,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ae 
,HI/ORICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,PROBLEM3 VS4 ,KIR*MANN'S !ORY ( ,REPRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,SECOND ,R\ND 

,! ,CONTROV]SY ,BETWE5 ,RODB]TUS & VON ,KIR*MANN 

,! SECOND !ORETICAL POLEMICS AB\T ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION WAS ALSO />T$ BY CURR5T EV5TS4 ,IF ! FIR/ ,5GLI% CRISIS & ITS ATT5DANT MIS]Y ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD /IMULAT$ ,SISMONDI'S OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! CLASSICAL S*OOL1 IT WAS ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T >IS5 S9CE :I*1 ALMO/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S LAT]1 PROVID$ ! 9C5TIVE = ,RODB]TUS' CRITIQUE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! RIS+S ( ! ,LYONS SILK WEAV]S & ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& W]E VA/LY DIFF]5T FROM ! %AD[Y SPECT]S RAIS$ BY ! FIR/ CRISIS1 & ! E>S ( ! B\RGEOISIE W]E MADE TO R+ ) !IR CRITICISM ( ! MO/ WOND]FUL ( ALL =MS ( SOCIETY4 ,! FIR/ SOCIO-ECONOMIC WORK ( ,RODB]TUS1 PROBABLY WRITT5 = ! ,AUGSBURG] ,ALLGEME9E ,ZEITUNG 9 ! LATE ?IRTIES BUT NOT PUBLI%$ BY ?AT PAP]1 BE>S ! SIGNIFICANT TITLE1 ,! ,DEM&S ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES17#a7 & BEG9S AS FOLL[S3 

',:AT DO ! WORK+ CLASSES WANT8 ,WILL ! O!RS BE ABLE TO KEEP IT FROM !M8 ,WILL :AT !Y WANT BE ! GRAVE ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION8 ,?\<TFUL PEOPLE HAVE LONG REALIZ$ ?AT A TIME MU/ COME :5 HI/ORY W\LD PUT ?IS QUE/ION ) GREAT URG5CY4 ,N[1 ! MAN 9 ! /REET HAS LE>N$ IT TOO1 FROM ! ,*>TI/ MEET+S & ! ,BIRM+HAM SC5ES4' 

,DUR+ ! =TIES1 ! LEAV5 ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS WAS MO/ VIGOR\SLY AT WORK 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! =MATION ( ! V>I\S SECRET SOCIETIES & SOCIALI/ S*OOLS ( ! FOLL[]S ( ,PR\DHON1 ,BLANQUI1 ,CABET1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ETC4 ,! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION & ! ,JUNE PROCLAMATION ( ! 'RI<T TO WORK' L$ TO A FIR/ HEAD ON CLA% BETWE5 ! TWO WORLDS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY - AN EPO* MAK+ ]UPTION ( ! CONTRADICTIONS LAT5T 9 CAPITALISM4 ,AS REG>DS ! O!R1 VISIBLE =M ( ?OSE CONTRADICTIONS - ! CRISES - ! AVAILABLE DATA = OBS]VATION AT ! TIME ( ! SECOND CONTROV]SY W]E F> MORE COMPREH5SIVE ?AN 9 ! E>LY TW5TIES ( ! C5TURY4 ,! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,RODB]TUS & V4 ,KIR*MANN TOOK PLACE UND] ! IMM$IATE IMPACT ( ! CRISES 9 #a#h#c#g1 #a#h#c#i1 #a#h#d#g1 & EV5 ( ! FIR/ WORLD CRISIS 9 #aheg - ,RODB]TUS WRIT+ HIS 9T]E/+ PAMPHLET ,ON ,COMM]CIAL ,CRISES & ! ,MORTGAGE ,PROBLEM ( ! ,L&[N]S7#b7 9 #a#h#e#h4 ,?US ! 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY MEET+ HIS EYES W]E 9 /RID5T DISCORD ) ! DOCTR9E ( H>MONY HELD BY ! ,5GLI% CLASSICS & !IR VULG>IZ]S BO? 9 ,5GL& & ON ! ,CONT95T1 QUITE UNLIKE ANY CRITIQUE 9 HE TIMES :5 ,SISMONDI HAD RAIS$ HIS VOICE 9 W>N+4 

,9CID5TALLY1 A QUOTATION FROM ,SISMONDI 9 ,RODB]TUS' FIR/ WRIT+ PROVES ?AT ! =M]'S /RICTURES IMM$IATELY 9FLU5C$ ,RODB]TUS4 ,HE WAS ?US FAMILI> ) CONTEMPOR>Y ,FR5* WRIT+S AGA9/ ! CLASSICAL S*OOL1 ?\< P]HAPS LESS SO ) ! F> MORE NUM]\S ,5GLI% LIT]ATURE4 ,!RE IS NO MORE ?AN ?IS FLIMSY SUPPORT = ! MY? ( ! ,G]MAN PR(ESSORS AB\T ! SO-CALL$ 'PRIORITY' ( ,RODB]TUS OV] ,M>X 9 ! 'F\NDATION ( SOCIALISM'4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,PR(ESSOR ,DIEHL WRITES 9 HIS >TICLE ON ,RODB]TUS 9 ,H&WORT]BU* D] ,/AATSWISS5S*AFT53 

