,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #af 
,HI/ORICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,PROBLEM3 ,RODB]TUS' ,CRITICISM ( ! ,CLASSICAL ,S*OOL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,RODB]TUS DIGS DEEP] ?AN V4 ,KIR*MANN4 ,HE LOOKS = ! ROOTS ( EVIL 9 ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & DECL>ES BITT] W> ON ! PR$OM9ANT ,FREE ,TRADE S*OOL - NOT AGA9/ A SY/EM ( UNRE/RICT$ COMMODITY CIRCULATION OR ! FRE$OM ( TRADE :I* HE FULLY ACCEPTS1 BUT AGA9/ ! ,MAN*E/] DOCTR9E ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE )9 ! 9T]NAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ECONOMY4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 AFT] ! P]IOD ( /ORM & /RESS ( CLASSICAL ECONOMICS1 A SY/EM ( UNSCRUPUL\S APOLOGETICS WAS ALREADY 9 FULL SWAY :I* F\ND ITS MO/ P]FECT EXPRESSION 9 ! 'DOCTR9E ( H>MONY' ( ,M4 ,FR$]IC ,BA/IAT1 ! FAM\S VULG>IAN & IDOL ( ALL ,PHILI/9ES1 & QUITE SOON ! V>I\S ,S*ULTZES W]E TO FL\RI% AS COMMONPLACE1 ,G]MAN IMITATIONS ( ! ,FR5* PROPHET ( H>MONY4 ,RODB]TUS' /RICTURES >E AIM$ AT !SE UNSCRUPUL\S 'P$DL]S ( FREE TRADE'4 ,9 HIS FIR/ ,LETT] ON ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS7#a7 HE EXCLAIMS3 

',BECAUSE ( !IR PALTRY 9COMES1 FIVE-SIX?S ( ! POPULATION >E NOT ONLY DEPRIV$ ( MO/ ( ! B5EFITS ( CIVILIZATION1 BUT >E 9 CON/ANT DANG] ( ! MO/ T]RIBLE \TBREAKS ( REAL DI/RESS TO :I* !Y SOMETIMES SUCCUMB4 ,YET !Y >E ! CREATORS ( ALL ! WEAL? ( ! SOCIETY4 ,!IR LABORS BEG9 AT DAWN & 5D AT DUSK1 CONT9U+ EV5 AFT] NI<T HAS FALL5 - BUT NO EX]TION CAN *ANGE ?IS FATE2 !Y CANNOT RAISE !IR 9COME1 & ONLY LOSE ?AT LITTLE LEISURE :I* \<T TO REMA9 N[ADAYS = ! IMPROVEM5T ( !IR M9DS4 ,HI!RTO IT MI<T HAVE SEEM$ AS IF ALL ?IS SUFF]+ W]E NECESS>Y TO ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION1 BUT N[ ?AT A S]IES ( ! MO/ WOND]FUL DISCOV]IES & 9V5TIONS HAVE 9CREAS$ HUMAN LABOR P[] MORE ?AN A HUNDR$FOLD1 NEW PROSPECTS ( *ANG+ !SE GRIM CONDITIONS >E SUDD5LY REVEAL$4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! WEAL? & ASSETS ( A NATION 9CREASE AT A GR[+ RATE AS COMP>$ ) ! POPULATION4 ,C\LD ANY?+ BE MORE NATURAL1 ,I ASK1 OR MORE JU/LY DEM&$1 ?AN ?AT ?IS 9CREASE %\LD ALSO SOMEH[ B5EFIT ! CREATORS ( ?IS OLD & NEW WEAL?8 ?AT !IR 9COMES %\LD BE RAIS$ OR !IR WORK+-H\RS %ORT5$1 OR ?AT !Y MI<T JO9 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ! RANKS ( ! LUCKY ONES1 PRIVILEG$ TO REAP ! FRUITS ( LABOR8 ,YET /ATE ECONOMY1 OR BETT]1 NATIONAL ECONOMY HAS ONLY A*IEV$ ! OPPOSITE RESULT4 ,9CREAS+ POV]TY ( !SE CLASSES GOES TOGE!R ) 9CREAS+ WEAL? ( ! NATION1 !RE IS EV5 NE$ ( SPECIAL LEGISLATION1 LE/ ! WORK+ DAY BECOME LONG]1 & F9ALLY1 ! WORK+ CLASSES SWELL 9 NUMB] \T ( PROPORTION ) ! O!RS4 ,EV5 ?AT IS NOT 5\<6 ,! HUNDR$FOLD 9CREASE ( LABOR EFFICI5CY :I* WAS P[]LESS TO RELIEVE FIVE SIX?S ( ! POPULATION1 EV5 ?REAT5S P]IODICALLY ! REMA9+ SIX? ( ! NATION & ?US SOCIETY AS A :OLE4' 

',:AT CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E 9 P>TICUL>6 ,& :AT CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E 9 G5]AL6 ,! WEAL? ( SOCIETY IS GR[+1 & ?IS GR[? IS ACCOMPANI$ BY A GR[? ( POV]TY4 - ,! CREATIVE EFFICI5CY ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION IS 9CREAS+1 & ! CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT !Y >E SCRAPP$4 ,SOCIAL CONDITIONS DEM& ?AT ! MAT]IAL POSITION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES %\LD BE RAIS$ TO ! LEVEL ( !IR POLITICAL /ATUS1 & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 BY WAY ( ANSW]1 DEPRESS !M FUR!R4 ,SOCIETY NE$S ! UNRE/RICT$ GR[? ( WEAL?1 & CONTEMPOR>Y LEAD]S ( PRODUCTION MU/ CREATE RE/RICTIONS1 9 ORD] TO DISC\RAGE POV]TY4 ,9 A S+LE RESPECT ALONE IS !RE H>MONY3 JU/ AS WRONG AS ! CONDITIONS IS ! AU?ORITATIVE SECTION ( ! SOCIETY ) ITS 9CL9ATION TO LOOK = ! ROOT ( ! EVIL EV]Y:]E EXCEPT 9 ! RI<T PLACE4 ,?IS EGOTISM1 :I* ONLY TOO (T5 DONS ! S*OL>'S G[N1 ALSO ACCUSES ! VICES ( ! WORK]S ( BE+ ! CAUSE ( POV]TY4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY = ! CRIMES COMMITT$ AGA9/ !M BY ALL-P[]FUL FACTS IS ASCRIB$ TO !IR ALLEG$ DISCONT5T & %IFTLESSNESS1 & :]E EV5 SU* EGOTISM CANNOT CLOSE ITS EYES TO !IR 9NOC5CE1 IT MAKES AN ELABORATE DOGMA ( ! 0NECESSITY ( POV]TY04 ,UNREMITT+LY1 IT EXHORTS ! WORK]S ONLY TO WORK & TO PRAY1 IMPRESSES UPON !M ! DUTY ( AB/95CE & ECONOMY1 & AT BE/ 9FR+ES UPON !IR RI<TS BY ! 9/ITUTION ( COMPULSORY SAV+1 ADD+ TO ! MIS]Y ( ! WORK]S4 ,IT DOES NOT SEE ?AT A BL9D =CE ( COMM]CE HAS TRANS=M$ ! PRAY] = WORK 9TO ! CURSE ( 5=C$ UNEMPLOYM5T1 ?AT 444 AB/95CE IS IMPOSSIBLE OR CRUEL1 & ?AT1 LA/LY1 MORALS ALWAYS REMA9 9EFFECTIVE IF COMM5D$ BY ?OSE ( :OM ! POET SAYS ?AT !Y DR9K W9E 9 SECRET BUT PREA* WAT] 9 PUBLIC4'7#b7 

