,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ah 
,HI/ORICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,PROBLEM3 ,A ,NEW ,V]SION ( ! ,PROBLEM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! ?IRD CONTROV]SY AB\T CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION TAKES PLACE 9 AN HI/ORICAL SETT+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! TWO E>LI] ONES4 ,! TIME FL[ IS ! P]IOD FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TIES TO ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETIES1 ! SC5E ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 CAPITALISM HAD ALREADY ATTA9$ MATURITY4 ,! ROSE-COLOR$ CLASSICAL VIEW ( ,SMI? & ,RIC>DO 9 A BUDD+ B\RGEOIS ECONOMY HAD LONG S9CE VANI%$ 444 ! SELF-9T]E/$ OPTIMISM ( ! VULG>IAN ,MAN*E/] DOCTR9E ( H>MONY HAD BE5 SIL5C$ BY ! DEVA/AT+ IMPACT ( ! WORLD COLLAPSE 9 ! SEV5TIES1 & UND] ! HEAVY BL[S ( A VIOL5T CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT BLAZ$ UP 9 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES AFT] ! SIXTIES4 ,EV5 ?AT H>MONY PAT*$ UP ) SOCIAL RE=MISM :I* HAD ITS HEY-DAY AFT] ! E>LY EI<TIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY1 SOON 5D$ 9 A HANGOV]4 ,! TRIAL ( TWELVE YE>S' SPECIAL LEGISLATION AGA9/ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY HAD BR\<T AB\T BITT] DISILLUSIONM5T1 & ULTIMATELY DE/ROY$ ALL ! VEILS ( H>MONY1 REVEAL+ ! CRUEL CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS 9 !IR NAK$ REALITY4 ,S9CE !N1 OPTIMISM HAD ONLY BE5 POSSIBLE 9 ! CAMP ( ! RIS+ WORK+ CLASS & ITS !ORI/S4 ,?IS WAS ADMITT$LY NOT OPTIMISM AB\T A NATURAL1 OR >TIFICIALLY E/ABLI%$ EQUILIBRIUM ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 OR AB\T ! ET]NAL DURATION ( CAPITALISM1 BUT RA!R ! CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM1 BY MI<TILY FUR!R+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 & 9 VIRTUE ( ITS 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS1 W\LD PROVIDE AN EXCELL5T SOIL = ! HI/ORICAL PROGRESS ( SOCIETY T[>DS NEW ECONOMIC & SOCIAL =MS4 ,! NEGATIVE1 DEPRESS+ T5D5CY ( ! FIR/ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 AT ONE TIME REALIZ$ BY ,SISMONDI ALONE & /ILL OBS]V$ BY ,RODB]TUS AS LATE AS ! =TIES & FIFTIES1 IS COMP5SAT$ BY A T5D5CY T[>DS ELATION3 ! HOPEFUL & VICTORI\S /RIV+ ( ! WORK]S = ASC5DANCY 9 !IR TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T & BY POLITICAL ACTION4 

,SU* WAS ! SETT+ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIA ( ?AT TIME1 H[EV]1 ! PICTURE WAS DIFF]5T 9DE$4 ,H]E1 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES REPRES5T 9 EV]Y RESPECT A P]IOD ( TRANSITION1 A P]IOD ( 9T]NAL CRISES ) ALL ITS AGONIES4 ,BIG 9DU/RY ONLY N[ /AG$ ITS REAL 5TRY1 FO/]$ BY ! P]IOD ( HI< PROTECTIVE T>IFFS4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( A T>IFF ON GOLD AT ! ,WE/]N FRONTI] 9 #ahgg WAS A SPECIAL L&M>K 9 ! ABSOLUTI/ GOV]NM5T'S NEW POLICY ( =C+ ! GR[? ( CAPITALISM4 ',PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION' ( CAPITAL FL\RI%$ SPL5DIDLY 9 ,RUSSIA1 5C\RAG$ BY ALL K9DS ( /ATE SUBSIDIES1 GU>ANTEES1 PREMIUMS & GOV]NM5T ORD]S4 ,IT E>N$ PR(ITS :I* W\LD ALREADY SEEM LEG5D>Y TO ! ,WE/4 ,YET ! PICTURE ( 9T]NAL CONDITIONS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,RUSSIA WAS ANY?+ BUT ATTRACTIVE & AUSPICI\S4 ,ON ! PLA9S1 ! DECL9E & DIS9TEGRATION ( RURAL ECONOMY UND] ! PRESSURE ( EXPLOITATION BY ! ,EX*EQU]1 & ! MONET>Y SY/EM CAUS$ T]RIBLE CONDITIONS1 P]IODICAL FAM9ES & PEASANT RIS+S4 ,9 ! T[NS1 AGA91 ! FACTORY PROLET>IAT HAD NOT YET BE5 CONSOLIDAT$1 EI!R SOCIALLY OR M5TALLY1 9TO A MOD]N WORK+ CLASS4 ,= ! GREAT] P>T1 IT WAS /ILL CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) AGRICULTURE1 & REMA9$ SEMI-RURAL1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! L>GE 9DU/RIAL P>TS ( ,MOSC[-,VLADIMIR1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT C5T] ( ! ,RUSSIAN TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 PRIMITIVE =MS ( EXPLOITATION W]E C\NT]$ BY PRIMITIVE MEASURES ( DEF5SE4 ,NOT UNTIL ! E>LY EI<TIES DID ! SPONTANE\S FACTORY REVOLTS 9 ! ,MOSC[ DI/RICT ) !IR SMA%+ UP ( MA*9ES PROVIDE ! IMPETUS = ! FIR/ RUDIM5TS ( FACTORY LEGISLATION 9 ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE4 