',RODB]TUS MU/ BE CONSID]$ ! REAL F\ND] ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM 9 ,G]MANY1 S9CE 9 HIS WRIT+S BETWE5 #ahci & #a#h#d#b1 EV5 BE=E ,M>X & ,LASSALLE1 HE PROVID$ A COMPREH5SIVE SOCIALI/ SY/EM1 A CRITIQUE ( ,ADAM ,SMI?'S DOCTR9E1 NEW !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS & PROPOSALS = SOCIAL RE=M4' 

,?IS PIECE ( GOD-FE>+1 PI\S RI<TE\SNESS COMES FROM ! SECOND $ITION ( #a#i#a1 AFT] ALL ?AT HAD BE5 WRITT5 BY ,5GELS1 ,KAUTSKY & ,MEHR+ TO DE/ROY ?IS LE>N$ LEG5D1 & 9 SPITE ( IT4 ,QUITE 9EVITABLY1 ( C\RSE1 & PRO( AGA9/ ANY EVID5CE TO ! CONTR>Y1 H[EV] WEI<TY1 IT WAS ONLY RI<T 9 ! EYES ( ALL ! LE>N$ ,G]MAN ECONOMI/S ?AT ! PALM ( 'PRIORITY' %\LD BE WRE/$ FROM ,M>X1 ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/1 BY ,RODB]TUS1 ! 'SOCIALI/' ) MON>*I/1 ,PRUSSIAN & NATIONALI/ LEAN+S1 ! MAN :O BELIEV$ 9 COMMUNISM FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S FROM N[1 BUT = ! PRES5T SUPPORT$ A /EADY EXPLOITATION RATE ( #b P] C5T4 ,H[EV]1 WE >E 9T]E/$ 9 ANO!R ASPECT ( ,RODB]TUS' ANALYSIS4 ,! SAME ,PR(ESSOR ,DIEHL CONT9UES HIS EULOGY AS FOLL[S3 ',RODB]TUS WAS NOT ONLY A PIONE] ( SOCIALISM2 POLITICAL ECONOMY AS A :OLE [ES MU* /IMULATION & FUR!RANCE TO HIM2 ECONOMIC !ORY 9 P>TICUL> IS 9DEBT$ TO HIM = ! CRITIQUE ( CLASSICAL ECONOMICS1 = ! NEW !ORY ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( 9COME1 = ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! LOGICAL & HI/ORICAL CATEGORIES ( CAPITAL1 & SO ON4' 

,H]E WE %ALL DEAL ) !SE LATT] A*IEVEM5TS ( ,RODB]TUS1 ESPECIALLY ) ! '& SO ON'4 

,RODB]TUS' DECISIVE TREATISE1 ,T[>DS ! ,UND]/&+ ( ,\R ,POLITICO-,ECONOMIC ,CONDITIONS7#c7 ( #a#h#d#b1 SET ! BALL ROLL+4 V4 ,KIR*MANN REPLI$ 9 ,DEMOKRATIS*E ,BLATT] ) TWO ESSAYS - ,ON ! ,SOCIAL ,ASPECTS ( ,GR\ND ,R5T7#d7 & ,! ,SOCIETY ( ,B>T]7#e7 - & ,RODB]TUS P>RI$ 9 #ahe ) HIS ,LETT]S ON ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEMS47#f7 ,?US ! DISCUSSION 5T]$ ! SAME !ORETICAL >5A :]E ,MAL?US-,SISMONDI & ,SAY-,RIC>DO-,MAC,CULLO* HAD F\<T \T !IR DIFF]5CES ?IRTY YE>S E>LI]4 ,9 HIS E>LIE/ WRIT+S1 ,RODB]TUS HAD ALREADY EXPRESS$ ! ?\<T ?AT ! WAGES ( LABOR PRES5T AN EV] DIM9I%+ P>T ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT 9 MOD]N SOCIETY :]E ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR IS 9CREAS+4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?IS TO BE AN ORIG9AL IDEA1 & FROM ?AT MOM5T UNTIL HIS DEA? ?IRTY YE>S LAT] HE DID NO?+ BUT REIT]ATE IT & =MULATE IT 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,?IS 'DECL9+ WAGE RATE' IS = HIM ! ROOT ( ALL EVILS TO BE F\ND 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 9 P>TICUL> ( PAUP]ISM & ! CRISES1 :OSE COMB9ATION HE CALLS '! SOCIAL PROBLEM ( \R TIMES'4 