,?IRTY YE>S AFT] ,SISMONDI & ,[51 TW5TY YE>S AFT] ! 9DICTM5T MADE BY ! ,5GLI% SOCIALI/S1 ! FOLL[]S ( ,RIC>DO1 & LA/ BUT NOT LEA/1 AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 SU* BOLD WORDS ALONE CANNOT CLAIM TO BREAK NEW GR\ND4 ,:AT MATT]S ABOVE ALL N[ IS ! !ORETICAL F\NDATION ( ?IS 9DICTM5T4 ,RODB]TUS H]E PROPOS$ A COMPLETE SY/EM :I* CAN BE R$UC$ TO ! FOLL[+ SIMPLE /ATEM5TS4 

,[+ TO ! LAWS ( AN ECONOMY LEFT TO ITS [N DEVICES1 ! HI< LEVEL ( LABOR PRODUCTIVITY A*IEV$ BY HI/ORY1 TOGE!R ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ( POSITIVE LAW1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! RI<T ( PRIVATE [N]%IP1 A :OLE S]IES ( WRONG & UNE?ICAL PH5OM5A HAD EM]G$3 

7#a7 ,9 ! PLACE ( 'NORMAL'1 'CON/ITUT$' VALUE WE HAVE EX*ANGE VALUE1 & ACCORD+LY CO9$ MONEY 9/EAD ( A PROP] 'PAP]' OR 'LABOR' CURR5CY :I* W\LD G5U9ELY CORRESPOND TO ! CONCEPT ( MONEY4 ,! FIR/ PR9CIPLE IS ?AT ALL ECONOMIC GOODS >E PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 OR1 AS WE MI<T PUT IT1 ?AT LABOR ALONE IS CREATIVE4 ,?IS /ATEM5T1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCT MU/ ALWAYS EQUAL ! CO/ ( LABOR1 OR ?AT1 9 O!R WORDS1 VALUE IS EV5 N[ MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( LABOR4 ,! TRU? IS RA!R '?AT ?IS /ILL HAS NOT BECOME A FACT1 BUT IS ONLY AN IDEA ( POLITICAL ECONOMY'47#c7 

',IF ! VALUE C\LD BE CON/ITUT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LABOR EXP5D$ ON ! PRODUCT1 WE MI<T IMAG9E A K9D ( MONEY :I* W\LD BE1 AS IT W]E1 A LEAF TORN FROM ! PUBLIC ACC\NT-BOOK1 A RECEIPT WRITT5 ON ! MO/ RUBBI%Y MAT]IAL1 ON RAGS1 :I* EV]YONE W\LD RECEIVE1 = ! VALUE HE HAS PRODUC$1 & :I* HE W\LD REALIZE AS A V\*] = AN EQUIVAL5T P>T ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT SUBSEQU5TLY UND] DI/RIBUTION 444 ,IF1 H[EV]1 = SOME REASON OR ANO!R1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE OR NOT YET POSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% ?IS VALUE1 MONEY AS SU* MU/ /ILL RETA9 ! VALUE IT IS DESIGN$ TO LIQUIDATE2 MADE ( AN 9TR9SICALLY VALUABLE COMMODITY LIKE GOLD OR SILV]1 IT HAS TO REPRES5T A PL$GE OR PAWN ( ! SAME VALUE4'7#d7 ',AS SOON AS CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION HAS COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 EV]Y?+ IS TURN$ UPSIDE D[N3 !RE CAN NO LONG] BE A CON/ITUT$ VALUE1 S9CE IT CAN ONLY BE EX*ANGE VALUE'17#e7 &1 'S9CE ! VALUE CANNOT BE CON/ITUT$1 MONEY CANNOT BE PURELY MONEY1 IT CANNOT FULLY CON=M TO ITS CONCEPT'47#f7 

,9 AN EQUITABLE EX*ANGE1 ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS W\LD HAVE TO EQUAL ! QUANTITY ( LABOR NE$$ = PRODUC+ !M1 & AN EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS W\LD ALWAYS MEAN AN EX*ANGE ( EQUAL QUANTITIES ( LABOR4 ,EV5 ASSUM+1 H[EV]1 ?AT EV]YBODY PRODUC$ JU/ ?OSE USE-VALUES :I* ANO!R P]SON REQUIRES1 YET1 'S9CE WE >E H]E CONC]N$ ) HUMAN DISC]NM5T & HUMAN VOLITION1 !RE MU/ ALWAYS BE = A />T A CORRECT CALCULATION1 ADJU/M5T & ALLOCATION ( ! LABOR QUANTITIES CONTA9$ 9 ! PRODUCTS = EX*ANGE1 !RE MU/ BE A LAW TO :I* ! FACTS WILL CON=M'47#g7 

,IT IS WELL-KN[N ?AT ,RODB]TUS1 9 HIS DISCOV]Y ( CON/ITUT$ VALUE1 LAID GREAT /RESS ON HIS PRIORITY TO ,PR\DHON :I* WE %ALL GLADLY CONC$E HIM4 ,M>X1 9 HIS ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 & ,5GELS 9 HIS PREFACE TO IT1 HAVE COMPREH5SIVELY %[N ?AT ?IS 'CONCEPT' IS A M]E PHANTOM1 /ILL US$ 9 !ORY BUT 9 PRACTICE BURI$ ALREADY 9 ,5GL& WELL BE=E ,RODB]TUS' TIME1 ?AT IT IS BUT A ,UTOPIAN DI/ORTION ( ,RIC>DO'S DOCTR9E ( VALUE4 ,WE !RE=E NE$ NOT DEAL FUR!R ) ?IS 'MUSIC ( ! FUTURE1 P]=M$ ON A TOY TRUMPET'4 

