,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ac 
,HI/ORICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,PROBLEM3 ,SAY VS4 ,SISMONDI 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,S,I,S,M,O,N,D,I',S ESSAY AGA9/ ,RIC>DO 9 ! ,REVUE ,5CYCLOP$IQUE ( ,MAY #a#h#b#d1 WAS ! F9AL *ALL5GE = ,J4,B4 ,SAY1 AT ?AT TIME ! ACKN[L$G$ 'PR9CE ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE' 7PR9CE DE LA SCI5CE ECONOMIQUE71 ! SO-CALL$ REPRES5TATIVE1 HEIR & POPUL>IZ] ( ! S*OOL ( ,ADAM ,SMI? ON ! ,CONT95T4 ,SAY1 :O HAD ALREADY ADVANC$ SOME >GUM5TS AGA9/ ,SISMONDI 9 HIS LETT]S TO ,MAL?US1 C\NT]$ ! FOLL[+ ,JULY ) AN ESSAY ON ,! ,BALANCE ,BETWE5 ,CONSUMPTION & ,PRODUCTION 9 ! ,REVUE ,5CYCLOP$IQUE1 TO :I* ,SISMONDI 9 TURN PUBLI%$ A %ORT REPLY4 ,! *RONOLOGY ( ,SISMONDI'S POLEMICAL 5GAGEM5TS WAS ?US 9V]SE TO ! SEQU5CE ( ! OPPOS+ !ORIES1 = IT HAD BE5 ,SAY :O FIR/ COMMUNICAT$ HIS DOCTR9E ( A DIV9ELY E/ABLI%$ BALANCE BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION TO ,RIC>DO :O HAD 9 TURN H&$ IT D[N TO ,MAC,CULLO*4 ,9 FACT1 AS E>LY AS #a#h#c1 ,SAY1 9 HIS ,TRAITE D',ECONOMIE ,POLITIQUE1 BOOK I1 *APT] XII1 HAD CO9$ ! FOLL[+ P]EMPTORY /ATEM5T3 ',PRODUCTS >E PAID = ) O!R PRODUCTS4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT IF A NATION HAS TOO MANY GOODS ( ONE K9D1 ! MEANS ( SELL+ !M W\LD BE TO CREATE GOODS ( A DIFF]5T K9D4'7#a7 

,H]E WE MEET AGA9 ! ALL TOO FAMILI> CONJUR+ RECIPE :I* WAS ACCEPT$ ALIKE BY ,RIC>DO'S S*OOL & BY ! 'VULG> ECONOMI/S' AS ! CORN]-/ONE ( ! DOCTR9E ( H>MONY47#b7 

,ESS5TIALLY1 ,SISMONDI'S PR9CIPAL WORK CON/ITUTES A SU/A9$ POLEMIC AGA9/ ?IS !SIS4 ,AT ?IS /AGE ,SAY *>GES TO ! ATTACK 9 ! ,REVUE ,5CYCLOP$IQUE ) A COMPLETE VOLTE-FACE1 AS FOLL[S3 

',OBJECTION MAY BE MADE ?AT1 BECAUSE ( MAN'S 9TELLIG5CE1 BECAUSE ( ! ADVANTAGE HE CAN DRAW FROM ! MEANS PROVID$ BY NATURE & >TIFICE1 EV]Y HUMAN SOCIETY CAN PRODUCE ALL ! ?+S FIT TO SATISFY ITS NE$S & 9CREASE ITS 5JOYM5T 9 F> L>G] QUANTITIES ?AN IT CAN ITSELF CONSUME4 ,BUT !RE ,I W\LD ASK H[ IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT WE KN[ ( NO NATION ?AT IS SUPPLI$ ) EV]Y?+4 ,EV5 9 :AT RANK AS PROSP]+ NATIONS SEV5 EI<?S ( ! POPULATION1 >E LACK+ 9 A MULTITUDE ( ?+S CONSID]$ NECESSITIES 9 444 ,I WILL NOT SAY WEAL?Y FAMILY1 BUT 9 A MODE/ E/ABLI%M5T4 ,! VILLAGE ,I LIVE 9 AT PRES5T LIES 9 ONE ( ! RI*E/ P>TS ( ,FRANCE2 YET 9 #ai \T ( #b H\SES ,I 5T] H]E1 ,I SEE BUT ! CO>SE/ F>E & NO?+ ?AT MAKES = ! WELL-BE+ ( ! PEOPLE1 NONE ( ! ?+S ! ,5GLI% CALL COM=TS4'7#c7 