V4 ,KIR*MANN DOES NOT AGREE ) ?IS EXPLANATION4 ,HE TRACES PAUP]ISM BACK TO ! EFFECTS ( A RIS+ GR\ND R5T2 CRISES1 ON ! O!R H&1 TO A LACK ( M>KETS4 ,AB\T ! LATT] ESPECIALLY HE SAYS3 ',! GREATE/ P>T ( SOCIAL ILLS IS CAUS$ NOT BY DEFECTS ( PRODUCTION BUT BY A LACK ( M>KETS = ! PRODUCTS 444 ! MORE A C\NTRY CAN PRODUCE1 ! MORE MEANS IT HAS = SATISFY+ EV]Y NE$1 ! MORE IT IS EXPOS$ TO ! DANG] ( MIS]Y & WANT4' - ,! LABOR-PROBLEM IS H]E 9CLUD$ AS WELL1 = '! NOTORI\S RI<T TO WORK ULTIMATELY R$UCES TO ! QUE/ION ( M>KETS'4 ',WE SEE'1 HE CONCLUDES1 '?AT ! SOCIAL PROBLEM IS ALMO/ ID5TICAL ) ! PROBLEM ( M>KETS4 ,EV5 ! ILLS ( MU*-ABUS$ COMPETITION WILL VANI%1 ONCE M>KETS >E SECURE2 ITS ADVANTAGES ALONE WILL REMA94 ,!RE WILL REMA9 A SPIRIT ( RIVALRY TO SUPPLY GOOD & *EAP COMMODITIES1 BUT ! LIFE-&-DEA? /RUGGLE WILL DISAPPE> :I* IS CAUS$ ONLY BY 9SUFFICI5T M>KETS4'7#g7 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! PO9TS ( VIEW ( ,RODB]TUS & V4 ,KIR*MANN IS EVID5T4 ,RODB]TUS SEES ! ROOT ( ! EVIL 9 A FAULTY DI/RIBUTION ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT1 & V4 ,KIR*MANN 9 ! LIMITATIONS ( ! M>KETS = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,NOT)/&+ ALL ! CONFUSION 9 HIS EXPOSITIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS IDEALI/ VISION ( A CAPITALI/ COMPETITION CONT5T ) A LAUDABLE RIVALRY = BETT] & *EAP] COMMODITIES1 & ALSO 9 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! 'NOTORI\S RI<T TO WORK' AS A PROBLEM ( M>KETS1 V4 ,KIR*MANN UP TO A PO9T /ILL %[S MORE UND]/&+ = ! SORE SPOT ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 I4E4 ! LIMITATIONS ( ITS M>KET1 ?AN ,RODB]TUS :O CL+S TO DI/RIBUTION4 ,?US IT IS V4 ,KIR*MANN :O N[ TAKES UP ! PROBLEM :I* ,SISMONDI HAD ORIG9ALLY PUT ON ! AG5DA4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE BY NO MEANS AGREES ) ,SISMONDI'S ELUCIDATION & SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM1 SID+ RA!R ) ! OPPON5TS ( ! LATT]4 ,NOT ONLY DOES HE ACCEPT ,RIC>DO'S !ORY ( GR\ND R5T1 & ,ADAM ,SMI?'S DOGMA ?AT '! PRICE ( ! COMMODITY IS COMPOS$ ( TWO P>TS ONLY1 ( ! 9T]E/S ON CAPITAL & ! WAGES ( LABOR'4 7V4 ,KIR*MANN TRANS=MS ! SURPLUS VALUE 9TO '9T]E/ ON CAPITAL'72 HE ALSO SUBSCRIBES TO ! !SIS ( ,SAY & ,RIC>DO ?AT PRODUCTS >E ONLY B\<T ) O!R PRODUCTS & ?AT PRODUCTION CREATES ITS [N DEM&1 SO ?AT IF ONE SIDE APPE>S TO HAVE PRODUC$ TOO MU*1 IT ONLY MEANS !RE WAS NOT 5\< PRODUCTION ON ! O!R V4 ,KIR*MANN1 WE SEE1 FAI?FULLY FOLL[S ! CLASSICS1 IF 9 A SOME:AT ',G]MAN $ITION'4 ,HE BEG9S BY >GU+1 E4G41 ?AT ,SAY'S LAW ( A NATURAL BALANCE BETWE5 PRODUCTION & DEM& '/ILL DOES NOT GIVE A COMPREH5SIVE PICTURE ( REALITY'1 & ADDS3 

',COMM]CE 9VOLVES YET FUR!R HIDD5 LAWS :I* PREV5T ?IS PO/ULAT$ ORD] FROM OBTA9+ 9 COMPLETE PURITY4 ,!Y MU/ BE DISCOV]$ IF WE >E TO EXPLA9 ! PRES5T FLOOD+ ( ! M>KET1 & !IR DISCOV]Y MI<T P]HAPS ALSO %[ US ! WAY TO AVOID ?IS GREAT EVIL4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E ?REE RELATIONS 9 ! MOD]N SY/EM1 ( SOCIETY :I* CAUSE !SE CONFLICTS BETWE5 ,SAY'S 9DUBITABLE LAW & REALITY4' 