7#b7 ,! 'ECONOMY ( EX*ANGE' RESULT$ 9 ! 'DEGRADATION' ( LABOR TO A COMMODITY1 ! LABOR WAGE BE+ DET]M9$ AS AN ITEM ( EXP5DITURE 7,KO/5W]T D] ,>BEIT7 9/EAD ( REPRES5T+ A FIX$ RATE ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT4 ,BY A D>+ JUMP 9 HI/ORY1 ,RODB]TUS D]IVES HIS WAGES LAW 9DIRECTLY FROM SLAV]Y & REG>DS ! SPECIFIC TRAITS :I* A CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES IMPOSES ON EXPLOITATION AS NO MORE ?AN A LY+ DECEPTION AGA9/ :I* HE FULM9ATES FROM A MORAL PO9T ( VIEW4 

',SO LONG AS ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES REMA9$ ! PROP]TY ( ?OSE :O W]E NOT PRODUC+1 SO LONG AS SLAV]Y WAS 9 EXI/5CE1 IT WAS ! ADVANTAGE ( ! 0MA/]S0 ALONE :I* UNILAT]ALLY DET]M9$ ! VOLUME ( ?IS %>E 7( ! WORK]S74 ,) ! PRODUC]S ATTA9+ FULL LIB]TY ( P]SON1 IF NO?+ MORE AS YET1 BO? P>TIES AGREE ON ! WAGE 9 ADVANCE4 ,! WAGE1 9 MOD]N T]M9OLOGY1 IS ! OBJECT ( A 0FREE CONTRACT01 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AN OBJECT ( COMPETITION4 ,LABOR IS !RE=E AS A MATT] ( C\RSE SUBJECT$ TO ! SAME LAWS ( EX*ANGE AS ITS PRODUCTS3 LABOR ITSELF ACQUIRES EX*ANGE VALUE2 ! SIZE ( ! WAGE DEP5DS ON ! EFFECTS ( SUPPLY & DEM&4' 

,RODB]TUS1 AFT] HAV+ ?US TUN$ EV]Y?+ UPSIDE D[N1 AFT] D]IV+ ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR FROM COMPETITION1 N[ IMM$IATELY D]IVES ITS VALUE FROM ITS EX*ANGE VALUE4 

',UND] ! LAWS ( EX*ANGE VALUE1 LABOR1 LIKE PRODUC$ GOODS1 COMES TO HAVE A K9D ( 0CO/ VALUE0 :I* EX]CISES SOME MAGNETIC EFFECTS UPON ITS EX*ANGE VALUE1 ! AM\NT ( ! LABOR WAGE4 ,IT IS ?AT P>TICUL> AM\NT ( PAYM5T :I* IS NECESS>Y = ! 0MA9T5ANCE0 ( LABOR1 9 O!R WORDS1 :I* 5ABLES LABOR TO CONT9UE1 IF ONLY 9 ! P]SONS ( ITS PROG5Y-IT IS ! SO-CALL$ 0M9IMUM ( SUBSI/5CE04' 

,= ,RODB]TUS1 H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT A /ATEM5T ( OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC LAWS1 BUT M]ELY AN OBJECT = MORAL 9DIGNATION4 ,HE CALLS ! !SIS ( ! CLASSICAL S*OOL1 ?AT LABOR IS WOR? NO MORE ?AN ! WAGES IT CAN COMM&1 A 'CYNICAL' /ATEM5T1 & HE IS DET]M9$ TO EXPOSE ! '/R+ ( LIES' LEAD+ TO ?IS 'CRUDE & UNE?ICAL' CONCLUSION47#h7 

',IT WAS A DEGRAD+ VIEW TO E/IMATE ! WAGES ( LABOR 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 0NECESS>Y SUBSI/5CE01 LIKE SO MANY MA*9ES TO BE KEPT 9 REPAIR4 ,N[ ?AT LABOR1 ! F\NTA9HEAD ( ALL COMMODITIES1 HAS ITSELF BECOME A COMMODITY ( EX*ANGE1 IT IS NO LESS DEGRAD+ TO SPEAK ( ITS 0NATURAL PRICE01 ( ITS 0CO/S01 JU/ AS WE SPEAK ( ! NATURAL PRICE & CO/S ( ITS PRODUCT1 & TO 9CLUDE ?IS NATURAL PRICE1 !SE CO/S1 9 ! AM\NT ( GOODS ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO CALL =? A CONT9UES FL[ ( LABOR ON ! M>KET4' 

,?IS COMMODITY *>ACT] ( LABOR P[]1 H[EV]1 & ! CORRESPOND+ DET]M9ATION ( ITS VALUE1 >E NO?+ BUT A MALICI\S MISREPRES5TATION ( ! ,FREE ,TRADE S*OOL4 ,LIKE ! GOOD ,PRUSSIAN HE WAS1 ,RODB]TUS PUT CAPITALI/ COMMODITY PRODUCTION AS A :OLE 9 ! DOCK1 AS (F5D+ AGA9/ ! OBTA9+ CON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 9/EAD ( PO9T+ \T ITS 9H]5T CONTRADICTION1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 DET]M9+ ! VALUE ( LABOR & DET]M9+ ! VALUE CREAT$ BY LABOR1 AS ! ,5GLI% DISCIPLES ( ,RIC>DO HAD DONE4 

',/UPID BEYOND WORDS'1 HE EXCLAIMS1 'IS ! DUALI/ CONCEPTION ( ?OSE ECONOMI/S :O W\LD HAVE ! WORK]S1 AS F> AS !IR LEGAL /ATUS IS CONC]N$1 JO9 9 DECID+ ! FATE ( SOCIETY1 & W\LD = ALL ?AT1 HAVE !SE SAME WORK]S FROM AN ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ALWAYS TREAT$ AS M]E COMMODITIES6'7#i7 

,N[ IT ONLY REMA9S TO F9D \T :Y ! WORK]S PUT UP ) SU* /UPID & BLATANT 9JU/ICE - AN OBJECTION :I* ,H]MANN = 9/ANCE RAIS$ AGA9/ ,RIC>DO'S !ORY ( VALUE4 ,RODB]TUS IS READY ) ?IS ANSW]3 