,!RE IS SOME?+ TO ADMIRE AB\T ! EFFRONT]Y ( ! EXCELL5T ,SAY4 ,IT WAS HE :O HAD MA9TA9$ ?AT 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY !RE C\LD BE NO DIFFICULTIES1 NO SURPLUS1 NO CRISES & NO MIS]Y2 S9CE GOODS CAN BE B\<T ONE = ! O!R1 WE NE$ ONLY GO ON PRODUC+ MORE & MORE & EV]Y?+ 9 ! G>D5 WILL BE LOVELY4 ,IT WAS 9 ,SAY'S H&S ?AT ?IS PO/ULATE HAD BECOME A T5ET ( ! DOCTR9E ( H>MONY1 ?AT DOCTR9E SO TYPICAL ( VULG> ECONOMICS1 :I* HAD EVOK$ A %>P PROTE/ FROM ,SISMONDI :O PROV$ ?IS VIEW UNT5ABLE4 ,! LATT] HAD %[N ?AT GOODS CANNOT BE SOLD 9 ANY QUANTITY Y\ LIKE1 BUT ?AT A LIMIT IS SET TO ! REALIZATION ( GOODS BY ! 9COME ( SOCIETY 9 EA* CASE1 BY V "4 S2 9ASMU* AS ! WAGES ( ! WORK]S >E DEPRESS$ TO A M]E SUBSI/5CE LEVEL1 & 9ASMU* AS !RE IS ALSO A NATURAL LIMIT TO ! CONSUMPTIVE CAPACITY ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 AN EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION1 ,SISMONDI SAYS1 MU/ 9EVITABLY LEAD TO SLUMPS1 CRISES & EV] GREAT] MIS]Y = ! GREAT MASSES4 ,SAY'S COME-BACK TO ?IS IS MA/]LY 9 ITS +5UITY4 ,IF Y\ WILL 9SI/ ?AT OV]-PRODUCTION IS POSSIBLE1 H[ CAN IT HAPP5 ?AT !RE >E SO MANY PEOPLE 9 \R SOCIETY :O >E NAK$1 HUNGRY & 9 WANT8 ,PRAY1 EXPLA9 ?IS CONTRADICTION IF Y\ CAN4 ,SAY1 :OSE [N POSITION EXCELS BY CONTRIV+ BLI!LY TO %RUG (F ! CIRCULATION ( MONEY ALTOGE!R BY OP]AT+ ) A SY/EM ( B>T]1 N[ C5SURES HIS CRITIC = SPEAK+ ( AN OV]-ABUNDANCE ( PRODUCTS 9 RELATION NOT ONLY TO PUR*AS+ P[] BUT TO ! REAL NE$S ( SOCIETY1 & ?AT AL?\< ,SISMONDI HAD LEFT NO D\BT AT ALL AB\T ?IS V]Y SALI5T PO9T ( HIS D$UCTIONS4 ',EV5 IF !RE IS A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( BADLY F$1 BADLY CLO!D & BADLY H\S$ PEOPLE 9 A SOCIETY1 ! SOCIETY CAN ONLY SELL :AT IT BUYS1 &1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IT CAN ONLY BUY ) ITS 9COME4'7#d7 

,A LITTLE FUR!R ON1 ,SAY CONC$ES ?IS PO9T BUT ALLEGES ?AT HIS OPPON5T HAS MADE A NEW MI/AKE3 ',IT IS NOT CONSUM]S1 !N1 9 :I* ! NATION IS LACK+1' HE SAYS1 'BUT-PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,SISMONDI BELIEVES ?AT ?IS WILL BE MORE EXT5SIVE1 :5 ! PRODUCTS >E R>E1 :5 CONSEQU5TLY !Y >E DE>] & !IR PRODUCTION PROCURES AMPL] PAY = ! WORK]S4'7#e7 