,IF ! ECONOMIC ASPECT ( ,RUSSIAN PUBLIC LIFE %[$ AT EV]Y /EP ! H>% DISCORDS ( A P]IOD ( TRANSITION1 !RE WAS A CORRESPOND+ CRISIS 9 9TELLECTUAL LIFE4 ',POPULISM'1 ! 9DIG5\S1 BR& ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM1 !ORETICALLY GR\ND$ 9 ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN AGR>IAN CON/ITUTION1 WAS POLITICALLY F9I%$ ) ! FAILURE ( ! T]RORI/ P>TY ( ',N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA'1 ITS EXTREME REVOLUTION>Y EXPON5T4 ,! FIR/ WRIT+S ( ,GEORGE ,PLEKHANOV1 ON ! O!R H&1 :I* W]E TO PAVE ! WAY 9 ,RUSSIA = ,M>XI/ TRA9S ( ?\<T1 HAD ONLY BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 #ahhc & #a#h#h#e1 & = AB\T A DECADE !Y SEEM$ TO HAVE LITTLE 9FLU5CE DUR+ ! EI<TIES & UP TO ! N9ETIES ! M5TAL LIFE ( ! ,RUSSIAN1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! SOCIALI/ 9TELLIG5TSIA ) !FT T5D5CY T[>DS OPPOSITION1 WAS DOM9AT$ BY A PECULI> MIXTURE ( '9DIG5\S' 'POPULI/' REMNANTS & R&OM ELEM5TS ( !ORETICAL ,M>XISM4 ,! MO/ REM>KABLE FEATURE ( ?IS MIXTURE WAS SKEPTICISM AS TO ! POSSIBILITY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,AT AN E>LY DATE1 ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD BE5 PREOCCUPI$ ) ! QUE/ION :E!R ,RUSSIA %\LD FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & EMB>K ON CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,AT FIR/1 !Y NOTIC$ ONLY ! BLEAK ASPECTS ( CAPITALISM 9 ! ,WE/1 ITS DIS9TEGRAT+ EFFECTS UPON ! TRADITIONAL PATRI>*AL =MS ( PRODUCTION & UPON ! PROSP]ITY & ASSUR$ LIVELIHOOD = ! BROAD MASSES ( ! POPULATION4 ,AS AGA9/ ?AT1 ! ,RUSSIAN RURAL COMMUNAL [N]%IP 9 L&1 ! FAM\S OB%*9A1 SEEM$ TO (F] A %ORT-CUT TO ! BLESS$ L& ( SOCIALISM1 A LEAD DIRECT TO A HI<] SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA1 )\T ! CAPITALI/ PHASE & ITS ATT5DANT MIS]Y AS EXP]I5C$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,W\LD IT BE RI<T TO FL+ AWAY ?IS =TUNATE & EXCEPTIONAL POSITION1 ?IS UNIQUE HI/ORICAL OPPORTUNITY1 & =CIBLY TRANSPLANT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION TO ,RUSSIA ) ! HELP ( ! /ATE8 ,W\LD IT BE RI<T TO DE/ROY ! SY/EM ( RURAL HOLD+S & PRODUCTION1 & OP5 ! DOORS WIDE TO PROLET>ISATION1 TO MIS]Y & 9SECURITY ( EXI/5CE = ! TOLL+ MASSES8 

,! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS PREOCCUPI$ ) ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM EV] S9CE ! ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M1 & EV5 E>LI]1 S9CE ,H]TZ51 & ESPECIALLY S9CE ,*]NI%EVSKI4 ,?IS WAS ! :OLLY UNIQUE WORLD VIEW ( 'POPULISM' 9 A NUT%ELL4 ,AN 5ORM\S LIT]ATURE WAS CREAT$ 9 ,RUSSIA BY ?IS 9TELLECTUAL T5D5CY RANG+ FROM ! AV[$LY REACTION>Y DOCTR9ES ( ! ,SLAVOPHILES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ! T]RORI/ P>TY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT 5C\RAG$ ! COLLECTION ( VA/ MAT]IAL BY SEP>ATE 9QUIRIES 9TO ! ECONOMIC =MS ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE1 9TO 'NATIONAL PRODUCTION' & ITS S+UL> ASPECTS1 9TO AGRICULTURE AS PRACTIC$ BY ! PEASANT COMMUNES1 9TO ! DOME/IC 9DU/RIES ( ! PEASANTS1 ! >TEL1 & ALSO 9TO ! M5TAL LIFE ( ! PEASANTS1 ! SECTS & SIMIL> PH5OM5A4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A PECULI> TYPE ( BELLES LETTRES SPRANG UP AS ! >TI/IC REFLECTION ( ! CONTRADICTORY SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 OLD & NEW WAYS :I* BESET ! M9D AT EV]Y /EP ) DIFFICULT PROBLEMS4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES1 A PECULI>LY /UFFY PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY SPRANG UP FROM ! SAME ROOT & F\ND ITS *AMPIONS 9 ,PET] ,LAVROV1 ,NICOLAI ,MIKHAILOYSKY1 ,PR(ESSOR ,K>EYEV & ,V4 ,VORONTSOV4 ,IT WAS ! 'SUBJECTIVE ME?OD 9 SOCIOLOGY' :I* DECL>$ 'CRITICAL ?\<T' TO BE ! DECISIVE FACTOR 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 OR :I*1 MORE PRECISELY1 S\<T TO MAKE A D[N-AT-HEEL 9TELLIG5TSIA ! AG5T ( HI/ORICAL PROGRESS4 

,H]E WE >E 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 ONE ASPECT ( ?IS WIDE FIELD ) ITS MANY RAMIFICATIONS1 VIZ43 ! /RUGGLE ( OP9IONS REG>D+ ! *ANCES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & EV5 !N ONLY 9 SO F> AS !SE W]E BAS$ UPON G5]AL REFLECTIONS ON ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( R$UCTION1 S9CE !SE LATT] W]E ALSO TO PLAY A BIG P>T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN CONTROV]SIAL LIT]ATURE ( ! EI<TIES & N9ETIES4 

,! PO9T AT ISSUE WAS TO BEG9 ) ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM & ITS PROSPECTS1 BUT ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 L$ FUR!R AFIELD TO ! :OLE PROBLEM ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! EXAMPLE & ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,WE/ W]E ADDUC$ AS VITAL EVID5CE 9 ?IS DEBATE4 