',:AT W]E ! WORK]S TO DO AFT] !IR EMANCIPATION O!R ?AN TO AGREE TO !SE REGULATIONS8 ,IMAG9E !IR POSITION3 :5 ! WORK]S W]E FRE$1 !Y W]E NAK$ OR 9 RAGS1 !Y HAD NO?+ BUT !IR LABOR P[]4 ,! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y OR S]FDOM1 MOREOV]1 RESC9D$ ! MA/]'S LEGAL OR MORAL OBLIGATION TO FE$ !M & C>E = !IR NE$S4 ,YET !SE NE$S REMA9$1 !Y /ILL HAD TO LIVE4 ,H[1 !N1 C\LD !IR LABOR P[] PROVIDE !M ) A LIV+8 ,W]E !Y SIMPLY TO GRAB SOME ( ! CAPITAL EXI/+ 9 ! SOCIETY = !IR MA9T5ANCE8 ,! CAPITAL ( SOCIETY WAS ALREADY 9 ! H&S ( O!R PEOPLE1 & ! ORGANS ( ! 0LAW0 W\LD NOT HAVE TOL]AT$ SU* A /EP4 ,:AT1 !N1 C\LD ! WORK]S HAVE DONE8 ,ONLY !SE ALT]NATIVES W]E BE=E !M3 EI!R TO OV]?R[ ! LAW ( SOCIETY OR TO RETURN1 UND] R\<LY ! SAME CONDITIONS AS BE=E1 TO !IR =M] MA/]S1 ! [N]S ( ! L& & ( CAPITAL1 & TO RECEIVE AS WAGES :AT WAS =M]LY DOL$ \T TO !M TO KEEP !M F$4'7#a7 

,IT WAS =TUNATE = MANK9D & ! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE ?AT ! WORK]S W]E 'WISE' 5\< NOT TO OV]?R[ CIVILIZATION & PREF]R$ TO SUBMIT TO ! 'BASE DEM&S' ( !IR '=M] MA/]S'4 ,?IS1 !N1 IS ! ORIG9 ( ! CAPITALI/ WAGE SY/EM1 ( ! WAGES LAW AS 'A K9D ( SLAV]Y' RESULT+ FROM AN ABUSE ( P[] ON ! P>T ( ! CAPITALI/S1 & FROM ! PREC>I\S POSITION & ! MEEK ACQUIESC5CE ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT - IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ! HI<LY ORIG9AL EXPLANATIONS ( ?AT V]Y ,RODB]TUS :OSE !ORIES ,M>X IS REPUT$ TO HAVE 'PLAGI>IZ$'4 ,LET ,RODB]TUS CLAIM 'PRIORITY' 9 ?IS P>TICUL> !ORY ( VALUE )\T *ALL5GE1 SEE+ ?AT ,5GLI% SOCIALI/S & O!R SOCIAL CRITICS HAD ALREADY GIV5 F> LESS CRUDE & PRIMITIVE ANALYZES ( ! WAGE-SY/EM4 ,! S+UL> PO9T AB\T IT ALL IS ?AT ,RODB]TUS' DISPLAY ( MORAL 9DIGNATION AB\T ! ORIG9 & ! ECONOMIC LAWS ( ! WAGES SY/EM DOES NOT LEAD UP TO ! DEM& = DO+ AWAY ) ?IS ABOM9ABLE 9JU/ICE1 ! 'DUALISM /UPID BEYOND WORDS'4 ,F> FROM IT6 ,HE FREQU5TLY REASSURES HIS FELL[-M5 ?AT HE DOES NOT REALLY MEAN ANY?+ V]Y S]I\S BY RO>+ - HE IS NO LION FELL1 ONLY ONE ,SNUG ! JO9]4 ,9DE$1 AN E?ICAL !ORY ( ! WAGES LAW IS NECESS>Y ONLY TO A*IEVE A FUR!R CONCLUSION3 

7#c7 ,S9CE ! 'LAWS ( EX*ANGE VALUE' DET]M9E ! WAGE1 AN ADVANCE 9 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY MU/ BR+ AB\T AN EV] DECL9+ %>E 9 ! PRODUCT = ! WORK]S4 ,H]E WE HAVE >RIV$ AT ! ,>*IM$EAN FULCRUM ( ,RODB]TUS' SY/EM4 ,?IS 'DECL9+ WAGE RATE' IS HIS MO/ IMPORTANT 'ORIG9AL' DISCOV]Y ON :I* HE H>PS FROM HIS FIR/ WRIT+S ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS 7PROBABLY 9 #a#h#c#i7 UNTIL HIS DEA?1 & :I* HE 'CLAIMS' AS HIS V]Y [N4 ,?IS CONCEPTION1 = ALL ?AT1 WAS BUT A SIMPLE COROLL>Y ( ,RIC>DO'S !ORY ( VALUE & IS CONTA9$ IMPLICIT 9 ! WAGES FUND !ORY :I* DOM9AT$ B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS UP TO ! PUBLICATION ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL4 ,RODB]TUS NEV]!LESS BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS 'DISCOV]Y' MADE HIM A K9D ( ,GALILEO 9 ECONOMICS1 & HE REF]S TO HIS DECL9+ WAGE RATE AS EXPLA9+ EV]Y EVIL & CONTRADICTION 9 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 HE D]IVES FROM ! DECL9+ WAGE RATE ! PH5OM5ON ( PAUP]ISM :I*1 TOGE!R ) ! CRISES1 9 HIS OP9ION CON/ITUTES ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,IT W\LD BE AS WELL TO DRAW ! ATT5TION ( CONTEMPOR>IES1 '\T = ,M>X'S BLOOD'1 TO ! FACT ?AT IT WAS NOT ,M>X BUT ,RODB]TUS1 A MAN MU* NE>] !IR [N HE>T1 :O SET UP A :OLE !ORY ( PROGRESSIVE POV]TY 9 A V]Y CRUDE =M1 & ?AT HE1 UNLIKE ,M>X1 MADE IT ! V]Y PIVOT1 NOT JU/ A SYMPTOM1 ( ! 5TIRE SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,COMP>E = 9/ANCE HIS >GUM5T 9 HIS FIR/ ,LETT] ON ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS TO V4 ,KIR*MANN ON ! ABSOLUTE IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! 'DECL9+ WAGE RATE' MU/ S]VE 9 ADDITION TO EXPLA9 ! O!R FUNDAM5TAL PH5OM5A ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM - ! CRISES4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION ,RODB]TUS TACKLES ! PROBLEM ( BALANC+ CONSUMPTION ) PRODUCTION1 T\*+ UPON ! :OLE LOT ( COGNATE CONTROV]SIAL ISSUES :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 F\<T \T BETWE5 ! S*OOLS ( ,SISMONDI & ,RIC>DO4 

,RODB]TUS' KN[L$GE ( CRISES WAS ( C\RSE BAS$ UPON F> MORE MAT]IAL EVID5CE ?AN ?AT ( ,SISMONDI4 ,9 HIS FIR/ ,LETT] ON ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS HE ALREADY GIVES A DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION ( ! F\R CRISES 9 #a#h#a#h-#a#i1 #a#h#b#e1 #a#h#c#g-#i & #a#h#d#g4 ,S9CE HIS OBS]VATIONS COV]$ A MU* LONG] P]IOD1 ,RODB]TUS C\LD BY & L>GE GA9 A MU* DEEP] 9SI<T 9TO ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT] ( CRISES ?AN HIS PR$ECESSORS4 ,AS E>LY AS #ahe HE =MULAT$ ! P]IODICAL *>ACT] ( ! CRISES :I* RECUR AT EV] %ORT] 9T]VALS & AT ! SAME TIME ) EV] 9CREAS+ SEV]ITY3 