,?AT IS H[ ,SAY ATTEMPTS TO DEGRADE1 9 HIS [N TRITE ME?OD ( ?\<T1 OR BETT]1 ME?OD ( CANT+1 ,SISMONDI'S !ORY :I* ATTACK$ ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION & ITS MODE ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,HE BURLESQUES ! ,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES1 TURN+ !M 9TO A PLEA = 'R>E' GOODS & HI< PRICES1 & HOLDS UP TO !M ! MIRROR ( AN >TFULLY FLATT]$ CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION AT ITS PEAK4 ,IF PRODUCTION BECOMES MORE VIGOR\S1 HE >GUES1 LABOR GR[S 9 NUMB]S & ! VOLUME ( PRODUCTION EXP&S1 ! NATIONS WILL BE BETT] & MORE UNIV]SALLY PROVID$ =1 & HE EXTOLS ! CONDITIONS 9 C\NTRIES :]E 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T IS AT ITS HI<E/1 AS AGA9/ ! MIS]Y ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,SISMONDI'S MAXIMS HE DECL>ES SUBV]SIVE TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY3 ',:Y DOES HE CALL = AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! LAWS :I* MI<T OBLIGE ! 5TREPR5EUR TO GU>ANTEE A LIV+ = ! WORK] HE EMPLOYS8 ,SU* AN 9QUIRY W\LD P>ALYZE ! SPIRIT ( 5T]PRISE4 ,M]ELY ! FEAT ?AT ! AU?ORITIES MI<T 9T]F]E ) PRIVATE CONTRACTS IS A SC\RGE & H>MFUL TO ! WEAL? ( A NATION4'7#f7 

,NOT TO BE DIV]T$ FROM HIS PURPOSE BY ?IS 9DISCRIM9ATE APOLOGIA ( ,SAY'S1 ,SISMONDI ONCE MORE TURNS ! DISCUSSION ON ! FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE4 

',SURELY ,I HAVE NEV] D5I$ ?AT S9CE ! TIME3 ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V ,FRANCE HAS BE5 ABLE TO D\BLE H] POPULATION & TO QUADRUPLE H] CONSUMPTION1 AS HE CONT5DS4 ,I HAVE ONLY CLAIM$ ?AT ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTS IS A GOOD IF IT IS DESIR$1 PAID = & CONSUM$2 ?AT1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS AN EVIL IF1 !RE BE+ NO DEM&1 ! ONLY HOPE ( ! PRODUC] IS TO 5TICE ! CONSUM]S ( A RIVAL 9DU/RY'S PRODUCTS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ! NATURAL C\RSE ( ! NATIONS IS PROGRESSIVE 9CREASE ( !IR PROP]TY1 AN 9CREASE CONSEQU5T UPON !FT DEM& = NEW PRODUCTS & !IR MEANS TO PAY = !M1 BUT ?AT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( \R 9/ITUTIONS1 ( \R LEGISLATION HAV+ ROBB$ ! WORK+ CLASS ( ALL PROP]TY & EV]Y SECURITY1 !Y HAVE ALSO BE5 SPURR$ TO A DISORD]LY LABOR QUITE \T ( T\* ) ! DEM& & ) PUR*AS+ P[]1 :I* ACCORD+LY ONLY AGGRAVATES POV]TY4'7#g7 

,& HE W9DS UP ! DEBATE BY 9VIT+ ! PREA*] ( H>MONY TO REFLECT UPON ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT1 ?\< A NATION MAY BE RI*1 PUBLIC MIS]Y NO LESS ?AN MAT]IAL WEAL? IS CON/ANTLY ON ! 9CREASE1 ! CLASS :I* PRODUCES EV]Y?+ BE+ DAILY BR\<T NE>] TO A POSITION :]E IT MAY CONSUME NO?+4 ,ON ?IS %RILL DISCORDANT NOTE ( CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS CLOSES ! FIR/ CLA% AB\T ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION4 