,ONE FACT WAS ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! !ORETICAL CONT5T ( ! DISCUSSION ?AT FOLL[$3 NOT ONLY WAS ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AS LAID D[N 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL ALREADY COMMON PROP]TY ( $UCAT$ ,RUSSIA1 BUT ! SECOND VOLUME1 TOO1 ) ITS ANALYSIS ( ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL AS A :OLE HAD ALREADY BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e4 ,?IS GAVE A FUNDAM5TALLY NEW TWI/ TO ! DISCUSSION4 ,NO MORE DID ! PROBLEM ( CRISES OBSCURE ! REAL CRUX ( ! PROBLEM3 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ! >GUM5T C5T]$ PURELY 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL AS A :OLE1 9 ACCUMULATION4 ,NOR WAS ! ANALYSIS BOGG$ ANY LONG] BY AN AIMLESS FUMBL+ = ! CONCEPTS ( 9COME & ( 9DIVIDUAL & AGGREGATE CAPITAL4 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION HAD PROVID$ A FIRM FOO?OLD4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ISSUE WAS NO LONG] BETWE5 LAISSEZ-FAIRE & SOCIAL RE=M1 BUT BETWE5 TWO V>IETIES ( SOCIALISM4 ,! PETTY-B\RGEOIS & SOME:AT MUDDL$ 'POPULI/' BR& ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S /OOD = SKEPTICISM REG>D+ ! POSSIBILITY ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 MU* 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,SISMONDI &1 9 P>T1 ( ,RODB]TUS1 ?\< !Y !MSELVES FREQU5TLY CIT$ ,M>X AS !IR AU?ORITY4 ,OPTIMISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,M>XI/ S*OOL 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?US ! SETT+ ( ! /AGE HAD BE5 %IFT$ COMPLETELY4 ,ONE ( ! TWO *AMPIONS ( ! 'POPULI/' MOVEM5T1 ,VORONTSOV1 KN[N 9 ,RUSSIA MA9LY UND] ! NOM DE PLUME ,V4,V4 7HIS 9ITIALS71 WAS AN ODD CU/OM]4 ,HIS ECONOMICS W]E COMPLETELY MUDDL$1 & AS AN EXP]T ON !ORY HE CANNOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY AT ALL4 ,! O!R1 ,NIKOLAYON 7,DANIELSON71 H[EV]1 WAS A MAN ( WIDE $UCATION1 & ?OR\<LY CONV]SANT ) ,M>XISM4 ,HE HAD $IT$ ! ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATION ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL & WAS A P]SONAL FRI5D ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ) BO? ( :OM HE KEPT UP A LIVELY CORRESPOND5CE 7PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 9 #a#i#h74 ,NEV]!LESS IT WAS ,VORONTSOV :O 9FLU5C$ PUBLIC OP9ION AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA 9 ! EI<TIES1 & ,M>XI/S 9 ,RUSSIA HAD TO FI<T HIM ABOVE ALL4 ,AS = \R PROBLEM3 ! G5]AL PROSPECTS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 A NEW G5]ATION ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S1 :O HAD LE>N$ FROM ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE & KN[L$GE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 JO9$ =CES ) ,GEORGE ,PLEKHANOV 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ TWO REPRES5TATIVES ( SKEPTICISM 9 ! N9ETIES4 ,!Y W]E AMONG O!RS ,PR(ESSOR ,KABLUKOV1 ,PR(ESSOR ,MANUILOV1 ,PR(ESSOR ,ISSAYEV1 ,PR(ESSOR ,SKVORTSOV1 ,VLADIMIR ,ILY917#a"97 ,PET] V4 ,/RUVE1 ,BULGAKOV1 & ,PR(ESSOR ,TUGAN-,B>ANOVSKI4 ,9 ! FUR!R C\RSE ( \R 9VE/IGATION WE %ALL1 H[EV]1 CONF9E \RSELVES TO ! LA/ ?REE ( !SE1 S9CE EV]Y ONE ( !M FURNI%$ A MORE OR LESS F9I%$ CRITIQUE ( ?IS !ORY ON ! PO9T ) :I* WE >E H]E CONC]N$4 ,?IS BATTLE ( WITS1 BRILLIANT 9 P>TS1 :I* KEPT ! SOCIALI/ 9TELLIG5TSIA SPELLB\ND 9 ! N9ETIES & WAS ONLY BR\<T TO AN 5D BY ! WALKOV] ( ! ,M>XI/ S*OOL1 (FICIALLY 9AUGURAT$ ! 9FILTRATION 9TO ,RUSSIAN ?\<T ( ,M>XISM AS AN ECONOMIC-HI/ORICAL !ORY4 ',LEGALI/' ,M>XISM AT ?AT TIME PUBLICLY TOOK POSSESSION ( ! ,UNIV]SITIES1 ! ,REVIEWS & ! ECONOMIC BOOK M>KET 9 ,RUSSIA - ) ALL ! DISADVANTAGES ( SU* A POSITION4 ,T5 YE>S LAT]1 :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y RIS+S ( ! PROLET>IAT DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! /REETS ! D>K] SIDE ( ?IS OPTIMISM AB\T CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 NONE ( ?IS ,PLEIAD ( ,M>XI/ OPTIMI/S1 ) BUT A S+LE EXCEPTION1 WAS TO BE F\ND 9 ! CAMP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,NOTE BY ,M,I,A 

7#a"97 ,L594 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ah -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/