',TIME AFT] TIME1 !SE CRISES HAVE BECOME MORE T]RIBLE 9 PROPORTION ) ! 9CREASE 9 WEAL?1 5GULF+ AN EV] GREAT] NUMB] ( VICTIMS4 ,! CRISIS ( #a#h#a#h-#a#i1 AL?\< EV5 ?IS CAUS$ PANIC 9 COMM]CE & 9SPIR$ MISGIV+S 9 ECONOMICS1 WAS ( SMALL IMPORTANCE COMP>$ TO ?AT ( #a#h#b#e-#f4 ,! FIR/ CRISIS HAD MADE SU* 9ROADS ON ! CAPITAL ASSETS ( ,5GL& ?AT ! MO/ FAM\S ECONOMI/S D\BT$ :E!R COMPLETE RECOV]Y C\LD EV] BE MADE4 ,YET IT WAS ECLIPS$ BY ! CRISIS ( #a#h#c#f-#g4 ,! CRISES ( #a#h#c#i-#d & #a#h#d#f-#g WR\<T EV5 GREAT] HAVOC ?AN PREVI\S ONES4' - ',ACCORD+ TO REC5T EXP]I5CES1 H[EV]1 ! CRISES RECUR AT EV] %ORT] 9T]VALS4 ,!RE WAS A LAPSE ( #ah YE>S BETWE5 ! FIR/ & ! ?IRD CRISIS1 ( #ad YE>S BETWE5 ! SECOND & ! F\R?1 & ( ONLY #ab YE>S BETWE5 ! ?IRD & ! FIF?4 ,ALREADY ! SIGNS >E MULTIPLY+ ?AT A NEW DISA/] IS IMM95T1 ?\< NO D\BT ! EV5TS ( #ahdh PUT (F ! CATA/ROPHE4'7#a#a7 

,RODB]TUS REM>KS ?AT AN EXTRAORD9>Y BOOM 9 PRODUCTION & GREAT PROGRESS 9 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUE ALWAYS >E ! H]ALDS ( A CRISIS4 ',EV]Y ONE ( !M .<( ! CRISES.> FOLL[$ UPON A P]IOD ( \T/&+ 9DU/RIAL PROSP]ITY4'7#a#b7 

,FROM ! CRISES 9 HI/ORY HE DEMON/RATES ?AT '!Y OCCUR ONLY AFT] A CONSID]ABLE 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY'47#a#c7 ,RODB]TUS OPPOSES :AT HE T]MS ! VULG> VIEW :I* CONCEIVES ( CRISES AS M]E DI/URBANCES 9 ! MONET>Y & CR$IT SY/EM1 & HE CRITICIZES ! :OLE ( ,PEEL'S CURR5CY LEGISLATION AS AN ]ROR ( JUDGM5T1 >GU+ ! PO9T 9 DETAIL 9 HIS ESSAY ,ON ,COMM]CIAL ,CRISES & ! ,MORTGAGE ,PROBLEM4 ,!RE HE MAKES ! FOLL[+ COMM5T AMONG O!RS3 ',WE W\LD !RE=E DECEIVE \RSELVES IF WE W]E TO REG>D COMM]CIAL CRISES M]ELY AS CRISES ( ! MONET>Y1 BANK+1 OR CR$IT SY/EM4 ,?IS IS ONLY !IR \T] SEMBLANCE :5 !Y FIR/ EM]GE4'7#a#d7 

,RODB]TUS ALSO %[S A REM>KABLY ACUTE GRASP ( ! P>T PLAY$ BY =EIGN TRADE 9 ! PROBLEM ( CRISES4 ,JU/ LIKE ,SISMONDI1 HE /ATES ! NECESSITY ( EXPANSION = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BUT HE SIMULTANE\SLY EMPHASIZES ! FACT ?AT ! P]IODICAL CRISES >E B\ND TO GR[ 9 VOLUME4 

',=EIGN TRADE'1 HE SAYS1 'IS RELAT$ TO SLUMPS ONLY AS *>ITY IS RELAT$ TO POV]TY4 ,!Y ULTIMATELY ONLY 5HANCE ONE ANO!R4'7#a#e7 

,& FUR!R3 

',! ONLY POSSIBLE MEANS ( W>D+ (F FUR!R \TBREAKS ( CRISES IS ! APPLICATION ( ! TWO-$G$ KNIFE ( EXP&+ =EIGN M>KETS4 ,! VIOL5T URGE T[>DS SU* EXPANSION IS L>GELY NO MORE BUT A MORBID IRRITATION CAUS$ BY A SICKLY ORGAN4 ,S9CE ONE FACTOR ON ! HOME M>KET1 PRODUCTIVITY1 IS EV] 9CREAS+1 & ! O!R FACTOR1 PUR*AS+ P[]1 REMA9S CON/ANT = ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 COMM]CE MU/ 5DEAVOR TO CONJURE UP A SIMIL>LY UNLIMIT$ AM\NT ( PUR*AS+ P[] ON ! =EIGN M>KET4'7#a#f7 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ! IRRITATION MAY BE SOO!D TO SOME EXT5T SO ?AT AT LEA/ !RE WILL NOT BE A NEW \TBREAK ( ! CALAMITY RI<T AWAY4 ,EV]Y =EIGN M>KET OP5$ DEF]S ! SOCIAL PROBLEM 9 A LIKE MANN]4 ,COLONIZATION ( PRIMITIVE C\NTRIES W\LD HAVE SIMIL> EFFECTS3 ,EUROPE RE>S A M>KET = H]SELF 9 PLACES :]E NONE HAD BE5 BE=E4 ,YET SU* A M$IC9E W\LD ESS5TIALLY DO NO MORE ?AN APPEASE ! ILL4 ,AS SOON AS ! NEW M>KETS >E SUPPLI$1 ! PROBLEM WILL REV]T TO ITS =M] /ATE - A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO FACTORS3 LIMIT$ PUR*AS+ P[] V]SUS UNLIMIT$ PRODUCTIVITY4 ,! NEW ATTACK W\LD BE W>D$ (F ! SMALL M>KET ONLY TO RE-APPE>1 9 EV5 WID] DIM5SIONS & ) EV5 MORE VIOL5T 9CID5TS1 ON A L>G] ONE4 ,& S9CE ! E>? IS F9ITE & ! ACQUISITION ( NEW M>KETS MU/ SOME TIME CONE TO AN 5D1 ! TIME WILL COME :5 ! QUE/ION CAN NO LONG] BE SIMPLY ADJ\RN$4 ,SOON] OR LAT]1 A DEF9ITE SOLUTION WILL HAVE TO BE F\ND4'7#a#g7 