,!SE RELATIONS >E 7#a7 'TOO 9EQUITABLE A DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS' - H]E1 AS WE SEE1 V4 ,KIR*MANN SOME:AT APPROXIMATES TO ,SISMONDI'S PO9T ( VIEW2 7#b7 ! DIFFICULTIES :I* NATURE PUTS 9 ! WAY ( HUMAN LABOR 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION2 & 7#c7 F9ALLY1 ! DEFECTS ( COMM]CE AS A M$IATOR BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,DISREG>D+ ! LA/ TWO OB/ACLES TO ,SAY'S LAW1 WE %ALL N[ CONSID] V4 ,KIR*MANN'S REASON+ ( HIS FIR/ PO9T4 

',! FIR/ RELATION'1 HE EXPLA9S1 'CAN BE PUT MORE BRIEFLY AS TOO L[ A WAGE ( LABOR1 :I* IS ?US ! CAUSE ( A SLUMP4 ,?OSE :O KN[ ?AT ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES IS COMPOS$ ( TWO P>TS ONLY1 ( ! 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL & ! WAGE ( LABOR1 MI<T CONSID] ?IS A />TL+ /ATEM5T2 IF ! WAGE ( LABOR IS L[1 PRICES >E L[ AS WELL1 & IF ONE IS HI<1 SO IS ! O!R4' 

7,WE SEE V4 ,KIR*MANN ACCEPTS ,SMI?'S DOGMA EV5 9 ITS MO/ MISLEAD+ =M3 ! PRICE IS NOT RESOLV$ 9TO WAGE ( LABOR & SURPLUS VALUE1 BUT IS COMPOS$ ( !M AS A M]E SUM - A VIEW 9 :I* ,ADAM ,SMI? /RAY$ FUR!/ FROM HIS [N !ORY ( ! VALUE ( LABOR47 

',WAGE & PRICE ?US >E DIRECTLY RELAT$1 !Y BALANCE EA* O!R4 ,5GL& ONLY ABOLI%$ H] CORN LAWS1 H] T>IFFS ON MEAT & O!R VICTUALS1 9 ORD] TO CAUSE WAGES TO FALL & ?US TO 5ABLE H] MANUFACTUR]S TO \/ ALL O!R COMPETITORS FROM ! WORLD M>KETS BY MEANS ( /ILL *EAP] COMMODITIES4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 ONLY HOLDS GOOD UP TO A PO9T & DOES NOT AFFECT ! RATIO 9 :I* ! PRODUCT IS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! WORK]S & ! CAPITALI/S4 ,TOO 9EQUITABLE A DI/RIBUTION AMONG !SE TWO IS ! PRIM>Y & MO/ IMPORTANT CAUSE :Y ,SAY'S LAW IS NOT FULFILL$ 9 REAL LIFE1 :Y ! M>KETS >E FLOOD$ AL?\< !RE IS PRODUCTION 9 ALL BRAN*ES4' 

V4 ,KIR*MANN GIVES A DETAIL$ ILLU/RATION ( ?IS /ATEM5T4 ,US+ ! CLASSICAL ME?OD1 HE TAKES US1 ( C\RSE1 TO AN IMAG9>Y ISOLAT$ SOCIETY :I* MAKES AN UNRESI/+1 IF ?ANKLESS1 OBJECT = ! EXP]IM5TS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 V4 ,KIR*MANN SUGGE/S WE %\LD IMAG9E A PLACE 7,ORT7 :I* COMPRISES #ic 9HABITANTS1 NO MORE1 NO LESS1 VIZ4 ?REE 5TREPR5EURS ) #c WORK]S EA*4 ,ORT IS TO BE ABLE TO SATISFY ALL NE$S BY ITS [N PRODUCTION - 9 ?REE E/ABLI%M5TS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ONE = CLO?+1 A SECOND = FOOD1 LI<T+1 FUEL & RAW MAT]IALS1 & A ?IRD = H\S+1 FURNITURE & TOOLS4 ,9 EA* ( !SE ?REE DEP>TM5TS1 ! 'CAPITAL TOGE!R ) ! RAW MAT]IALS' IS TO BE PROVID$ BY ! 5TREPR5EUR1 & ! REMUN]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS TO BE SO >RANG$ ?AT ! WORK]S OBTA9 AS !IR WAGE ONE HALF ( ! ANNUAL PRODUCE1 ! 5TREPR5EURS RETA9+ ! O!R HALF 'AS 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL & PR(ITS ( ! 5T]PRISE'4 ,EV]Y BUS9ESS IS TO PRODUCE JU/ 5\< TO SATISFY ALL ! NE$S ( ! #ic 9HABITANTS4 ,ORT ACCORD+LY HAS 'ALL ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = G5]AL WELL-BE+'1 &1 EV]YBODY CAN !RE=E TACKLE HIS WORK ) C\RAGE & VIGOR4 ,AFT] A FEW DAYS1 H[EV]1 JOY & DELI<T TURN 9TO A UNIV]SAL MIS]Y & GNA%+ ( TEE?3 SOME?+ HAS HAPP5$ ON V4 ,KIR*MANN'S ,ISL& ( ! ,BLESS$ :I* WAS NO MORE TO BE EXPECT$ ?AN = ! SKIES TO FALL3 AN 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CRISIS ACCORD+ TO ALL MOD]N SPECIFICATIONS HAS BROK5 \T6 ,ONLY ! MO/ ESS5TIAL CLO?+1 FOOD & HOP+ = ! #i WORK]S HAS BE5 PRODUC$1 YET1 ! W>EH\SES ( ! ?REE 5TREPR5EURS >E FULL ( CLO!S & RAW MAT]IALS1 & !IR H\SES /& EMPTY3 !Y COMPLA9 ( A LACK ( DEM&1 :ILE ! WORK]S 9 TURN COMPLA9 ?AT !IR WANTS >E NOT FULLY SATISFI$4 ,:AT HAS GONE WRONG8 ,C\LD IT BE ?AT !RE IS TOO MU* ( ONE K9D ( PRODUCE & TOO LITTLE ( ANO!R1 AS ,SAY & ,RIC>DO W\LD HAVE IT8 ,NOT AT ALL1 ANSW]S V4 ,KIR*MANN4 ,EV]Y?+ IS AVAILABLE 9 ,ORT 9 WELL-BALANC$ QUANTITIES1 JU/ 5\< TO SATISFY ALL ! WANTS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,:AT1 !N1 HAS ?R[N A SPANN] 9TO ! WORKS1 :Y ! CRISIS8 ,! OB/RUCTION IS CAUS$ BY DI/RIBUTION ALONE - BUT ?IS MU/ BE SAVOR$ 9 V4 ,KIR*MANN'S [N WORDS 