,SUMM+ UP ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( ?IS FIR/ BATTLE ( WITS1 WE MU/ NOTE TWO PO9TS3 

7#a7 ,9 SPITE ( ALL ! CONFUSION 9 ,SISMONDI'S ANALYSIS1 HIS SUP]IORITY TO BO? ,RIC>DO & HIS FOLL[]S & TO ! SELF /YL$ HEIR TO ! MANTLE ( ,ADAM ,SMI? IS QUITE UNMI/AKABLE4 ,SISMONDI1 9 TAK+ ?+S FROM ! ANGLE ( REPRODUCTION1 LOOKS = CONCEPTS ( VALUE 7CAPITAL & 9COME7 & = FACTUAL ELEM5TS 7PRODUC] & CONSUM] GOODS7 AS BE/ HE CAN1 9 ORD] TO GRASP H[ !Y >E 9T]RELAT$ )9 ! TOTAL SOCIAL PROCESS4 ,9 ?IS HE IS NE>E/ TO ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ) ! DIFF]5CE ONLY ?AT ! CONTRADICTIONS !RE APPE>+ AS M]ELY SUBJECTIVE & SPECULATIVE1 >E DELIB]ATELY /RESS$ AS ! KEYNOTE ( ,SISMONDI'S ANALYSIS :]E ! PROBLEM ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IS TREAT$ AS ! CRUCIAL PO9T & PR9CIPAL DIFFICULTY4 

,SISMONDI HAS !RE=E MADE OBVI\S ADVANCES ON ,ADAM ,SMI?1 :ILE ,RIC>DO & HIS FOLL[]S AS WELL AS ,SAY ?R\<\T ! DEBATE ?9K SOLELY 9 T]MS ( SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,!Y ONLY SEE ! =MULA ,C-,M-,C1 EV5 R$UC+ EV]Y?+ TO B>T]1 & BELIEVE ?AT SU* B>R5 WISDOM CAN COV] ALL ! PROBLEMS SPECIFIC TO ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION & ACCUMULATION4 ,?IS IS A REGRESS EV5 ON ,SMI?1 & OV] SU* MYOPIC VISION1 ,SISMONDI SCORES MO/ DECISIVELY4 ,HE1 ! SOCIAL CRITIC1 EV9CES MU* MORE UND]/&+ = ! CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS ?AN !IR /AUN*E/ *AMPIONS - JU/ AS1 AT A LAT] DATE1 ! SOCIALI/ ,M>X WAS TO GRASP 9F9ITELY MORE KE5LY ?AN ALL B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S TOGE!R ! DIFF]5TIA SPECIFICA ( ! ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IF ,SISMONDI EXCLAIMS 9 ! FACE ( ,RIC>DO'S DOCTR9E3 ',:AT1 IS WEAL? TO BE ALL1 & MAN A M]E NO?+8'7#h7 IT IS 9DICATIVE NOT ONLY ( ! VULN]ABLE MORAL /RA9 9 HIS PETTY-B\RGEOIS APPROA* COMP>$ TO ! /]N1 CLASSICAL IMP>TIALITY ( ,RIC>DO1 BUT ALSO ( A CRITICAL P]CEPTION1 %>P5$ BY SOCIAL S5SIBILITIES = ! LIV+ SOCIAL CONNECTIONS ( ECONOMY2 AN EYE1 ?AT IS1 = 9TR9SIC CONTRADICTIONS & DIFFICULTIES AS AGA9/ ! RIGID1 HIDEB\ND & AB/RACT VIEWS ( ,RIC>DO & HIS S*OOL4 ,! CONTROV]SY HAD ONLY %[N UP ! FACT ?AT ,RIC>DO1 JU/ LIKE ! FOLL[]S ( ,ADAM ,SMI?1 WAS NOT EV5 ABLE TO GRASP1 LET ALONE SOLVE ! PUZZLE ( ACCUMULATION PUT BY ,SISMONDI4 

7#b7 ,! CLUE TO ! PROBLEM1 H[EV]1 WAS ALREADY IMPOSSIBLE ( DISCOV]Y1 BECAUSE ! :OLE >GUM5T HAD BE5 SIDE-TRACK$ & CONC5TRAT$ UPON ! PROBLEM ( CRISES4 ,IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ! \TBREAK ( ! FIR/ CRISIS %\LD DOM9ATE ! DISCUSSION1 BUT NO LESS NATURAL ?AT ?IS EFFECTIVELY PREV5T$ EI!R SIDE FROM RECOGNIZ+ ?AT CRISES >E F> FROM CON/ITUT+ ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION1 BE+ NO MORE ?AN ITS *>ACT]I/IC PH5OM5ON3 ONE ELEM5T 9 ! CYCLICAL =M ( CAPITALI/ REPRODUCTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! DEBATE C\LD ONLY RESULT 9 A TW(OLD QUID PRO QUO3 ONE P>TY D$UC+ FROM CRISES ?AT ACCUMULATION IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & ! O!R FROM B>T] ?AT CRISES >E IMPOSSIBLE4 ,SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS ( CAPITALISM W]E TO GIVE ! LIE TO BO? CONCLUSIONS ALIKE4 