,RODB]TUS ALSO RECOGNIZES ! AN>*ICAL *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE 5T]PRISE TO BE CONDUCIVE TO CRISES1 BUT ONLY AS ONE FACTOR AMONG MANY1 SEE+ IT AS ! S\RCE ( A P>TICUL> TYPE ( CRISES1 NOT AS ! REAL CAUSE ( CRISES 9 G5]AL4 ,AB\T ! CRISES AT V4 ,KIR*MANN'S ,ORT1 E4G41 HE SAYS3 

',I MA9TA9 ?AT A SLUMP ( ?IS K9D DOES NOT OCCUR 9 REAL LIFE4 ,! M>KET ( TO-DAY IS L>GE1 !RE >E C\NTLESS WANTS & MANY BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 PRODUCTIVITY IS CONSID]ABLE & ! DATA ( COMM]CE >E OBSCURE & MISLEAD+4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL 5TREPR5EUR DOES NOT KN[ H[ MU* O!RS >E PRODUC+1 & SO IT MAY EASILY HAPP5 ?AT HE OV]-E/IMATES ! DEM& = A C]TA9 COMMODITY ) :I* HE WILL !N OV]/OCK ! M>KET4' 

,RODB]TUS SAYS \TRI<T ?AT ! ONLY REM$Y = !SE CRISES IS ! 'COMPLETE REV]SAL' ( CONTEMPOR>Y PROP]TY-RELATIONS OR A PLANN$ ECONOMY1 CONC5TRAT+ ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION '9 ! H&S ( A S+LE SOCIAL AU?ORITY'4 ,TO SET TR\BL$ M9DS AT RE/1 H[EV]1 HE IS QUICK TO ADD ?AT HE RES]VES JUDGM5T AS TO :E!R !RE CAN ACTUALLY BE SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS - 'YET ?IS W\LD BE ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAY TO PREV5T SLUMPS ( ?IS K9D'4 ,?US HE EXPRESSLY REG>DS AN>*Y 9 ! MOD]N MODE ( PRODUCTION AS RESPONSIBLE = ONLY A SPECIFIC & P>TIAL MANIFE/ATION ( CRISES4 

,RODB]TUS SCORNFULLY REJECTS ,SAY-,RIC>DO'S AXIOM ( A NATURAL EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTIONS JU/ LIKE ,SISMONDI1 HE EMPHASIZES ?AT EV]Y?+ TURNS ON ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( SOCIETY1 & ALSO TAKES IT TO BE DEP5D5T UPON ! DI/RIBUTION ( 9COME4 ,ALL ! SAME1 HE DOES NOT 5DORSE ,SISMONDI'S !ORY ( CRISES & DISAGREES %>PLY ) ! CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM IT4 ,IF ,SISMONDI SAW ! S\RCE ( ALL EVIL 9 ! UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION )\T REG>D TO ! LIMITATIONS ( 9COMES1 & ADVOCAT$ A RE/RICTION ( PRODUCTION1 ,RODB]TUS1 QUITE ON ! CONTR>Y1 *AMPIONS ! MO/ P[]FUL & UNRE/RICT$ EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION1 ( WEAL? & ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 BELIEV+ ?IS TO BE A SOCIAL NECESSITY4 ',:OEV] REJECTS ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY1 REJECTS AT ! SAME TIME ITS P[]1 ITS PROGRESS1 &1 ) ITS PROGRESS1 ITS VIRTUES4 ,:OEV] /&S 9 ! WAY ( GR[+ WEAL?1 /&S 9 ! WAY ( ALL SOCIAL PROGRESS :ATEV]4 ,EV]Y 9CREASE 9 KN[L$GE2 RESOLVE & CAPACITY IS CONCEIV$ AS B\ND UP ) AN 9CREASE 9 WEAL?47#a#h7 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ,RODB]TUS IS /RONGLY 9 FAVOR ( ISSU+ H\SES :I* HE REG>DS AS ! 9DISP5SABLE F\NDATIONS = A RAPID & UNRE/RICT$ EXPANSION ( COMPANY PROMOT+4 ,BO? HIS ESSAY ( #ahei ON ! MORTGAGE PROBLEM & ! TREATISE ON ! ,F9ANCIAL ,CRISIS 9 ,PRUSSIA7#a#i7 >E DEVOT$ TO ?IS PLEA4 ,HE EV5 POLEMIZES \TRI<T AGA9/ ! ,SISMONDIAN TYPE ( CAVEAT1 AS USUAL BROA*+ ! MATT] FIR/ FROM HIS PECULI> ,UTOPIAN E?ICS4 

',! 5TREPR5EURS'1 HE HOLDS =?1 ',C>E ESS5TIALLY CIVIL S]VANTS ( ECONOMY4 ,BY ! 9/ITUTION ( PROP]TY1 !Y >E ONCE & = ALL 5TRU/$ ) ! NATION'S MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IF !Y SET !M TO WORK & /RA9 ALL !IR 5]GIES 9 ! PROCESS1 !Y DO BUT !IR DUTY1 S9CE CAPITAL - LET ME REPEAT - EXI/S 5TIRELY = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION4' 

,& A FUR!R1 FACTUAL >GUM5T3 

',OR W\LD Y\ HAVE !M 7! 5TREPR5EURS7 TURN ACUTE ATTACKS ( SUFF]+ 9TO A *RONIC /ATE BY WORK+ P]SI/5TLY & FROM ! FIR/ ) FEW] =CES ?AN >E GIV5 BY ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 >E !Y TO PAY = A LESS SEV]E =M ( ! EVIL ) ITS P]MAN5T DURATION8 ,EV5 IF WE W]E SILLY 5\< TO GIVE !M ?IS ADVICE1 !Y W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO FOLL[ IT4 ,H[ C\LD ! 5TREPR5EURS ( ! WORLD RECOGNIZE ! LIMITS BEYOND :I* ! M>KET W\LD CEASE TO BE HEAL?Y8 ,!Y 5GAGE 9 PRODUCTION )\T KN[+ ! ONE ( ! O!R1 !Y >E PRODUC+ 9 ! MO/ DI/ANT CORN]S ( ! E>? = A M>KET HUNDR$S ( MILES AWAY1 !Y PRODUCE ) SU* VA/ =CES ?AT A MON?'S PRODUCTION MAY ALREADY OV]/EP ! LIMIT4 ,H[ C\LD PRODUCTION - SO DIVID$ & YET SO P[]FUL - CONCEIVABLY E/IMATE 9 GOOD TIME :AT WILL BE 5\<8 ,:]E = 9/ANCE1 >E ! ORGANIZATIONS1 ! UP-TO DATE /ATI/ICAL BUREAUX & ! LIKE TO HELP !M 9 ?IS TASK8 ,:AT IS WORSE1 ! PRICE ALONE1 ITS RISE & FALL1 9DICATES ! POSITION ( ! M>KET1 & ?IS IS NOT LIKE A B>OMET] :I* PR$ICTS ! TEMP]ATURE ( ! M>KET1 BUT MORE LIKE A !RMOMET] :I* ONLY REGI/]S IT4 ,IF ! PRICE FALLS1 ! LIMIT HAS BE5 PASS$ ALREADY1 & ! EVIL IS ) US4'7#b7 