',! OB/ACLE1 :Y NEV]!LESS NO SMOO? EX*ANGE TAKES PLACE1 LIES SOLELY & EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( !SE PRODUCTS4 ,!Y >E NOT DI/RIBUT$ EQUITABLY AMONG ALL1 BUT ! 5TREPR5EURS RETA9 HALF ( !M = !MSELVES AS 9T]E/ & PR(IT1 & ONLY GIVE HALF TO ! WORK]S4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! WORK] 9 ! CLO?+ DEP>TM5T CAN EX*ANGE1 AGA9/ HALF ( HIS PRODUCT1 ONLY HALF ( ! FOOD1 LODG+1 ETC41 ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$1 & IT IS CLE> ?AT ! 5TREPR5EUR1 CANNOT GET RID ( ! O!R HALF S9CE NO WORK] HAS ANY MORE PRODUCTS TO GIVE 9 EX*ANGE4 ,! 5TREPR5EURS DO NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) !IR /OCKS1 ! WORK]S DO NOT KN[ :AT TO DO = HUNG] & NAK$NESS40 

,NOR DOES ! READ]1 WE MI<T ADD1 KN[ :AT TO DO ) V4 ,KIR*MANN'S CON/RUCTIONS4 ,HIS MODEL IS SO *ILDI% ?AT EV]Y ADVANCE LEADS DEEP] 9TO ! MAZE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 !RE SEEMS TO BE NO REASON :ATEV] :Y1 & TO :AT PURPOSE1 V4 ,KIR*MANN %\LD DEVISE ?IS SPLITT+-UP ( PRODUCTION 9TO ?REE P>TS4 ,IF ANALOG\S EXAMPLES BY ,RIC>DO & ,MAC,CULLO* USUALLY CONFRONT T5ANT F>M]S & MANUFACTUR]S1 ?AT IS PRESUMABLY ONLY 9SPIR$ BY ! ANTIQUAT$ ,PHYSIOCRAT CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION :I* ,RIC>DO HAD ADOPT$1 AL?\< HIS [N !ORY ( VALUE AS AGA9/ ! ,PHYSIOCRATS DEPRIV$ IT ( ALL MEAN+1 & AL?\< ,ADAM ,SMI? HAD ALREADY MADE A GOOD />T 9 CONSID]+ ! REAL MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( ! SOCIAL REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,/ILL1 WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! TRADITION ( DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY AS ! F\NDATION ( REPRODUCTION WAS KEPT UP 9 ECONOMIC !ORY UNTIL ,M>X 9TRODUC$ HIS EPO* MAK+ DI/9CTION ( ! TWO PRODUCTIVE DEP>TM5TS 9 SOCIETY = PRODUC] & CONSUM] GOODS4 V4 ,KIR*MANN'S ?REE DEP>TM5TS1 H[EV]1 HAVE NO REAL SIGNIFICANCE AT ALL4 ,OBVI\SLY1 NO MAT]IAL CONSID]ATION ( REPRODUCTION CAN HAVE BE5 RESPONSIBLE = ?IS SUPREMELY >BITR>Y DIVISION :I* JUMBLES UP TOOLS & FURNITURE1 RAW MAT]IALS & FOOD1 BUT MAKES CLO?+ A DEP>TM5T 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,ONE MI<T AS WELL PO/ULATE ONE DEP>TM5T = FOOD1 CLO?+ & H\S+1 ANO!R = M$IC9ES & A ?IRD = TOO? BRU%ES4 V4 ,KIR*MANN'S PRIM>Y CONC]N1 NO D\BT1 IS ) ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR2 H5CE ! ASSUMPTION ( AS NE>LY EQUAL QUANTITIES ( PRODUCTS AS POSSIBLE 9 ! TRANSACTIONS ( EX*ANGE4 ,YET ?IS EX*ANGE1 ON :I* ! >GUM5T TURNS1 PLAYS NO P>T AT ALL 9 V4 ,KIR*MANN'S EXAMPLE S9CE IT IS NOT ! VALUE :I* IS DI/RIBUT$ BUT ! QUANTITIES ( PRODUCTS1 ! BULK ( USE-VALUES AS SU*4 ,9 ?IS 9TRIGU+ ,ORT ( V4 ,KIR*MANN'S IMAG9+1 AGA91 ! PRODUCTS >E DI/RIBUT$ FIR/1 & ONLY AFT]W>DS1 :5 ! DI/RIBUTION IS ACCOMPLI%$1 IS !RE TO BE UNIV]SAL EX*ANGE1 :]EAS ON ! SOLID GR\ND ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IT IS1 AS WE KN[1 ! EX*ANGE :I* 9AUGURATES ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCT & S]VES AS ITS AG5T4 ,BESIDES1 ! QUE]E/ ?