,& YET1 ,SISMONDI'S CRITICISM S\NDS ! FIR/ AL>M ( ECONOMIC !ORY AT ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL1 & = ?IS REASON ITS HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE IS BO? GREAT & LA/+4 ,IT PAVES ! WAY = ! DIS9TEGRATION ( A CLASSICAL ECONOMICS UNABLE TO COPE ) ! PROBLEM ( ITS [N MAK+4 ,BUT = ALL ,SISMONDI'S T]ROR ( ! CONSEQU5CES ATT5DANT UPON CAPITALISM TRIUMPHANT1 HE WAS C]TA9LY NO REACTION>Y 9 ! S5SE ( YE>N+ = PRE-CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS1 EV5 IF ON OCCASION HE DELI<TS 9 EXTOLL+ ! PATRI>*AL =MS ( PRODUCTION 9 AGRICULTURE & H&ICRAFTS 9 COMP>ISON ) ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL4 ,HE REPEAT$LY & MO/ VIGOR\SLY PROTE/S AGA9/ SU* AN 9T]PRETATION AS E4G41 9 HIS POLEMIC AGA9/ ,RIC>DO 9 ! ,REVUE ,5CYCLOP$IQUE3 

',I CAN ALREADY HE> ! \TCRY ?AT ,I JIB AT IMPROVEM5TS 9 AGRICULTURE & CRAFTSMAN%IP & AT EV]Y PROGRESS MAN C\LD MAKE2 ?AT ,I D\BTLESS PREF] A /ATE ( B>B>ISM TO A /ATE ( CIVILIZATION1 S9CE ! PL[ IS A TOOL1 ! SPADE AN EV5 OLD] ONE1 & ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO MY SY/EM1 MAN \<T NO D\BT TO WORK ! SOIL ) HIS B>E H&S4 

',I NEV] SAID ANY?+ ( ! K9D1 & ,I CRAVE 9DULG5CE TO PROTE/ ONCE = ALL AGA9/ ALL CONCLUSIONS IMPUT$ TO MY SY/EM SU* AS ,I MYSELF HAVE NEV] DRAWN4 ,NEI!R ?OSE :O ATTACK ME NOR ?OSE :O DEF5D ME HAVE REALLY UND]/OOD ME1 & MORE ?AN ONCE ,I HAVE BE5 PUT TO %AME BY MY ALLIES AS MU* AS BY MY OPPON5TS4' - ',I BEG Y\ TO REALIZE ?AT IT IS NOT ! MA*9E1 NEW DISCOV]IES & 9V5TIONS1 NOT CIVILIZATION TO :I* ,I OBJECT1 BUT ! MOD]N ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 AN ORGANIZATION :I* DESPOILS ! MAN :O WORKS ( ALL PROP]TY O!R ?AN HIS >MS1 & D5IES HIM ! LEA/ SECURITY 9 A RECKLESS OV]-BIDD+ ?AT MAKES = HIS H>M & TO :I* HE IS B\ND TO FALL A PREY4'7#i7 

,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E AT ! CORE ( ,SISMONDI'S CRITICISM1 & HE IS MAK+ NO FALSE CLAIMS :5 HE =MULATES HIS MA9 T5D5CY AS FOLL[S3 

',I AM ONLY WORK+ = MEANS TO SECURE ! FRUITS ( LABOR TO ?OSE :O DO ! WORK1 TO MAKE ! MA*9E B5EFIT ! MAN1 :O PUTS IT 9 MOTION4'7#a7 

,:5 PRESS$ = A CLOS] DEF9ITION ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION T[>DS :I* HE ASPIRES1 IT IS TRUE HE H$GES & CONFESSES HIMSELF UNABLE TO DO SO3 

