OR 9 ! DIM9UTION ( ! SUBJECTIVE FACTOR ( ! LABOR-PROCESS AS COMP>$ ) ! OBJECTIVE FACTOR' 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 PP4#f#c#e-#f74 ,& YET ANO!R PASSAGE3 ',WE HAVE SE5 PREVI\SLY1 ?AT ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & !RE=E ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* DEVELOPS ! SOCIALLY PRODUCTIVE P[] ( LABOR MORE ?AN ALL PREVI\S MODES ( PRODUCTION1 !RE IS A /EADY 9CREASE ( ! MASS ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* >E P]MAN5TLY EMBODI$ 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS AS 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR & P]=M !IR FUNCTION 9 IT = A LONG] OR %ORT] TIME AT REPEAT$ 9T]VALS 7BUILD+S1 MA*9]Y1 ETC472 ALSO1 ?AT ?IS 9CREASE IS AT ! SAME TIME ! PREMISE & RESULT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( SOCIAL LABOR4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :I* IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY RELATIVE AS WELL AS ABSOLUTE GR[? ( ?IS SORT ( WEAL?' 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4I1 *AP4XXIII1 #b74 ',! MAT]IAL =MS ( EXI/5CE ( CON/ANT CAPITAL1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 DO NOT CONSI/ M]ELY ( SU* 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 BUT ALSO ( RAW MAT]IAL 9 V>I\S /AGES ( F9I%$ & ( AUXILI>Y SUB/ANCES4 ,) ! 5L>GEM5T ( ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION & ! 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR BY COOP]ATION1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 MA*9]Y1 ETC41 ! MASS ( RAW MAT]IALS & AUXILI>Y SUB/ANCES US$ 9 ! DAILY PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION1 GR[S LIKEWISE' 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4II1 P4#a#f74 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #bc -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/