,!SE ?RU/S1 OBVI\SLY AIM$ AT ,SISMONDI1 EXHIBIT QUITE FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO OPPON5TS4 ,IF ,5GELS !N SAYS 9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+ ?AT ,SISMONDI FIR/ EXPLA9$ ! CRISES AS RESULT+ FROM UND]-CONSUMPTION1 & ?AT ,RODB]TUS BORR[$ ?IS VIEW FROM HIM1 HE IS NOT /RICTLY ACCURATE4 ,ALL ?AT ,RODB]TUS & ,SISMONDI HAVE 9 COMMON IS !IR OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! CLASSICAL S*OOL & ! G5]AL EXPLANATION ( CRISES AS ! RESULT ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( 9COMES4 ,EV5 9 ?IS CONNECTION ,RODB]TUS M\NTS HIS [N P>TICUL> HOBBY HORSE3 OV]-PRODUCTION IS NOT CAUS$ BY ! L[ LEVEL ( WORK+ CLASS 9COMES1 NOR YET1 AS ,SISMONDI MA9TA9S1 BY ! CAPITALI/S' LIMIT$ CAPACITY = CONSUMPTION1 BUT SOLELY BY ! FACT ?AT ) A GR[+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 ! WORK]S' 9COME1 9 T]MS ( VALUE1 REPRES5TS AN EV] SMALL] %>E ( ! PRODUCT4 ,RODB]TUS TAKES PA9S TO CONV9CE ! OPPOSITION ?AT IT IS NOT ! SMALL VOLUME ( ! WORK]S' %>E :I* CAUSES ! CRISES4 

',JU/ IMAG9E'1 HE GOES ON TO LECTURE V4 ,KIR*MANN1 '!SE %>ES TO BE SO SMALL AS TO 5SURE ONLY A B>E SUBSI/5CE = ?OSE :O >E 5TITL$ TO !M4 ,AS LONG AS Y\ E/ABLI% !M AS REPRES5T+ A PROPORTION ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT1 Y\ WILL HAVE A CON/ANT 'VESSEL = VALUE' :I* CAN ABSORB EV] 9CREAS+ CONT5TS1 & AN EV] 9CREAS+ PROSP]ITY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES AS WELL 444 ,& N[ IMAG9E ON ! CONTR>Y AS L>GE A %>E = ! WORK+ CLASSES AS Y\ PLEASE1 & LET IT BECOME AN EV] SMALL] FRACTION ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT ?AT GR[S )1 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY4 ,!N1 PROVID$ IT IS NOT R$UC$ TO ! PRES5T PITTANCE1 ?IS %>E WILL /ILL PROTECT ! WORK]S FROM UNDUE PRIVATIONS S9CE ! AM\NT ( PRODUCTS IT REPRES5TS WILL FILL BE CONSID]ABLY GREAT] ?AN IT IS TO-DAY4 ,ONCE ?IS %>E BEG9S TO DECL9E1 H[EV]1 !RE WILL BE SPREAD+ DISCONT5T1 CULM9AT+ 9 A COMM]CIAL CRISIS = :I* ! CAPITALI/S >E NOT TO BLAME 9ASMU* AS !Y DID NO MORE ?AN !IR DUTY 9 LAY+ D[N ! VOLUME ( PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO ! GIV5 MAGNITUDE ( !SE %>ES4' 

,?AT IS :Y ! 'DECL9+ WAGE RATE' IS ! REAL CAUSE ( CRISES4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE C\NT]ACT$ BY LEGAL MEASURES TO 5SURE ?AT ! WORK]S' %>E REPRES5TS A /ABLE & UN*ANG+ RATE ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT4 ,?IS GROTESQUE NOTION TAKES SOME UND]/&+ IF WE >E TO DO JU/ICE TO ITS ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS4 

@> 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ,TO V4 ,KIR*MANN1 9 #a#h#h4 

7#b7 ,DR4 ,C>L ,RODB]TUS-,JAGETZ[1 ,S*RIFT5 7,B]L91 #a#h#i#i71 VOL4II1 PP4#a#g#b-#d4 