+S HAPP5 9 V4 ,KIR*MANN'S DI/RIBUTIVE SY/EM3 ',AS WE ALL KN['1 ! PRICES ( ! PRODUCTS1 I4E4 ! PRICE ( ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT ( SOCIETY1 CONSI/ ( V "4 S1 ( WAGE & CAPITAL 9T]E/ ALONE SO ?AT ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT MU/ BE DI/RIBUT$ 5TIRELY AMONG WORK]S & 5TREPR5EURS2 BUT !N UNHAPPILY V4 ,KIR*MANN DIMLY REMEMB]S ! FACT ?AT PRODUCTION NE$S ?+S LIKE RAW MAT]IALS & TOOLS4 ,SO ,ORT IS PROVID$ ) RAW MAT]IALS FURTIVELY 9TRODUC$ AMONG ! FOOD1 & ) TOOLS AMONG ! FURNITURE4 ,BUT N[ ! QUE/ION >ISES3 :O IS TO GET !SE 9DIGE/IBLE ITEMS 9 ! C\RSE ( G5]AL DI/RIBUTION8 ! WORK]S AS WAGES1 OR ! CAPITALI/S AS PR(ITS ( 5T]PRISE8 ,!Y C\LD H>DLY EXPECT A W>M WELCOME FROM EI!R4 ,& ON SU* FEEBLE PREMISES ! /> TURN ( ! P]=MANCE IS TO TAKE PLACE3 ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 WORK]S & 5TREPR5EURS4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL TRANSACTION ( EX*ANGE 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 WORK]S & CAPITALI/S1 IS TRANS=M$ BY V4 ,KIR*MANN FROM AN EX*ANGE BETWE5 LIV+ LABOR & CAPITAL 9TO AN EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS4 ,NOT ! FIR/ ACT1 ?AT ( EX*ANG+ LABOR P[] = V>IABLE CAPITAL1 BUT ! SECOND1 ! REALIZATION ( ! WAGE RECEIV$ FROM ! V>IABLE CAPITAL IS PUT AT ! C5T] ( ! :OLE1 MA*9]Y1 ! 5TIRE COMMODITY EX*ANGE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BE+ 9 TURN1 R$UC$ TO ?IS REALIZATION ( ! LABOR-WAGE4 ,& ! CR[N+ GLORY IS ?AT ?IS EX*ANGE BETWE5 WORK]S & 5TREPR5EURS1 ! K+-P9 ( ALL ECONOMIC LIFE DISSOLVES 9TO NO?+ ON A CLOS] SCRUT9Y - IT DOES NOT TAKE PLACE AT ALL4 ,= AS SOON AS ALL WORK]S HAVE RECEIV$ !IR NATURAL WAGES 9 ! =M ( HALF !IR PRODUCT1 AN EX*ANGE WILL BE POSSIBLE ONLY AMONG ! WORK]S !MSELVES2 EV]Y WORK] WILL ONLY KEEP ONE-?IRD ( HIS WAGE CONSI/+ EXCLUSIVELY ( EI!R CLO?+1 FOOD OR FURNITURE1 AS ! CASE MAY BE1 & REALIZE ! REMA9D] TO EQUAL P>TS 9 ! TWO O!R PRODUCT GR\PS4 ,! 5TREPR5EURS NO LONG] COME 9TO ?IS AT ALL2 ! ?REE ( !M >E LEFT HI< & DRY ) !IR SURPLUS VALUE3 HALF ! CLO?+1 FURNITURE & FOOD ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY ! SOCIETY2 & !Y HAVE NO IDEA :AT TO DO ) ! /UFF4 ,9 ?IS CALAMITY ( V4 ,KIR*MANN'S CREATION1 EV5 ! MO/ G5]\S DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCT W\LD HE ( NO US$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF L>G] QUANTITIES ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT W]E ALLOTT$ TO ! WORK]S1 !Y W\LD HAVE EV5 LESS TO DO ) ! 