',BUT :AT REMA9S TO BE DONE IS ( 9F9ITE DIFFICULTY1 & ,I C]TA9LY DO NOT 9T5D TO DEAL ) IT TO-DAY4 ,I %\LD LIKE TO CONV9CE ! ECONOMI/S AS COMPLETELY AS ,I AM CONV9C$ MYSELF ?AT !IR SCI5CE IS GO+ (F ON A WRONG TACK4 ,BUT ,I CANNOT TRU/ MYSELF TO BE ABLE TO %[ !M ! TRUE C\RSE2 IT IS A SUPREME EF=T - ! MO/ MY M9D WILL RUN TO - TO =M A CONCEPTION EV5 ( ! ACTUAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,YET :O W\LD HAVE ! P[] TO CONCEIVE ( AN ORGANIZATION ?AT DOES NOT EV5 EXI/ SO F>1 TO SEE ! FUTURE1 S9CE WE >E ALREADY H>D PUT TO IT TO SEE ! PRES5T8'7#a#a7 

,SURELY IT WAS NO DISGRACE TO ADMIT ONESELF FRANKLY P[]LESS TO 5VISAGE A FUTURE BEYOND CAPITALISM 9 ! YE> #ahb - AT A TIME :5 CAPITALISM HAD ONLY JU/ BEGUN TO E/ABLI% ITS DOM9ATION OV] ! BIG 9DU/RIES1 & :5 ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM WAS ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A MO/ ,UTOPIAN =M4 ,BUT AS ,SISMONDI C\LD NEI!R ADVANCE BEYOND CAPITALISM NOR GO BACK TO A PREVI\S /AGE1 ! ONLY C\RSE OP5 TO HIS CRITICISM WAS A PETTY-B\RGEOIS COMPROMISE4 ,SKEPTICAL ( ! POSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ FULLY BO? CAPITALISM & ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 HE F\ND HIMSELF UND] NECESSITY TO CLAMOR = SOME MOD]ATION ( ACCUMULATION1 = SOME SL[+ D[N ( ! TRIUMPHANT M>* ( CAPITALISM4 ,?AT IS ! REACTION>Y ASPECT ( HIS CRITICISM47#a#b7 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ',L'>G5T NE REMPLIT QU'UN (FICE PASSAG] DANS CE D\BLE E*ANGES4 ,LES E*ANGES T]M9ES1 IL SE TR\VE QU'ON A PAYE DES PRODUITS AVEC DES PRODUITS4 ,5 CONSEQU5CE1 QU& UNE NATION A TROP DE PRODUITS DANS UN G5RE1 LE MOY5 DE LES EC\L] E/ D'UN CRE] D'UN AUTRE G5RE' 7,J4,B4 ,SAY1 ,TRAITE D',ECONOMIE ,POLITITIQUE1 ,P>IS #a#h#c1 VOL4I1 P4#a#e#d7 

7#b7 ,9 FACT1 H]E AGA91 ,SAY'S ONLY A*IEVEM5T LIES 9 HAV+ GIV5 A POMP\S & DOGMATIC =M TO AN IDEA ?AT O!RS HAD EXPRESS$ BE=E HIM4 ,AS ,B]GMANN PO9TS \T1 9 HIS ,!ORY ( ,CRISES 7,/UTTG>T #a#h#i#e71 ! WORK ( ,JOSIAH ,TUCK] 7#a#g#e#b71 ,TURGOT'S ANNOTATIONS TO ! ,FR5* PAMPHLETS1 ! WRIT+S ( ,QUESNAY1 ,DUPONT DE ,NEM\RS1 & ( O!RS CONTA9 QUITE SIMIL> OBS]VATIONS ON A NATURAL BALANCE1 OR EV5 ID5TITY1 BETWE5 DEM& & SUPPLY4 ,YET ! MIS]ABLE ,SAY1 AS ,M>X ONCE CALL$ HIM1 CLAIMS CR$IT AS ! EVANGELI/ ( H>MONY = ! GREAT DISCOV]Y ( ! '!ORIE DES DEB\*ES'1 MODE/LY COMP>+ HIS [N WORK TO ! DISCOV]Y ( ! PR9CIPLES ( !RMODYNAMICS1 ( ! LEV]1 & ( ! 9CL9$ PLANE4 ,9 ! PREFACE & TABLE ( CONT5TS1 E4G41 TO ! #f? $ITION ( HIS ,TRAITE 7#a#h#d#a1 PP4#e#a1 #f#a#f7 HE SAYS3 ',! !ORY ( EX*ANGE & ( V5TS1 SU* AS IT IS DEVELOP$ 9 ?IS WORK1 WILL TRANS=M WORLD POLITICS4' ,! SAME PO9T ( VIEW IS ALSO EXP\ND$ BY ,JAMES ,MILL 9 HIS ,COMM]CE ,DEF5D$ ( #a#h#h1 & IT IS HE :OM ,M>X CALLS ! REAL FA!R ( ! DOCTR9E ( A NATURAL EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 PRODUCTION & DEM&4 