7#c7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4II1 PP4#a#dF4 

7#d7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4I1 P4#i#i4 

7#e7,IBID41 P4#a#g#c4 

7#f7,IBID41 P4#a#g#f4 

7#g7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4II1 P4#f#e4 

7#h7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4I1 PP4#a#h#b-#d4 

7#i7,IBID4 

7#a7,IBID41 P4#g#b4 

7#a#a7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4III1 PP4#a#a-#a#a4 

7#a#b7,IBID41 P4#a#h4 

7#a#c7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4I1 P4#f#b4 

7#a#d7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4IV1 P4#b#b#f4 

7#a#e7 ,9 ,T[>DS ! ,UND]/&+ ( ,\R ,POLITICO-,ECONOMIC ,CONDITIONS1 P>T II1 N4#a4 

7#a#f7 ,9 ,ON ,COMM]CIAL ,CRISES & ! ,MORTGAGE ,PROBLEM ( ! ,L&[N]S QUOT$ ABOVE 7OP4 CIT41 VOL4III1 P4#a#h#f74 

7#a#g7,OP4 CIT41 VOL4IV1 P4#b#c#c4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE 9 ?IS CONNECTION H[ ,RODB]TUS APPE>S 9 PRACTICE AS AN EXTREMELY SOB] & REALI/ICALLY M9D$ PROPHET ( CAPITALI/ COLONIAL POLICY1 9 ! MANN] ( ! PRES5T DAY ',PAN-,G]MANS'1 HIS MORAL RANT+ AB\T ! UNHAPPY FATE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES NOT)/&+4 ,9 A FOOTNOTE TO ! ABOVE QUOTATION1 HE WRITES3 ',WE CAN GO ON TO GLANCE BRIEFLY AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ! OP5+ UP ( ,ASIA1 9 P>TICUL> ( ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 ! RI*E/ M>KETS 9 ! WORLD1 & ALSO ( ! MA9T5ANCE ( ,5GLI% RULE 9 ,9DIA4 ,IT IS TO DEF] ! SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM4' 7,! ELOQU5T AV5G] ( ! EXPLOIT$ +5U\SLY DISCLOSES ! MEANS BY :I* ! PR(ITE]+ EXPLOIT]S CAN CONT9UE '!IR /UPID & CRIM9AL ]ROR'1 !IR 'FLAGRANT 9JU/ICE' = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE47 ',= ! SOLUTION ( ?IS PROBLEM1 ! PRES5T LACKS 9 UNSELFI%NESS & MORAL RESOLUTION NO LESS ?AN 9 9TELLIG5CE4' 7,RODB]TUS' PHILOSOPHICAL RESIGNATION IS UNP>ALLEL$67 ',ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE CANNOT1 ADMITT$LY1 CON/ITUTE A LEGAL TITLE TO 9T]V5TION BY =CE1 BUT ON ! O!R H&1 A /RICT APPLICATION ( MOD]N NATURAL & 9T]NATIONAL LAW TO ALL ! NATIONS ( ! WORLD1 :ATEV] !IR /ATE ( CIVILIZATION1 IS QUITE IMPRACTICABLE4' 7,A COMP>ISON ) ,DOR9E'S WORDS 9 ,MOLI]E'S ,T>TUFFE IS IRRESI/IBLE3 ',LE CIEL DEF5D1 DE VRAIE1 C]TA9S CONT5TEM5TS1 MAIS IL Y A AVEC LUI DES ACCOMMODEM5TS4'7 - ',\R 9T]NATIONAL LAW HAS GR[N FROM A CIVILIZATION ( ,*RI/IAN E?ICS1 & S9CE ALL LAW IS BAS$ UPON RECIPROCITY1 IT CAN ONLY PROVIDE ! /&>D = RELATIONS BETWE5 NATIONS ( ! SAME CIVILIZATION4 ,IF IT IS APPLI$ BEYOND !SE LIMITS1 IT IS S5TIM5T RA!R ?AN NATURAL & 9T]NATIONAL LAW & ! ,9DIAN ATROCITIES %\LD HAVE CUR$ US ( IT4 ,*RI/IAN ,EUROPE %\LD RA!R P>TAKE ( ! SPIRIT :I* MADE ! ,GREEKS & ! ,ROMANS REG>D ALL ! O!R PEOPLES ( ! WORLD AS B>B>IANS4 ,! Y\NG] ,EUROPEAN NATIONS MI<T !N REGA9 ! DRIVE = MAK+ WORLD HI/ORY :I* IMPELL$ ! ,ANCI5TS TO SPREAD !IR NATIVE CIVILIZATION OV] ! C\NTRIES ( ! GLOBE4 ,!Y W\LD RECONQU] ,ASIA = WORLD HI/ORY BY JO9T ACTION4 ,SU* COMMON PURPOSE & ACTION W\LD 9 TURN /IMULATE ! GREATE/ SOCIAL PROGRESS1 A FIRM F\NDATION ( PEACE 9 ,EUROPE1 A R$UCTION ( >MIES1 A COLONIZATION ( ,ASIA 9 ! ANCI5T ,ROMAN /YLE - 9 O!R WORDS1 A G5U9E SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S 9 ALL WALKS ( SOCIAL LIFE4' ,! VISION ( CAPITALI/ COLONIAL EXPANSION 9SPIRES ! PROPHET ( ! EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ TO ALMO/ POETICAL FLI<TS1 ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE = COM+ AT A TIME :5 A CIVILIZATION ( ,*RI/IAN E?ICS ACCOMPLI%$ SU* GLORI\S EXPLOITS AS ! ,OPIUM ,W>S AGA9/ ,*9A & ! ,9DIAN ATROCITIES - ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ATROCITIES COMMITT$ BY ! ,BRITI% 9 !IR BLOODY SUPPRESSION ( ! ,9DIAN ,MUT9Y4 - ,9 HIS SECOND ,LETT] ON ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS1 9 #a#h#e1 ,RODB]TUS HAD EXPRESS$ ! CONVICTION ?AT IF SOCIETY LACKS ! 'MORAL RESOLUTION' NECESS>Y TO SOLVE ! SOCIAL QUE/ION1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO *ANGE ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 HI/ORY W\LD BE =C$ TO 'USE ! :IP ( REVOLUTION AGA9/ IT' 7OP4 CIT41 VOL4II1 P4#h#c74 ,EI<T YE>S LAT]1 H[EV]1 ! /ALW>T ,PRUSSIAN PREF]S TO CRACK ! :IP ( A COLONIAL POLICY ( ,*RI/IAN E?ICS OV] ! NATIVES ( ! COLONIAL C\NTRIES4 ,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 :AT ONE MI<T EXPECT ( ! 'ORIG9AL F\ND] ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM 9 ,G]MANY' ?AT HE %\LD ALSO BE A W>M SUPPORT] ( MILIT>ISM1 & HIS PHRASE AB\T ! 'R$UCTION ( >MIES' IS BUT POETIC LIC5SE 9 HIS V]BAL FIREWORKS4 ,9 HIS ESSAY ,ON ! ,UND]/&+ ( ! ,SOCIAL ,QUE/ION HE EXPLA9S ?AT ! '5TIRE NATIONAL TAX BURD5 IS P]PETUALLY GRAVITAT+ T[>DS ! BOTTOM1 SOMETIMES 9 =M ( HI<] PRICES = WAGE GOODS1 & SOMETIMES 9 =M ( L[] MONEY WAGES'4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 HE CONSID]S 'CONSCRIPTION UND] ! ASPECT ( A *>GE ON ! /ATE'1 EXPLA9+ ?AT 'AS F> AS ! WORK+ CLASSES >E CONC]N$1 IT IS NO?+ LIKE A TAX BUT RA!R A CONFISCATION ( !IR 5TIRE 9COME = MANY YE>S'4 ,HE ADDS IMM$IATELY3 ',TO AVOID MISUND]/&+ ,I W\LD PO9T \T ?AT ,I AM A /AUN* SUPPORT] ( \R PRES5T MILIT>Y CON/ITUTION 7I4E4 ! MILIT>Y CON/ITUTION ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,PRUSSIA7 - AL?\< IT MAY BE OPPRESSIVE TO ! WORK+ CLASSES & DEM& GREAT F9ANCIAL SACRIFICES FROM ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES' 7OP4 CIT41 VOL4III1 P4#c#d74 ,?AT DOES NOT EV5 S\ND LIKE A LION'S RO>6 

7#a#h7,S*RIFT51 VOL4III1 P4#a#h#b4 

7#a#i7 ,PUBLI%$ ALREADY 9 #a#h#d#e4 

7#b7,S*RIFT51 VOL4IV1 P4#b#c#a4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #af -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/