5TREPR5EURS 9 ?IS TRANSACTION3 ALL ?AT W\LD HAPP5 IS ?AT ! EX*ANGE ( ! WORK]S AMONG !MSELVES W\LD 9CREASE 9 VOLUME4 ,! SURPLUS PRODUCT :I* ! 5TREPR5EURS HAVE ON !IR H&S W\LD !N CONTRACT1 IT IS TRUE1 ?\< NOT 9DE$ BECAUSE ! EX*ANGE ( ! SURPLUS PRODUCT W\LD BE FACILITAT$1 BUT M]ELY BECAUSE !RE W\LD BE LESS SURPLUS VALUE ALTOGE!R4 ,N[ AS BE=E1 AN EX*ANGE ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT BETWE5 WORK]S & 5TREPR5EURS IS \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,ONE MU/ CONFESS ?AT ! PU]ILE & ABSURD ECONOMICS H]E CRAMM$ 9TO COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE SPACE EXCE$ ! B\NDS EV5 ( :AT MI<T BE PUT UP ) FROM A ,PRUSSIAN ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR - SU* HAV+ BE5 V4 ,KIR*MANN'S PR(ESSION1 ?\< HE MU/ BE CR$IT$ ) HAV+ 9CURR$ DISCIPL9>Y C5SURE ON TWO OCCASIONS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AFT] !SE UNPROMIS+ PRELIM9>IES1 V4 ,KIR*MANN GOES RI<T TO ! ROOT ( ! MATT]4 ,HE ADMITS ?AT HIS ASSUM+ ! SURPLUS PRODUCT 9 A CONCRETE USE-=M IS ! REASON :Y ! SURPLUS VALUE CANNOT BE USEFULLY EMPLOY$4 ,AS A REM$Y HE N[ ALL[S ! 5TREPR5EURS TO DEVOTE HALF ( ! SOCIAL LABOR APPROPRIAT$ AS SURPLUS VALUE TO ! PRODUCTION NOT ( COMMON GOODS BUT ( LUXURIES4 ,! 'ESS5CE ( LUXURY-GOODS BE+ ?AT !Y 5ABLE ! CONSUM] TO USE UP MORE CAPITAL & LABOR P[] ?AN 9 ! CASE ( ORD9>Y GOODS'1 ! ?REE 5TREPR5EURS MANAGE TO CONSUME BY !MSELVES 9 ! =M ( LACES1 FA%IONABLE C>RIAGES & ! LIKE1 !IR 5TIRE HALF-%>E 9 ALL ! LABOR P]=M$ BY ! SOCIETY4 ,N[ NO?+ UNSALEABLE IS LEFT1 & ! CRISIS IS HAPPILY AVOID$2 OV]-PRODUCTION IS MADE IMPOSSIBLE ONCE & = ALL1 CAPITALI/S & WORK]S ALIKE >E SAFE2 ! NAME ( V4 ,KIR*MANN'S MAGIC CURE :I* HAS BR\<T ALL !SE B5EFITS TO PASS & :I* REE/ABLI%ES ! BALANCE BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 BE+3 LUXURY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! CAPITALI/S :O DO NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) !IR SURPLUS VALUE :I* !Y CANNOT REALIZE1 >E ADVIS$ BY ! DE> FELL[ - TO EAT IT UP4 ,AS IT HAPP5S1 LUXURY IS 9 FACT AN OLD FAMILI> 9V5TION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & /ILL !RE >E RECURR5T CRISES4 ,:Y IS ?IS8 V4 ,KIR*MANN 5LI<T5S US3 ',! ANSW] CAN ONLY BE ?AT 9 REAL LIFE SLUGGI% M>KETS >E 5TIRELY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !RE >E /ILL NOT 5\< LUXURIES1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/S1 I4E4 ?OSE :O CAN AF=D TO CONSUME1 /ILL CONSUME TOO LITTLE4' 