7#c7 ,SAY 9 ,REVUE ,5CYCLOP$IQUE1 VOL4#b#c1 ,JULY #a#h#b#d1 PP4#bF4 

7#d7,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES 4441 VOL4I1 P4#a#a#g4 

7#e7 ,SAY1 LOC4 CIT41 P4#b#a4 

7#f7 ,SAY1 LOC4 CIT41 P4#b#i4 ,SAY 9DICTS ,SISMONDI AS ! >*-5EMY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ! FOLL[+ RANT+ P]ORATION3 

',IT IS AGA9/ ! MOD]N ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 AN ORGANIZATION :I*1 BY DESPOIL+ ! WORK+ MAN ( ALL PROP]TY SAVE HIS H&S1 GIVES HIM NO SECURITY 9 ! FACE ( A COMPETITION DIRECT$ T[>DS HIS DETRIM5T4 ,:AT6 ,SOCIETY DESPOILS ! WORK+ MAN BECAUSE IT 5SURES TO EV]Y K9D ( 5TREPR5EUR FREE DISPOSITION OV] HIS CAPITAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY HIS PROP]TY6 ,I REPEAT3 !RE IS NO?+ MORE DANG]\S ?AN VIEWS CONDUCIVE TO A REGULATION ( ! EMPLOYM5T ( PROP]TY' = 'H&S & FACULTIES 444 >E ALSO PROP]TY' 7IBID41 P4#c74 

7#g7 ,SISMONDI1 OP4 CIT41 PP4#d#f#b-#c4 

7#h7,IBID41 P4#c#c#a4 

7#i7,IBID41 PP4#d#b#c-#c4 

7#a7,IBID41 P4#d#d#i4 

7#a#a7,IBID41 P4#d#d#h4 

7#a#b7 ,M>X1 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! OPPOSITION TO ,RIC>DO'S S*OOL & ITS DISSOLUTION1 MAKES ONLY BRIEF M5TION ( ,SISMONDI1 EXPLA9+3 ',I LEAVE ,SISMONDI \T ( ?IS HI/ORICAL ACC\NT1 BECAUSE ! CRITICISM ( HIS VIEWS BELONGS TO A P>T ) :I* ,I CAN DEAL ONLY AFT] ?IS TREATISE1 ! ACTUAL MOVEM5T ( CAPITAL 7COMPETITION & CR$IT7' 7,!ORI5 UB] D5 ,MEHRW]T1 VOL4#b#a1 P4#e#b74 ,LAT] ON1 H[EV]1 9 CONNECTION ) ,MAL?US1 HE ALSO DEALS ) ,SISMONDI 9 A PASSAGE ?AT1 ON ! :OLE1 IS COMPREH5SIVE3 