,?IS MISGUID$ AB/95CE ( ! CAPITALI/S1 H[EV]1 RESULTS FROM A BAD HABIT :I* POLITICAL ECONOMI/S HAVE BE5 ILL ADVIS$ TO 5C\RAGE3 ! DESIRE TO SAVE = PURPOSES ( 'PRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION'4 ,9 O!R WORDS3 CRISES >E CAUS$ BY ACCUMULATION4 ,?IS IS V4 ,KIR*MANN'S PR9CIPAL !SIS4 ,HE PROVES IT AGA9 BY MEANS ( A T\*+LY SIMPLE EXAMPLE3 

',LET US ASSUME CONDITIONS :I* ECONOMI/S PRAISE AS MORE FAVORABLE1' HE SAYS1 ':]E ! 5TREPR5EURS SAY3 WE DO NOT WANT TO SP5D \R 9COME TO ! LA/ P5NY 9 SPL5DOR & LUXURY1 BUT WILL RE-9VE/ IT PRODUCTIVELY4 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,NO?+ BUT ! SETT+-UP ( ALL SORTS ( PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES = DELIV]+ NEW GOODS ( SU* A K9D ?AT !IR SALE CAN YIELD 9T]E/ 7V4 ,KIR*MANN MEANS PR(ITS7 ON A CAPITAL SAV$ & 9VE/$ BY ! ?REE 5TREPR5EURS FROM !IR UNCONSUM$ REV5UES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ?REE 5TREPR5EURS DECIDE TO CONSUME ONLY ! PRODUCE ( A HUNDR$ WORK]S1 ?AT IS TO SAY TO RE/RICT !IR LUXURY CONSID]ABLY1 & TO EMPLOY ! LABOR P[] ( ! REMA9+ #ce WORK]S TOGE!R ) ! CAPITAL !Y USE = SETT+ UP NEW PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES4 ,! QUE/ION N[ >ISES 9 :AT K9D ( PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES !SE FUNDS >E TO BE US$4' 

,S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO V4 ,KIR*MANN'S ASSUMPTION1 CON/ANT CAPITAL IS NOT REPRODUC$1 & ! 5TIRE SOCIAL PRODUCT CONSI/S 5TIRELY ( CONSUM] GOODS1 '! ?REE 5TREPR5EURS CAN ONLY *OOSE AGA9 BETWE5 5T]PRISES = ! MANUFACTURE ( ORD9>Y GOODS OR = ?AT ( LUXURIES'4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 H[EV]1 ! ?REE 5TREPR5EURS WILL BE FAC$ ) ! ALREADY FAMILI> DILEMMA3 IF !Y TURN \T 'COMMON4 GOODS'1 !RE WILL BE A CRISIS1 S9CE ! WORK]S LACK MEANS TO PUR*ASE !SE ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS1 HAV+ BE5 B\<T (F ) HALF ! VALUE ( !IR PRODUCE4 ,IF !Y GO 9 = LUXURIES1 !Y WILL HAVE TO CONSUME !M ALONE4 ,!RE IS NO O!R POSSIBILITY4 ,! DILEMMA IS NOT EV5 AFFECT$ BY =EIGN TRADE :I* W\LD 'ONLY 9CREASE ! RANGE ( COMMODITIES ON ! HOME M>KET' OR 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY4 

',!SE =EIGN COMMODITIES >E !RE=E EI!R COMMON GOODS - !N ! CAPITALI/ WILL NOT1 & ! WORK]1 LACK+ ! MEANS1 CANNOT BUY !M1 OR !Y >E LUXURIES1 9 :I* CASE ! WORK]1 ( C\RSE1 IS EV5 LESS ABLE TO BUY !M1 & ! CAPITALI/ WILL NOT WANT !M EI!R BECAUSE ( HIS EF=TS TO SAVE4' 

,?IS >GUM5T1 H[EV] PRIMITIVE1 YET %[S QUITE NICELY & CLE>LY ! FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTION ( V4 ,KIR*MANN & ! NI<TM>E ( ALL ECONOMIC !ORY3 9 A SOCIETY CONSI/+ EXCLUSIVELY ( WORK]S & CAPITALI/S1 ACCUMULATION WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE V4 ,KIR*MANN IS !RE=E FRANKLY HO/ILE TO ACCUMULATION1 'SAV+'1 'PRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION' ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 & /RONGLY ATTACKS !SE ]RORS ADVOCAT$ BY CLASSICAL ECONOMICS4 ,HIS GOSPEL IS 9CREAS+ LUXURY TOGE!R ) ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR AS ! SPECIFIC AGA9/ CRISES4 ,WE SEE ?AT V4 ,KIR*MANN1 IF HE GROTESQUELY AP$ ,RIC>DO & ,SAY 9 HIS !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS1 IS A C>ICATURE ( ,SISMONDI 9 HIS F9AL CONCLUSIONS4 ,YET IT IS IMP]ATIVE TO GET V4 ,KIR*MANN'S APPROA* TO ! PROBLEM P]FECTLY CLE>1 IF WE >E TO UND]/& ! IMPORT ( ,RODB]TUS' CRITICISM & ! \TCOME ( ! :OLE CONTROV]SY4 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7,DIE ,=D]UNG5 D] >BEIT5D5 ,KLASS54 

7#b7,DIE ,H&ELSKRIS5 UND DIE ,HYPO!K5NOT D] ,GRUNDBESITZ]4 

7#c7,ZUR ,]K5NTNIS UNS]] /AATSWIRTS*AFTLI*5 ,ZU/&E4 

7#d7,UB] DIE ,GRUNDR5TE 9 SOCIAL] ,BEZIEHUNG4 

7#e7,DIE ,TAUS*GESELLS*AFT4 

7#f7,SOZIALE ,BRIEFE4 

7#g7 ,RODB]TUS QUOTES V4 ,KIR*MANN'S >GUM5TS EXPLICITLY & 9 GREAT DETAIL4 ,BUT ACCORD+ TO HIS $ITORS1 NO COMPLETE COPY ( ,DEMOKRATIS*E ,BLATT] ) ! ORIG9AL ESSAY IS OBTA9ABLE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/