',SISMONDI IS PR(\NDLY AW>E ( ! SELF-CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION2 HE FEELS ?AT ITS =MS1 ITS PRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS1 SPUR ON AN UNTRAMMEL$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ( WEAL? ON ! ONE H&1 YET ?AT !SE CONDITIONS1 ON ! O!R1 >E ONLY RELATIVE2 ?AT !IR CONTRADICTIONS ( VALUE-9-USE & VALUE-9-EX*ANGE1 ( COMMODITY & MONEY1 ( SALE & PUR*ASE1 ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 ( CAPITAL & WAGE LABOR1 & SO ON1 TAKE ON EV] L>G] DIM5SIONS1 ALONG ) ! =W>D /RIDES ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 HE FEELS ! FUNDAM5TAL CONFLICT3 H]E ! UNTRAMMEL$ DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE P[] & ( A WEAL? :I*1 AT ! SAME TIME1 CONSI/S 9 COMMODITIES1 MU/ BE MONETIZ$2 & !RE ! BASIS - RE/RICTION ( ! MASS ( PRODUC]S TO ! NECESS>Y MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,HE !RE=E DOES NOT1 LIKE ,RIC>DO1 CONCEIVE ( ! CRISES AS M]ELY 9CID5TAL1 BUT AS ESS5TIAL1 AS ]UPTIONS ( ! IMMAN5T CONFLICTS ON EV] GR&] SCALE & AT DET]M9ATE P]IODS4 ,:I* FACES HIM ) ! DILEMMA3 IS ! /ATE TO PUT RE/RICTIONS ON ! PRODUCTIVE =CES TO ADAPT !M TO ! PRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS1 OR UPON ! PRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS TO ADAPT !M TO ! PRODUCTIVE =CES8 ,FREQU5TLY HE HAS REC\RSE TO ! PA/1 BECOMES L\DATOR TEMPORIS ACTI1 & SEEKS TO MA/] ! CONTRADICTIONS BY A DIFF]5T REGULATION ( 9COME RELATIVE TO CAPITAL1 OR ( DI/RIBUTION RELATIVE TO PRODUCTION1 QUITE FAIL+ TO GRASP ?AT ! RELATION ( DI/RIBUTION >E NO?+ BUT ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION SUB ALIA SPECIE4 ,HE HAS A P]FECT PICTURE ( ! CONTRADICTIONS IMMAN5T 9 B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION1 YET HE DOES NOT UND]/& !M1 & !RE=E FAILS ALSO TO UND]/& ! PROCESS ( !IR DIS9TEGRATION4 7,& 9DE$1 H[ C\LD HE1 SEE+ ?IS PRODUCTION WAS /ILL 9 ! MAK+8 - ,R4,L47 ,& YET1 HIS VIEW IS 9 FACT GR\ND$ 9 ! PREMONITION ?AT NEW =MS ( APPROPRIAT+ WEAL? MU/ ANSW] TO ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 DEVELOP$ 9 ! WOMB ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 TO ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( CREAT+ ?IS WEAL?2 ?AT ! B\RGEOIS =MS ( APPROPRIATION >E BUT TRANSITORY & CONTRADICTORY1 WEAL? EXI/+ ALWAYS ) CONTR>Y ASPECTS & PRES5T+ ITSELF AT ONCE AS ITS OPPOSITE4 ,WEAL? IS EV] BAS$ ON ! PREMISES ( POV]TY1 & CAN DEVELOP ONLY BY DEVELOP+ POV]TY' 7IBID41 P4#e#e74 

,9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,M>X OPPOSES ,SISMONDI TO ,PR\DHON 9 SUNDRY PASSAGES1 YET AB\T ! MAN HIMSELF HE ONLY REM>KS T]SELY3 

',?OSE1 :O1 LIKE ,SISMONDI1 WI% TO RETURN TO ! TRUE PROPORTIONS ( PRODUCTION1 :ILE PRES]V+ ! PRES5T BASIS ( SOCIETY1 >E REACTION>Y1 S9CE1 TO BE CONSI/5T1 !Y MU/ ALSO WI% TO BR+ ALL ! O!R CONDITIONS ( 9DU/RY ( =M] TIMES' 7,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,LONDON #a#i#c#f1 P4#e#g74 

,TWO %ORT REF]5CES TO ,SISMONDI >E 9 ,ON ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY3 ONCE HE IS RANK$1 AS ! LA/ CLASSIC ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIES 9 ,FRANCE1 ) ,RIC>DO 9 ,5GL&2 9 ANO!R PASSAGE EMPHASIS IS LAID ON ! FACT ?AT ,SISMONDI1 CONTR>Y TO ,RIC>DO1 UND]L9$ ! SPECIFICALLY SOCIAL *>ACT] ( LABOR ?AT CREATES VALUE4 - ,9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 F9ALLY1 ,SISMONDI IS M5TION$ AS ! HEAD ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS S*OOL4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ac -- ,ADD$4 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ac -- ,UPDAT$4 

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